MGCoteli-SHEmur Gore Me Paper SON

8/2/2019 MGCoteli-SHEmur Gore Me Paper SON

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mgcoteli-shemur-gore-me-paper-son 1/11

THE TRANSFORMATION FROM HERITAGE CONSERVATION TO HERITAGEMARKETING:

A CASE STUDY OF “GÖREME HISTORICAL NATIONAL PARK”

Methiye Gül ÇÖTELİ1 and Semih Halil EMÜR 21 Instructor, PhD Student, Erciyes University, Faculty of Architecture, City and Regional Planning Department,Kayseri, 38039 Turkey, [email protected] 2 Assist. Prof. Erciyes University, Faculty of Architecture, City and Regional Planning Department, Kayseri,38039 Turkey [email protected]

Abstract

Being important factors in the development of tourism as an industry, heritage and traditions has played a keyrole in attracting consumers of tourism to significant locations. The tourism industry for “commoditization of the

past” produces the heritage industry. The commoditization of heritage for consumption of tourists as a touristic product is increasingly being done in a globalized tourism industry that consumes the uniqueness and identity of the places. Nowadays governments and local administrations are interested in using heritage tourism for theregeneration and growth of domains as a positive change. This paper examines the transformation from heritageconservation to heritage marketing in Turkish tourism policies in case of “Göreme Historical National Park”which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Key Words: Heritage Tourism, Heritage Conservation, Heritage Marketing, Commoditization of Heritage,Göreme Historical National Park

INTRODUCTION

In order to make a challenge, there is a growing appetite around world for the heritage in recentyears, particularly heritage tourism and heritage marketing. National and local governments areengaging in heritage marketing as it is a major component of gross national product. Firstly, theleisure and tourism industry has sprout including a large-scale and a rapid growth ininternational tourism since 1950s. Meanwhile, there was an increasing awareness of environmental issues and a growing perception of a large scale preservation process to protect

places and artefacts from destructions. Hence, it was encouraged many countries to stimulatetheir national cultural policies. The significant incident, that widens the scope of internationalcultural policies, was 1972 World Heritage Convention.

In 1980s while mass-market tourism was expanding, the tourism industry began to exploitheritage sites for cultural consumption and turned them into attractions for commercial gain andinto an element of marketing the heritage. Being important factors in the development of tourism as an industry, heritage and traditions has played a key role in attracting consumers of tourism to significant locations. They enhance the numbers of investment and the quality of lifeof places. Archaeological sites and monuments of the past have been leading touristicattractions which serve as the motivation for touristic visit to destinations. Hence the affinity of

preservation and recreation of the past emerges the heritage centers.



Consequently, increasing attention has been focused on tourism industry as a significant potential growth sector for many developing countries. The tourism industry is seen as principal“engine of growth” for developing countries especially which has lack possibilities for rapidindustrialization as well as low income. However, it is an outward-oriented growth sector what

has a risky in any time regards to environmental circumstances, international tourism iscontinuing to rise over the past five decades.

The mass – market tourism which was developed as large – scale, foreign – owned, enclave – type resorts, is based upon natural “foundation assets” like sandy beaches, clear seas1. These“foundation assets” irreparably damaged by excessive using actions. Besides its economical

benefits, tourism has many shortcomings to illustrate environmental destruction, risingalienation, overcrowding, loss of cultural identity and social control to outsiders, overloadedinfrastructures, a declining quality of life and access to scarce resources. In addition, tourism isviewed “as exploiters of the native population and rapists of the land”2. Nevertheless, tourismindustry make local residents and governments frequently perceive that the economical benefits

of the industry is worth the lost of social and cultural destructions.

As a current trend, globalization is increasing through the worldwide convergence of consumer lifestyles and behaviors. Furthermore, there has been a trend to a global commoditization of heritage. The commoditization of heritage for consumption of tourists as a touristic product isincreasingly being done in a globalized tourism industry that consumes the uniqueness, fragileenvironments and identity of the places.

Nowadays governments and local administrations are interested in using heritage tourism for the regeneration and growth of domains as a positive change. On the other hand it is mentionedthat tangible and intangible aspects of heritage (buildings, archaeological sites, folklore e.g.,)

are a “non-renewable resources” of identity of places. However, they are in a no-return state of deterioration and consumption. As the rate of change resulting from tourism industry isaccelerated, so do the rate of destroyed remnants of the past.

