Methods of Research TSU

8/19/2019 Methods of Research TSU

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Republic of the PhilippinesTarlac State University

College of Engineering Graduate ProgramTarlac City

EVA UAT!"# "$ T%E E&!ST!#G '!STR!(UT!"# S)STE*"$ T%E *A!# CA*PUS "$ C" EG!" 'E 'AGUPA#

A Technical Paper Presented to the $aculty of theCollege of Engineering Graduate Program

Tarlac State UniversityTarlac City

!n Partial $ulfillment of the Re+uirements for the'egree of *aster of Science in Electrical Engineering

*a,or in Po-er Systems .#on/thesis option0

(y

'r1 Perfecto S1 Agliron

September 2345


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TA( E "$ C"#TE#TS

C%APTER 46 T%E PR"( E* A#' !TS (AC7GR"U#'

!ntroduction8888888888

"b,ectives of the Study8881

Significance of the Study88

Scope and 'elimitation888

"perational 'efinitions81

C%APTER 26 REV!E9 "$ RE ATE' !TERATURER

Related iterature811

Related Studies

Conceptual $rame-or:

C%APTER ;6 *ET%"'S "$ STU') A#' S"URCES "$ 'ATA

*ethods and !nstrumentation8

Procedures811


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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Electric Po-er Systems< components that transform other types of energy into

electrical energy and transmit this energy to a consumer1 The production and transmission

of electricity is relatively efficient and ine=pensive< although unli:e other forms of

energy< electricity is not easily stored and thus must generally be used as it is being

produced .Polloc:< 233>01

A modern electric po-er system consists of si= main components or stages6 40 the

po-er station< 20 a set of transformers to raise the generated po-er to the high voltages

used on the transmission lines< ;0 the transmission lines< 50 the substations at -hich the

po-er is stepped do-n to the voltage on the distribution lines< ?0 the distribution lines<

and @0 the transformers that lo-er the distribution voltage to the level used by the

consumer s e+uipment .!bid101

Since electric po-er distribution systems is the final stage in the delivery of

electric po-er -hich carries electricity from the transmission system to individual

consumers< there is a need for safety and reliability of the connections especially in

commercial and institutional buildings1 Electric po-er distribution systems in

commercial and institutional buildings are designed to serve loads in terms of safety<

reliability and stability in a long term plan base1 "ne of the ma,or re+uirements in the

design of a fault/free po-er distribution system is an ade+uate control of short/circuits or

electrical faults as commonly called1 Electrical fault can cause interruption of essential

service -hich lead to inconvenience and even e=tensive damage of properties and loss of

lives due to electrical fire1

Unbalanced voltages are une+ual voltage values on a three/phase circuits that can

e=ist any-here in a po-er distribution system1 Unbalanced voltages can cause serious


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problems< particularly to motors and other inductive devices1 (ut perfectly balanced

voltage circuits are not possible in the real -orld1 %o-ever< assuming perfectly balanced

voltages are possible1 Typically< these voltages may differ by a fe- volts or more1 !t is

-hen voltages differ e=cessively< that problems may occur1 !t is in this respect that the

researcher -ill conduct this study to evaluate the po-er distribution system of this

institution1

Since its establishment as academic institution< Colegio de 'agupan .formerly

Computroni= College0 had been :no-n to provide more advance instruction in the field

of information technology< computer science< and engineering1 The e=istence of these

programs re+uire the use of technical e+uipments and laboratories that re+uire a perfectly

balanced po-er transmission from one physical entity to another1

!t is for this reason that a functional po-er distribution system is necessary so that

the regulation of po-er supplies from one point to another becomes ma=imal1 $urher< it is

also sound that the e=isting electric po-er distribution system is regularly evaluated to

ensure optimum functionality and efficiency1

%ence< this research aims to evaluate the e=isting po-er distribution system of the

main campus of Cd' vis/B/vis modern standards so as to ensure its effectiveness1

Objectives o t!e stud"

