MIA 320 Water supply from a source to a village 50km away

MIA 320 INDIVIDUAL

REPORT

Group 57

CHRISTIAAN ENGELBRECHT STUDENT NO: 11128862

MEGANIESE EN LUGVAARTKUNDIGE INGENIEURSWESE MECHANICAL AND AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

INDIVIDUAL COVER SHEET FOR PRACTICALS / INDIVIDUELE DEKBLAD VIR PRAKTIKA

Module code / Modulekode: Module: Practical number: Praktikum nommer:

Date of submission: Datum van inhandiging:

Student / Student

Initials / Voorletters Surname / Van Student number / Studentenommer

Declaration: 1. I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of the Universitys policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this practical report is my own, original work. 3. I did not refer to work of current or previous students, memoranda, solution manuals or any other material containing complete or partial solutions to this assignment. 4. Where other peoples work has been used (either from a printed source, Internet, or any other source), this has been properly acknowledged and referenced. 5. I have not allowed anyone to copy my work/report.

Verklaring: 1. Ek begryp wat plagiaat is en is bewus van die Universi-teitsbeleid in hierdie verband. 2. Ek verklaar dat hierdie praktikumverslag my eie, oorspronk-like werk is. 3. Ek het nie gebruik gemaak van huidige of vorige studente se werk, memoranda, antwoord-bundels of enige ander materiaal wat volledige of gedeeltelike oplossings van hierdie werkstuk bevat nie. 4. In gevalle waar iemand anders se werk gebruik is (hetsy uit n gedrukte bron, die Internet, of enige ander bron), is dit behoorlik erken en die korrekte verwysings is gebruik. 5. Ek het niemand toegelaat om my werk/verslag te kopieer nie.

Signature of Student Handtekening van Student

ECSA OUTCOME 4: INVESTIGATIONS, EXPERIMENTS AND DATA ANALYSIS Did the student:

Max

mar

k

Mar

k

awar

de

d

Ye

s

No

1 Plan and conduct his/her investigation/experiment in an appropriate and scientific manner?

10

2 Perform the necessary analyses and interpretations and/or derived valid information from the data?

50

3 Draw conclusions based on the evidence or data obtained? 20

4 Communicate the purpose, process and outcomes/conclusions in a technical report in a coherent manner?

20

Total for outcome 4 (minimum of 50% to pass) 100

Is the student capable of applying research methods, planning and conducting investigations and experiments using appropriate equipment if the answer is NO a mark of less than 50% must be awarded

Marked by

Signature

Date

ChrisjanTypewritten textIMPACT OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITY AND GROUP WORK

ChrisjanTypewritten textMIA 320

ChrisjanTypewritten textGROUP PROJECT

ChrisjanTypewritten text2014/09/04

ChrisjanTypewritten textJC

ChrisjanTypewritten textENGELRBECHT

ChrisjanTypewritten text11128862

Table of Contents

List of figures .............................................................................................................. 1

List of Tables .............................................................................................................. 1

List of forms ................................................................................................................ 1

List of Symbols and units ........................................................................................... 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 2

Aim ............................................................................................................................. 2

Background and Literature Study ............................................................................... 3

Storage tanks ............................................................................................................. 4

Tank specification....................................................................................................... 6

Tank placement and Supports ................................................................................... 8

Tank valves and fittings: ............................................................................................. 9

Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 12

Maintenance Checklist ............................................................................................. 14

Environmental Aspects ............................................................................................. 15

References ............................................................................................................... 16

Appendix A (Calculations) ........................................................................................ 17

Appendix B (Brochures and other info) .................................................................... 22

1

List of figures Figure 1 - Schematic of water storage tank system .................................................. 5

Figure 2 Tank 1 supplying water (all three tanks are full) ........................................ 6

Figure 3 Tank 2 supplying water (Tank 1 is being filled up and tank 3 is full) .......... 6

Figure 4 Tank 3 supplying water (Tank 2 is being filled up and tank 1 is full) .......... 6

Figure 5 Jojo Storage Tank dimensions .................................................................. 7

Figure 6 Chlorine Tank dimensions ......................................................................... 7

Figure 7 JoJo vertical water storage tank ................................................................ 8

Figure 8 - Videx Storage tank ..................................................................................... 8

Figure 9 Storage and chlorine tanks support structures. ........................................ 9

Figure 10 Cla-Val 131/631 Series Electronic Control Valve .................................... 9

Figure 11 Closed valve .......................................................................................... 10

Figure 12 Halfway open valve ............................................................................... 10

Figure 13 Fully open valve .................................................................................... 10

Figure 14 Overflow screen .................................................................................... 11

Figure 15 - Storage tanks pipe network (top-view) ................................................... 12

Figure 16 - Storage tanks pipe network (front and back views) ................................ 12