The article is considers the transformation from heritage conservation to heritage marketing inTurkish tourism policies. In particular, it is hypothesized that “commoditization of heritage”that can be seen as generating a surplus in order to conservation of heritage, has an unforeseenresults which not facilitate the vitality of heritage.

Shortly, it sets out to determine how and in which circumstances the transformation of heritageconservation happened into the heritage marketing in case study from Turkey. Heritage

conservation policies of Turkey are come to the point of marketing the city and its heritagewhich might have conclusions on irretrievable loss of non-renewable resources. It ismanifesting the risky shift of presenting newly man-made sculptures and packing the heritageof Byzantine architecture of worship built in the post-Iconoclastic period, – early period of Christian underground architecture – historic townscapes and natural landscapes of GöremeHistorical National Park which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985. Thescope of this research is focused on marketing of different aspects of heritage, particularly

buildings, monuments and landscapes in Göreme Historical National Park.

1 J. Brohman, “New Diractions in Tourism for Third World Development”, Annals of Tourism Research,

Vol.23, No.1, 1996, pp.48-70. P. Wilkonson, “Strategies for Tourism in Island Microstates”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.16, 1989, pp.153-177.2 V. Smith, W. Eadington, (edits), Tourism Alternatives; Potantials and Problems in the Development of Tourism, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1992, pp.9.

2



FROM HERITAGE CONSERVATION TO HERITAGE MARKETING

The meaning of heritage is connected to preservation activity: “The impulse to preserve the pastis part of the impulse to preserve the self. The past is the foundation and collective identity.

Objects from the past are the source of significance as cultural symbols” 3.

Heritage includes tangible and intangible aspects like historic buildings, monuments, objectsand sites linked to history, food, drink, music, literature. Every aspects of heritage are non-renewable resources of the past which stimulates the awareness and consciousness of people totheir own country. In relation to we need to protect the heritage in order that it can be left tofuture generations to find in it their cultural roots and identity.

Heritage depends on continuities of identity and community. For that reason, it is relevant to thesense of place. The sense and the character of places are realized and strengthened with theascribed value to them. Therefore, heritage attracts the people, visitor, investment and so on.

Hence, heritage gives a unique and irreplaceable asset to the place. According to Lowenthalheritage is everywhere and it is a prime lure of tourism4.

Relationships between Heritage Tourism and Heritage Conservation

Advances in technology, changing in human expectations and pursuit of personal interest hasincreased the demand for other forms of tourism except conventional forms of tourism.Undoubtedly, heritage tourism has grown in popularity, occurring at the same time of who hasdisposable income to spend in order to learn and experience about the heritage of cultures intheir leisure time. In this context, heritage tourism has been viewed as “tourism centred on whatwe have inherited, which can mean anything from historical buildings, to art works, to beautiful

scenery5.

There are mutual benefits between heritage conservation and heritage tourism in a sustainablemanner. As the number of visitors in the heritage site is raising; the revenue is gained from thetouristic activities and the preservation of heritage vitality is achieved. Consequently, willing to

protect and promote the heritage of countries is the main of aim of policies..

The policies of heritage tourism were encouraged by most of the countries in order to achievethe sensitive balance between heritage conservation and vitality and also participation of local

people to the tourism activities is encouraged. By the way, concrete activation steps wererealised in heritage conservation. While defining the heritage tourism as a source of revenue,

sometimes the shift in conservation priorities causes conflicts/dilemnas between heritagemarketing and conservation.

The Transformation: A Paradigm Shift on Heritage Conservation to Heritage Marketing

Heritage conservation, that was led regeneration, makes probable the economic investmentincluding heritage industry sector. Heritage tourism creates value by leveraging heritage for commercial purposes. As a consequence the concern of tourism industry for “commoditizationof the past” produces the heritage industry, in particular the built environment sector. Therefore,archaeological and historical sites have been reconstructed for touristic visits. As heritage

3 K. Robins, Tradition and Translation, National Culture in its Global Context in Representing the Nation:A Reader, D. Boswell and J. Evans (eds), Routledge, London, 2004, pp.11.4 D. Lowenthal, The Heritage Crusade and Spoils of History, Viking, London, 1996.5 P. Yale, From Tourist Attractions to Heritage Tourism, ELM Publications, Huntington, 1991, pp.4.

