View
214
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Mgt 20600: Mgt 20600: IT Management & ApplicationsIT Management & Applications
HardwareHardwareSoftwareSoftware
TuesdayTuesday
September 13, 2005September 13, 2005
RemindersReminders ReadingReading
– For todayFor today Fundamentals text, Chapter Two, Hardware sectionFundamentals text, Chapter Two, Hardware section
– For next weekFor next week Fundamentals text, Chapter Two, Software sectionFundamentals text, Chapter Two, Software section
HomeworkHomework– Homework Two is now availableHomework Two is now available
Due this Friday, 9/16 by 5pmDue this Friday, 9/16 by 5pm Several questions require you to go and search for information on Several questions require you to go and search for information on
Microsoft’s site!Microsoft’s site! Next week’s class session: NetworksNext week’s class session: Networks MIS club luncheon tomorrowMIS club luncheon tomorrow
– Tomorrow, noon-2pmTomorrow, noon-2pm– Mendoza 3Mendoza 3rdrd floor faculty lounge floor faculty lounge– Representatives of firms recruiting MIS students will be thereRepresentatives of firms recruiting MIS students will be there– Bring resumes! Bring resumes! – Never too early to start thinking about internships and getting to know Never too early to start thinking about internships and getting to know
recruitersrecruiters
Information Systems:Information Systems:The System of Hardware ComponentsThe System of Hardware Components
Input Devices Memory andProcessor
Storage andOutput Devices
Processing the InputsProcessing the Inputs
Processing deviceProcessing device works hand in works hand in hand withhand with
MemoryMemory (book uses primary storage (book uses primary storage as a synonym for this)as a synonym for this)– To processTo process
Data transferred to the system by the input Data transferred to the system by the input devicesdevices
Instructions from the operating system and Instructions from the operating system and software applicationssoftware applications
Processing the Inputs: Processing the Inputs: The ProcessorThe Processor
Processors can vary according toProcessors can vary according to– Size – how much data they can process at a timeSize – how much data they can process at a time– Speed – how fast they execute instructionsSpeed – how fast they execute instructions– Coordinated or multi-processing – how many processors Coordinated or multi-processing – how many processors
work togetherwork together– The materials from which they are madeThe materials from which they are made– How fast they can communicate with memory and with How fast they can communicate with memory and with
each othereach other– Of course this affects the cost!Of course this affects the cost!
The trick is to buy the right processor for the task The trick is to buy the right processor for the task at hand!at hand!
ExamplesExamples– WalMart’s transaction processing systemWalMart’s transaction processing system– Individual executive’s spreadsheet analysisIndividual executive’s spreadsheet analysis
Processing the Inputs: MemoryProcessing the Inputs: Memory Memory varies according toMemory varies according to
– Size – how much capacity it hasSize – how much capacity it has– Volatility – whether you lose what’s in it when the Volatility – whether you lose what’s in it when the
electricity goes offelectricity goes off– Function – ROM (read-only memory) holds permanent Function – ROM (read-only memory) holds permanent
instructions whereas RAM (random access memory) instructions whereas RAM (random access memory) holds temporary data and instructionsholds temporary data and instructions
– Speed - How fast it can communicate with the processor Speed - How fast it can communicate with the processor (bus speed)(bus speed)
– How close it is located to the processor (cache memory)How close it is located to the processor (cache memory) Again, you must match your memory purchase to Again, you must match your memory purchase to
the tasks you intend to performthe tasks you intend to perform
Storing the OutputStoring the Output
Secondary or long-term storage is used to Secondary or long-term storage is used to permanently store data or outputpermanently store data or output
Greater capacity and greater economy Greater capacity and greater economy than memorythan memory
Many different types of secondary storage Many different types of secondary storage devices that vary bydevices that vary by– CapacityCapacity– CostCost– Speed of data retrievalSpeed of data retrieval– Access methodAccess method
Storing the OutputStoring the Output Secondary storage devicesSecondary storage devices
– Hard diskHard disk– Magnetic tapesMagnetic tapes– Magnetic disksMagnetic disks– Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)– Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)– CD-recordable (CD-R) discsCD-recordable (CD-R) discs– CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discsCD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs– Digital versatile disc (DVD)Digital versatile disc (DVD)– Memory cardsMemory cards– Expandable storageExpandable storage– Storage Area Network (SAN)Storage Area Network (SAN)
Guess what! You have to match your storage device to the Guess what! You have to match your storage device to the tasks you are undertaking!tasks you are undertaking!
