MICA WILDLIFE COMPENSATION PROGRAM Columbia Valley Bird … · (BGC): Interior Douglas-fir (IDF), Montane Spruce (MS), Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH), Engleman Spruce-Subalpine Fir

MICA WILDLIFE COMPENSATION PROGRAM Columbia Valley Bird Survey Summer/Fall 1993 by Maria Leung and Keith Simpson Keystone Bio-Research 12593 Ocean Cliff Drive, White Rock, B.C. V4A 5Z6 prepared for B.C. Hydro, Vancouver Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Nelson December 1993

i TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................. 1

1.1 Background........................................... 1 1.2 Objectives........................................... 1 1.3 Acknowledgements..................................... 3

2.0 METHODS................................................... 3

2.1 Study Area........................................... 3 2.2 Breeding Bird Survey................................. 5 2.3 Owl Surveys.......................................... 9 2.4 Migratory Bird Survey................................ 11

3.0 SPECIES INVENTORY......................................... 11 4.0 BREEDING BIRD SURVEY..................................... 12 5.0 MIGRATORY BIRD SURVEY..................................... 22 6.0 COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE ROBSON VALLEY AND COLUMBIA

VALLEY BIRDS............................................. 25 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HABITAT RESTORATION AND

ENHANCEMENT.............................................. 29 7.1 Bunchgrass Grassland................................. 29 7.2 Wetlands and Riparian Forests........................ 30

8.0 LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 31 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The habitats and seral stages sampled in each

biogeoclimatic zone...................................... 4 Table 2. Explanation of seral stages......................... 4 Table 3. The area (ha) within each habitat and seral stage

for the Columbia Valley.................................. 6 Table 4. The number of different plots sampled in each

habitat and seral stage during the breeding bird survey................................................... 8

Table 5. The owls surveyed for in each biogeoclimatic zone... 9 Table 6. Provincially red and blue-listed species recorded

in the Columbia Valley................................... 13 ii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of the Columbia Valley showing locations of

survey plots............................................. 2 Figure 2. Map of the Columbia Valley showing owl

transects................................................ 10 Figure 3. The total number of breeding and non-breeding

bird species in each habitat and seral stage............. 14 Figure 4. The relationship between cumulative number of

species and number of plots in selected habitat types.... 15 Figure 5. The average number of species per plot in each

habitat and seral stage.................................. 16 Figure 6. The average density (birds/ha) in each habitat

and seral stage.......................................... 19 Figure 7. The chronological abundance of each guild.......... 24 Figure 8. Comparison of bird density in the Robson Valley

and Columbia Valley...................................... 27 Figure 9. Comparison of species richness in the Robson

Valley and Columbia Valley............................... 28 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix I. The survey form.................................. 34 Appendix II. Species list compiled from past and present

records.................................................. 36 Appendix III. The bird species detected in each habitat

and seral stage.......................................... 40 Appendix IV. Species recorded during the migratory bird

survey................................................... 50

iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Columbia Valley Bird Survey is part of the Mica Wildlife Compensation Program that funds studies used for habitat protection and enhancement projects. The breeding bird survey involved mapping of birds on 100 m radius plots in 12 habitat types in the Columbia Valley from May to July. Density and species richness was highest in wetlands and riparian habitats, moderate in upland forest types and bunchgrass grassland, and lowest in rocky cliff habitat. Wetlands and bunchgrass grassland appeared to have the most species specific to their habitat. Migratory birds were tallied at 10 wetland sites between August and November. Waterfowl accounted for 83% of all birds counted during the migration survey, and outnumbered all other bird guilds. The results from the Columbia Valley survey were compared with the results from the Robson Valley survey done in 1992. In comparisons of similar habitat types and seral stages, both the species richness and the density of birds was higher in the Robson Valley. There were several possible explanations, including extended periods of poor weather during the Columbia Valley surveys, annual fluctuation in the abundance of common species and differences between observers. The Robson Valley includes some transitional sub-boreal forest while the Columbia Valley does not. Boreal species were correspondingly more common in the Robson Valley than the Columbia Valley. Because the migratory bird survey in the Columbia Valley was restricted to 10 sites that were all wetlands, fewer species were seen in the Columbia Valley during migration. More sites and habitat types were surveyed during migration in the Robson Valley. In order to control for annual fluctuations in bird populations and weather conditions it may be adviseable to conduct concurrent surveys in key habitats of each study area. This would permit separation of geographic from annual variability and allow valid comparisons between study areas and habitats. Comparable controlled baseline data will be essential for future comparisons and assessments. Based on the density of birds, number of species, number of species with specialized habitat requirements and habitat status, we ranked wetlands, riparian forests, and bunchgrass grassland most in need of protection or enhancement. We recommend that the Compensation Fund actively support the redesignation of the Columbia River Marshes and adjacent forest into a Provincial Wildlife Management Area.

Monitoring species that use both the riparian forest and wetlands and implementing a nest box program for cavity nesting waterfowl are recommended. Bunchgrass grassland and species dependent on grassland are declining in the Columbia Valley due primarily to heavy grazing and forest encroachment. To re-create bunchgrass grassland, control of grazing by cattle or wildlife and controlled burns are advised in suitable areas. Re-introduction of the sharp-tailed grouse to restored grassland is also suggested. Monitoring the success of the re-introduction will provide a measure of success in re-establishing quality native grassland habitat. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Columbia Valley bird survey is jointly administered by BC Hydro and BC Ministry of Environment under the Mica Wildlife Compensation Program. The Compensation Program projects are used to develop plans for wildlife habitat protection and enhancement in the Rocky Mountain Trench and Revelstoke area. BC Hydro's conditional water licence for the Mica Dam stipulates the compensation of wildlife and habitat losses resulting from the inundation of 340 km2 of land. The Mica Dam was constructed on the Columbia River and flooded the area now called the Kinbasket Lake reservoir. Habitat types not directly affected by the flooding were included in this bird survey in order to assess any habitats that are likely to be altered by development or resource extraction. Figure 1 is a map of the Columbia Valley showing the study area and sampling sites. Records for bird species in the Columbia Valley date back as far as the 1890's in journals such as The Canadian Field Naturalist, Blue Jay, Murrelet and Auk. These articles include documentation of the LeConte's sparrow (Merilees 1979), black-billed cuckoo (Gissing 1959), ferruginous hawk (McLaren and McLaren 1979), lark bunting (Banfield 1954), western grebe (Munro 1954), red-eyed vireo (Batchelder 1892), bald eagle (Forbes and Kaiser 1984), great blue heron (Mark 1976), Brewer's sparrow (Cowan 1946), European starling (Myres 1958) and Canada goose (Munro 1954). Munro (1949) compiled the first list for the Columbia Valley. Lists for birds have also been compiled for Gadsen Provincial Park (Tierney 1987), Wilmer National Wildlife Area (Simpson and Kelsall 1978), Yoho National Park (Ulke 1923), Kootenay National Park (Munro and Cowan 1944; Achuff et al. 1984) and the Columbia River (L. Halverson personal communication). Christmas Bird Counts have been conducted since 1978 and standard Breeding Bird Surveys organized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Laurel,

2

Maryland have been conducted by residents since 1973. Results of both are published in the journal American Birds. 1.2 Objectives The following objectives are components of the overall goal of the Mica Wildlife Compensation Program to develop plans for the maintenance and enhancement of species diversity and wildlife habitat. Management should focus on priority species and habitats as defined below. These components are: 1. to compile an avian species list for the Columbia Valley using information from this survey and past records 2. to identify bird species breeding in specific habitat types 3. to identify species with declining populations, restricted distribution or specialized nest or food requirements (i.e. priority species),

3

Figure 1. Map of the Columbia Valley showing locations of survey plots.

4

4. to identify habitats that sustain a large number of species or a unique array of species (i.e. priority habitats). 5. to develop management plans that protect habitats that sustain the diversity of species in the Columbia Valley 1.3 Acknowledgements John Krebs and Larry Ingham prepared and monitored the contract. The Mica Wildlife Compensation Program funded the contract. Don Demarchi, Larry Halverson, Marian Porter and Ellen Zimmerman assisted in the field work. Local residents provided information on bird species present in the valley and allowed access onto their property for completion of plots. The National Wildlife Research Centre of the Canadian Wildlife Service lent us records from previous Breeding Bird Surveys. Reports from previous studies were provided by Larry Halverson, Andre Breault (Canadian Wildlife Service) and Ed Hennan (Ducks Unlimited). 2.0 METHODS 2.1 Study Area The southern third of the Mica Compensation Study Area is the Columbia Valley (Figure 1). It is centred on the Rocky Mountain Trench from Canal Flats to Blaeberry Creek and encompasses three ecosections, the Southern Continental Ranges in the east, Eastern Purcell Mountains in the west and the East Kootenay Trench in the centre. The largest urban centres in the study area are Golden and Invermere (Figure 1). The total area of the Columbia Valley is 8,866 km2. The Columbia Valley is made up of five biogeoclimatic zones (BGC): Interior Douglas-fir (IDF), Montane Spruce (MS), Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH), Engleman Spruce-Subalpine Fir (ESSF) and Alpine Tundra (AT). IDF occurs in the south end of the valley floor; MS occurs in the valley and lower slopes of the Beaverfoot and Spillimacheen drainages; ICH occurs on lower to mid-slopes at the north end of the valley and ESSF occurs on upper slopes; AT occurs on mountains and unlike the other biogeoclimatic zones, the climax habitat is relatively open with a scattering of stunted trees. Surveys only took place in the four forested biogeoclimatic zones since habitat alterations are most likely to occur there unlike Alpine Tundra which is relatively safe from resource extraction. Each biogeoclimatic zone surveyed had riparian as well as upland habitats. The habitats present in each biogeoclimatic zone are listed in Table 1. Douglas fir-lodgepole pine and white spruce riparian occur in both the IDF and the MS biogeoclimatic zones. Wetlands (WL) and rock/cliff (RO) are not restricted to any particular

5

biogeoclimatic zone. Seral stages of 1 to 6 were given to forest habitats. Wetlands (WL) and Rocky cliffs (RO) were assigned "0" for seral stage since they do not follow the successional pattern of forested habitats. Explanation of seral stages appear in Table 2.