3



tourism is seen as a regeneration of a heritage sites, heritage marketing can be described asthough revalidation and revitalization of an area or site. The irreparably damages on heritagewill occur the irretrievable loss of non-renewable resources of the past.

It is mentioned that “the aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well thatthe product or service fits him/her but allows the organization to achieve its goals” 6. Therefore,the central to our understanding of heritage marketing is becoming the customer. A productwhich is marketed can be a physical, functional or symbolic product. Tourism product iscomposed of the overall tourism product that includes all the service elements consumed by thetourists and the commercial activities that are part of the overall tourism product7. As for Middleton, the attractions, comprising natural values (landscape, seascape, beaches, wildlife,climate, etc.), built environment (historic, new, places of worship, museums, etc.), culturalactivities (and social attractions) are elements of tourism revenue where holiday tourism visitsare served8. Therefore, we can say that a heritage product includes heritage sites and heritageattractions. Similarly, Misiura argues that when the three levels of product is applied to the

heritage product, “the core” becomes “what the consumer expects in terms of the tangible or intangible”; “the actual” is “the added-value facilities”; “the augmented” includes “benefitssuch as other facilities and services, brand characteristics or feelings”9.

Marketing a heritage product might not generate a profit in the commercial sense. Similarly,marketing may allow conservation of heritage and the regeneration of locality. Somecommercial activities alongside the heritage sites or attractions can be placed primarily for commercial gain and profit – making. Although some could not anticipate non – profitorganizations in heritage sites as they need to make a profit in order to survive their presence.As marketing process is related to identify suitable target markets or audiences for a product or service, heritage marketing process is concerned to find out what the consumer wants and to

deliver it.

On the part of heritage marketing, it is priority in heritage industry that “heritage attractions and brands must address the needs of their visitors/customers”. From the heritage marketing viewof, “heritage attractions or other heritage consumer brands must appeal to the aspirations, needsand motivations of prospective and regular customer”10. Since the heritage is wanted by anytypes of consumers, heritage becomes ideal for marketing11. However, considering thesovereignty of the consumer in heritage tourism can create harmful affects due to the craze of customs emotions. Hence, heritage marketing depends on limited, non-renewable andirreparable resources, that cannot be oriented as a market goods which shaped by consumer demands or aspirations.

Some researchers have seen heritage marketing as a method to manage demand and take controlof the potential of the place in order to not damage the attractions by overuse and “generateincome, raise awareness”12. And the other researchers have seen heritage marketing as a methodto strip locals of their dignity by “sanitization and commoditization of the aspects of heritage”13.In short, heritage conservation has gradually superseded by heritage marketing. A paradigm

6 7 V. Middleton, (1998), Sustainable Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.8 V. Middleton, (1998), ibid.9 S. Misiura, Heritage Marketing, Elsevier, London, 2006, pp.148.10 S. Misiura, Heritage Marketing, ibid, pp.81.11 S. Misiura, Heritage Marketing, ibid, pp.82.12 S. Misiura, Heritage Marketing, ibid, pp.181.13 S. Misiura, Heritage Marketing, Elsevier, London, 2006, pp.181.

4



shift in the notion of branding and the brand loyalty of cities is quickly superseding the heritageconservation for public advantages and human inheritance.

In marketing, the concept of branding is a process by which simple, specific and consistent

messages or images are conveyed to the mind of consumers. Created or nurtured values by branding, in particular country branding which can shape or produce economic, cultural and political changes, can include many aspects of heritage. Through branding of heritage sites and products, tourism marketers exploit the real values in term of tangible and intangible heritageaspects. Mainly, the uniqueness and identity are marketed by combining the heritage offeringsof a destination and other benefits which consumers may want. Also, there is an increasingtrend in uniting aspects of heritage with a modern-day emphasis. Making the destination brand“live” and reinforcing the brand may lead to alter the real values to promoted brand values of heritage, in the name of feeling the authenticity of a unique place simulacrum sites or places

presented as authentic or historical to the present-day market.