What a Hard Disk Looks LikeWhat a Hard Disk Looks Like
Comparison of Secondary Device Comparison of Secondary Device Capacities and CostCapacities and Cost
Displaying the OutputDisplaying the Output
There are also countless ways to display There are also countless ways to display the output of your information processingthe output of your information processing
Output device typesOutput device types– Computer screenComputer screen– PrinterPrinter– Mobile deviceMobile device– TelephoneTelephone– Head phonesHead phones
Need I say it again! Match the output Need I say it again! Match the output device to your needs and budget!device to your needs and budget!
Computer System TypesComputer System Types Very often all the input, output, processing, memory, and Very often all the input, output, processing, memory, and
storage devices will come bundled together in a computer storage devices will come bundled together in a computer system you buy as a wholesystem you buy as a whole
The major computer systems types areThe major computer systems types are– Handheld computersHandheld computers– Portable computersPortable computers– Thin clientThin client– Desktop computersDesktop computers– WorkstationsWorkstations– ServersServers– Mainframe computersMainframe computers– SupercomputersSupercomputers
Each type has a very different role in life!Each type has a very different role in life! Your job, of course, is to choose which best fits your Your job, of course, is to choose which best fits your
organization’s needs and budgetorganization’s needs and budget
Comparison of Major Computer Comparison of Major Computer System TypesSystem Types
MIPS: Millions of instructions per second
Teraflop: A trillion floating point operations per second
Handheld Device ExampleHandheld Device Example SmithsonianSmithsonian
– Provide visitors with wireless handheld devicesProvide visitors with wireless handheld devices– Using the devices visitors canUsing the devices visitors can
Track their progress through the exhibitsTrack their progress through the exhibits– MapMap– Interactive list of exhibitsInteractive list of exhibits– Guided tours to followGuided tours to follow– Instant messagingInstant messaging– Location tracking for other members of your groupLocation tracking for other members of your group
Enhance exhibitsEnhance exhibits– Links to hundreds of video clips and picturesLinks to hundreds of video clips and pictures– Scavenger huntsScavenger hunts– Interactive video clips of items people can’t actually seeInteractive video clips of items people can’t actually see
Inside of Thomas Jefferson’s deskInside of Thomas Jefferson’s desk– Maps to areas with related displaysMaps to areas with related displays
Create scrapbooksCreate scrapbooks– Centrally storedCentrally stored– Store information about your visit that can be retreived in subsequent visitsStore information about your visit that can be retreived in subsequent visits
– Technology usedTechnology used Wireless Hewlett-Packard iPaq HX4700 handhelds connect to Wireless Hewlett-Packard iPaq HX4700 handhelds connect to Standard back-end servers Standard back-end servers Using the 802.11b (WiFi) standard andUsing the 802.11b (WiFi) standard and Content is pulled from existent multimedia exhibits that the Smithsonian has developed Content is pulled from existent multimedia exhibits that the Smithsonian has developed
over the yearsover the years Scrapbooking feature is simply website bookmarking in a different context Scrapbooking feature is simply website bookmarking in a different context
Thin Client ExampleThin Client Example Oakland County, MichiganOakland County, Michigan
– BackgroundBackground Beginning in 90’s purchased 3,600 PCs to support county employeesBeginning in 90’s purchased 3,600 PCs to support county employees By 2002, 900 PCs were past their useful lifeBy 2002, 900 PCs were past their useful life Needed to find most cost effective method for replacing old desktop PCsNeeded to find most cost effective method for replacing old desktop PCs
– Chose thin client approachChose thin client approach Lower cost alternative for desktopLower cost alternative for desktop Computing power could be managed at the server level, driving down costsComputing power could be managed at the server level, driving down costs Easier to adopt new operating system because maintenance would only Easier to adopt new operating system because maintenance would only
occur on serveroccur on server Better disaster recovery – users’ files stored centrallyBetter disaster recovery – users’ files stored centrally
– TechnologyTechnology Used old PCs as thin clientsUsed old PCs as thin clients Thin client users got new flat-screen monitors and keyboardsThin client users got new flat-screen monitors and keyboards Upgraded county’s local area network to gigabyte strengthUpgraded county’s local area network to gigabyte strength
– Necessary for adequate software response timesNecessary for adequate software response times– SavingsSavings
Savings from moving 285 users to thin clients amounted to $744,000 Savings from moving 285 users to thin clients amounted to $744,000 Additional 540 new thin client users will save $1.4 millionAdditional 540 new thin client users will save $1.4 million Savings in hardware costs, support time, and cost-effective software license Savings in hardware costs, support time, and cost-effective software license
managementmanagement
What a Mainframe Looks LikeWhat a Mainframe Looks Like
Mainframe ExampleMainframe Example AARP (American Association of Retired Persons)AARP (American Association of Retired Persons)
– MembersMembers 35 million members35 million members 76 million baby-boomers preparing for retirement76 million baby-boomers preparing for retirement
– Central customer databaseCentral customer database Can be accessed byCan be accessed by
– MembersMembers– Trading partnersTrading partners
