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pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2001; 10: 85±94 DOI: 10.1002/pds.564 ORIGINAL REPORT Methylphenidate in children with hyperactivity: review and cost±utility analysis Anna Gilmore* 1 and Ruairidh Milne 2 1 ECOHOST, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 2 National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment, Mailpoint 728, Boldrewood, University of Southampton, High®eld, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK SUMMARY Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of methylphenidate in the treatment of children with hyper- kinetic disorder as de®ned using ICD-10 criteria. Design Comprehensive literature review and cost utility analysis comparing methylphenidate treatment with placebo. Costs and effects were estimated from a NHS perspective according to the methodology developed by the previous South and West Development and Evaluation Committee. The number of Quality Adjusted Life Years QALYs) gained was esti- mated by using the Index of Health Related Quality of Life to model treatment effects. Results Evidence from good and medium quality randomized controlled trials shows bene®ts of methylphenidate over weeks and months respectively. Evidence beyond 6 months is poorer and it is uncertain whether effects of methylphenidate persist into adolescence and adulthood. Methylphenidate is of reasonable cost-effectiveness when considering short- and medium- term bene®ts with an estimated cost per QALY of £7 400 to £9 200 at 1997 prices. Conclusions Short-term treatment of hyperkinetic children with methylphenidate is effective and cost effective. Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTION There has been concern about the effectiveness and safety of methylphenidate in children and the increas- ing rate with which hyperactivity is being diagnosed and stimulants, in particular methylphenidate, pre- scribed in this country. Hyperactivity in children was ®rst described in 1902 but de®nitional boundaries have changed con- siderably since. Two de®nitions are currently in operation. Hyperkinetic Disorder HKD) is de®ned in ICD-10 1 and a broader de®nition, Attention De®cit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD) is outlined in DSM IV. 2 They differ in the number of features required and whether the pervasiveness of the disorder is required to establish a diagnosis Table 1). In the UK, diagnosis is usually based on the stricter ICD criteria. This paper is based on an earlier Development and Evaluation Committee Report 3 and aims to examine the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of methylphe- nidate in children with hyperkinetic disorder as diag- nosed using ICD criteria, who may have comorbid conduct or oppositional de®ant disorders, but not anxiety disorders. Few previous reviews have taken such a speci®c focus or examined the cost effective- ness of methylphenidate. Given the changing diagnos- tic criteria and variation in the effectiveness of methylphenidate with pervasiveness of symptoms and hence the diagnostic criteria used), associated comorbidities and age, 4,5 such a focus is important. It ensures this report is relevant to the use of methyl- phenidate in the UK and that the studies reviewed are comparable. To examine cost effectiveness, a cost ±utility appro- ach is used. This measures outcomes or bene®ts of Received 15 May 2000 Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 10 November 2000 * Correspondence to: Anna Gilmore, Public Health Department, Avon Health Authority, Kings Square House, Kings Square, Bristol, BS2 8EE, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

Methylphenidate in children with hyperactivity: review and cost–utility analysis

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