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Mi b h t f di t ti Microbe: hos t : f oodint eractions implications for food safety implications for food safety . Colin Hill Microbiology Department University College Cork Ireland

Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

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Page 1: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Mi b h t f d i t tiMicrobe : host : food interactionsimplications for food safetyimplications for food safety.

Colin Hill

Microbiology Department

University College Cork

Ireland

Page 2: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Many factors determine the outcome of bacterial host interactionsbacterial host interactions

HealthAge

Microbial NumbersVirotype [EHEC]

Host Microbe

WellSick

AgeMicrobiome

Virotype [EHEC]History

Dead

Food

Food type [RTE?]P iProcessingConstituents

Page 3: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Listeria monocytogenesy g• Causes a rare but often fatal illnessCauses a rare but often fatal illness, 

listeriosis (Increasing in EU).

• Associated with dairy products,Associated with dairy products, delicatessan meats and other ready‐to‐eat foods

• Can grow in the fridge, survive high temperatures, resist high salt and low pH, withstand high pressureslow pH, withstand high pressures

• Certain strains more likely to cause epidemic outbreaks (serotype 4b)p ( yp )

• Regulatory confusion?  100cfu/g appropriate?pp p

EC regulation 2073 / 2005

Page 4: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Immediate historyy

100

10

ival

1

0.1

0.01

pH 7 pH 5(30 min)

pH 3.5

% surv

0.01

0.001

30 60 90 12030 60 90 120hours

pH 7 pH 3.5

The acid tolerance response

O' Driscoll et al. 1996. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 1693‐1698.

Page 5: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Immediate historyYoghurt (pH3.9) Cottage cheese (pH4.7)

y

100

10

1

0.1

100

10

1

0.1% survival

% survival

0.01

0.001

12 24 36 48

0.01

0.001

4 8 12 16

Cheddar (pH5.1) Low‐fat Cheddar (pH5.2)

hours days

100

10

1

Cheddar (pH5.1)

100

10

1

Low fat Cheddar (pH5.2)

vival

vival

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

% surv

% surv

18 36 54 72days

18 36 54 72days

Gahan et al. 1996. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:3128‐3132.

Page 6: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Cross adaptation between stresses

Acid

Sub‐lethal (induction)

Acid

Lethal (challenge)

Acid

Salt

Acid

Salt

Heat Heat

AMP’s AMP’s

Pressure Pressure

Page 7: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

3% NaCl increases pressure resistance >1000‐fold>1000 fold

10

10

treatm

ent 500 Mpa for 5 minutes

6

7

10

10

10

er pressure t

4

5

Requires uptake of 

10

10

10

urvivors afte

2

3carnitine or betaine from 

the food

10log su

1

Δgbu, opuC, betLLO28

3% NaCl  3% NaCl 0% NaCl 0% NaCl 

LO28

Smiddy et al. 2005. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 70: 7555‐7557.

Page 8: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

The ability to adapt affects virulence

5

Log cfu/spleen on day 3

41000‐foldThe immediate history of a bacterium can 

3

000 o d

significantly influence it’s survival and virulence potential2

Adapted Un‐adapted

ATM56 ATR‐1

virulence potential

Unable to adapt

Permanently adapted

Page 9: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Mechanism of adaptation– GAD systemp yH+

H+

H+

H+

H+glu

GadT

GABA

H+

GABAglu

H+

H+

H+ CO2GadDH+

H+

H+H+

H+

H+

H+H

A proton is consumed(inside the cell)

Glutamate is exchanged for GABA(outside the cell) (inside the cell)

Cotter et al. 2001. Mol. Microbiol. 40:465‐75.