This study -ill underta:e the follo-ing ob,ectives namely6

41 To determine the present status of the po-er distribution system of main campusof Colegio de 'agupan1

21 To describe the characteristics of load of Colegio de 'agupan in terms of actualconnected loads< measured current and energy consumption1

;1 To investigate the balanced load condition of the po-er distribution system of Colegio de 'agupan1

51 To propose plans for an effective preventive maintenance1


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Si#ni ic$nce o t!e Stud"

This underta:ing -ill provide information about the present status of the electric

po-er distribution system of Colegio de 'agupan1 !t -ill give pertinent information to

the College "fficials the present condition of the po-er system in Colegio de 'agupan1

Through intervie-s -ith reliable personnel and analysis of documents< this study

tends to identify the general factors used by different utilities in their decision ma:ing

processes regarding po-er distribution system1

This study helps the electrical engineering students of Colegio de 'agupan in

increasing their :no-ledge about distribution1 !t is also a useful tool for faculty members

of the Electrical Engineering 'epartment because they can enhance more their

:no-ledge in the sub,ect matter1 Also< the findings and recommendations -ill be used as

inputs in their future design -or:s1

Sco%e $nd De&i'it$tions

Tis study -ill evaluate the e=isting po-er distribution system of the main campus

of Cd' vis/B/vis modern standards so as to ensure its effectiveness1 !t shall endeavor to

determine the present status of the po-er distribution system of main campus of Colegio

de 'agupan< describe the characteristics of load of Colegio de 'agupan in terms of actual

connected loads< measured current and energy consumption< investigate the balanced load

condition of the po-er distribution system of Colegio de 'agupan< and propose plans for

an effective preventive maintenance1

The evaluation -ill be carried out using the evaluation scheme or procedures

presented in Chaper ;1 (eyond these parameters< no claims -ill be made1

O%er$tion$& De initions

Bi&&in# Meter ( a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a

building< facility or an electrically po-ered device in Colegio de 'agupan1


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Br$nc! Circuit ( individual electrical -ire feeds that go from the branch circuit brea:ers

to the individual electrical loads in the building1

De&t$ Connection o Tr$ns or'er ( the transformerDs -inding is connected bet-een

Phases of a three/phase system1

End )*ser ( referring to the occupants particularly the President< Vice Presidents< 'eans

and directors -ho ma:e re+uest for the repairs or replacements of some loads in

the main campus of Colegio de 'agupan1

Ener#" Econo'ics ( an efficient use of energy resources from naturally available forms<

through often comple= conversion processes< to forms providing energy services1

E&ectric$& Lo$d Sc!edu&e ( an estimate of the instantaneous electrical loads operating in

a facility< in terms of active< reactive and apparent po-er .measured in :9< :VAR

and :VA respectively 01

M$in C$'%us + located at Arellano Street< 'agupan City< composed of the "ffices /

building< V/ building and A/building1

P!i&i%%ine E&ectric$& Code ,PEC- ( approved and adopted by the board of Electrical

Engineering1 This code established the basic materials +uality and Electrical -or:

standards for the safe use of electricity for light< heat< Po-er< Communication

signaling and for other purposes1

Po.er Distribution S"ste' ( the system of an overall po-er system -hich lin:s the

bul: system to the individual customers1

Po.er /u$&it" ( determines the fitness of electrical po-er to customer devices1

Synchroni ation of the voltage fre+uency and phase allo-s electrical systems to

function in their intended manner -ithout significant loss of performance or life1

PPO ( Physical Plant "ffice is responsible for the supervision of the physical plant andthe maintenance personnel of the Colegio de 'agupan1