List of Tables Table 1 - Comparison of placement of tanks ....................................................... 8

List of forms Form 1 - Maintenance From to be filled in by maintenance personnel ............... 14

List of Symbols and units P = Pressure [kPa]

= Density [kg/m3]

g = Gravitational constant [m/s2]

H = Height [m]

V = Volume [m3]

r = Radius [m]

B = Width [m]

L = Length [m]

T = Temperature [K]

z = Elevation [m]

2

Introduction In South Africa, clean water sources are severely under threat. Global warming and

human consumption are probably the two primary reasons for the strain put on our

precious existing water sources. There are many villages in South Africa that are in

desperate need of clean water, but are too far away from drinking water sources.

If a water supply system can be designed and implemented that will supply one of

those villages with running and drinkable tap water, it will not only promote the

infrastructure of those villages and therefor also the future development, but it will

improve the lives of so many people that are struggling on a daily basis to survive and

get by without enough water.

Group 57 is formed for exactly that purpose.

Aim The mission -and ultimately the whole purpose- of the group is to work as a

multidisciplinary whole on this project and design a water supply system that will

provide clean, drinkable water to one of those villages stated above. As the group

consists of engineers in various disciplines, the project was divided into several parts.

Every group member will have his/her own part to which they will contribute to ensure

the successful completion of the project. This document contains the information

regarding the design of the water storage tank system.

The selected water source for the project is a river flowing out into a waterfall, where

the water will be collected and purified, stored and then supplied through a pipeline

network and collection points to the selected village.

Water tanks will be built near the village in which the clean, drinkable water will be

stored and then supplied to collection points in the village through a pipe network,

where the residents can collect the water.

Following is a list of aspects that are needed to be designed:

Storage tanks

o Design

Tank volumes

Quantity of tanks required

Tank pressures

Material selection of tanks

Placement of tanks

Synergy between tanks and other parts of the supply system

Tank valves and fittings (not related to pipe-system fittings and

valves)

o Support

Supports for storage tanks

On-site assembly of tanks

On-site assembly of supports

Fitting and final construction of tanks and supports.

3

Background and Literature Study

The average household in South Africa uses approximately 150-200 liters per person

per day. [1] This amounts for toilet-, shower- and drinking water. The minimum amount

of water needed per person per day for direct consumption, preparation of food and

for personal hygiene is defined as 25 liters per person per day.[2]

During the previous weeks the group has done research on the rate of water supply

needed to supply a whole village of clean, drinkable water:

The amount of water needed was adjusted to compensate for differences in demand

during peak and off peak times and the group decided that the above amounts will be

sufficient.

To be able to calculate the relevant dimensions and pressures, some literature

background will be required:

Volume of cylinder = V = * (r)2 * H

Volume of rectangular reservoir = V = B * L * H

Pressure at the bottom of a reservoir due to water weight:

PH2O = *g*H [3]

o H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 [4]

o g = 9.81 m/s2 [5]

Atmospheric pressure at an elevation z [m] above sea level :

Pair = Pa (1

0)

/

[6]

o

= 5.26 ( ) [7]

o T0 = 288.16 K, [8]

o B = 0.00650 K/m [9]

o Pa= 101.35 kPa [10]

o z = elevation above sea level [11]

Total pressure at the bottom of each tank: Ptotal = PH2O + Pair [12]

1 [unknown. Biolytix] 2 [Anton Earle, 2005] 3 - 12 [Frank M. White]

Rate of delivery: 10m3/h = 10000 l/h

Pressure at delivery: 240 kPa

Elevation of operational site = 2440 m

4

Storage tanks

Amount of tanks and their volumes that will be used:

The fact that we live in a non-ideal world and that failures and other problems may

arise without warning, the group decided that not one, but three tanks will be

installed at the site. Each of the three tanks will be connected to each other in such

a way (discussed later) to ensure a constant supply of water flow at the collection

points.

Assuming the minimum [13] amount of water needed per person will be supplied,

and that the village houses 1000 residents with an average of 4 persons per home:

Amount of water needed per person per day = 25 liters = 0.025m3

This amounts to:

0.025 m3 *1000 residents = 25m3

that will be collected each day for the whole village (minimum). It is however

reasonable to assume that the residents will not only collect the minimum amount

of water needed for their household, therefor the amount of water that will be

supplied per day was adjusted to be 100m3.

Three tanks, each with a volume of 15m3 will be sufficient to store a total of 45m3

of water. An additional tank will be located right after the purification plant where

chlorine will be added to the water (as discussed in the purification part of the

group report). This tank together with the three storage tanks at the village will

have to be able to hold 100m3 of water to be able to supply the village with enough

water for one day if all of the tanks are filled up.