(outside the cell)

Page 10: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

History and constituents combine

non‐adapted

140

adapted

GAD *** 10

100

Porcine stomach juice  (pH 2.5 x 20 min)

12010080

GADactivity

0.1

1

survival

604020

0.001

0.01

0LO28       ΔgadD

ND

wt wt +glu

Δgad+/‐glu 

GAD is a major player in the 

g g

Can dramatically affect acid Acid Tolerance Response tolerance ‐ and gastric transit

Page 11: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Supporting Evidence pp gClinical strains have high GadBC activity 

d i b tt i t i id

100

and survive better in gastric acid

DPC 4609

LO28

S ttA10

% survival in gastric juice (pH2.5) after 60 min

FH 1965 DPC 4593

ScottA10

LO28ΔgadAB

EGD

DPC 4591DPC 4594

1

LO28ΔgadABND

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

% GAD activity relative to LO28

Page 12: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Role of GAD in survival in food

• The immediate history of a bacterium i ifi tl i fl it’ i lcan significantly influence it’s survival 

and virulence potential• Food constituents can significantly 

influence growth and survival (andinfluence growth and survival (and infectious dose?)

Cotter et al. 2001. Mol. Microbiol. 40:465‐75.

Page 13: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Strain diversityGadT

Some strains have two GAD systems

GadD

two GAD systems

The second is encoded on aGadT GadT2 encoded on a Stress Survival I l d [SSI 1]GadD GadD2

Island [SSI‐1]GadD GadD2

SSI‐1

Ryan, et al.  2010.  J. Appl. Microbiol.  109:984‐995.

Page 14: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Strain diversity

days0         1           2           3          4          5           6          8

106

105

CFU/gNo 4b strains (epidemic strains) 

104

ΔSSI‐1contain SSI‐1 [of >20 tested]

403020100104

Time (d)

Ryan, et al.  2010.  J. Appl. Microbiol.  109:984‐995.

Page 15: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Strain diversity and virulence

Lineage II, III‘food &Lineage I ‘food & 

environmental strains’

Lineage I(Serotype 4b)

‘epidemic strains’strains’

Only 51 genes unique to 4b strainsOnly 51 genes unique to 4b strainsNelson et al, 2004

Page 16: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Listeriolysin S

Non‐4b(100%)

4b(63%)

LIPI‐3

LlsA is a haemolysin cfu/organ

(only expressed in vivo).

Knockouts are less virulent 

Liver                  Spleen

107

108

* **

in murine models and in human PMN’s.

106

107

10F2365     lls‐ F2365     lls‐

Cotter et al. 2008. PLoS Pathogens 4:e1000144

Page 17: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

• The immediate history of a bacterium ycan significantly influence it’s survival and virulence potentialand virulence potential

• Food constituents can significantly influence growth and survival (and infectious dose?)infectious dose?)

• Strain diversity (genetic complement) may significantly affect survival and virulence potentialvirulence potential

Page 18: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

‘Food’ v ‘Disease’ strains?GadT2

GadD2

‘Food’ strains  ‘Disease’ strains 

Lineage 1 (non‐4b), lineage II and IIISSI‐1  +ve LIPI‐3   ‐ve

Lineage 1 (esp. 4b)SSI‐1  ‐ve LIPI‐3   +ve

Grow well in food, no 2nd

hemolysin less virulent?Grow poorly in food, 2nd

hemolysin more virulent?hemolysin – less virulent? hemolysin – more virulent?

Page 19: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

35 strain surveyGadT2

GadD2

FSL R2‐503FS R 503

CD878

H7858

FSL J1‐194

FSL J1 208 CD147

F2365

F6854FSL J2 071

CD1078

FSL N1 017

CD1066

CD1198

CD1742

CD1038 C241

CD243

CD246

CD83

CD1032 CD1121

CD749

CD748 CD1028

CD1061

Page 20: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

In order to predict outcomes more accurately …

HealthAge

Microbial NumbersSpecies or Strain

Host Microbe

WellSick

AgeMicrobiota

Species or StrainHistory

Dead

FoodWe need to assess risk based on:risk based on:

• Genetic complement

Food typeP i

• Stress history• Food constituents• Host parameters

ProcessingConstituents

p

Page 21: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

the future ……

FoodExtract DNA/RNA Sequence

16S: Complete quantitative microbial profileB t i l i l f lBacterial, viral, fungal

[spoilage, commensal, pathogenic]

BioinformaticsTotal DNA: gene‐based risk assessment[pathogenicity islands, survival islands, 

metabolic potential] Output: Quantitative risk assessment

RNA: Viability assessment, strain 

Output:  Quantitative risk assessmentEpidemiological certaintyTherapeutic optionsE i th

y ,history, stress adaptation status Emerging pathogens

Rapidity (minutes/hours)

Page 22: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Metagenomics of IMFculture dependent culture independent

Infant milk formula

Strain number 

Closest homologue (accession number)

IMF1 Bacillus licheniformis strain LQ98 (Ef472268)

IMF2 Bacillus cereus strain APB2 (Hm046583)

Strain number 

Closest homologue (accession number)

PIF1 Uncultured firmicutes.