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Re&i$bi&it" ( the ability of an electric system to perform its function under normal and

e=treme circumstances1

Site Deve&o%'ent P&$n ( an architectural plan< landscape< architectural document and a

detailed engineering dra-ing of proposed improvements to the main campus1

S"ste' Desi#n ( the process of defining the electrical system to satisfy specified

re+uirements of the demand1

0o&t$#e Dro% + describes ho- the supplied energy of a voltage source is reduced as

electric current moves through the passive elements .elements that do not supply

voltage0 of an electrical circuit1 Voltage drops across internal resistances of the

source< across conductors< across contacts< and across connectors are undesiredF

supplied energy is lost .dissipated0

$&2 + t!rou#! Audit ( an ocular inspection done by the researcher to ma:e an actual

count of connected loads in the system such as appliances< lights outlets< etc1

irin# $nd Protection + this is the provision of PEC 2333 that refers to -iring design

and -iring protection -hich includes the use and identification of grounded

conductors< branch circuits< feeders< and service calculations and protection1


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CHAPTER 3

RE0IE O4 RELATED OR5S

This chapter presents the revie- of related literature and studies from -hich the

conceptual frame-or: of the present study -as dra-n and strengthened1

The foregoing related literature and studies presented are similar to the present

study as far as the testing effective methodology is concerned1

Re&$ted Liter$ture

Po-er system engineering is that branch of Electrical Engineering -hich concerns

itself -ith the technology and distribution of electrical energy1 The po-er system

gro-ing unto a vas and comple= system represents one of the most vital systems in

energy modern nation1

'istribution system is mainly responsible for the conveyance of po-er to the

Consumers by means of lo-er voltage net-or:s1 !t can be divided into t-o parts1 The

primary and secondary distribution system1 *ost of the distribution net-or:s operate

radially for less short circuit current and better protective coordination1

Re&$ted Studies

*arcos .23450 pointed out881

Erama .234;0 pointed out that po-er distribution systems for commercial

buildings are designed to be as fault/free as possible through careful system and

e+uipment design< po-er e+uipment installation and periodic e+uipment maintenance1

Another consideration the designer should ta:e -ith primary importance is for the po-er

distribution system to be safe< economical< and -ith sufficient reliability to ade+uately

satisfy the re+uirements of the building and its users1

*omoh< Saint< and *eliopoulus .23420 conducted a study titled Centrali ed and

'istributed Generated Po-er Systems/ a Comparison Approach1H The ob,ective of the


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paper -as to identify the strengths and -ea:nesses associated -ith Centrali ed

Generation and 'istributed Generation infrastructure for the future electric grid system1

There are many reasons for considering the e=tent to -hich a planning and

operation decision about CG and 'G should be based1 This -ould involve the

development of indices for an economical scale study of 'G relative to CG< and consider

-hich is the most cost/effective to accommodate ne- mar:ets1 !n order to assess the

robustness of 'G and CG under different load conditions< different indices for

measuring the combination of CGI'G -ith respect to their capability and resilience to

handling unforeseen events1

This -ould involve development of ne- tools -ith stability measures and

reliability as constraints1 $urther< this paper evaluated the emission impact of the

structure and its ability to diminish radiation< decrease emissions< and reduce

environmental effects1 This< again< re+uired ne- sustainability indices and predictive

algorithm for proper measuring the trade/off bet-een CG and 'G1 (ased on the analysis

and dra-bac:s and gaps in e=isting tools< ne- computational tools comprising decision

support tools -ould be recommended as part of the research of agenda to the

development of co/optimi ation in a CG and 'G based net-or: for the future electric

grid1 9ith this attempt< this paper -ill provide suggestions as to -hat e=tent the 'G or

CG -ill improve cost< sustainability< and resilience of the future grid1 $urthermore<

suggested research activities to ,ustify the most attractive combination of 'G and CG

-ill be proposed1 A research agenda< -hich include development of advance institutional

reform< computational algorithms< and capacity building< -ill also be proposed1 These

activities -ill be presented in a time frame for implementation1

'omingo .233J0 emphasi ed that the proper design of the electric po-er system

of any building is very critical because of its direct impact on the operations of the

organi ation1 That is -hy electrical designers are not only concern -ith the flo- of

electricity but also -ith safe and effective transfer of energy from the source to the