This will save an enormous amount of electricity as the pumps will (ideally) only

have to run once per day. The chlorine tank will thus have a volume of 56m3,

resulting in a total volume of 101m3 = 101 000 liters stored in all four tanks.

The main reason for the three-tank supply system is to save electricity and to avoid

supply interruptions when blockages occur in the storage tank system. As stated

above, the pumps will not run constantly, and if only one tank is used it will result in a

supply interruption when the tank is emptied out.

13 [Anton Earle, 2005]

5

The three storage tanks at the village will be connected to each other with pipes and

valves, and each tank will be equipped with water level sensors and flow rate sensors

that will constantly monitor the water levels and water flow in each tank. When the first

tank reaches a specific water level (almost empty), the valves of the first tank will close,

and the second tank will provide water to the collection points while the first tank fills

up again. This ensures that the pumps do not have to run the whole day but only when

a tank is emptied out, which will save electricity. In the same manner, if the second

tank is almost empty, its valves will close and the third tank will supply the water to the

collection points. Below is a simplified schematic attempting to explain how the tanks

are connected:

The three tanks will always work consecutively. An example to illustrate this

consecutive operation of the tanks is as follows: Lets assume that the first tank was

emptied out and the second tank is supplying the water while the first tank fills up.

Even when the first tank is completely filled up by the time the second tank is empty,

the third tanks valves will open and not the first. The reason for this is to prevent the

water to stand still in a specific tank. Still standing water is a breeding place for bacteria

and therefor it must be avoided.

Figure 1 - Schematic of water storage tank system

6

Following, are schematics attempting to explain this procedure:

Tank specification As indicated above, each storage tank at the village will have to hold 15m3 = 15000

liters of water. Almost every manufacturer have standard dimensions for the tanks that

they sell. If a manufacturer makes custom sized tanks, the price increases by quite a

substantial amount. Therefor for the purpose of this project, manufacturer specific

standard tanks will be used as it is the most cost effective option. JOJO Tanks

manufactures tanks of various volumes and sizes, and they provide support structures

that are structurally designed according to each tanks specifications.

Figure 2 Tank 1 supplying water (all three tanks are full)

Figure 3 Tank 2 supplying water (Tank 1 is being filled up and tank 3 is full)

Figure 4 Tank 3 supplying water (Tank 2 is being filled up and tank 1 is full)

7

According to the product catalogue (appendix) and the calculations that were made,

the dimensions for the three tanks that will be used at the village will be as follows:

ri = 1.203 m

ro = 1.3 m

h = 3.3 m

Volume inside tank = r2h =

(1.203)2(3.3) = 15m3 = 15000

liter

Height above ground (support

structure height see Tank

placement and Supports) : H1 =

9m

Approximate mass of one full

tank with water and supports:

m1 = 21000 kg

JOJO Tanks only sell tanks with a maximum volume of 20000 L, which is not even half

the volume needed for the chlorine tank. Videx Storage Tanks manufacture tanks that

can be assembled to a wide variety of sizes. Each tank is assembled from square

panels to the required dimensions, making it very versatile and eases installation.

According to the product catalogue (appendix), the dimensions for the tank that will be

used after the purification plant will have the following dimensions:

B = 7m

H = 1m

L = 8m

Volume = B*L*H = 7*8*1 = 56

m3 = 56000 liter

Height above ground: H1 = 1m

Approximate mass of full tanks

with water and supports: m1 =

66000 kg

Figure 5 Jojo Storage Tank dimensions

Figure 6 Chlorine Tank dimensions

8

[14] [15]

Tank placement and Supports Tanks can either be placed on supports at a certain height above the ground, or it can

be placed at ground level. Table 1 compares the two placement options to decide

which option is better. (see Appendix A for calculations)

Table 1 - Comparison of placement of tanks

There is a difference of (195.67-107.56) = 88.11 kPa if the tanks are placed at a height

of 9m above the ground compared to the placement on ground level, which is a

substantial amount of pressure gained in the pipes after the tanks.

Pressure at inlet of storage tank system = Pinput = 240kPa

Pressure at outlet of storage tank system = Poutput = 40.98 kPa

Pump motor power required to increase pressure to 240 kPa at outlet = Pinput

43 kW (see appendix A for calculations)

14 JoJo Tanks, n.d. JoJo tanks Products - Vertical Tanks. [Online] 15 VIDEX Pressed Steel & GRP Sectional Water storage tanks Brochure. [Online]

Placement Placed on ground Placed at height above ground

Height above ground 0 m 9 m

Pressure at bottom of

tank due to water weight

32.31 kPa 32.31 kPa

Atmospheric pressure 75.25 kPa 75.25 kPa

Pressure due to height

above ground

0 kPa 88.11 kPa

Total pressure at ground

level

107.56 kPa 195.67 kPa

Figure 7 JoJo vertical water storage tank Figure 8 - Videx Storage tank

9

Firstly, foundations will be laid (see relevant part in group report) that are designed to

support the weight of the tanks, support structures and the water. When the

foundations are set, steel supports will be bolted into the foundation on which the tanks

will be placed and fastened. JOJO tanks provide supports of various heights for all of

their tanks (see Appendix B). The chosen support height is 9m, as this will provide

potential energy to the water and therefor will also substantially decrease the required

pump power after the storage tanks.