6

Table 1. The habitats and seral stages sampled in each biogeoclimatic zone. Biogeoclimatic zone Habitat Short form Interior Douglas Fir (IDF) Douglas fir-lodgepole pine DL Douglas fir forest DF Bunchgrass grassland BS White spruce-cottonwood riparian WR Montane Spruce (MS) Douglas fir-lodgepole pine DL White spruce-subalpine fir SF White spruce-cottonwood riparian WR Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH) Interior western hemlock-subalpine fir IS Western redcedar-paper birch RB Western redcedar riparian RR Engleman Spruce Subalpine Fir (ESSF) Engleman spruce-subalpine fir EF Engleman spruce riparian ER Others Rock/cliffs RO Wetlands WL Table 2. Explanation of seral stages. Number Explanation 0 -no seral stage; non-forested habitats. 1 -<20 years old; shrubland 2 -20 to 60 years old; coniferous 3 -20 to 60 years old; mixed deciduous-coniferous 4 -60 to 120 years old; coniferous 5 -60 to 120 years old; mixed deciduous-coniferous 6 ->120 years old; climax forest

7

Habitat maps were based on information from regional wildlife habitat maps, biogeoclimatic zonation maps, topographic base maps, forest cover maps and satellite imagery. The number of hectares in the Columbia Valley of each habitat type and seral stage was calculated from digitized data compiled from the habitat map (Table 3). The Engleman Spruce-Subalpine Fir (ESSF) biogeoclimatic zone is by far the most common, especially Engleman Spruce-Subalpine Fir (EF) forest. Upland forest types are generally more common than riparian or wetland habitat. The Interior Douglas Fir (IDF) biogeoclimatic zone which includes the Columbia River Marshes, has the greatest area of wetlands. Bunchgrass grassland (BS) is restricted to the southern end of the valley and ICH habitats only occur in the northern part. Habitats and seral stages in each biogeoclimatic zone were sampled. Habitat maps and forest cover maps were used to determine where representative habitat types and seral stages occurred and where they could be accessed. Replicate sites of the same habitat type were chosen in northern and southern parts of the Columbia Valley where possible. 2.2 Breeding Bird Survey The variable circular plot method (Reynolds et al. 1980; Leung and Simpson 1992) was used to record birds in each habitat and seral stage. Surveys were conducted between 0330 and 1030 Mountain Daylight Savings Time (with few exceptions). The surveyor listened and watched for birds for 10 minutes and mapped all birds within 100 m onto a standard survey form (Appendix I). The method was adjusted for surveys of rock/cliff and wetland sites. Rock/cliff faces were scanned for 10 minutes from one point and mapped with the observer on the edge of the 200 m diameter circle. Plots for wetlands were conducted from the shore and were either composed of two half plots with the surveyor in the centre or one plot encompassing the area 200m across the wetlands with the surveyor on the edge of the plot. Breeding birds were distinguished from non-breeding birds by their behaviour. Breeding birds were defined as those that defend a territory with the intention of raising offspring. They were recognized by courtship activities such as singing, tapping on trees, drumming, building nests and courtship flights. When the song or call from a bird could not be identified, "pshing" was used to call the bird out for visual identification after the 10 minute listening period. If the bird could still not be identified, it was mapped as an unidentified bird. All birds could usually be identified to their taxonomic family.

8

Other data, including date, weather, site name, habitat type, seral stage, plot number and distance/direction from the last plot were also recorded on survey forms (Appendix I). Weather and wind were measured according to the Beaufort scale. Habitat was described by recording the percent cover of the major plant species in the herb, shrub, tall shrub and tree layers, and estimating the average diameter of each dominant tree species.

9

Table 3. The area (ha) within each habitat and seral stage for the Columbia Valley. Total for all habitat types surveyed is 595,779 ha BGC and Young Young Mature Mature Old- Habitat Shrub Conifer Mixed Conifer Mixed Growth Totals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ESSF EF - 23194 32610 653 100460 124 156350 313391 ER - 459 272 388 662 - 840 2621 RO 16969 - - - - - - 16969 WL 713 - - - - - - 713 ICH RB - 2166 1361 - 13470 1731 551 19279 RR - - - - 110 330 - 440 IS - 457 1947 - 8368 4404 144 15320 IDF BS 2253 - - - - - - 2253 DF - 1528 4062 565 14716 724 25 21620 DL - 5036 7669 4985 41404 8759 106 67959 RO 139 - - - - - - 139 WL 16105 - - - - - - 16105 WR - - 533 369 130 286 85 1403 MS DL - 1335 3648 392 19755 1886 1746 28762 RO 901 - - - - - - 901 SF - 8642 16487 925 48982 600 6324 81960 WL 1788 - - - - - - 1788 WR - 33 562 - 1975 260 1326 4156

10

Wherever possible, five plots were marked at each site and each plot center was separated by 200 m. This prevented overlap of adjacent plots and incorrect sampling of the same area twice. When sites were too small to fit 5 plots in, the 5 plots for that habitat type were split among two or more sites. A Global Positioning System was used locate sites and to determine the UTM coordinates of each plot. Flagging tape and blazes were used to mark the route from one plot to the next. Plot centers were marked with a metal tag with the plot number, habitat, seral stage, and direction and distance to the next plot. Many plots were marked at sites a day or more before the birds were surveyed. Plots could be laid out at any time, but bird surveys had to be conducted in the early morning when bird song peaked. The availability of early morning hours for surveying birds and the distance between sites affected the rate at which the bird survey was completed. The less time spent laying out plots in the morning, the more time there was available for surveying birds. Birds were surveyed between May 15 and July 15, beginning with the southern sites and moving to the northern sites, assuming that spring arrived earlier in the south than the north. Survey sites are marked on Figure 1. The first round of sampling was completed by June 28. The second round commenced on June 5. A lag time of one week or more was kept between the first and second sampling of each site. All plots were surveyed twice except four rock plots which were only sampled once because they were decidedly unrepresentative of rock/cliff habitat after the first round. One person (L. Halverson) surveyed the southern half of the valley part-time and another person (E. Zimmerman) surveyed the northern half of the valley part-time. M. Leung and M. Porter surveyed birds at sites throughout the Columbia Valley and worked full-time. Unforeseen problems arose that delayed our original sampling scheme. Wet weather dominated the latter half of May and most of June and although we tried to avoid sampling in these conditions, sampling of some plots had to be undertaken in rain. Some habitats and seral stages that were supposed to be sampled, particularly old growth DF, IS and RR were not available. These habitat types were either not accessible, not representative or did not occur in the Columbia Valley. Some only occurred as remnants patches on steep slopes with little understory. The number of plots sampled in each habitat and seral stage appear in Table 4. A total of 396 plots were sampled. This consisted of 12 habitats in four biogeoclimatic zones.

11

Depending on what was available, one to five different seral stages were sampled within a habitat.

12

Table 4. The number of different plots sampled in each habitat and seral stage during the breeding bird survey. There were a total of 396 plots sampled. Except for 4 rock plots, all plots were sampled twice. All DL plots were sampled in the IDF biogeoclimatic zone although it is also a habitat of the MS. BGC and Shrub Young Young Mature Mature Old Habitat type Conifer Mixed Conifer Mixed Growth 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 IDF DL Douglas-fir-Lodgepole pine 5 10 - 10 5 19 DF Douglas-fir forest 10 - - 15 - 5 BS Bunchgrass grassland 29 WR White spruce-Cottonwood riparian - - 10 5 10 10 MS SF White spruce-Subalpine fir 14 - 5 15 - 15 WR White spruce-Cottonwood riparian 5 - - - - 5 ICH IS Interior western hemlock-Subalpine fir5 10 - - 15 - RB Western redcedar-Paper birch 5 5 5 15 - 5 RR Western redcedar riparian - - - - 5 - ESSF EF Engelmann spruce-Subalpine fir 10 5 - 15 - 15 ER Engelmann spruce riparian 5 5 5 15 - 15 OTHERS

13

RO Rocky Slopes 14 WL Wetlands 20

14

Table 5. The owls surveyed in each biogeoclimatic zone. The species are listed from smallest to largest. Biogeoclimatic zone Species IDF MS ESSF Flammulated owl X Northern pygmy owl X X X Northern saw-whet owl X X X Western screech owl X X Boreal owl X X Long-eared owl X X Great grey owl X X X 2.3 Owl Surveys Owl transects were conducted along 9 routes between May 22 and June 5 (Figure 2). Surveys began at dusk and were only conducted once along each route. Each route encompassed one to three biogeoclimatic zones and had a minimum of 12 stops spaced at least 1 km apart. Calls of owls known to use each biogeoclimatic zone were payed in each zone: 6 in IDF, 6 in MS and 4 in ESSF (Table 5). At each stop, hoots of seven owl species were played, beginning with the smallest species and working up to the largest species. In order, they are the flammulated owl, northern pygmy owl, northern saw-whet owl, western screech owl, boreal owl, long-eared owl and great grey owl. The hoots of large owls could silence smaller owls because large owls may prey on small owls. The hoot of each species was played for 15 seconds, listened for 15 seconds, played for another 15 seconds and listened for another 15 seconds. Additional hooting was used if time permitted. We postponed transects on several occasions because of rain and wind. Wherever possible, stops along creeks were avoided because the sound of birds was difficult to hear through the sound of water.

