Micro grid2.0.ppt

© LANCO Group, All Rights Reserved© LANCO Group, All Rights Reserved

Micro-gridSupply of energy to a hamlet using multiple sources of energy & managing the S-D

complication

© LANCO Group, All Rights Reserved

Advantages of micro-gridMicrogeneration Large-scale generation

Waste Heat by-product

Can be used for heating purposes known as micro combined heat and power.

Used in some privately owned industrial CHP installations.

Transmission losses

Lower losses Higher losses(8% of power generated globally & 26% in India is lost in AT&C)

Changes to Grid

Reduces the transmission load & thus reduces the need for grid upgrades

Increases the power transmitted, and the need for grid upgrades

Reliability and Maintenance requirements

PVs, Stirling engines, and certain other systems, are usually extremely reliable.

Managed by power company.

Sales-pitch exaggerations

Focused on the "green-ness" of energy Focused on the energy crisis.

Ability to meet needs

Renewables: Actual production is only a fraction of nameplate capacity.

Fuel based systems are fully dispatchable


Micro-grid solution: Opportunity

2 GW market by 2016 in India

Rural applications: Agricultural, Domestic,

Lighting, Industrial applications

87% of rural population has lesser than required electricity

25% of Indian population do not have access to electricity owing to last mile connectivity issues- IEA, Oct 2012

PV cost reaching grid parity in few states

Technology-wise cost No. of replacements Capacity overshoot(DoD)0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

$bn market for Microgrid

Source: http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/microgrid-market-to-reach-1492-billion-by-2020-sbi-bulletin-1675505.htm


Why now?

27.04.2011

15.06.2011

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07.09.2011

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04.04.2012

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27.06.2012

08.08.2012

19.09.2012

31.10.2012

12.12.2012

30.01.20130.600000000000001

0.800000000000001

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

$/Wp of modules

Cost economicsFalling renewables LCOE vs rising APPCMost technological cost hurdles removedDirect consumers more creditworthy than

SEBsPolicy landscape

July blackout: Green Energy corridor report suggests micro-grid

Oil import bill: Energy security enhancement by means of DDG

Diesel subsidy directed at rural but injected at telecom

High AT&C loss: 28% national average, and low ARRs indicate a compulsory shift to distributed generation

Enhancing rural economyRural development needs energy at the

last mileRGGY implementation


Industrial applications- REC

Captive + REC RESCO + REC

Assumptions Captive + REC

Tariff escalation 5 %

REC prices 2012-17: Rs.9.3 per kWh2017-22: Rs.2.2 per kWh2017 onwards: Rs.0

Capex Rs. 8.8 cr/MW

Risk to BOO model mitigated by microgridRESCOs can schedule PV power

procurementScalable kits of 10kW can keep

strides with business growth of industry


Solar water pumpsFarmer Kulveer Singh of Ganganagar told TOI, "With the help of the pump, money spent on fuel consumption is saved. In one hour, 2.5 litres of diesel is required, and in a day a generator is run for at least 8 hours. The solar pump is very cost effective.“ Cost of 1 kWh of DG is Rs. 18 at Diesel cost of Rs. 50 compared to Rs.6.7 from PV pump. A 3 HP pump costs Rs. 4.5 Lakhs & gets a 30% capex subsidy.

Components Specification

SPV panels 1800 Wp

Motor pumpsets 2 HP Centrifuge DC

Operating voltage 60 V DC

Borewell size 150 mm dia

Suction head 7m to 10m

Pumping quantity 1,40,000 lpd

Major Barriers to implement

• Select kharif crops need water only in the 7-9 am & 5-7 pm when its dawn & dusk.

• Average rural monthly income is Rs. 3000 per household, hence affordability an issue.

• Inaction based on poll promise

Attractive EMI

Modular storage systems

BOO

model

A variation of the agricultural pump can also be used in salt pans & prawn cultivation, where DG is harmful. This by itself is a Rs.5000 crore market.