The chlorine tank will be fitted on a support structure with a height of 1m, which will

also be bolted to a foundation slab designed for its total weight.

Tank valves and fittings:

The storage tank flow-control system will consist of several level- and pressure

sensors. Therefor, conservative mechanical valves will not in any way be useful to

achieve the desired automated flow-control as described in the storage tank section

above. There are several types of valves in the industry that are controlled by different

electronic inputs that will provide the desired results.

One example of such valves is the Cla-Val

Electronic Control Valve made by Cla-Val

as seen in figure 9. These electronic valves

are designed to be controlled remotely,

making them ideal for isolated locations

such as the groups chosen village. It may

be possible to incorporate these valves into

the computer control system so that the

flow-system of the storage tanks can be

automated. Specifics are discussed in the

Computer and electrical part of the report

Figure 9 Storage and chlorine tanks support structures.

Figure 10 Cla-Val 131/631 Series Electronic Control Valve

10

Pressures in water storage tanks can become a big concern to safety. The pump that

will supply the water from the source to the storage tanks will not run constantly, but

will turn on and off as needed. However, there is a risk that the pump controls might

fail and cause the pump to stay on even after the tanks are filled. If this happens while

the overflow is blocked by dirt or in any other way, there will be an enormous pressure

build-up inside the storage tanks and may cause one of the tanks to burst or explode.

Figure 11 Closed valve

Figure 12 Halfway open valve

Figure 13 Fully open valve

11

Therefore, a pressure relief valve will be installed on each tank that will engage and

relief the pressures inside the tanks in case of pump overruns or control failures.

The approximate pressure at the bottom of each tank (as calculated in appendix A)

will be 107.56 kPa. The relief valves will be set to open at 125 kPa, which will cause

the pressures inside the tanks to be able to rise to a maximum of 125 kPa in case of

control failures.

Each JOJO water tank have the following standard fittings :

40mm water fitting at the bottom;

Over-flow on top (side) with a 50mm fitting (female) (50/40 reducer);

480mm lid on top of the tank

The fill-up opening at the top of each tank have to be cut, which will be done to fit a

50mm water elbow fitting like the one at the bottom.

The tank overflow is a 40mm hole in the top (side) of the tank. The 50/40 reducer fitting

will be removed and instead, an overflow screen (provided by Jojo tanks) will be fitted

to this hole to prevent dust, dirt, mosquitoes or any other unwanted contaminants from

entering the water tanks, while still allowing the water to flow out in case of control

failures and overfilling.

Plastic is more susceptible to cracks and pressure induced bursts, therefor cast iron

pipes and fittings will be used for the tank-connecting pipe network. The following

fittings and alterations are applicable to the design of the pipe network within the

storage tank system as well as the main water pipeline.

The 40mm water fitting at the bottom of each storage tank will be replaced by

an elbow fitting (90, 40mm).

The inlet will be fitted with the same elbow fitting (90, 40mm).

Vertical pipes will be screwed into these two elbow fittings, connecting the rest

of the pipes to the storage tanks as shown in the schematics below:

Figure 14 Overflow screen

12

Maintenance

The level and flow rate sensors will monitor the flow of the system and any

discrepancies can be noticed remotely via the computer system. A monthly manual

inspection and maintenance procedure will thus be adequate to ensure that the

storage tank system is in working order and in a state that will not be a health or safety

risk to the residents. The tanks will hold an enormous amount of water and any

corrosion or holes in the tank material or fittings can be a big concern and safety risk.

Figure 15 - Storage tanks pipe network (top-view)

Figure 16 - Storage tanks pipe network (front and back views)

13

To prevent damage to the storage tank system by residents or theft, a fence will be

constructed around the storage tanks with a gate that will be locked. On the first

Monday of every month, maintenance personnel will visit the tanks in order to do

checks and, if necessary, repairs. On the next page is a checklist that will be filled in

and filed on every visit.

Components that will be checked and tested:

The pressure relief valves have manual test levers to test if the valves are in

working order. If the relief valves are leaking they are in unsafe condition and

need to be replaced.

The fence outside of the tank system will be checked for holes and corrosion.

The gate and locks of the fence will be checked for corrosion, as well as if the

gate is locked.