15

Figure 2. Map of the Columbia Valley showing owl transects.

16

2.4 Migratory Bird Survey Ten wetland sites (Figure 1) that were surveyed during the breeding bird survey were also surveyed once a week for migrants beginning August 3 and ending November 8. They were: Moberly Marsh, Reflection Lake, 9 Mile Slough, Spillimacheen Slough, Brisco Slough, Homestead Wetlands (2 sites), Radium Slough and Wilmer National Wildlife Area Wetlands (2 sites). These sites were chosen on the basis of accessibility and likelihood of attracting a variety of migrants. Both riparian forests and open water habitats were surveyed at each site. A defined area or route was surveyed at each visit. Time spent at each site varied from 9 to 175 minutes depending on how many birds were there. Average time spent was 65 minutes. When large numbers were present, more time was spent in order to count all the birds. The number of each species was counted for each site. The weather, wind, start time and finish time was also recorded for each visit. In October, one site was added near the original Spillimacheen site which had dried out. Casual sightings of birds along roads and other locations were used as supplementary data. 3.0 SPECIES INVENTORY A species list for the Columbia Valley has been compiled from this year's survey, previous surveys, records published in journals, and information from resident bird-watchers (Appendix II). Altogether, there have been 268 species documented. Many only occur as migrants and others are uncommon or no longer reside in the valley. Four species listed in Tierney (1987) were included in the species list but observations have not been confirmed. No records of the broad-tailed hummingbird exist in B.C. and Allen's hummingbird is considered hypothetical in B.C. because it closely resembles the rufous hummingbird (Campbell et al. 1990). The arctic tern and black-necked stilt reported in Tierney (1987) are the only records for the Columbia Valley and because the sightings of the hummingbirds are suspect, these records should be treated with caution. There were 128 species recorded on plots during the breeding bird survey. Of these, 101 exhibited breeding behaviour on the plots. Few owls were heard on transects. They were 3 flammulated owls, 3 northern pygmy owls and 6 barred owls. The

17

flammulated owl and barred owl were also detected on plots along with one sighting of a great horned owl. Unlike larger owls that breed in early spring, flammulated owls are still breeding in June. Owl transects were timed later than peak breeding season for most owls and may explain the absence of most owl species from this year's survey. Wildlife species and subspecies requiring special attention in B.C. have been given designations depending on their status. "Red"-listed species are defined as endangered species or threatened species. Endangered means in danger of extinction in B.C. and threatened means the species risks becoming endangered if management programs are not undertaken to reduce their vulnerability. "Blue"-listed species are defined as sensitive or vulnerable species in B.C. These species have low or declining numbers and usually have restricted distributions. During the 1993 breeding bird survey, one red and several blue-listed species were recorded. The only confirmed red-listed species was the grasshopper sparrow. The white-headed woodpecker and vesper sparrow subspecies affinis are also red-listed, but further confirmation is needed for the white-headed woodpecker and it is unknown as to which subspecies of Vesper sparrow was seen. The unconfirmed sighting of a white-headed woodpecker flying over occurred south of Invermere in a burnt area with snags and young Douglas fir. Vesper sparrows were usually detected in bunchgrass grassland. Six blue-listed species were detected on breeding bird plots. These were the great blue heron, bald eagle, flammulated owl, white-throated swift, black-chinned hummingbird and Lewis's woodpecker. Other species on the red or blue list were recorded in the Columbia Valley in the past. A complete list of all red and blue-listed species found in the Columbia Valley in the past and in the 1993 survey appear in Table 6. Some, including the sharp-tailed grouse, may be extirpated. 4.0 BREEDING BIRD SURVEY The total number of breeding and non-breeding bird species detected on plots in each habitat and seral stage are shown in Figure 3. Species detected on plots are listed for each habitat and seral stage in Appendix III. Wetland habitat, with 84 species of birds, had a much greater number of species than any other habitat type. Fifty-one of the 84 species showed signs of

breeding activity and 26 species, including 14 waterfowl species, were only detected on wetland plots. A few species also occurred exclusively in bunchgrass habitat. These were the flammulated owl, Cooper's hawk and grasshopper sparrow. Comparisons using the total number of species per habitat and seral stage are superficial because sampling varied from 5 to 29 plots within a habitat type. More species were detected in habitats where a greater number of plots were sampled (Figure 3 and Figure 4). To compare species richness between habitat types with the data collected, we used the mean number of bird species detected for all plots surveyed in each habitat type (Figure 5). The number of plots was therefore the sample size. The estimate for species richness per plot varied greatly from the first to second sampling within some habitat types (Figure 5). Variability in species / plot and birds / ha. from the first to second round of sampling was similar for large or small samples. The weather and lag time between the first and second sampling may have affected the number of birds detected and could be the major factors contributing to variability in the number of birds and species detected on plots between the first and second sampling. Wind and rain discouraged the activity of some birds and dampened the sound of birds singing. Some habitats may not have reached their peak in breeding birds during the first round of

18

Table 6. Provincially red and blue-listed species recorded in the Columbia Valley. Red-listed Blue-listed Western Grebe American Bittern American White Pelican Great Blue Heron Ferruginous Hawk Trumpeter Swan Prairie Falcon Surf Scoter Burrowing Owl1 Turkey Vulture White-headed Woodpecker Bald Eagle Cape May Warbler Swainson's Hawk Connecticut Warbler Peregrine Falcon subspecies pealei Brewer's Sparrow subspecies breweri2 Sharp-tailed Grouse subspecies columbianus Vesper Sparrow subspecies affinis2 Sandhill Crane Grasshopper Sparrow Lesser Golden Plover American Avocet Long-billed Curlew Hudsonian Godwit Short-billed Dowitcher Red-necked Phalarope California Gull Barn Owl Flammulated Owl Short-eared Owl White-throated Swift Black-chinned Hummingbird Lewis' Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker subspecies picoideus2 Lark Sparrow Bobolink White-tailed Ptarmigan Western Screech-Owl subspecies macfarlanei 1 -dead specimen taken in for possession permit; reported from North of Windermere 2 -These subspecies are red or blue-listed. It is not known whether the subspecies occur in the Columbia Valley.

19

Figure 3. The total number of breeding and non-breeding bird species in each habitat and seral stage.

20

21

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

BS0DF1

DF4DF6

DL1DL2

DL4DL5

DL6WR1

WR3WR4

WR5WR6

SF1SF3

SF4SF6

IS1IS2

IS5RB1

RB2RB3

RB4RB6

RR5EF1

EF2EF4

EF6ER1

ER2ER3

ER4ER6

WL0RO0

Breeding

Not Breeding

22

23

Figure 4. The relationship between cumulative number of species and number of plots in selected habitat types.

y=-6.41+24.8(ln(x))

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

WL-Round 2

y=-3.19+10.9(ln(x))

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

BS-Round 1

y=.092+4.54(ln(x))

0

5

10

0 1 2 3 4 5

SF3-Round 2

y=-0.656+6.64(ln(x))

0

5

10

15

20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

EF4-Round 1

24

Figure 5. The average number of species per plot in each habitat and seral stage. Vertical lines indicate difference from first to second sampling.

0

5

10

15

DF1 DF4 DF6 BS0 DL1 DL2 DL4 DL5 DL6

Species Richness in IDF Habitats

IDF MS

0

5

10

15

WR1 WR3 WR4 WR5 WR6 SF1 SF3 SF4 SF6

Species Richness in IDF and MS Habitats

25

Figure 5. The average number of species per plot in each habitat and seral stage. Vertical lines indicate difference from first to second sampling. Continued.

Figure 5. The average number of species per plot in each habitat and seral stage. Vertical lines indicate difference from first to second sampling. Continued.

0

5

10

15

IS1 IS2 IS5 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB6 RR5

Species Richness in ICH Habitats

0

5

10

15

EF1 EF2 EF4 EF6 ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER6

Species Richness in ESSF Habitats

26

sampling. That would result in a greater number of birds being detected during the second round of sampling. Similarly, the second round of sampling may have been conducted after the peak in bird activity while the first sampling occurred during the peak. Despite the variability in the number of species detected on plots within a habitat type, more birds were detected in some habitats than others (Figure 5). Wetlands (WL0), young mixed Engelmann spruce riparian forest (ER3) and white spruce riparian shrubland (WR1) all averaged more than 10 species per plot. Seral stages with a deciduous component usually had more species than the same habitats without a deciduous component. This was expected since many warblers, flycatchers and other passerines find more food and nesting opportunity where deciduous trees are present. Riparian habitats (WR, RR, ER) were also expected to have more species than upland habitats since many species nest onshore and hunt close to the water (e.g. belted kingfisher, swallows). Species richness in riparian habitats equalled the upland forests within the same biogeoclimatic zone in most cases and exceeded the upland forest habitats in few cases. Of the upland forest types, interior western hemlock-subalpine fir (IS) and Douglas fir forest (DF) appeared most productive, averaging 7 and 6.6 species per plot compared to 5.3 or fewer species per

0

5

10

15

RO0 WL0

Species Richness in RO and WL Habitats

plot for other upland forest types. Rock/cliff habitat (RO0) had the lowest species richness (<3), but the rock wren and white-throated swift were found in no other habitat. The average number of breeding birds per hectare was calculated for each habitat. Only records within 50 m of plot centers were used because songs of most species can be heard within 50 m, but many songs become difficult to discern at distances greater than 50 m. Note that the number of species in a plot (Figure 5) is usually greater than the number of birds per hectare (Figure 6) because a plot constitutes 3.14 ha (i.e. ( (100 m)2 and is likely to include more birds and more species. Upland forests in the IDF, MS and ESSF averaged fewer birds per hectare (<5/ha) than riparian forests in the same zone. In contrast some interior western hemlock-subalpine fir (IS1 and IS5) forest habitats in ICH had similar densities of birds as the western redcedar riparian forest (RR5; 7/ha). Wetlands also averaged about 7 birds/ha. The habitats with a high density of birds also had a high number of species per plot. Factors that influence the number of species found in a habitat probably influenced the density of birds found in a habitat. Figure 6. The average density (birds/ha) in each habitat and seral stage. Vertical lines indicate difference from first to second sampling.