Cold storage

Assocham report states cold storage market in India would be Rs. 64000 crore by 2017 with a phenomenal 25% CAGR!! http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-06/news/36949978_1_cold-chain-cold-storage-storage-capacity

65% of CoO of a cold storage is for energy, hence it’s a Rs.38000 crore market.

51% FDI in Retail to only increase the size of the market for cold storage.

Requirement for storage: No need of storage for fishing but for agriculture & poultry, mobile cold storage vans could also be a option

PolicyThere is no specific policy in this direction, but load mitigation can greatly be done by solar.

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-06/news/36949978_1_cold-chain-cold-storage-storage-capacity


Rural ElectrificationOne Astronomical stats: Per average farmer globally consumes 1100 units per yr, compared to 530 units in India. If SPV were to meet that requirement alone, it’s a Rs. 64 Lakh crore market!!

Policy: RGGY gives 90% subsidy, and its implementation arm , Rural Electricification Co-operation arranges for 5% soft loan as well.IRR of 12% to 18% expected with 80% D-E ratio.

Technology options:Small distance (upto 1km, DC transmission recommended)Centralized battery storage (Li-ion, Flow batteries)

Success stories• Gram Power• Mera Gaon• SELCO

Source: MoEF, http://www.jseejournal.com/JSEE%202012/PDF%20file%20JSEE%203(1)%202012/7.Energy%20scenarios%20pp.%207-17.pdf

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-06/news/32566187_1_renewable-energy-innovation-pilferage

http://idea.usaid.gov/Mera-Gao-Micro-Grid-Power



http://www.selco-india.com/pdfs/selco_business_today.pdf


Net metering-Slab reduction in domestic rooftops

• Assuming a 5% hike in tariff YoY for next 25 years, and TN policy for net-metering the LCOE turns out to be lesser than Rs.5, which is lesser than the cost incurred by installing a inverter back-up• Plug & play kits serve precisely the said purpose


Requirements of a micro-grid

•Solar ( PV, CSP)

•Wind•Bio-mass

Distributed Generation

•Energy storage

•Diesel Generator

•Fuel cell

Steadier backup of power

•Net meters, PQM, OMS, Output forecasts

•Radio/micro-wave 2 way communication

Communication control

•Batteries: Li-ion, Pb-Acid, VRB, ZBB

•Reactive loads: Flywheel, capacitors, RLC circuit

•Grid level: Pumped hydro

Energy storage

Eliminates T&D losses, and enhances usage of renewables.

Unreliability of RE is greatly reduced.

Schedules supply & demand of power.

Shifts peak, reliable power supply, compliments PV.

Use Component Sub-component


Energy storage- Shortlisting based on form of energy

Forms of energy storage Major Advantages Key disadvantages

Electrochemical battery Uses DC to store, and fits the different scales of PV

Unfit for very large size & very small sizes

Pumped storage Best fitted for GW level storage

Very site specific

Capacitors (Ultra-small) Intermittent voltage & frequency regulation

Expensive & non-scalable

Flywheels Load balancing & power quality management

Bulky & stores relatively lesser energy

Cryogenics Compact & mechanical based-less prone to failure

Unproven & risk of operating in the high insolation solar fields

Every transformation of energy accounts for atleast 12% energy dissipation, which in itself makes storage of electrons as electrons (closest to ions) ensures least wastage.


Battery economics

• Reason for battery: – Minimal transformation of energy– Least setup time in compliance with solar

• Metrics to measure cost economics Levelised Annual Cost (LAC):

• Divide the required Ah by DoD, and no. of replacements from cycles per day and system life. Calculate the additional capex, and add to capex in LCOE model.