The distribution valves and fittings will be checked for corrosion and blockages.

The Flow control valves will be checked for corrosion and blockages.

The overflows will be checked for blockages

A non-destructive testing procedure will be done to check the integrity and

condition of the tanks material.

Any other components that the maintenance personnel feels are necessary to

be checked

It will be very difficult to provide an entry for the maintenance personnel into the tanks

to check the integrity of the material. Firstly, all of the water will have to be drained

resulting in a big waste of drinkable water. Secondly, it can be dangerous to climb

inside these tanks as they are very large. The solution to this is to do a simple NDT

test from outside the tanks. A very effective NDT method for this purpose is ultrasonic

thickness gauges that measures the thickness of the tank material to see if there are

holes or corrosion. Tritex NDT provides these gauges at very affordable costs. The

selected gauge that will be used is the Tritex NDT Multigauge 5600 (See appendix).

14

Maintenance Checklist (To be filled in by both maintenance personnel on-site and during inspection)

* - I hereby acknowledge that the information below is accurate and filled in to the best of my ability. Any discrepancies between

the information below and the state of the components can be held against me.

** - I hereby acknowledge that the information below is accurate and filled in to the best of my ability. Any discrepancies between

the information below and the state of the components can be held against me.

Form 1 - Maintenance From to be filled in by maintenance personnel

Name

and

surname

Signature *

Name

and

surname

(Witness)

Signature

(Witness) **

Component Mainte-

nance

test done

(Y/N)

In

working

order and

safe (Y/N)

Comments

Fences and gates (whole and

locked)

Tank distribution valves and fittings

Pressure relief valve (tank 1)



Flow control valves (tank 1)

Overflow (tank 1)

Tank 1 integrity (NDT)


Overflow (tank 2)



Overflow (tank 3)


Other components (indicate in

spaces below):

15

Environmental Aspects Comparison of Polyethylene tanks to Stainless steel tanks:

Polyethylene:

Food-grade polyethylene is considered the safest form of plastic to use for food

and water storage purposes.

o Polyethylene has UV stabilizers that prevent the breaking down of the

plastic outside of the tanks.

Plastics are made from oil, which is not a sustainable resource. The embodied

energy during production of plastic is quite high which means a lot of energy is

put into the production of plastic. Plastic has an average lifetime of 25 years

after which it will most probably have to be replaced. This increases the

embodied energy even more and thus reduces its appeal with regards to

environmental health.

The installation of plastic water tanks are extremely easy. Because plastic tanks

have a small amount of flexibility, they are a bit more forgiving to strain and

stresses than other materials during installation.

Plastic tanks are a lot cheaper than other tanks, making them very attractive for

low cost water storage purposes.

Wild fires can be problematic.

Stainless Steel:

Stainless steel, made from iron with added chromium and/or nickel is

considered to be a very safe material for many applications. Some examples of

applications where stainless steel is used are:

o surgical equipment

o drinking-water bottles

o cutlery

Stainless steel also has a high amount of embodied energy during production,

but it is considered to be completely recyclable. Therefor these types of tanks

might be made of material that were used several times before it is made into

a water storage tank, which increases its appeal with regards to environmental

health

If an efficient foundation slab is laid, installation can also be quite easy in

comparison to other types of tanks

Stainless steel tanks are more expensive than its polyethylene counterpart.

Wild fires will not be as problematic as with plastic.

For the purpose of this project it will be the better option to use the polyethylene tanks

for the storage tank system as it is more cost effective, and transport and installation

are very easy. Videx storage tanks (chosen as supplier for the chlorine tank in the tank

specification section), however, produces their tanks with stainless steel, and therefor

it is the chosen material for the chlorine tank. Both of these materials have negative

factors regarding environmental aspects, but they are by far the best options for

material selection in water storage applications.

16

References

Anton Earle, J. G. P. K. (. o. P., 2005. Domestic Water Provision in the Democratic South

Africa changes and challenges. [Online]

Available at: http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/02.pdf

[Accessed 05 August 2014].

JoJo Tanks, n.d. JoJo tanks Products - Vertical Tanks. [Online]

Available at: http://www.jojotanks.co.za/index.php/products/vertical-tanks

[Accessed 15 08 2014].

Jojotanks, n.d. Jojotanks - Accessories. [Online]

Available at:

http://www.jojotanks.co.za/index.php/component/virtuemart/accessories/480mm-tank-

screen-detail?Itemid=0

[Accessed 15 08 2014].

Jojotanks, n.d. Jojotanks Accessories - Tank Stands. [Online]

Available at: http://www.jojotanks.co.za/index.php/component/virtuemart/accessories/tank-

stands-detail?Itemid=0

[Accessed 15 08 2014].

unknown), K. (., 2011. Water Tank comparisons for drinking water: defining clean and green.