27

10

0

2

4

6

8

DF1 DF4 DF6 BS0 DL1 DL2 DL4 DL5 DL6

Bird Density in IDF Habitats

28

Figure 6. The average density (birds/ha) in each habitat and seral stage. Vertical lines indicate difference from first to second sampling. Continued.

IDF MS

0

2

4

6

8

10

WR1 WR3 WR4 WR5 WR6 SF1 SF3 SF4 SF6

Bird Density in IDF and MS Habitats

29

10

Figure 6. The average density (birds/ha) in each habitat and seral stage. Vertical lines indicate difference from first to second sampling. Continued.

0

2

4

6

8

IS1 IS2 IS5 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB6 RR5

Bird Density in ICH Habitats

0

2

4

6

8

10

EF1 EF2 EF4 EF6 ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER6

Bird Density in ESSF Habitats

0

2

4

6

8

10

RO0 WL0

Bird Density in RO and WL Habitats

30

31

Overall, the habitat sustaining the highest density of birds, highest species richness and greatest number of species with specialized habitat requirements were wetlands. Riparian forests also ranked high for density and species richness and should be considered in wetland protection and enhancement programs. Although bunchgrass did not have a relatively high density of birds or high species richness, it is considered a priority habitat because many species occurred mostly in bunchgrass, including the vesper sparrow, dusky flycatcher, clay-coloured sparrow and western meadowlark. 5.0 MIGRATORY BIRD SURVEY A total of 114 species (Appendix IV) were recorded during the migration survey between August 3 and November 8. Twenty-eight were not recorded during the breeding bird survey, including the Brewer's blackbird and sharp-shinned hawk which probably breed locally and the tundra swan and long-billed dowitcher which breed further north and only occur as migrants. Species were grouped into guilds according to their feeding habits (Leung and Simpson 1992). Species that do not migrate were placed in a separate category. Some species such as the European starling and northern flicker only migrate in part of their range. These were classified as residents if they were consistently recorded in Christmas Bird Counts for the past 15 years. Otherwise, the species was placed in the appropriate feeding guild. The bird species included in each feeding guild and resident species are listed in Appendix IV. Guilds and resident species are described below:

1. Aerial feeders - These species glean insects from a perch (e.g. flycatchers) or catch insects in flight (e.g. swallows). 2. Ground feeding passerines - This group includes scavengers (e.g. crows), seed eaters (e.g. finches) and species that feed on invertebrates in or on the ground (e.g. robins). 3. Shorebirds and wading birds -This group is comprised of species that probe the earth for invertebrates along mud flats (e.g. sandpipers) or wade and hunt along shorelines (e.g. great blue herons) 4. Waterfowl - Any species that is adapted to feeding and swimming in water belongs to this group. This includes all ducks, geese, swans and gulls. Technically, the belted kingfisher is not a waterfowl, but it was placed in this group because it relies on fish for food like grebes and loons.

32

5. Raptorial - These species normally hunt for prey. Prey items include fish, rodents, smaller birds and occasionally, insects. Although shrikes are passerines, they were placed in this category because they hunt prey like eagles and hawks. 6. Resident - These species stay in the Columbia Valley year round. Although they do not migrate long distances, some species, including Clarke's nutcracker, undergo altitudinal migrations to suitable wintering areas.

A total of 12,533 birds were counted. As expected the locations of survey sites at wetlands yielded many waterfowl. The 12,533 birds were comprised of 83.0% waterfowl, 6.8% ground-feeding passerines, 4.0% aerial-feeding passerines, 2.8% shorebirds and wading birds, 2.0% residents and 1.3% raptorial birds. There were a corresponding large number of species in the waterfowl guild (31 species) compared to the shorebird and wading bird, non migrant and raptorial bird categories which only had 11 species each. To calculate the average number of birds recorded per site for each guild, the birds in each guild were summed for each 7 day period and divided by the number of sites surveyed during that period. These are plotted in Figure 7 to show changes in abundance between August and November for each guild. Waterfowl numbers increased steadily from late August to mid-September. Numbers remained high until late-October when ice formed over most ponds and aquatic food became inaccessible. The most common waterfowl species recorded were mallards, Canada geese, American wigeon, blue-winged teal, green-winged teal, and ring-necked duck. While waterfowl numbers increased, the number of warblers, swallows, flycatchers and other species feeding on flying insects decreased. Cold autumn temperatures decreased abundance of flying insects and probably spurred on the migration of aerial-insect feeding species. The number of ground-feeding passerines dropped at the same rate as aerial-feeding passerines through August until early September. American robins, song sparrows, cedar waxwings and European starlings were the most common species during this decrease in numbers. Several waves of ground-feeding passerines passed through the Columbia Valley between early September and mid-October. American crows formed the largest proportion of the ground-feeding passerines seen during this period. Groups consisting of 20 individuals or more were counted several times.

33

The lapland longspur and white-crowned sparrow were the only species from this guild that were definitely from the north. The sites chosen may not have been attractive to migratory passerines from the north. Other northern species such as snow buntings, golden-crowned sparrows and american tree sparrows have been recorded in the past. The largest wave of shorebirds and wading birds came through between mid-September and mid-October. Killdeer which feed along shores during migration and great blue herons were the most common locally breeding species counted. The most common arctic shorebirds recorded were long-billed dowitchers and greater yellowlegs. Other arctic shorebirds recorded included the pectoral sandpiper and stilt sandpiper. The number of raptorial birds changed very little during the course of migration. It is unlikely that the raptorial birds followed smaller species of birds to feed on even though a

34

Figure 7. The chronological abundance of each guild. Sample sizes (i.e. number of sites) appear in parentheses after "Initial Date of Seven Day Period".

0

25

50

75

100

125 W a te rfow l G ro u nd - fee d iAe r ia l- fe ed ing

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

20

15

10 Re s ide nts

Ra pto ria l

35

slight increase in the number of raptorial birds coincides with a small increase in resident birds in late October. Bald eagles hunt fish primarily and made up most of the raptorial birds counted during this period. A very small increase in the number of resident birds was detected in late October. Otherwise, numbers stayed fairly steady and low. The small increase reflects altitudinal migrations of subalpine breeding species such as the Clarke's nutcracker to their wintering habitat. 6.0 COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE ROBSON VALLEY AND COLUMBIA VALLEY BIRDS The total number of species detected on plots in the Columbia Valley (128) was very similar to the number detected in the Robson Valley (126). Historically, there have been more species in the Columbia Valley than the Robson Valley, 268 compared to 245. The greater number in the Columbia Valley is probably due to the greater number of records and survey data available from the Columbia Valley. Bird density and species richness in the Robson Valley was almost always greater than that in the Columbia Valley in comparisons of similar habitats (Figure 8 and Figure 9). There were often twice the density of birds in the Robson Valley. We had expected more birds in the Columbia Valley because of its warmer climate and longer growing season which is the usual trend as one moves further south. The Columbia Valley is drier as indicated by the Interior Douglas Fir and Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zones. The Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zone in the Robson Valley is relatively cold. There were no obvious differences in vegetation structure or plant species between the Robson and Columbia Valleys that might account for the large differences in numbers of birds occupying similar habitats. Several explanations may account for this pattern. The weather was very wet in the Columbia Valley in 1993 while it hardly rained at all in the Robson Valley in 1992. Bird activity decreases in rainy and windy weather. In the Robson Valley, 5.7% of the plots were surveyed in rain compared to 18.5% of plots in the Columbia Valley. Similarly, 2.9% of plots in the Robson Valley were surveyed during strong wind conditions (4-5 on Beaufort scale) compared to 8.5% in the Columbia Valley. The Robson Valley lies on the transition of two major forest types, the montane forest and the boreal forest as represented by the Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zone. The boreal forest forms a broad belt extending across Canada from the Rocky Mountains to the east coast. It is characterized by numerous

36

stands of aspen and lodgepole pine (a.k.a. Jack pine) that regenerated after fires. In contrast, the montane forest extends through the mountains of western North America and is dominated by western conifer species including Douglas fir and western redcedar. Species from both forest types were found in the Robson Valley. For example, the white-throated sparrow and blackpoll warbler are associated with the boreal forest and the varied thrush and Townsend's warbler are associated with the montane forest. The species expected to be characteristic of the Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zone were often found in other biogeoclimatic zones. For example, the blackpoll warbler was found in the Engleman Spruce-Subalpine Fir biogeclimatic zone and the white-throated sparrow was found in the Interior Cedar-Hemlock zone. We did not observe those boreal species in the Columbia Valley in 1993, although they have been recorded there in the past (Appendix II). We compared the relative abundance of major species in the Robson and Columbia Valley surveys. The species recorded most often in the Robson Valley were Swainson's thrush (10.2% of records), dark-eyed junco (8.1% of records) and yellow-rumped warbler (5.9%). The Columbia Valley had similar representation of these species: Swainson's thrush (7.1%), dark-eyed junco (8.7%) and yellow-rumped warbler (5.8%). The consistency in relative abundance of birds suggests that local population irruptions did not contribute to large differences noted between the Robson and Columbia valleys. The survey crews differed between 1992 and 1993. Although every effort was made to standardize survey methodologies, distance estimates may vary between people and can result in higher or lower density and species richness estimates. Estimates of species richness and density were substantially different for similar habitats within the two valleys. However, wetlands (WL), white spruce riparian (WR) and interior western hemlock-subalpine fir (IS) habitats still shared the highest species richness in both the Columbia and Robson valleys. All sites used for migration surveys in the Columbia Valley were in wetland areas compared to the Robson Valley where young deciduous-coniferous forest, farmland, mud flats and alpine habitat were surveyed as well as wetlands. More sites were surveyed, but fewer times in the Robson Valley. As a result, 48 more species were recorded in the Robson Valley than in the Columbia Valley during the migration. The Robson Valley and the Columbia Valley had a surprisingly similar number of waterfowl species despite the much smaller area of wetlands present in the Robson Valley.