In this context, Heritage interpretation has been defined as “the art of explaining the past by bringing it to life”14. Therefore, interpretation should remain uncompromising in its authenticityand not lapse into pure entertainment. Otherwise, heritage interpretation can lead the danger of removing “the spirit of a place”15.

Tourism and leisure activities depend on business trips are becoming increasingly popular inrecent years. Business tourism needs the use of heritage site and or landscape, so that a uniquesetting or atmosphere can be created during the business meeting. Therefore, business tourismcan be defined as another lucrative growth area for the marketing of heritage.

Turkish Tourism Policies

Governments are increasingly interested in using heritage tourism activities such as heritagetourism as a catalyst for positive change in economic and social aspects. Turkish governmenthas come to a new point in tourism policies that shape the national, regional and local tourismattractions. The new point namely a paradigm shift which was proclaimed in 2007 by Ministryof Culture and Tourism as “Tourism Strategies of Turkey – 2023”, deal with tourismmanagement, tourism marketing and country branding, in particular city branding(destinations).

According to the Turkish tourism vision, it is aimed to bring the tourism industry to a leading position in increasing the rates of employment and regional development with the adoption of

sustainable tourism approaches, in addition to create Turkey as a significant destination and aworld brand in tourism among the first five countries receiving highest number of tourists andhighest tourism revenues in international market by 2023. The two actions of them, realizing thevision, tends to create tourism product based on tourist profile and to provide support for extraordinary accommodation facilities by conserving the regional architectural assets. It is

planning to use heritage products and tourism resources in order to form tourism corridors,tourism zones, tourism cities and ecotourism areas, so enhance the tourism industry and alsoeconomic and social development of country. With this study, it is intended to plan the tourismsettlements as a global brand and strengthen the city brand in an internationally competitivemarketplace

14 http://www.heritageinterpretation.org.uk 15 S. Jenkins, (2003), England’s Thousand Best Houses, Allen Lane.

5



The strategies depend on conservation and utilization of natural resources in most economicallyand ecologically sustainable way. Strategy is based on planning to use tourism industry as animplementation tool for eliminating regional inequalities, alleviating poverty and developmentof employment opportunities. Assets-based tourism or destination based tourism development,

which focuses on historical, cultural and artistic assets, is preferred instead of a hotel or other mass accommodation facilities. In other words, these strategies indicate niche-market, rather than a mass market.

Concerning marketing and promotion, branding at destinations will be provided in line with thecountry branding. Also, promotional strategy concentrates on the common wishes and desires of consumers in various different markets. To tackle the constraints and to seed a better image of the country in international traveler’s mind is heeded immensely. With respect to strategy of city branding, it is considered to brand cities which has rich cultural and natural heritage, toconvert them into a point of attraction for tourists and use all of the attractions of the cities atmaximum level.

By reviving cultural tourism in Turkish cities which are Adıyaman, Amasya, Bursa, Edirne,Gaziantep, Hatay, Konya, Kütahya, Manisa, Nevşehir, Kars, Mardin, Sivas, Şanlıurfa andTrabzon, it is aiming to constitute “a brand city of cultural tourism”. It is devised to develop thenational tourism by virtue of thematic regional destinations, along predetermined developmentaxes. There are nine thematic zones encompassing more than one city. One of them is“Cappadocia Culture Tourism Development Zone” that comprises cities of Nevşehir, Kayseriand Kırşehir, gained prominence with unique historical, cultural and natural assets of heritageand historic townscapes, landscapes. In Cappadocia Culture Tourism Development Zone, it is

planning to build small sized boutique style hotels (i.e cave houses, pensions, small sizedhotels) appropriately for natural and characteristic features of the region.

Drawing 1: Conceptual Action Plan of Turkey Tourism Strategies(Turkey Tourism Strategy 2023, Activation Plan 2007-2013)

6



Göreme Historical National Park Case Study

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappodocia, inscribed on the World Heritage Listin 1985, is in Nevsehir Province of Central Anatolia, between settlements of Nevşehir, Avanos

and Ürgüp of triangle zone. The Göreme valley is an eroded plateau in a formerly activevolcanic region. A dormant volcano Mountain Erciyes, Mountain Hasan and Mountain Akdağdominates the valley landscape of the site. Cappodocia region consists of Andesitic tufa whichwas ejected from volcanic eruptions. Volcanic material have been eroded to form regular conical peaks or irregular masses reflecting the differential resistance to weathering (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985).

