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Michael B. Wilkinson Michael Wilcockson with Hugh N. Campbell
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Introduction
1 Philosophy of religion Chapter 1 Philosophy and its methods 2
1 Introduction 2 2 Philosophy is a conversation 2 3 Naming the parts - essential vocabulary for philosophical thinking 4 4 Sense experience and its problems 9 5 Metaphysics 11 6 Study advice - making notes 11 7 Conclusions 13 Summary diagram: Philosophy and its methods 14
Philosophical language and thought Chapter 2 Ancient philosophy: Plato 16
1 Introduction 16 2 Understanding of Reality 19 3 Objections to the theory of the Forms 24 4 Conclusions 25 Study advice 25 Summary diagram: Plato 26
Chapter 3 Aristotle and causation 29 1 Introduction 29 2 The philosophical views of Aristotle 30 3 The four causes 31 4 The Prime Mover 33 5 The Prime Mover and Plato's Form of the Good 35 6 Objections to Aristotle's theories 35 7 Conclusions 37 Study advice 37 Summary diagram: Aristotle 38
Chapter4 Soul, mind and body 40 1 Introduction 40 2 Is the soul a thing? 41 3 Plato and the soul 42 4 Aristotle and the soul 44
5 Substance dualism 46 6 Other views on the mind-body question 48
7 Materialism 50 8 Objections to theories and conclusions 52
Study advice 53
Summary diagram: Soul, mind and body 53
8
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The existence of God
Chapter 5 The existence of God: arguments based on observation 1 Introduction 2 The teleological argument 3 Criticisms from Hume 4 Other criticisms 5 Modern versions of the design argument 6 Aquinas' cosmological argument 7 Leibniz and the principle of sufficient reason 8 Objections to arguments from experience 9 Other issues
10 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: The existence of God based on evidence
Chapter 6 The existence of God: arguments based on reason 1 Introduction
Chapter 7
Chapters
2 St Anselm's' ontological argument 3 Objections to theories 4 A priori and a posteriori proofs of God. 5 Conclusion Study advice Summary diagram: Existence of God based on observation
God and the World
Religious experience 1 Introduction 2 The nature of religious experience 3 Is personal testimony enough to convince others? 4 Types of religious experience 5 How can religious experiences be understood? 6 Objections to theories 7 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Religious experience
The problem of evil 1 Introduction 2 The problem defined 3 Theodicy 4 Soul-making theodicies 5 John Hick's version of lrenaean theodicy 6 Richard Swinburne and didactic evil 7 D. Z. Phillips on soul-making theodicy 8 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: The problem of evil
56 56 59 62 63 65 66 71 74 74 75 76 78
81 81 82 86 90 90 91 92
95 95 97 99
100 107 107 110 110 111
113 113 114 116 120 122 125 127 129 129 129
2 Religion and ethics Chapter 9 The issues of ethics
1 Introduction 2 Person and community 3 Ethical life 4 Theories of ethics Study advice Summary diagram: The issue of ethics
Normative ethical theories: religious approaches
Chapter 10 Aquinas and natural law 1 Introduction 2 Aquinas' four tiers of law .3 Aquinas' natural law 4 The principle of double effect 5 Objections to theories of natural law 6 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Aquinas and natural law
Chapter 11 Situation ethics 1 Introduction 2 Joseph Fletcher's situation ethics 3 Fletcher on conscience 4 Objections to theories 5 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Situation ethics
Normative ethical theories
Chapter 12 Kantian ethics 1 Introduction 2 Kant's moral teaching 3 Hypothetical imperatives 4 The categorical imperative 5 Objections to Kant's ethics 6 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram : Kantian ethics
Chapter 13 Utilitarianism 1 Introduction 2 Jeremy Bentham and classical utilitarianism 3 Teleology and relativism 4 Peter Singer and preference utilitarianism 5 Objections to utilitarianism 6 Conclusions Study advice Summary diagram: Utilitarianism
134 134 135 135 138 142 143
146 146 148 151 157 158 160 160 161
164 164 167 170 171 174 174 175
177 177 179 180 181 186 187 187 188
191 191 192 193
•198 200 203 203 204
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Applied ethics
Chapter 14 Euthanasia 1 Introduction 2 A problem of definition 3 The law and euthanasia 4 Sanctity of life principle 5 Quality of life principle 6 Voluntary euthanasia 7 Non-voluntary euthanasia 8 Application of natural law and situation ethics to euthanasia
Summary diagram: Euthanasia
Chapter 15 Business ethics 1 Introduction 2 Corporate social responsibility 3 Applying ethical theories to business ethics
4 Whistle-blowing 5 Good ethics ·is good business
6 Globalisation 7 Conclusion Study advice Summary diagram: Business ethics
3 Developments in Christian thought
Insight
Chapter 16 Augustine on human nature 1 Introduction 2 The human potential 3 Augustine on human nature 4 Interpreting Augustine today Summary diagram: Augustine on human nature
Chapter 17 Death and the afterlife 1 Introduction
Chapter 18
2 New Testament foundations 3 The parable of the Sheep and the Goats 4 Developments in Christian eschatological teaching 5 Election Summary diagram: Death and the afterlife
Foundations
Knowledge of God's existence 1 Introduction 2 Natural and revealed theology 3 Natural knowledge of God's existence 4 Revealed knowledge of God's existence 5 The natural-revealed theology debate
Summary diagram: Knowledge of God's existence
207 207 207 208 210 212 215 218 219 221
224 224 228 232 233 236 238 242 242 243
248 248 248 249 258 263
266 266 266 272 273 279 283
286 286 286 288 292 295 301
Chapter 19 Jesus Christ 304 1 Introduction 304 2 Jesus Christ's authority 304 3 Jesus the teacher of wisdom 306 4 Jesus the liberator 310 5 Son of God 313 6 Uniqueness 318 Summary diagram: Jesus Christ 320
Living
Chapter 20 Christian moral principles 323 1 Introduction 323 2 Theonomous Christian ethics and practices 323 3 Heteronomous Christian ethics and practices 326 4 Autonomous Christian ethics and practices 330 Summary diagram: Christian moral principles 332
Chapter 21 Christian moral action: Dietrich Bonhoeffer 335 1 Introduction 335 2 Bonhoeffer's life 335 3 Duty to God and duty to the state 338 4 The role of the Church as community 341 5 The cost of discipleship 343 6 Bonhoeffer's relevance today 346 Summary diagram: Dietrich Bonhoeffer 348
Index 351
Photo credits 358