37

The chronological abundance of each guild was similar for both valleys. Aerial-feeding passerines migrated first and ground-feeding passerines peaked about the same time for the Robson and Columbia Valleys. The abundance of waterfowl in the Columbia Valley was much greater than any other guild unlike the Robson Valley where the number of ground-feeding passerines was comparable to the number of waterfowl. Biogeoclimatic zones do not have clearly defined species assemblages according to the data collected. However, certain species are found more often in one zone than others (e.g. Clarke's nutcracker in Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir) or occur predominantly in a habitat type specific to one biogeoclimatic zone (e.g. vesper sparrow in Bunchgrass Grassland within Interior Douglas Fir). To verify differences in species composition and

38

39

Figure 8. Comparison of bird density in the Robson Valley and Columbia Valley.

40

Robson Valley Columbia Valley14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

DL1DL2DL4DL5DL6WR5WR6IS1 IS2 IS5RR5EF1EF4EF6ER1ER4ER6RO0WL0

Habitat and Seral Stage

41

42

Figure 9. Comparison of species richness in the Robson Valley and Columbia Valley.

43

DL1DL2DL4DL5DL6WR5WR6IS1 IS2 IS5RR5EF1EF4EF6ER1ER4ER6RO0WL0

Habitat and Seral Stage

Robson Valley Columbia Valley14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

bird density between the Robson Valley and the Columbia Valley, surveys in similar habitats should be done concurrently when weather conditions are consistent. The middle section of the Mica study area is the Big Bend Trench. Its forested area is comprised of two biogeoclimatic zones: Interior Cedar Hemlock and Englemann Spruce-Subalpine Fir, both of which also occur in the Robson and Columbia Valleys. We expect many of the same species in the Big Bend as found in the other two areas. In order to determine the source of variation in the previous surveys, some re-sampling should be undertaken in the Robson and Columbia Valleys in 1994 when surveys in the Big Bend Trench are underway. Comparative surveys should concentrate on valley bottom habitats which occur in the Big Bend Trench and Columbia or Robson Valley, namely: Interior Western Hemlock-Subalpine Fir (IS), Western Redcedar-Paper Birch (RB), and Western Redcedar Riparian (RR). 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HABITAT RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT 7.1 Bunchgrass Grassland Bunchgrass grassland in British Columbia is threatened by fire suppression, residential development and cattle grazing. The bunchgrass grassland in the Columbia Valley is likewise declining. Cattle grazing has removed the fuel required for extensive burns in some areas and fire suppression has contributed to forest encroachment. Grasslands are restricted to the southern half of the Columbia Valley, with the area in the Wilmer National Wildlife Area and on the east and west sides of Columbia Lake comprising the largest units. Douglas fir trees are presently regenerating in these grasslands. Several red and blue-listed grassland species have been documented in the Columbia Valley. These include the ferruginous hawk, prairie falcon, Brewer's sparrow, grasshopper sparrow, sharp-tailed grouse, long-billed curlew and bobolink. Cooper's hawk, Swainson's hawk and flammulated owl also use grasslands extensively for hunting. The sharp-tailed grouse has become extinct in the Columbia Valley since it was documented in 1949 by Munro (1949). Others, such as the ferruginous hawk and Brewer's sparrow are considered rare. In contrast, long-billed curlews have resided in the Columbia Valley most years. To restore and maintain grassland habitat, wild fires should be allowed to burn or prescribed fires should be used to mimic wild fires. Seeding with native grasses (i.e. bluebunch wheatgrass, fescue and June grass) after burning would hasten the re-establishment of grassland. Fires are required periodically to maintain the grasslands. Where large numbers of elk or cattle

44

are present, a 2.4 m high fence may be required to protect the grasslands from overgrazing. Elk occur on both the east and west sides of Columbia Lake, but cattle are only present on the west side. We recommend burning and seeding a minimum area of 1000 ha to provide suitable habitat for sharp-tailed grouse and other species. Following the re-establishment of the grassland, extirpated species, such as sharp-tailed grouse, should be re-introduced. The sharp-tailed grouse is the only provincially-listed species specific to the grasslands that does not migrate except for local movements to deciduous riparian for winter. Their population status would therefore be a good indicator of the productivity of the grasslands since all birds counted would have survived on local resources. Sharp-tailed grouse return to traditional "dancing grounds" in spring where males perform courtship displays and females choose males to breed with. Sites for these performances as well as cover for brood rearing, escape and shelter in winter are key habitat requirements of the sharp-tailed grouse. Increased numbers of other grassland species will likely follow if habitat modifications successfully permit the re-establishment of sharp-tailed grouse in the Columbia Valley. West central Idaho is one potential source of transplant birds of the Columbian sub-species (Marks and Marks 1987). Co-operation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management would be needed along with arrangements for export and import permits. Franklin (1980) states that a minimum of 50 breeding individuals is necessary to maintain genetic diversity in a population. The biologist and technician should be involved with the actual capture and translocation of individuals from Idaho to British Columbia. After capture and transport, birds should be put in enclosures for 15 days to habituate them to their new surroundings. To acquire more information on the habitat preferences of the grouse, several should be released in the restored grassland and others released in marginal habitat adjacent to the restored grassland. Movements from marginal habitat to restored bunchgrass would verify preference for bunchgrass habitat. A representative number of grouse should be fitted with a radio transmitter and located at least once a week in all seasons. We recommend radio-locating at least 10 individuals. Success of the translocation will be determined by reproductive output and survival of birds in following years. 7.2 Wetlands and Riparian Forests Wetlands habitats have the greatest diversity of species including waterfowl, wading birds and shorebirds. Because many species use the adjacent forest for nesting, riparian forests are an integral part of wetland habitat and should be included

45

in wetland management programs. The wetlands in the Columbia Valley are among the most extensive in British Columbia, with the second highest density of ospreys. Not only are they a valuable breeding area for waterfowl, shorebirds and riparian species, but they also function as a staging area along one of the major migration corridors in B.C. (Caspell et al. 1979) The western grebe, American white pelican, American bittern, great blue heron, trumpeter swan, surf scoter, bald eagle, sandhill crane, American avocet, red-necked phalarope and California gull appear on the red or blue list for B.C. and have been recorded in the Columbia Valley. Habitat loss is the major threat to these populations. Inventories of the wetlands have been conducted by the Canadian Wildlife Service, Ducks Unlimited and other agencies. Merilees (1976) counted 3 great blue heron rookeries, 6 bald eagle nests and 46 osprey nests in 1976. All nest in large trees near water and hunt in wetlands and are therefore susceptible to changes made to wetlands and riparian habitat. Cavity nesting waterfowl also require riparian forests and wetlands. These include the bufflehead, common goldeneye, Barrow's goldeneye, wood duck and common merganser. Population changes of bald eagles, osprey and great blue herons can be determined by recording nesting and fledging success. The location of many nests are known to the local birding community and their involvement in monitoring would not only minimize costs, but generate local awareness of wetlands ecology. A biologist should oversee the monitoring program by verifying nesting sites and scheduling nest checks. A monitoring program for cavity nesting waterfowl should also involve local interest groups to educate volunteers and minimize costs. Nest box material should be supplied to local volunteers and travel costs supplemented. A biologist should oversee the installation and subsequent monitoring of nest boxes. Experimental installation of different sized boxes at varying heights and exposures could be used to determine the best dimensions and placements for different species. Monitoring the species that use wetlands and adjacent forests would provide information on the productivity of the wetlands. Protection of habitat for these species will also protect habitat for many other species with similar needs. Designating the whole of the Columbia River marshes as a Wildlife Management Area will put the wetlands under the administration of the Ministry of Environment instead of the Ministry of Forests and facilitate habitat protection and enhancement projects. We recommend that the Mica Wildlife Compensation Program actively pursue this redesignation by the provincial government.

