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one of the great revolutions in world historyone of the great revolutions in world history modern constitutionmodern constitution A middle income countryA middle income country longest ruling single-party government in longest ruling single-party government in
historyhistory nationalization of subsoil rightsnationalization of subsoil rights
– managed reliance on export earningsmanaged reliance on export earnings slow transition to democracyslow transition to democracy
– greater consolidation, less risk of regressiongreater consolidation, less risk of regression transition from state-led development to transition from state-led development to
neoliberal economic policyneoliberal economic policy
Comparative revolutions,Comparative revolutions, early 20 early 20thth century century
Russia (1917)Russia (1917) China (1911)China (1911) Mexico (1910)Mexico (1910)
compare:compare:– motivationsmotivations– characteristicscharacteristics– outcomesoutcomes
Comparative revolutions: motivationsComparative revolutions: motivations
Russia:Russia:– defeat authoritarian government; implement defeat authoritarian government; implement
Marxist ideologyMarxist ideology China:China:
– Drive out ‘foreign devils;’ defeat authoritarian, Drive out ‘foreign devils;’ defeat authoritarian, weak government; assert nationalismweak government; assert nationalism
Mexico:Mexico:– Defeat authoritarian government; break Defeat authoritarian government; break
dependence on foreign nations; elite power dependence on foreign nations; elite power strugglestruggle
Comparative revolutions: characteristicsComparative revolutions: characteristics
Russia:Russia:– led by V.I. Lenin and Bolsheviks; violent, led by V.I. Lenin and Bolsheviks; violent,
sudden change; carried out in middle of WW Isudden change; carried out in middle of WW I China:China:
– regional warlordism; violent, sudden change; regional warlordism; violent, sudden change; chaotic, competing forceschaotic, competing forces
Mexico:Mexico:– conflict among elitesconflict among elites joined by populist joined by populist
forces; sudden, violent change; chaotic, forces; sudden, violent change; chaotic, competing forcescompeting forces
Comparative revolutions: outcomesComparative revolutions: outcomes
Russia:Russia:– 4 years of civil war; triumph of Marxism-4 years of civil war; triumph of Marxism-
Leninism; one-party stateLeninism; one-party state China:China:
– years of chaos, 2 competing forces; triumph of years of chaos, 2 competing forces; triumph of Maoism; one-party stateMaoism; one-party state
Mexico:Mexico:– years of violence, instability; elites years of violence, instability; elites
‘umbrellaed’ under PRI for stability; one-party ‘umbrellaed’ under PRI for stability; one-party statestate
the ‘Mexican miracle’: a model for LDCsthe ‘Mexican miracle’: a model for LDCs– rapidly increasing GNPrapidly increasing GNP– orderly transition from authoritarian to orderly transition from authoritarian to
democratic governmentdemocratic government
problems:problems:– drop in oil prices, 1980sdrop in oil prices, 1980s– mounting debtmounting debt– ethnic conflictethnic conflict– political corruption, violencepolitical corruption, violence
Mexico as an NICMexico as an NIC– PPP $14,200PPP $14,200– 58% employed in service sector58% employed in service sector– economically a developing countryeconomically a developing country– politically a transitional democracypolitically a transitional democracy
sovereignty, authority and powersovereignty, authority and power
great fluctuation in sources of public authoritygreat fluctuation in sources of public authority
– from arrival of Spaniards in early 16from arrival of Spaniards in early 16thth century to century to independence, 1821: rule by viceroyindependence, 1821: rule by viceroy
centralized, authoritarian rule, no participation centralized, authoritarian rule, no participation by indigenous peopleby indigenous people
– from independence to mid-20from independence to mid-20thth century: rule by century: rule by military generalsmilitary generals
– late 20late 20thth century: economic growth century: economic growth democratizationdemocratization
legitimacylegitimacy
Revolution of 1910-11: source of legitimacyRevolution of 1910-11: source of legitimacy– revolution as a pathway to changerevolution as a pathway to change– charismatic legitimacycharismatic legitimacy– admiration for leaders: Miguel Hidalgo, admiration for leaders: Miguel Hidalgo,
Benito Juarez, Emilioi Zapata, Panch Villa, Benito Juarez, Emilioi Zapata, Panch Villa, Lazaro CardenasLazaro Cardenas
revolution legitimized by formation of revolution legitimized by formation of Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in in 19291929– no successful challenge until late 20no successful challenge until late 20thth
centurycentury
historical traditionshistorical traditions
3 stages3 stages: : – colonialismcolonialism– chaos of 19chaos of 19thth – early 20 – early 20thth centuries centuries– recent period of economic growthrecent period of economic growth
4 issues4 issues::– authoritarianismauthoritarianism– populismpopulism– power plays/divisions within the elitepower plays/divisions within the elite– instability and legitimacyinstability and legitimacy
political culturepolitical culture
strong sense of national identification strong sense of national identification based on common history, dominant based on common history, dominant religion and languagereligion and language
religionreligion: : – until 1920s. Catholic Church participated actively until 1920s. Catholic Church participated actively
in politicsin politics– revolutionary era of early 20revolutionary era of early 20thth century, century,
government moved toward an anti-cleric positiongovernment moved toward an anti-cleric position– population largely devout Catholics whose population largely devout Catholics whose
religious beliefs influence their political values religious beliefs influence their political values and actionsand actions
political culture, cont.political culture, cont.