[Online]

Available at: http://milkwood.net/2011/02/14/water-tank-comparisons-for-drinking-water-

defining-clean-and-green/

[Accessed 25 08 2014].

Unknown, . 2. C.-V. |. 1. P. A. C. M. C. 9.-4., n.d. Electronic Control Valves. [Online]

Available at: http://www.cla-val.com/waterworks-electronic-control-valves-c-1_6-l-en.html

[Accessed 17 08 2014].

unknown, n.d. Biolytix. [Online]

Available at: http://www.biolytix.co.za/

Unknown, n.d. Tritex NDT Multigauge 5600. [Online]

Available at: http://www.tritexndt.com/multigauge5600.html

[Accessed 25 08 2014].

Unknown, n.d. VIDEX Pressed Steel & GRP Sectional Water storage tanks Brochure.

[Online]

Available at: http://www.vidextanks.co.za

[Accessed 15 08 2014].

Waterlinx, n.d. Waterlinx Product Details. [Online]

Available at:

http://www.waterlinx.co.za/Products/tabid/92/CategoryID/9/ProductID/5687/PageIndex/3/Def

ault.aspx

[Accessed 15 08 2014].

White, F. M., 2011. Fluid Mechanics Seventh edition in SI units. New York: McGraw-Hill.

17

Appendix A (Calculations)

Placement of tanks on ground vs. at a height above ground:

On the ground

Pressure at the bottom of each tank due to water weight:

PH2O = *g*h

, with H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 ,

g = 9.81 m/s2 ,

h = 3.3 m [4]

Atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 2440m:

Pair = Pa (1

0)

/

, with

= 5.26 ( ),

T0 = 288.16 K,

B = 0.00650 K/m,

Pa= 101.35 kPa,

z = 2440m [5]

Total pressure at the bottom of each tank:

Ptotal = PH2O + Pair

Ptotal = H20,20C*g*h + Pa (1

0)

/

Ptotal = 998*9.81*3.3 + 101350(1- 0.006502440

288.16)5.26

Ptotal = 107.56 kPa

At a height above ground of 9 m

Pressure at the bottom of each tank due to water weight:

PH2O = *g*h1

, with H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 ,

g = 9.81 m/s2 ,

h1 = (3.3) m [6]

Pressure at ground level due to water weight:

Pground = *g*h2

4 [Frank M. White] 5 [Frank M. White] 6 [Frank M. White]

18

, with H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 ,

g = 9.81 m/s2 ,

h2 = (9) m [7]

Atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 2440m:

Pair = Pa (1

0)

/

, with

= 5.26 ( ),

T0 = 288.16 K,

B = 0.00650 K/m,

Pa= 101.35 kPa,

z = 2440m [8]

Total pressure at the bottom of each tank:

Ptotal = PH2O + Pground + Pair

Ptotal = H20,20C*g*h1 + H20,20C*g*h2 + Pa (1

0)

/

Ptotal = 998*9.81*(3.3) + 998*9.81*(9) + 101350(1- 0.006502440

288.16)5.26

Ptotal = (32.208 + 88.11 + 75.25) kPa

Ptotal = 195.67 kPa

Pipe network (storage tanks):

9m vertical pipe:

Incoming flow rate = Q = 10m3/h = 0.002778 m3/s

Velocity of incoming flow = v = Q/A = 0.002778/(*(0.02)2) = 2.21 m/s

Reynolds number = Re =

=

2.210.04

1.005 106= 87960.2

Turbulent flow

Roughness (cast iron) = 0.26mm [White p.381]

Friction number = 0.03 [Moody chart - White p.380]

Friction coefficient = K = 7.6 [White p.399-406]

Head loss = hf = [f(L/D)+K](v2/2g) = [0.03(9/0.04)+7.6](2.212/2*9.81) =

3.572m

Pressure loss = P1 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(3.572-9sin(90)) = -53.14 kPa

7 [Frank M. White] 8 [Frank M. White]

19

12.3m vertical pipe:




=

2.210.04

1.005 106= 87960.2

Turbulent flow





4.267m

Pressure loss = P2 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(4.267-9sin(90)) = -46.34 kPa

3.6m horizontal pipe:




=

2.210.04

1.005 106= 87960.2

Turbulent flow





2.437m

Pressure loss = P3 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(2.437) = 23.86 kPa

1m horizontal pipe:




=

2.210.04

1.005 106= 87960.2

Turbulent flow



20



1.889m


90 elbow:




=

2.210.04

1.005 106= 87960.2

Turbulent flow





1.975m


Total pressure loss between incoming water flow and fill-point at the top of the tank:

Ploss = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5

Ploss = 46.34 + 23.86*1 + 18.5*1 + 19.34*4

Ploss = 166.06 kPa

The water will be supplied at a pressure of 240 kPa, therefor there will be enough

pressure in the pipes to lift the water up to the top of the tanks and fill them.