• Multiply the yield by DC-DC turnaround efficiency to get the effective yield to be used in the LCOE model


Lead acid VRB Li-ion Na-S Na-Ni Zn-Br

Specific energy 30-40Wh/kg 10-20Wh/kg 100-250Wh/kg 150Wh/kg 90-120Wh/kg 22.7Wh/kg

Energy density 60-75 Wh/l 15-25Wh/L 250-620Wh/L 250Wh/L 166Wh/L 17Wh/L

Specific power 180W/kg 220W/kg 250-620W/kg 250W/kg 450W/kg 150W/kg

Charge eff 50% 75% 80% Net 87%

Discharge eff 92% 80% 90% Net 87%

Energy price(capex) 1Wh/USD .7Wh/USD 2.5Wh/USD 1Wh/$ 2.2Wh/$ 1.053Wh/$

Power price(capex) 1.5W/$ .67W/USD .33W/$ .83W/$ .75W/$ 2W/$

Self discharge rate 3-20%/month 10-20 years8%@21,15%@40,31%

@60 per month 2% per month

Cycle durability 500-800 cycles >10000 cycles 400-1200 cycles 3000-5000 cycles 2000cycles 15000 cycles

Nominal cell voltage 2.105V 1.5-1.55V 3.6/3.7V 2.58V 3.5V

Max power rating 1-.8MW 10kW-5MW 7kW-1MW 1MW-15MW 1 MW 0.5MW

Discharge time 4 seconds-5hours 45mins-10 hours 6mins-15hours 7hrs-10hrs 8 hours 1hr-5hrs

DoD 80% 95% 100% 90% 100% 100%

Advantageous property Easily available Lowest maintenance Compact Large scale Telecom applications

Purpose augmented with solar

Small rooftops with capex constraints

Ideal for solar with no space constraints & places where life-time costs are more important than one-time costs

Where space is a constraint & where fluctuations in duty cycle of recharge is required. Grid level storage

Likely to be a fit between Li-ion & Na-S

Large farms, and integratable with Li-ion for medium size applications.

Major disadvantage Low life time Occupies high space High capexNa should be in molten state

High operating temp; Freezes if left in the

cold Too much space.

Scope for new technology

SMF,AGM, Tubular are being used but no paradigm shift expected.

V salts with more charge density, Zn-Br, Fe-Cr becoming easy substitutes

Li chemistry still defined on a usage based, hence chemistry optimisation scope remains

New ways of coping to keep Na warm researched widely.

Ni-Fe or Na-Ni-I might occupy lesser space

Substitute bromide with other hallides.


LAC comparisons

Technology-wise cost Na-S Zn-Br VRB

No. of replacements 3 1 1

Capacity overshoot(DoD) 11% 0% 5%

$/W $ 2.7 $ 0.5 $ 1.0

$/Wh $ 1.0 $ 1.0 $ 1.4

Round-trip efficiency 87% 60% 60%

Initial capex cost(USD) $16 mn $ 14.25 mn $ 22.56 mn

Total cost(Rs.) 324 cr 270 cr 318 cr

Energy output (kWh) 204.89 mn 194.466 mn 194.466mn

LCOE(Rs./kWh) 15.83 13.90 16.4

Bulk applications: 1 MW onwards, calculations done for a 20MWp solar farm and 3hrs of storage, 25 yrs system size

Microsoft Office Excel 97-2003 Worksheet

Flow batteries(VRB & Zn-Br) are better suited to bulk storage, given the longevity & lesser maintenance. Features that compliments integration with PV.

Li-ion applicable only when precision & greater dependence needs to be imparted in the system.


LAC comparisons- Distributed generation

Technology-wise cost Na-S Li-ion Zn-Br VRB Na-Ni Li-Fe Pb-AcidNo. of replacements 5 3 2 2 10 3 16Capacity overshoot(DoD) 11% 0% 0% 5% 5% 0% 25%

$/W $ 2.7 $ 1.70 $ 0.5 $ 1.0 $ 1.3 $ 1.65 $ 1.00

$/Wh $ 1 $ 1.23 $ 1. $ 1.4 $ 0.5 $ 1.10 $ 1.00 Round-trip efficiency 76% 96% 60% 60% 76% 94% 85%

Initial cost($) 0.11 mn 0.123 mn 0.13 mn 0.15 mn 0.05 mn 0.11 mn 0.125 mn

Total cost(Rs.) 2.18 cr 1.76 cr 1.73 cr 1.87 cr 1.67 cr 1.66 cr 2.8 crTotal yield (MWh) 987 1039 947 947 987 1034 1011

LCOE 22.08 16.92 18.27 19.70 16.99 16.09 27.69

Combination of Zn-Br & Li ion batteries, seem to rule the roost.