Picture1: Göreme National Park

Göreme National Park has a size of 95,76km² and is covered with volcanic ashes, forming

layers of soft tufa. Only where some remains of the resistant rock covers the tufa, it still existsand forms pilars, towers and needles. The height of those rock pilars, called fairy chimneys,may be up to 40m. high. The valley is also called Valley of the Fairy Chimneys. The soft tufa isvery good for building housings in, as it is very soft and contains numerous caves. There arealso numerous cave churches and houses and also built underground. Many churches haveimpressive frescoes.

Picture2: Castle of Uçhisar and its Pensions around

Under continuous human occupation for at least 16 centuries, from the 4th to 13th century AD,a relatively harmonious landscape has developed, which is integrated into and makes use of thespectacular natural setting. An unusual feature of this area is the network of excavations in thevolcanic formations dating back to the fourth century. The 'fairy chimney' and exposed cliff

7



faces have been part excavated and tunneled so as to form churches and various chambers.These caves served as refuges, residences, stores and places of worship. (G. Drucker, pers. obs.1985). Göreme Valley and its surroundings comprise an area of spectacular landscape whichhas been entirely sculptured by erosion. The sanctuaries cut into the rock provide irreplaceable

evidence of Byzantine art from the post-iconoclastic period. Dwellings, troglodyte villages andunderground towns date back to the 4th century and represent a traditional human habitat.

Picture3: Göreme City Center and Castle of Uçhisar including small sized hotels and pensions

In the site, the town of Göreme has an open-air museum where many preserved houses andchurches can be visited.The area was established as a historical national park in order to protectand develop the national and cultural elements of the area for scientific and aesthetic reasons.

Study Findings

The Cappodocia Site was chosen as a case study to examine the interrelated issues in heritagemarketing and economic and environmental perspectives. In the study, qualitative method wasused and focussed on relations between tourism, heritage and local structure of the site. Thetouristic activities in the site is examined and economically marketting the heritage is defined asa relation between local structures.

Picture4: Göreme Hotel and Pensions in Uçhisar

Cappodocia Zone is most iconic site which is protected by the Law of Conservation by TurkishGovernment in a first level priority. Priorities are linked with each other for all of the zone inorder to provide interaction between the functions in the site. The first priority is the to protectand to conserve the culture and the environment both. Urban growth is controlled with special

8



planning techniques and prosedures. All urbanization except town centers is forbidden in thesite. It is aimed to conserve the natural structure of the site while heritage tourism is encouragedand tourism services are offered in a World Heritage context. The town centers called Ürgüp,Uçhisar, Ortahisar, Göreme, Avanos and Zelve are the main urban centers for touristic service

and activities. The heritage site has its own enthusiasm which is shaped by the characteristics of tufa, nature and history and from the view of tourism, careful management and delivery of thetouristic product is needed.

The tourism activities observed in the site mainly grouped as two main titles. Night and Dailyactivities. These activities are contributor of tourism industry, firms and organizations.

Tourism service needs, mostly, provided by small sized cave houses and pensions. All of themtake place in and near urban centers and they settled near the values of heritage. These servicesare achieved by local people and market. Revenue is distributed between local firms and small

private enterpreneurs. Houses, pensions and small sized hotels can be viewed in the same scene

of heritage values. There are three or more big hotels near Nevşehir – outer border of the site – Daily touristic tours in the site provide the interaction of tourists and hotels to the site. Dailyactivities mainly, consists of visual and physical attraction between tourists and the heritage of the site. Photograph safari, balloon trips, open air museum visits and tracking in the site are themain activities in the title of sightsee and exploration the site..

Economically, wine is the cultural heritage in the site also. Pottery in Avanos (using the mud of Kızılırmak river), Carpet weaving are also the main source of revenue for local people andsmall sized firms in the region.

Picture5: Hotels from Cappadocia ((Likya Lodge and Dedeman Hotels - Nevşehir)

CONCLUSION

In this context, Conservation-Tourism-Marketing are can bementioned as the three component of the commoditization of past.But historical and cultural heritage assets of the nations are non-commodity elements. However heritage values can be easily

9



borrowed, observed by tourists, it can not be purchased exactly. Hence, the tourism policiesrelevant to the heritage are crucial in order to make the decisions for future and welfare of theheritage. From that point of view, controlling mass tourism and heritage marketing which cancause detriment of authenticity and deterioration of the heritage is definitely priority. Heritage

tourism providers have to balance a great amount of factors that might affect the continuity between past and present.