46

Low elevation oldgrowth forests are rare in the Columbia Valley and few were accessible for the breeding bird survey, especially Douglas fir forest (DF6). The only remaining oldgrowth Douglas fir forests found during the breeding bird survey were on steep slopes and were not considered representative of the original oldgrowth. If forests adjacent to the Columbia River marshes could be protected, some areas would eventually become oldgrowth conifer forests. Important attributes of old growth used by wildlife include cavities and downed wood for nesting, resting and protective cover, lichen and wood boring insects for food and wind-sheltered sites for resting and winter habitat. 8.0 LITERATURE CITED Achuff, P.L., W.D. Holland, G.M. Coen, and K. Van Tighem (editors). 1984. Ecological Land Classification of Kootenay National Park, British Columbia. Volume 1. Integrated Resource Description. Alberta Institute of Pedology, Publication No. M-84-10. 373pp.+maps. Banfield, A.W.F. 1954. A lark bunting in Kootenay National Park, British Columbia. The Canadian Field Naturalist 68: 135. Batchelder, C.F. 1892. Vireo olivaceus in British Columbia and Washington. Auk 9: 395-396. Carl, G.C. and G.A. Hardy. 1945. Flora and fauna of the Paradise Mine area in British Columbia. Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia. Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J.M. Cooper and M.C.E. McNall. 1990. The Birds of British Columbia, Vol. 1 and 2. Royal British Columbia Museum and the Canadian Wildlife Service, British Columbia. Caspell, B., A. Danvers, J. Hutchinson, P. Ostrander, D. Pringle and D. Udey. 1979. Fall migration of waterbirds in the Columbia Valley. Unpublished report for Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, British Columbia. Cowan, I. McT. 1946. Notes on the distribution of Spizelia breweri taverneri. Condor 48(2):93-94. Forbes, L.S. and G.W. Kaiser. 1984. Observations of breeding bald eagles in southeastern British Columbia. The Murrelet 65:22-25. Franklin, I.R. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations. Pp. 135-149 in M.E. Soule and B.A. Wilcox (eds.) Conservation

47

Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Gissing, A. 1959. Black-billed cuckoo observed in British Columbia. The Murrelet 40(1):12. Hennan, E.G. Columbia River Marshes, British Columbia: Waterfowl habitat assessment. Ducks Unlimited, Special Project No. 7104, 47pp. Kaiser, G. and R. Couture. 1980. Breeding populations and production in the Columbia Valley Study Area. Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, British Columbia. MacKinnon, G. 1977. Inventory of waterfowl habitat between Invermere and Brisco. Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, B.C. Mark, D.M. 1976. An inventory of Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodius) nesting colonies in British Columbia. Northwest Science 50(1):32-41. Marks, J.S. and V.S. Marks. 1987. Habitat selection by Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse in west-central Idaho. U.S.D.I., Bureau of Land Management, boise, Idaho. 115 pp. McLaren, P.L. and M.A. McLaren. 1973. A sight record of the ferruginous hawk in British Columbia. Blue Jay 30(1):59. Merilees, W.J. A summary of field notes made during the summer of 1976 in the Columbia River Valley between Edgewater and Canal Flats. Unpublished. Merilees, W.J. 1977. A report to Entech on the numbers and locations of great blue heron, osprey and bald eagle nesting locations in the Columbia River Valley between Canal Flats and Edgewater, British Columbia. Merilees, W.J. LeConte's sparrow in southeastern British Columbia. Blue Jay 37(3): 169. Munro, J.A. and I. McT. Cowan. 1944. Preliminary report on the birds and mammals of Kootenay National Park, British Columbia. The Canadian Field Naturalist 58: 34-51. Munro, D.A. 1949. Studies of birds in the upper Columbia Valley, British Columbia. Canadian Wildlife Service, British Columbia. 82pp. Munro, D.A. 1954. Factors affecting reproduction of the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Ecology 35:542-557

48

Munro, D.A. 1954. Notes on the western grebe in British Columbia. Auk 71(3):333. Myres, M.T. 1958. The European starling in British Columbia. B.C. Provincial Museum Occasional paper No.11. Victoria, British Columbia. 59pp. Reynolds, R.T., J.M. Scott and R.A. Nussbaum. 1980. A variable circular plot method for estimating bird numbers. Condor 82:309-313. Simpson, K. and J. Kelsall. 1978. The Wilmer National Wildlife Area: Wildlife and Habitats. Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, British Columbia. 39pp. Tierney, R. 1987. Bird count of the Gadsen Provincial Park. Unpublished data. Ulke, T. 1922. Birds observed in Yoho Park, B.C. in August, 1922. The Canadian Field Naturalist 37: 54-55. Wilson, M., C.E. Wilson and L. Wilson. 1972. Ornithological notes from Columbia Lake, British Columbia. Syesis 5:63-65.

49

Appendix I. The survey form (page 1 of 2). COLUMBIA VALLEY BIRD CENSUS Date GPS Co-ord Site Name yy mm dd X East Y North Habitat Plot # Samplers Type age (1-5) initials Distance (m) @ bearing (o) from last plot or tie pt. VEGETATION same as last ? yes no (circle) If no fill out below. species tree mean % cover COMMENTS diam (cm) > 8m tree 2-8m tree shrub WEATHER 0 clear <.2 cloud 1 .2-.5 cloud < 2m 2 >.5 cloud low 4 fog shrub 5 drizzle 8 showers < 2m WIND herb 1 smoke drift grass 2 leaf rustle 3 leaf/twig constant motion 4 small branches move MAP DATA 5 small tree leaf sway UTM Elevation Aspect Slope (%)

x y m 1-360o

ZONES & HABITATS IDF Columbia Valley Bottom MS Beaverfoot (east slopes) ICH (N and W of Golden)DL Douglas-fir-lodgepole pine DL Douglas-fir-lodgepole pine IS interior west. hemlock-subalpine fir DF Douglas-fir forest SF white spruce-subalpine fir RB western redcedar-paper birch BS bunchgrass grassland WR white spruce-cottonwood RR western redcedar riparian WR white spruce-cottonwood riparian ESSF Upper Slopes riparian EF Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir ER Englemann spruce riparian

50

AGES 1-shrubland 2-young <60 yr conifers 3-young mixed forest 4-mature conifer 5-mature mixed (60-140yr) 6-old growth WL wetland shrub/sedge RO rock/cliff CF cultivated field

51

Appendix I. The survey form (page 2 of 2). Observer(s) Start Time Other species present but off plot Weather (0-8) Wind (1-5) BREEDING ON PLOT S - singing male 1st location NOT BREEDING ON PLOT: V-visual, A-alarm, C-call, F-flying past; # seen ?

52

Appendix II. Species list compiled from past and present records. Red-throated Loon Eurasian Wigeon Common Loon American Wigeon Pied-billed Grebe Canvasback Horned Grebe Redhead Eared Grebe Ring-necked Duck Red-necked Grebe Lesser Scaup Western Grebe Greater Scaup American White Pelican Harlequin Duck American Bittern Surf Scoter Great Blue Heron White-winged Scoter Common (Great) Egret Common Goldeneye Tundra (Whistling) Swan Barrow's Goldeneye Trumpeter Swan Bufflehead White-fronted Goose Hooded Merganser Snow Goose Common Merganser Ross' Goose Red-breasted Merganser Canada Goose Ruddy Duck Wood Duck Turkey Vulture Green-winged Teal Osprey Mallard Bald Eagle Northern Pintail Northern Harrier Blue-winged Teal Sharp-shinned Hawk Cinnamon Teal Cooper's Hawk Northern Shoveler Northern Goshawk Gadwall Swainson's Hawk Red-tailed(+Harlan) Hawk Semipalmated Plover Ferruginous Hawk Killdeer

Black-necked Stilt1Rough-legged Hawk Golden Eagle American Avocet American Kestrel Greater Yellowlegs Merlin Lesser Yellowlegs Peregrine Falcon Solitary Sandpiper Prairie Falcon Spotted Sandpiper Ring-necked Pheasant Upland Sandpiper Spruce Grouse Long-billed Curlew Blue Grouse Hudsonian Godwit White-tailed Ptarmigan Marbled Godwit Ruffed Grouse Sanderling Sharp-tailed Grouse Semipalmated Sandpiper Wild Turkey Western Sandpiper Yellow Rail Least Sandpiper Virginia Rail Baird's Sandpiper Sora Pectoral Sandpiper American Coot Dunlin Sandhill Crane Stilt Sandpiper Black-bellied Plover Short-billed Dowitcher Lesser Golden Plover Long-billed Dowitcher

53

Appendix II. Species list compiled from past and present records.

Black-backed Woodpecker Common (Wilson's) Snipe Northern Flicker Wilson's Phalarope Pileated Woodpecker Red-necked Phalarope Olive-sided Flycatcher Northern Phalarope Western Wood Pewee Long-tailed Jaeger Alder Flycatcher Bonaparte's Gull Willow Flycatcher Mew Gull Least Flycatcher Ring-billed Gull Hammond's Flycatcher California Gull Dusky Flycatcher Herring Gull Western Flycatcher Glaucous Gull Say's Pheobe Common Tern

Arctic Tern 1 Western Kingbird Eastern Kingbird Black Tern Horned Lark Rock Dove Tree Swallow Mourning Dove Violet-green Swallow Black-billed Cuckoo N rough-wing swallow Barn Owl Bank Swallow Flammulated Owl Cliff Swallow Western Screech Owl Barn Swallow Great Horned Owl Gray Jay Snowy Owl Steller's Jay Northern Hawk Owl Blue Jay Northern Pygmy Owl

Burrowing Owl2 Clark's Nutcracker Black-billed Magpie Barred Owl American Crow Great Grey Owl Common Raven Long-eared Owl Black-capped Chickadee Short-eared Owl Mountain Chickadee Boreal Owl Boreal Chickadee Northern Saw-whet Owl Chestnut-backed Chickadee Common Nighthawk Red-breasted Nuthatch Common Poorwill White-breasted Nuthatch Black Swift Brown Creeper Vaux's Swift Rock Wren White-throated Swift House Wren Ruby-throated Hummingbrd Winter Wren Black-chinned Hummingbird Marsh Wren Calliope Hummingbird

Broad-tailed Hummingbird1 American Dipper Rufous Hummingbird Golden-crowned Kinglet Allen's Hummingbird 1 Ruby-crowned Kinglet Belted Kingfisher Western Bluebird Lewis' Woodpecker Mountain Bluebird Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Townsend's Solitaire Williamson's Sapsucker Veery Downy Woodpecker Swainson's Thrush Hairy Woodpecker Hermit Thrush White-headed Woodpecker American Robin N three-toed Woodpecker Varied Thrush