Insurance providersInsurance providers Retirement communitiesRetirement communities
– TechnologyTechnology Mainframe used for customer databaseMainframe used for customer database
– CentralizedCentralized Member information can be maintained and secured independently of Member information can be maintained and secured independently of
the numerous IT applications that use it the numerous IT applications that use it – ReliableReliable– ScalableScalable
Will support increasing numbers of transactions as membership growsWill support increasing numbers of transactions as membership grows– Continuously updatedContinuously updated
Makes it easier to market products and services to its membersMakes it easier to market products and services to its members– Application-independentApplication-independent
Common interface to the database for suppliersCommon interface to the database for suppliers Standard method for integrating applications with the databaseStandard method for integrating applications with the database
What a SuperComputer Looks LikeWhat a SuperComputer Looks Like
Terabyte: A thousand billion bytes or a thousand gigabytes
Gigaflop: One billion floating point operations per second
Supercomputer ExampleSupercomputer Example
IBM's Blue Gene/L at Lawrence IBM's Blue Gene/L at Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore National Laboratory– 131,072 microprocessors 131,072 microprocessors – 135.3 trillion floating-point operations 135.3 trillion floating-point operations
per second (135.3 teraflops)per second (135.3 teraflops)– Used forUsed for
Nuclear weapons simulationsNuclear weapons simulationsBiochemical applicationsBiochemical applications
– Perform intricate calculations to simulate protein Perform intricate calculations to simulate protein folding specified by genetic codes folding specified by genetic codes
Overview of SoftwareOverview of Software
Computer programs: Computer programs: sequences sequences of instructionsof instructions
Two TypesTwo Types– Systems software:Systems software: coordinates the coordinates the
activities of hardware and programsactivities of hardware and programs– Application software: Application software: helps users helps users
solve particular problemssolve particular problems
Supporting Individual, Group, Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goalsand Organizational Goals
Sphere of influence: Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular software applicationopportunities addressed by a particular software application– PersonalPersonal– WorkgroupWorkgroup– EnterpriseEnterprise
Software: Operating SystemSoftware: Operating System
When selecting an operating system, When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and you must consider the current and future requirements for application future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice must be consistent with your choice of hardware.of hardware.
Systems Software: Systems Software: Operating SystemsOperating Systems
Operating system (OS): Operating system (OS): set ofset of programs that control the hardware and programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applicationsact as an interface with applications
Common hardware functionsCommon hardware functions– Get input (e.g., keyboard)Get input (e.g., keyboard)– Retrieve data from disks and store data on Retrieve data from disks and store data on
disksdisks– Display information on a monitor or printerDisplay information on a monitor or printer
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
User interfaceUser interface– Allows individuals to access and Allows individuals to access and
command the computer systemcommand the computer system– Command-based user interface: Command-based user interface:
uses text commandsuses text commands– Graphical user interface (GUI): Graphical user interface (GUI): uses uses
icons and menus to send commands to icons and menus to send commands to the computer systemthe computer system
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
Hardware independenceHardware independence– Application program interface (API): Application program interface (API):
allows applications to make use of the allows applications to make use of the operating systemoperating system
Memory managementMemory management– Control how memory is accessed and Control how memory is accessed and
maximize available memory and storagemaximize available memory and storage
Processing tasksProcessing tasks– Multitasking: Multitasking: more than one program more than one program
running at the same timerunning at the same time– Time-sharing: Time-sharing: more than one person using a more than one person using a
computer system at the same timecomputer system at the same time– Scalability:Scalability: ability to handle an increasing ability to handle an increasing
number of concurrent users smoothlynumber of concurrent users smoothly Networking capability: features that aid users in Networking capability: features that aid users in
connecting to a computer networkconnecting to a computer network
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
Operating SystemsOperating Systems
Access to system resourcesAccess to system resources– Protection against unauthorized accessProtection against unauthorized access– Logons and passwordsLogons and passwords
File managementFile management– Ensures that files in secondary storage Ensures that files in secondary storage
are are Available when neededAvailable when neededProtected from access by unauthorized Protected from access by unauthorized
usersusers
Current Operating SystemsCurrent Operating Systems
Operating System ExampleOperating System Example
Open source operating systems (Linux)Open source operating systems (Linux)– Increasing comfort level with this alternativeIncreasing comfort level with this alternative– Dominates as server operating systemDominates as server operating system– Why?Why?