We can definitely say that aspects of heritage is profoundly sanitized and commodified in order to evoke ideas about past life, to bring history, and to prompt of memories so that make themappeal to individuals and groups.

Increasing tourism revenues and tourist numbers can be seen as assessments of the tourismdevelopment policies. But, the real assessment is in terms of broader integrated tourismdevelopment policies aiming the benefits of local and host communities or countries andfacilitating the participation of local residents besides not stimulating the cultural heritage due

to economical gain. One can differentiate the assessment by putting the heritage in heritagelists.

PROTECTION

CONSERVATION

VISUAL AND

PHYSICAL

INTERACTION

BETWEEN SITE AND

TOURISTSHOUSES

PENSIONS

HOUSES

PENSIONS

HOTELS

HOUSES

PENSIONS

HERITAGE

MARKETING

Drawing 2: Conceptual Interaction Urban Centers and The Site

So, the heritage tourism strategies should be planned to the long term concerns of aninternational majority who regard the past and keep alive the past rather than the temporary

interests of an elite minority who consumes what has been presented to them. Unless the firstand the primarily goal of the tourism policies are create a surplus, cultural tourism can be botheffective on protecting historical and cultural inheritance. We should underscore the point thatthe heritage tourism policies need not to be short-term, culturally destructive, environmentallyunsustainable and in the way of the construction of a simulacrum of the built heritage and a“plantation tourism landscape”16.

Man-made phenomena that were not originally designed to attract visitors, is not a truereflection of the situation or issue being presented. The un-real built heritage is often presentedfor the historical sites where the tourists come to seek the “originality” of the place. In additionto this, the simulacrum of the built heritage serves for the short term tourism policies which

bring together the biggest and unforeseen risky.16 D. Weaver, “The Evolution of a “Plantation” Tourism Lnadscape on the Caribbean Island of Antigua”,Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, No:79, 1988, pp.319.

10



BIBLIOGRAPHY

BROHMAN, J., “New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development”, Annuals of

Tourism Research, Vol.23, No.1, 1996, pp.48-70.GILMORE, A., CARSON D., ASCENÇAO, M., (2007), Sustainable Tourism Marketing at aWorld Heritage site, Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol. 15 (May-July 2007), pp.253-264.GUNN, C., with Turgut Var (2002), Tourism Planning, Routledge, London.Http://www.heritageinterpretation.org.uk JENKINS, S., (2003), England’s Thousand Best Houses, Allen Lane.KARMOWSKA, J., (2004), Cultural Heritage as an Element of Marketing Strategy inEuropean Historic Cities, Centre for European Studies, Jagiellonian University, Krakow,Poland.LOWENTHAL, D., The Heritage Crusade and Spoils of History, Viking, London, 1996.MIDDLETON, V., (1998), Sustainable Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.

MISIURA, S., Heritage Marketing, Elsevier, London, 2006, pp.181.MORGAN, N., PRITCHARD, A. and PRİDE, R., (2003), Destination Branding, Wiley,London.PRENTICE, R., Tourism and Heritage Attractions, Routledge, London, 1993.ROBINS, K., Tradition and Translation, National Culture in its Global Context inRepresenting the Nation: A Reader, D. Boswell and J. Evans (eds), Routledge, London, 2004,

pp.11.SHACKLEY M., (ed.), Visitor Management, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1988SMITH, V., EADINGTON, W., (edits), Tourism Alternatives; Potantials and Problems inthe Development of Tourism, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1992, pp.9.WEAVER, D., “The Evolution of a “Plantation” Tourism Lnadscape on the Caribbean Island of

Antigua”, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, No:79, 1988, pp.319.WILKONSON, P., “Strategies for Tourism in Island Microstates”, Annuals of TourismResearch, Vol.16, 1989, pp.153-177.YALE, P., From Tourist Attractions to Heritage Tourism, ELM Publications, Huntington,1991, pp.4.

11

Documents

MGCoteli-SHEmur Gore Me Paper SON