Total pressure loss between outgoing water flow and outlet at the bottom of the tank:

Ploss = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5

Ploss = -53.14 + 23.86*1 + 18.5*1 + 19.34*4

Ploss = 66.58 kPa

Total pressure ouput :

Pout = Pbottom - Ploss

Pout = 107.56 -66.58

Pout = 40.98 kPa

21

There is thus a shortage of (240-40.98) = 199.02 kPa to be able to supply the water

at the desired 240kPa. A pump will therefor be applied after the storage tanks:

Pump Power = Ppump = Qhp , with hp = (P/)+k(v2/2*g) = 1.265 m

Ppump = Qhp = 34.4 kW

If the pump is 80% efficient:

Pinput = Ppump/efficiency = 34.4/0.8 = 43 kW Motor

22

Appendix B (Brochures and other info)

mm 0.1V3.10p mm

Calibration Units Resolution

m/s

5915

4.4V

Battery

mm

Measuring

13mm

2 MHziPROBE

Easy Menu Systemmembrane. Easy calibration with menu driven buttons.

Intelligent Probe Recognition (IPR).

Echo strength indicator.

3 year warranty.

Free calibration for the life of the gauge.

(AMVS).

Large colour LCD display giving user information.

No zeroing required.

Single crystal soft faced probe protected by a

Ignores coatings up to 6 mm thick using MultipleEcho. Coating Plus+ ignores coatings up to 20 mm.

Automatic Measurement Verification System

Features

Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge

www.tritexndt.com

simple . accurate . robust

Pipelines

Road Tankers

Offshore Platforms

Lighting Columns

Phone Masts

Lock Gates

Barges

Shipping

Bridges

Pilings

Storage Tanks

Industry

Quality Control

Leisure Craft

Typical Applications

Multigauge 5600The Multigauge 5600 is a simple, robust ultrasonic thickness gauge designed for most

common thickness gauging applications. The easy to use keypad allows operator interface

whilst the bright LCD display can be used in all light conditions. The moulded soft rubber

surround feels comfortable, looks good and provides extra protection against knocks and

scrapes. All probes have Intelligent Probe Recognition (IPR), which automatically adjusts

settings in the gauge at the same time as transmitting recognition data - the result is a

perfectly matched probe and gauge for enhanced performance. Additionally, the Automatic

Measurement Verification System (AMVS) ensures only true measurements are displayed,

even on the most heavily corroded metals.

About Multiple Echo

Contact

Specification

simple . accurate . robust Tritex Sales 03 - Issue 5 - October 2013

UK Office:

Tritex NDT LtdUnit 10, Mellstock Business Park,Higher Bockhampton, Dorchester,Dorset, United Kingdom, DT2 8QJt: +44 (0) 1305 257160f: +44 (0) 1305 259573e: [email protected]: www.tritexndt.com

Sound Velocity Range From 1000 m/s to 8000 m/s (0.0394 in/s to 0.3150 in/s)Single CrystalSoft Faced Probe Options

Probe Measurement Range

Probe Sizes

Resolution 0.1 mm (0.005) or 0.05 mm (0.002)Accuracy 0.1 mm (0.005) or 0.05 mm (0.002)Display Colour LCDCoatings Range Up to 6mm (Standard Mode)*; up to 20mm (Coating Plus+)*Batteries 3 x disposable AA alkaline batteries or rechargeable NiMH / NiCDBattery Life 20 Hours continuous use using alkaline batteriesGauge Dimensions 147 mm x 90 mm x 28 mm (5.75 X 3.5 X 1)Gauge Weight 325 g (11.5 ounces) including batteriesEnvironmental Case rated to IP65. RoHS and WEEE compliantOperating Temperature -10C to +50C (14F to 122F)Storage Temperature -10C to +60C (14F to 140F)

2.25 MHz 3.5 MHz 5 MHz

3 - 250 mm(0.120 to 10)

2 - 150 mm(0.080 to 6)

1 - 50 mm(0.040 to 2)

13 mm (0.5) &19 mm (0.75) 13 mm (0.5)

6 mm (0.25) &13 mm (0.5)

All Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges should

be calibrated to the velocity of sound of

the material being measured. Coatings

have a different velocity of sound than

metal and it is important they are not

included in the measurement. Multiple

Echo ensures all coatings, up to 6mm

thick, are completely eliminated from the

measurement.

How it works:A transmitted ultrasound pulse travels though both the coating and the metal and reflects from the back wall.