PIF2 Streptococcus thermophiles strain T1

A b ill fl ith l LK4formula IMF3 Bacillus thuringiensis strain BL40 (Hq180398)

IMF4 Bacillus sp. JM4 (Ef062991)

IMF5 Bacillus anthracis strain (HM854238)

IMF6 Bacillus sp. ITO01(Fr667164)

IMF7 U lt d B ill l Filt 93 (H 152681)

PIF3 Anoxybacillus flavithermus clone LK4

PIF4 Streptococcus thermophiles strain T1 1

PIF5 Flavobacterium frigidarium strain A2i 

PIF6 Uncultured bacterium clone gir_aah96b03 16S 

PIF7 Enterococcus faecium strain: ML4IMF7 Uncultured Bacillus sp. clone Filt.93 (Hm152681)

IMF8 Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain CBII‐2 (Hm068891)

IMF9 Brevibacillus parabrevis strain M3 (Ab215101)

IMF10 Brevibacillus brevis strain P‐30 (Hm185814)

IMF11 Paenibacillus sp JAM‐FM32 (Ab526335)

PIF7 Enterococcus faecium strain: ML4

PIF8 Uncultured bacterium clone 3‐1B‐G12

PIF9 Leuconostoc lactis YKLAB10

PIF10 Streptococcus uberis 0140J

PIF11 Lactococcus piscium strain: NJ119IMF11 Paenibacillus sp. JAM FM32 (Ab526335)

IMF12 Aeromicrobium erthreum (NR_024846)

IMF13 Staphyloccus hominis (Fj380978)

IMF14 Enterococcus faecium (Ab481104)

IMF15 Enterococcus durans (Eu419600)

PIF11

PIF12 Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris strain: YIT 2007

PIF13 Uncultured Streptococcus sp.clone ChR‐II‐cI12 

PIF14 Lactococcus sp.YM05004

PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95

IMF16 Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA‐894

IMF17 Enterobacter cloacae (Fp929040)

IMF18 Citrobacter koseri (CP000822)

IMF19 Escherichia vulneris (Af530476)

PIF16 Uncultured bacterium W05

PIF17 Uncultured bacterium W05

PIF18 Uncultured Trichococcus sp. TCE‐134

PIF19 Uncultured firmicutes bacterium clone PLF34 16S

IMF20 Uncultured bacterium (Hm309271) PIF20 Streptococcus thermophilus strain T1

Page 23: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Conclusions (1)To predict the outcome of pathogen host interactions (or to derive safe exposure levels), (do) we need to know?

• Host factors (age, health, immune status)• Bacterial numbers

• Genetic complement of strain• Growth potential, survival potential, virulence 

i lpotential• History (exposure to stress)

• Impact gastric transit virulence potential• Impact gastric transit, virulence potential• Food constituents 

• What about co‐consumed foods?What about co consumed foods?

Page 24: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Conclusions (2)( )

• Should inform policy, but how?• Specific regulations for specific strainsSpecific regulations for specific strains 

(EHEC v E. coli)?

• Specific regulations for specific foods?• Zero tolerance in high glutamate foods?Zero tolerance in high glutamate foods?

• Specific advice for high‐risk groups?• Certain combinations of foods to be avoided (e.g. intensive care)

Page 25: Mi bMicrobe hth ost fdf ood it tii nteractions · [pathogenicity islands, survival islands, ... PIF15 Cronobacter sakazakii strain 05CHPL95 ... • Host factors (age, health, immune

Acknowledgementsg

Listeria research Cormac Gahan

Paul Cotter

group, UCCPaul Cotter

(GAD and LlPI‐3)

Sheila Ryan, Maire Begley(SSI‐1)

Science Foundation Ireland, ,Department of Agriculture, Enterprise Ireland