Bulk applications: 10kW onwards, calculations done for a 100 kWp solar farm and 5hrs of storage, 25 yrs system size & 2 cycles per day


Gap analysis for integrating battery with PV

What we have

What we don’t

T&D team from EPC

PV-Stand alones

Team to design grid

interactive PV

systems

Energy storage with

grid interaction

Multiple renewable

resource

management

•Zn-Br redox batteries

•Micro-grid installation

•Multiple resource management

ZBB•Na-Ni

battery•Teleco

m solution

•EVs

Fiamm

•Li-ion,Ni-Cd & Pb-acid batteries

•Micro-grid installation

•Evs

BYD

•PV EPC•Li-ion

from Durion

•Micro-grid

Meeco

Whom we could partner with..

Other storage providers: Gleideweister (VRB), SAFT (Li-ion), High-view storage


Key technology comparisons

Battery technology classification

Technologies commercially available

Players Country

Flow batteries Zinc Bromide ZBB USA

Flow batteries Vanadium Redox Cellstrom(Gleidweister)

Switzerland

Flow batteries Iron Chromium Deeya India-US

Molten Salt Sodium Sulphur NGK Japan

Molten Salt Sodium Nickel Fiamm Switzerland

Li-ion Manganese based PSI, SAFT Korea,France

Li-ion Cobalt & Iron based

Meeco, BYD EU,China


Short-listing of technologies For grid level storage Pumped Hydro

seems to be the most effective form of storage

Longer life, lower LAC & suitability for kW to 10MW range makes flow, molten & Li-ion batteries a better proposition


Evaluation of key probablesCompany Name ZBB Fiamm BYDProducts portfolio PIU,micro-grid, Zn-Br

batteries; Integration with other batteries possible

Na-Ni, Ni-Cd, Lead Acid batteries; Electric vehicles, Integration with other batteries possible

Lead Acid,Li-ion(2 chemistries) batteries; PCU, multi-source mgmt

Core strengths Integratable with other batteries also

Rich experience in micro-grids in Italy

Very broad product portfolio

Weakness Arguably a start-up Not open to varied battery applications

Chinese tag

Strategic threat Fragile finances being a start-up

Is a PV module mfg also, might set-up a shop on their own for micro-grids in India

Economics Suitable for MW farms & kW level set-ups

Only for kW but long duration storage like telecom

Competes at every level


Reason for rejection of other playersCompany Reason

Cellstrom Only storage solution & no power electronics or micro-grid solution available

Meeco Own a subsidiary called Durion which does Li-ion, but is by itself a solar EPC and has done 200MW. Partnering with them might create additional competition for solar EPC in India later

SAFT Too big to deliver customized solutions

NGK Na-S had a explosion in September 2011 and since have stopped selling along with warranties

PSI Not suitable to large farms, and not a big enough player

Deeya Too early in the start-up stages


Present players in micro-gridSmall Indian players• Apnagaon• Meragoan• Husk power• Kuvam energy• Gram power

Foreign govt. agencies promoting micro-grid• NEDO-Japan• EBTC-EUDomestic battery manufacturers•Rocket•Amaraja•Amco(is entering into JV with SAFT)

Capgemini HCL infosystems General Electric Power Grid L&T ABB CISCO

IBM Siemens Schneider Azure Hitachi Tata power Mahindra-Clean ventures

Indian companies trying to venture into micro-grid & smart-grid

© LANCO Group, All Rights Reserved© LANCO Group, All Rights Reserved

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Documents

Micro grid2.0.ppt