patron-clientelismpatron-clientelism: the glue that held an agrarian : the glue that held an agrarian society togethersociety together
– network of network of camarillascamarillas– pressure to change due to democratization and pressure to change due to democratization and
industrializationindustrialization– PRI’s loss of influence: a sign of decline of PRI’s loss of influence: a sign of decline of
clientelism?clientelism?– corporatism still plays a significant role in corporatism still plays a significant role in
policymakingpolicymaking
Economic dependency:Economic dependency:– Mexico has always been under the economic Mexico has always been under the economic
shadow of a more powerful country (Spain shadow of a more powerful country (Spain USA) USA)
geographic influencegeographic influence
extreme geographic diversityextreme geographic diversity– mountains and desertsmountains and deserts: separate regions, : separate regions,
communications and transportation, limit communications and transportation, limit productive agricultureproductive agriculture
– varied climatesvaried climates– natural resourcesnatural resources: abundance of oil, silver: abundance of oil, silver– border with USAborder with USA: migration and dependency : migration and dependency
issuesissues– populationpopulation: world’s most populous Spanish-: world’s most populous Spanish-
speaking countryspeaking country– urbanizationurbanization: ¾s of population lives in cities of : ¾s of population lives in cities of
interior or along coastsinterior or along coasts
Political and economic changePolitical and economic change
long history of authoritarian governmentlong history of authoritarian government– Spanish colonial rule: unlike British Spanish colonial rule: unlike British
approach, allowed no local autonomyapproach, allowed no local autonomy– mestizajemestizaje: unlike British, Spanish : unlike British, Spanish
colonizers engaged in deliberate racial colonizers engaged in deliberate racial mixing, strict racial hierarchiesmixing, strict racial hierarchies
– haciendashaciendas: caused indigenous people to : caused indigenous people to lose control of the landlose control of the land
2020thth century: populism, violence, century: populism, violence, instabilityinstability
recent trend toward democratizationrecent trend toward democratization
Economic change:Economic change:– for most of its history, Mexico’s economy for most of its history, Mexico’s economy
was rooted in the primary sector: was rooted in the primary sector: agriculture and miningagriculture and mining
– influence of USA: drive to industrializeinfluence of USA: drive to industrialize– encouragement of foreign investment encouragement of foreign investment
dependency on foreign economiesdependency on foreign economies– struggle to manage dependence on oilstruggle to manage dependence on oil– today, moving rapidly toward industrial today, moving rapidly toward industrial
or even post-industrial economyor even post-industrial economy
colonialismcolonialism
Spain, 1519 – 1821Spain, 1519 – 1821– social hierarchysocial hierarchy– cultural heterogeneity: mixing of cultural heterogeneity: mixing of
populationspopulations60% of Mexicans today are 60% of Mexicans today are mestizomestizo
– Catholicism: aggressive and extensive Catholicism: aggressive and extensive missionary drivemissionary drive
– economic dependency : controlled by economic dependency : controlled by mother country, existed to enrich itmother country, existed to enrich it
– authoritarian – no indigenous autonomyauthoritarian – no indigenous autonomy
Independence/new country Independence/new country
1810-19111810-1911– wave of revolutions across Latin America wave of revolutions across Latin America
in early 19in early 19thth century century– popular rebellion against Spanish rule led popular rebellion against Spanish rule led
by Miguel Hidalgo by Miguel Hidalgo Spain recognized Spain recognized Mexico’s independence in 1810Mexico’s independence in 1810
– Independence followed by instabilityIndependence followed by instability 36 presidents in 22 years36 presidents in 22 years rise of the militaryrise of the military domination by the USAdomination by the USA liberal vs. conservative struggleliberal vs. conservative struggle
– Constitutionalism vs. authoritarianismConstitutionalism vs. authoritarianism