The returned echo then reverberates within the metal, with only a small portion of the echo travelling back

through the coating each time. The timing between the small echoes gives us the timing of the echoes within

the metal, which relate to the metal thickness. The returned echoes need not be consecutive as the gauge will

interpret them automatically and calculate the thickness. A minimum of three echoes are checked each time.

This is referred to as the Automatic Measurement Verification System (AMVS).

Tim

ing

3

Tim

ing

2

Tim

ing

1

Probe

Coating

Metal

The Tritex Multigauge 5600 has been manufactured to comply with British Standard BS EN 15317:2007, whichcovers the characterisation and verification of ultrasonic thickness measuring equipment.

Multigauge 5600 gauge, probe,probe lead, spare membranes,membrane oil, ultrasonic gel, 15mmtest block, membrane key, batteries,manual, calibration certificate, carrycase.Optional leather case.

3 YEAR WARRANTYUSA Office:

Tritex NDT LLC1533 Stuyvesant Avenue,Union, New Jersey,07083, United Statest: +1 908 688 6706f: +1 908 688 9040e: [email protected]: www.tritexndt.com

A14263Certificate No.

* Figures relate to most coating types

Telephone: 011 827 0727 Fax: 011 827 0725 Cnr. Lantern & Bream Roads Wadeville, 1428 PO Box 14873 Wadeville, 1422

E-mail: [email protected] www.vidextanks.co.za

VIDEX STORAGE TANKS

Pressed Steel & GRP Sectional Water Storage Tanks

Nominal Tank Dimensions Tank Panel Dimensions Number of Panels Nominal Tank Approx. Tank Mass

(Length X Width) (mm) (Panel (L) X Panel (W) X Panel (H)) per Tank Capacity (Liters) (Kg)

1000 (L) X 1000 (W) 1 X 1 X 1 6 1 000 90

2000 X1000 2 X 1 X 1 10 2 000 150

3000 X 1000 3 X 1 X 1 14 3 000 220

4000 X 1000 4 X 1 X 1 18 4 000 280

5000 X 1000 5 X 1 X 1 22 5 000 340

2000 X 2000 2 X 2 X 1 16 4 000 250

3000 X 2000 3 X 2 X 1 22 6 000 340

4000 X 2000 4 X 2 X 1 28 8 000 430

5000 X 2000 5 X 2 X 1 34 10 000 520

6000 X 2000 6 X 2 X 1 40 12 000 620

3000 X 3000 3 X 3 X 1 30 9 000 460

4000 X 3000 4 X 3 X 1 38 12 000 590

5000 X 3000 5 X 3 X 1 46 15 000 710

6000 X 3000 6 X 3 X 1 54 18 000 930

7000 X 3000 7 X 3 X 1 62 21 000 950

4000 X 4000 4 X 4 X 1 48 16 000 740

5000 X 4000 5 X 4 X 1 58 20 000 890

6000 X 4000 6 X 4 X 1 68 24 000 1050

7000 X 4000 7 X 4 X 1 78 28 000 1200

8000 X 4000 8 X 4 X 1 88 32 000 1360

5000 X 5000 5 X 5 X 1 70 25 000 1080

6000 X 5000 6 X 5 X 1 82 30 000 1260

7000 X 5000 7 X 5 X 1 94 35 000 1450

8000 X 5000 8 X 5 X 1 106 40 000 1630

9000 X 5000 9 X 5 X 1 118 45 000 1820

6000 X 6000 6 X 6 X 1 96 36 000 1480

8000 X 6000 8 X 6 X 1 124 48 000 1910

9000 X 6000 9 X 6 X 1 138 54 000 2130

7000 X 7000 7 X 7 X 1 126 49 000 1940

8000 X 7000 8 X 7 X 1 142 56 000 219

9000 X 7000 9 X 7 X 1 158 63 000 2430

8000 X 8000 8 X 8 X 1 160 64 000 246

9000 X 8000 9 X 8 X 1 178 72 000 274

9000 X 9000 9 X 9 X 1 198 81 000 3050

Weights and Dimensions Tables

1000 mm Deep Tanks, 1 Tier

Disclaimer: Copyright of information contained in this brochure is owned by Videx. You may use this information and reproduce it in hard copy for your

own personal reference use only. The information may not otherwise be reproduced distributed or transmitted to any other person or incorporated in

any way into another document or other material without the prior written permission of Videx. Information of this brochure is given by us in good faith

and has been taken from sources believed to be reliable. We make no representations that the information contained on this brochure inaccurate,

complete or fair and no reliance should be placed on it for any purpose whatsoever. Videx shall not be liable to any person or company for use or

reliance of any inaccurate information or opinions contained herein. Videx shall not be liable to any party for any form of loss or damage incurred as a

www.jojotanks.co.za | www.jojotanks.mobi

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Documents

MIA 320 Water supply from a source to a village 50km away