Lower total cost of ownershipLower total cost of ownership Lower capital investmentLower capital investment Greater reliability and uptime compared to Greater reliability and uptime compared to
commercial alternativescommercial alternatives Greater flexibility and controlGreater flexibility and control Faster, cheaper application developmentFaster, cheaper application development
Application SoftwareApplication Software
Gives users the ability to solve problems Gives users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasksand perform specific tasks
Interacts with systems software; systems Interacts with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to software then directs the hardware to perform the tasksperform the tasks
Software spheres of influenceSoftware spheres of influence– PersonalPersonal– Work groupWork group– EnterpriseEnterprise– Value ChainValue Chain
Personal Productivity Personal Productivity Application SoftwareApplication Software
Designed primarily for individual useDesigned primarily for individual use Support individual productivitySupport individual productivity Major categoriesMajor categories
– Word processingWord processing– SpreadsheetSpreadsheet– DatabaseDatabase– GraphicsGraphics
Often purchased as suites of Often purchased as suites of softwaresoftware
Workgroup Application SoftwareWorkgroup Application Software
Workgroup application software: Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether people supports teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed are in the same location or dispersed around the worldaround the world
Groupware:Groupware: software that helps software that helps groups of people work together more groups of people work together more efficiently and effectivelyefficiently and effectively
Workgroup SoftwareWorkgroup Software
Workgroup software applicationsWorkgroup software applications– EmailEmail– Instant messagingInstant messaging– Video conferencingVideo conferencing– Application sharingApplication sharing– WhiteboardsWhiteboards– Task schedulingTask scheduling– Centralized storage of group filesCentralized storage of group files– File version controlFile version control
Enterprise Application SoftwareEnterprise Application Software
Software that benefits an entire Software that benefits an entire organizationorganization
Enterprise resource planning Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software:(ERP) software: programs that programs that manage a company’s vital business manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, operations for an entire multisite, global organizationglobal organization
Enterprise Software ApplicationsEnterprise Software Applications
In an ERP suite, all of these applications would be softwaremodules that you could buy separately or in combination
Enterprise Software ExampleEnterprise Software Example
Software DevelopmentSoftware Development
Proprietary software: Proprietary software: unique unique program for a specific application, program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a usually developed and owned by a single companysingle company
Off-the-shelf software: Off-the-shelf software: purchased purchased softwaresoftware– Customized packageCustomized package
Application Service Provider (ASP)Application Service Provider (ASP)
Software DevelopmentSoftware Development Do not develop proprietary application software unless Do not develop proprietary application software unless
doing so will meet a compelling business need that can doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage.provide a competitive advantage.
BUILD VS. BUYBUILD VS. BUYThe basic arguments in the buy-vs.-build debate remain The basic arguments in the buy-vs.-build debate remain unchanged. unchanged.
WHY BUILD?WHY BUILD? Avoid painful vendor licensing terms Avoid painful vendor licensing terms Gain competitive advantage Gain competitive advantage Adapt to new technology, such as grid computing Adapt to new technology, such as grid computing
WHY BUY?WHY BUY? Leverage vendors’ economies of scale Leverage vendors’ economies of scale Gain broader integration capabilities Gain broader integration capabilities Ensure that code knowledge won’t be lost Ensure that code knowledge won’t be lost
Software Development ExampleSoftware Development Example
Hyundai Information Service North Hyundai Information Service North America LLCAmerica LLC– IT arm of Hyundai Motor AmericaIT arm of Hyundai Motor America– Builds own software offshoreBuilds own software offshore– Why?Why?
More customizationMore customizationSmall, unique applicationsSmall, unique applicationsNo licensing annoyancesNo licensing annoyances
– Example: switch from concurrent users to name Example: switch from concurrent users to name seat licensing would have raised cost by $3,300 seat licensing would have raised cost by $3,300 per user for a purchased applicationper user for a purchased application
Software Development:Software Development:Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages
Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statementsof rules for constructing statements
Allow humans to communicate instructions Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computerto be executed by a computer
Syntax: Syntax: a set of rules associated with a a set of rules associated with a programming languageprogramming language
Different languages have characteristics Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular that make them appropriate for particular types of applicationstypes of applications
Programming Language EvolutionProgramming Language Evolution
Software DevelopmentSoftware Development
Choose a programming language Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming and experience of the programming staff.staff.