54


Catbird Lapland Longspur Northern Mockingbird Snow Bunting Brown Thrasher Bobolink Water Pipit Red-winged Blackbird Bohemian Waxwing Western Meadowlark Cedar Waxwing Yellow-headed Blackbird Northern Shrike Rusty Blackbird European Starling Brewer's Blackbird Solitary Vireo Common Grackle Warbling Vireo Brown-headed Cowbird Red-eyed Vireo Northern Oriole Tenessee Warbler Rosy Finch Orange-crowned Warbler Pine Grosbeak Nashville Warbler Purple Finch Yellow Warbler Cassin's Finch Magnolia Warbler House Finch Cape May Warbler Red Crossbill Yellow-rumped Warbler White-winged Crossbill Townsend's Warbler Rufous-sided Towhee Blackpoll Warbler Common Redpoll Black and White Warbler Hoary Redpoll American Redstart Pine Siskin Connecticut Warbler American Goldfinch Ovenbird Evening Grosbeak Northern Waterthrush House Sparrow McGillivray's Warbler Common Yellowthroat Wilson's Warbler Yellow-breasted Chat Western Tanager 1 -unconfirmed, from Tierney

1987 Black-headed Grosbeak Lazuli Bunting American Tree Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Clay-colored Sparrow Brewer's Sparrow Vesper Sparrow Lark Sparrow Lark Bunting Savannah Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Le Conte's Sparrow Fox Sparrow Song Sparrow Lincoln's Sparrow White-throated Sparrow Golden-crowned Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Harris' Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco

55


2 -unconfirmed, record from permit for dead bird

56


57

Appendix IIIa. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage. K=known B=breeding. IDF

MS

BS0 DF1 DF4 DF6 DL1 DL2 DL4 DL5 DL6 WR1 WR3 WR4 WR5 WR6

58

Appendix IIIa. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage (IDF and MS) K=known B=breeding. IDF MS BS0 DF1 DF4 DF6 DL1 DL2 DL4 DL5 DL6 WR1 WR3 WR4 WR5 WR6 Canada Goose K - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mallard - - - - - - - - - - - - K - Cinnamon Teal - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Common Merganser K - - - - - - - - - - - - - Osprey K - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cooper's Hawk K - - - - - - - - - - - - - American Kestrel K - - - - - - - - - K - - - Blue Grouse - K - - - - - - K - - - - - Ruffed Grouse - - K - - B B - K K - - B B Killdeer B - - - - - - - - - - - - - Common (Wilson's) Snipe - - - - - - - - - - B - - K Flammulated Owl B - - - - - - - - - - - - - Black-chinned Hummingbird - - - K - - - - - - - - - - Calliope Hummingbird - - B - K - - - - - - - - - Rufous Hummingbird - - - - K - - - K B - - - K Belted Kingfisher - - - - - - - - - - B - - - Lewis' Woodpecker B K - - - - - - - - - - - - Red-naped Sapsucker B B B - - B B - - K B - B - Downy Woodpecker - - - - - - - - K - - - - - Hairy Woodpecker K B B - - - - - - K K - - K White-headed Woodpecker K - - - - - - - - - - - - - Three-toed woodpecker - - - - - - B - - - - - - -


59

MS


Northern Flicker B B K K - K - - B K K - K - Pileated Woodpecker - K B - - K B - B - K - B B Olive-sided Flycatcher - - - - - - - B B B B - - B Western Wood Pewee - - - - - - B - - - B - - - Willow Flycatcher - - - - - B - - - - B - - - Least Flycatcher - - - - - - - - - - B - - - Hammond's Flycatcher B B B - - B B B B B B - B B Dusky Flycatcher B B B - B B - - B - B - B - Tree Swallow - - - - - K - - - - K - - - Violet Green Swallow B - - K - - - - - - - - - - Bank Swallow K - - - - - - - - - K - - - Gray Jay - - - K - K - - - K - K - - Black-billed Magpie B - - - - - - - - - - - B - American Crow K - - - - - - - - - K - K - Common Raven K K B - - B K - K - K - K - Black-capped Chickadee B B B - - B B - B - - - B K Mountain Chickadee B B B - B B B - B B B - B B Boreal Chickadee - - - - - - - - - - - B - - Red-breasted Nuthatch K - B K - B B - B K K B B B Winter Wren - - - - - - - - - - - B - - Golden-crowned Kinglet - - B - - - B B B B B B - B Ruby-crowned Kinglet - - B - - B - B B B B - B B Mountain Bluebird K B - - - - - - - - - - - - Townsend's Solitaire K B B - B - - - B - - - - - Veery - - - - - - - - - - B - B - Swainson's Thrush - - B B - B B B B B B B B B Hermit Thrush - - - - - - B - - - - - - - American Robin B B B K - B - B B B B - B B Varied Thrush - - - - - B B - - B K B - B Cedar Waxwing B B K - B K - - - B B - - K


MS


60

European Starling K - - - - - - - - - - - - - Solitary Vireo B B B B B B B B B - B - B B Warbling Vireo B B B - - B B - B B B - B B Red-eyed Vireo - - - - - - - - B - B - B - Orange-crowned Warbler - B - - B B - B B B B B B B Yellow Warbler - B - - - - - - - - B - B B Magnolia Warbler - B B - - - - - B B B - - - Yellow-rumped Warbler B B B B B B B B B B B B B B Townsend's Warbler - - - B - B B - B B - B - B American Redstart - - - - - - - - - B B - B B Northern Waterthrush - - - - - - - - - B B - - B McGillivray's Warbler - - - - - - - - - B B B - B Common Yellowthroat - - - - - - - - - - B - - B Wilson's Warbler - B - - - - - - - - B - B - Western Tanager B - B B B B B K B - B - B K Lazuli Bunting B - - - - - - - - - - - - - Chipping Sparrow B K B B B B B - B B - K B B Clay-colored Sparrow B - - - - - - - - - - - - - Vesper Sparrow B B B - - - - - - - - - - - Grasshopper Sparrow K - - - - - - - - - - - - - Song Sparrow K - - - - - - - - - B - - B Lincoln's Sparrow - B - - - - - - - B - - - B Dark-eyed Junco B B B B B B B B B B B B B B Red-winged Blackbird - - - - - - - - - - - - - K Western Meadowlark B B - - - - - - - - - - - - Brown-headed Cowbird B - B - - - - - B - - - - - Pine Grosbeak - - - - - B - - - - - - - B Purple Finch - - - - - - - - B - - - - - Red Crossbill B - B - - - - - K B - - K - White-winged Crossbill - - - - - - - - - - - - - B


61

Pine Siskin K K B K B B K - K K K K K B Evening Grosbeak B B - - - B B - B - - B - -

MS



MS


62

Appendix IIIb. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage (MS and ICH). K=known B=breeding. MS ICH

SF1 SF3 SF4 SF6 IS1 IS2 IS5 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB6 RR5 Red-tailed Hawk - - - - - - - - - - K - - American Kestrel - - - - - - - - - - - K - Spruce Grouse - - - B - - - - - - - - - Ruffed Grouse - B B B B - - - - - - - - Barred Owl - - K - - - - - - - - - - Rufous Hummingbird B - - - - - K - - - - - - Red-naped Sapsucker - - B B K - B - - - B - - Downy Woodpecker - - - - - - - - - B - - - Hairy Woodpecker B - - B K - B - - - - - - Three-toed woodpecker - - - B - - - - - - - - - Black-backed woodpecker - - - - - - - B - - - - - Northern Flicker - - B - - - - K - - - B - Pileated Woodpecker - - B B - - B - - - K B - Olive-sided Flycatcher - - - - - - B - - - - B - Alder Flycatcher - - B - - - - - - - - - - Least Flycatcher - - - - - - - - - - - - B Hammond's Flycatcher B - B B B B B B - - B - B Dusky Flycatcher B - - - - - - - - - - - - Tree Swallow K - - - - - K - - - - - - Violet Green Swallow - - - - K - - - - - - - - N rough-wing Swallow - - - - - - - - K - - - -

Appendix IIIb. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage. K=known B=breeding. ICH

MS SF1 SF3 SF4 SF6 IS1 IS2 IS5 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB6 RR5

63

Gray Jay - K K K - K K - K B - K - American Crow - - K - K - - - - - - - - Black-capped Chickadee - - - K - B B - - B B - B Mountain Chickadee - - B B - B B - K B B - - Boreal Chickadee - - K - - - - - - - - - - Red-breasted Nuthatch - K B B B B B - B B B - B Brown Creeper - B - - - - - - - - - - - Winter Wren - - - - - B - - B - B - - Golden-crowned Kinglet - - B B B B B - K B B B B Ruby-crowned Kinglet - - B B - B B - - B B - - Mountain Bluebird K - - - - - - B - - - - - Townsend's Solitaire K - - - - - B - - - - - - Swainson's Thrush - B B B B B B B B B B B B Hermit Thrush B - B B - - - - - - - - - American Robin B - B B B B B B - B B - K Varied Thrush B B B B - B B - B - B B - Cedar Waxwing K - - - K - - - - K - - K Solitary Vireo - B B B B B B - - B B B B Warbling Vireo B B B B B B B - B B - - B Red-eyed Vireo - - - - B - B - - - - - B Tennessee Warbler - - - - B - - - - - - - - Orange-crowned Warbler B B B B B B B K B B B - B Yellow Warbler - - - - - - B - - - - - - Magnolia Warbler - - - - - - B - - B - - B Yellow-rumped Warbler B B B B B B B B B B B - - Townsend's Warbler B B B B - B B - B B B B - American Redstart - - - - B - B - - - - - B Northern Waterthrush - - - - B - - - - - - - B McGillivray's Warbler B B - B B - B - - B - - B Wilson's Warbler B - B B B B B - B B B B - Western Tanager K - B B - - - - - - - B -

MS ICH SF1 SF3 SF4 SF6 IS1 IS2 IS5 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB6 RR5

64

Chipping Sparrow B B B B B - B B - - B - - Song Sparrow - - B - B - - - - - - - - Lincoln's Sparrow - - B - - - - B - - - - - Dark-eyed Junco B B B B B B B B - B B B B Pine Grosbeak - B - B - - - - - - - - - Purple Finch - - - - - B - - - - - - - Red Crossbill - - - - - - - - - - - B - White-winged Crossbill - - B B - - - - - - B - - Pine Siskin B K B K B K K K K K B K K Evening Grosbeak - - K B B B K - K B B - - Appendix IIIc. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage (ESSF). K=known B=breeding. ESSF EF1 EF2 EF4 EF6 ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER6 WL0 RO0

Appendix IIIb. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage. K=known B=breeding.

Common Loon - - - - - - - - - K - Horned Grebe - - - - - - - - - K - Red-necked Grebe - - - - - - - - - K - Great Blue Heron - - - - - - - - - K - Canada Goose - - - - - - - - - K - Wood Duck - - - - - - - - - K - Mallard - - - - - - - - - B - Northern Pintail - - - - - - - - - K - Blue-winged Teal - - - - - - - - - K -

Appendix IIIc. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage. K=known B=breeding. ESSF EF1 EF2 EF4 EF6 ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER6 WL0 RO0

65

Cinnamon Teal - - - - - - - - - K - Northern Shoveler - - - - - - - - - K - American Wigeon - - - - - - - - - B - Redhead - - - - - - - - - K - Ring-necked Duck - - - - - - - - - K - Common Goldeneye - - - - - - - - - B - Bufflehead - - - - - - - - - K - Hooded Merganser - - - - - - - - - B - Common Merganser - - - - - - - - - K - Ruddy Duck - - - - - - - - - B - Bald Eagle - - - - - - - - - K - Osprey - - - - - - - - - K K Cooper's Hawk - - - - - - - - - - - Red-tailed Hawk - - - - K - - - - K K Spruce Grouse - B - - - - - - - - - Blue Grouse - - - - - - - - B - - Ruffed Grouse - - - - - - B - - - - Sora - - - - - - - - - B - American Coot - - - - - - - - - B - Killdeer - - - - - - - - - B - Solitary Sandpiper - - - - - - - - - K - Spotted Sandpiper - - - - B - - K - K - Common (Wilson's) Snipe K - - - B - - - B B - Black Tern - - - - - - - - - B - Vaux's Swift - - - - - - - - - K - White-throated Swift - - - - - - - - - - B Rufous Hummingbird K - - - - - - - - - K Belted Kingfisher - - - - - - - - - K - Red-naped Sapsucker - - - - - - - - - K K Hairy Woodpecker K - - B - - K - K - - Three-toed woodpecker - - - - - - - - B - -

Appendix IIIc. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage. K=known B=breeding. ESSF EF1 EF2 EF4 EF6 ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER6 WL0 RO0

66

Northern Flicker - - - - - - - - - K K Pileated Woodpecker - K - - - - - - K B - Olive-sided Flycatcher B - - B B - - B B - K Western Wood Pewee - - - - - - - - - B - Alder Flycatcher - - - - - - - - - B - Willow Flycatcher - - - - - - B B - B - Least Flycatcher - - - - - - - - - B - Hammond's Flycatcher - - B - - B B B B B B Dusky Flycatcher B - - - - - - - - - - Western Flycatcher - - - - - - - - - - B Eastern Kingbird - - - - - - - - - B - Tree Swallow - - - - - - - - - K B Violet Green Swallow - - - - - - - - - B K N rough-wing Swallow - - - - - - - - - B - Bank Swallow - - - - - - - - - K K Barn Swallow - - - - - - - - - K K Gray Jay K B K K - - K K - - - Steller's Jay B - - - - - - - K - - Clark's Nutcracker B - K K - K - B B - - Black-billed Magpie - - - - - - - - - K - American Crow - - - - - - - - - B K Common Raven - - - K - - - K K K K Black-capped Chickadee - - - - - - - - - B - Mountain Chickadee - - B B - - B B B - - Boreal Chickadee B B B B - - - - B - - Red-breasted Nuthatch K - B B - - B B B - - Rock Wren - - - - - - - - - - B Winter Wren B - B B - B - B B - - Marsh Wren - - - - - - - - - B - Golden-crowned Kinglet B B B B - - B B B B B Ruby-crowned Kinglet B B - B - - B B B B B

Appendix IIIc. The bird species detected in each habitat and seral stage. K=known B=breeding.

ESSF EF1 EF2 EF4 EF6 ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER6 WL0 RO0

67

Mountain Bluebird - - - - K - - - - - - Townsend's Solitaire K - K K - - - - - - - Veery - - - - - - - - - B - Swainson's Thrush B B B B - B B B B B B Hermit Thrush B B B B - B - B B - - American Robin - - - B K - B - B B K Varied Thrush B - B B - B - B B - - Grey Catbird - - - - - - - - - B - Cedar Waxwing - - - - - - K - - B - European Starling - - - - - - - - - K - Solitary Vireo - - B B - - - B - B - Warbling Vireo B - B B - - B B B B - Red-eyed Vireo - - - - - - - - - B - Tennessee Warbler - - - - - - B - - - - Orange-crowned Warbler B B - - - B B B B B - Nashville Warbler - B - - - - - - - - - Yellow Warbler - - - - - - B - - B - Magnolia Warbler - - - - - - B B - B - Yellow-rumped Warbler B B B B - B K B B B B Townsend's Warbler B B B B - B B B B - - American Redstart - - - - - - B - - B - Northern Waterthrush - - - - - - B B B B - McGillivray's Warbler B B B - - B - - B B - Common Yellowthroat - - - - - - B B - B - Wilson's Warbler B B B B B B B B B B - Western Tanager - - - K - - - - - K - Black-headed Grosbeak - - - - - - B - - B - Lazuli Bunting - - - - - - - - - B - Chipping Sparrow - B - B B B B B - - K Clay-colored Sparrow - - - - - - - - - B - Vesper Sparrow - - - - - - - - - - -



68

Savannah Sparrow - - - B B - - B - B - Grasshopper Sparrow - - - - - - - - - - - Fox Sparrow B - - B - - B - - - - Song Sparrow - - - - B - B B B B - Lincoln's Sparrow - - - - B - B B - B - Dark-eyed Junco B B B B B B B B B B B Red-winged Blackbird - - - - - - - - - B - Western Meadowlark - - - - - - - - - K - Yellow-headed Blackbird - - - - - - - - - B - Brown-headed Cowbird - - - - - - - - - B - Pine Grosbeak K B B B - B - - K - - Purple Finch - - - - - - - - - - - Cassin's Finch - - - - - - - - B - - Red Crossbill - - K K - - - - - - - White-winged Crossbill - - - - - - - B - - - Pine Siskin K K B K K B - B K K - Evening Grosbeak B - B B - K - - B K -



69

Appendix IV. Species recorded during the migratory bird survey. The species included in each guild are listed. Waterfowl Shorebirds Raptorial Common Loon Great Blue Heron Osprey Pied-billed Grebe Cattle Egret Bald Eagle Horned Grebe Sora Northern Harrier Red-necked Grebe Killdeer Sharp-shinned Hawk Eared Grebe Greater Yellowlegs Cooper's Hawk Tundra Swan Solitary Sandpiper Northern Goshawk Canada Goose Spotted Sandpiper Rough-legged Green-winged Teal Pectoral Sandpiper American Kestrel Mallard Stilt Sandpiper Merlin Gadwall Long-billed Dowitcher Great Horned Owl Northern Pintail Common Snipe Northern Shrike Blue-winged Teal Cinnamon Teal Northern Shoveler American Wigeon Wood Duck Ring-necked Duck Canvasback Redhead Lesser Scaup Greater Scaup Common Goldeneye Bufflehead Hooded Merganser Common Merganser Red-breasted Merganser Ruddy Duck American Coot Ring-billed Gull Black Tern Belted Kingfisher

Appendix IV. Species recorded during migratory bird survey. Continued. Ground-Feeding Aerial-Feeding Non-migrants Passerines Passerines Mourning Dove Common Nighthawk Ruffed Grouse Red-naped Sapsucker Willow Flycatcher Downy Woodpecker Clarke's Nutcracker Least Flycatcher Hairy Woodpecker American Crow Dusky Flycatcher Northern Flicker Winter Wren Eastern Kingbird Pileated Woodpecker Marsh Wren Tree Swallow Clark's Nutcracker Townsend's Solitaire N rough-wing swallow Black-billed Magpie Swainson's Thrush Bank Swallow Common Raven American Robin Cliff Swallow Black-capped Chickadee Grey Catbird Ruby-crowned Kinglet Mountain Chickadee American Pipit Townsend's Solitaire Red-breasted Nuthatch Cedar Waxwing Warbling Vireo European Starling Red-eyed Vireo Western Tanager Tennessee Warbler Black-headed Grosbeak Orange-crowned Warbler Chipping Sparrow Yellow Warbler Clay-colored Sparrow Magnolia Warbler Savannah Sparrow Yellow-rumped Warbler Song Sparrow American Redstart White-crowned Sparrow Northern Waterthrush Dark-eyed Junco McGillivray's Warbler Lapland Longspur Common Yellowthroat Red-winged Blackbird Wilson's Warbler Yellow-headed Blackbird Pine Siskin Brewer's Blackbird Brown-headed Cowbird

Documents

MICA WILDLIFE COMPENSATION PROGRAM Columbia Valley Bird … · (BGC): Interior Douglas-fir (IDF), Montane Spruce (MS), Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH), Engleman Spruce-Subalpine Fir