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various receiving ends1 Problems related to electrical faults can result to any or all of the

follo-ingF e+uipment failure< e=pensive repairs< and interruption of productivity -hich

often resulting to loosing of patronDs confidence1 Accordingly< it is best to address as

early as the designing stage< the various aspects of electrical distribution system design1

Usman .23320 conducted a study to solve technical losses in a distribution system1

The study led to the distribution transformers mainly as the source of technical loss in the

distribution net-or:1 The method too: into account the effects of neutral and ground

returns paths of distribution system< mutual coupling bet-een transmission< and voltage

dependent no/load loss for transformers1 %e further analy ed the system by a single/

phase and an unbalanced three phase load flo- program< for the secondary and primary

side< respectively1 9ith the proposed methodology< more accurate results -ill be

obtained1

*ost of the cited researches dealt -ith source of losses in distribution system1 The

present study is similar to the study of *arcos .23450< since this study covers evaluation

of a distribution system1 !t is related to Erama .234;0 since it covered the distributed

generation1

Conce%tu$& 4r$'e.or2

The conceptual rationale that encouraged the researcher to conduct the present

study is based on the basic principle that electric po-er distribution system in a building

e=ists solely to serve the loads and should accomplish that assignment safely and

economically including providing sufficient reliability to ade+uately satisfy the

re+uirement of the buildings and incorporate sufficient fle=ibility to accommodate

changing loads during the life of the building1 $igure 4 sho-s the paradigm of the study1


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4i#ure 16 P$r$di#' o t!e stud"

To understand better the nature of the e=isting buildings< e=amine the respective

buildingDs electrical systems< e+uipments< and facilities is necessary by employing

documentary analysis .i1e1 evaluation of original electrical lay/out plans of the buildings0<

installed electrical loads< measuring actual current dra-n by these loads1

The outcome -ill sho- an electrical design that -ill satisfy criteria for a building

design that provide a safe< attractive environment for living< -or:ing and en,oyment1

INP*T

Audits of the Electrical Power

'istribution system ofthe main campus of

Colegio 'e 'agupan

PROCESS

Assessment ofColegio 'e 'aguapn

e=isting loads

O*TP*T

Safe and reliable $le=ible for futuree=pansionPlans for preventivemaintenance


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CHAPTER 7

METHODS O4 ST*D8 AND SO*RCES O4 DATA

This chapter presents the procedures to be underta:en and sources of data in

preparing for the technical paper in the future1

Met!ods $nd Instru'ent$tion

The descriptive/evaluative method -ill be utili ed in preparing and organi ing the

technical report1 Pertinent data -ill be gathered from the C'' Physical Plant "ffice to

lead to-ards the reportDs findings and conclusions1 The instruments to be used in

gathering the data -ill include the direct intervie-s< surveys and observations< and

documentary sources of evidence1

Procedures

!ntervie-s -ill be conducted -ith the personnel of the Electrical Engineering

'epartment< the Physical Plant "ffice of the C'' and other people -ith accountable and

reliable sources of information based on their -or: e=periences in the field of po-er

distribution1

Actual energy audit -ill be conducted to determine the several loads in Colegio

'e 'agupan1 Current measurements -ill be conducted at each panel per billing meter1

The instrument to be used -ill be Clamp/on meter1 The researcher -ill measure the

ma=imum current in each branch to determine the total demand in :VA for each feeder

line1

a1 $or single/phase system

Total demand in :VA K L. oad Current *easurement0 = .Rated Voltage0M N 4333 b1 $or three/phase system

Total demand in :VA K L O; .Vine 0 = !ine0 M N 4333


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9here6

V ine K ine to line voltage in volts

! ine K ine to line current in ampere

The ma=imum allo-able unbalance for a three/phase current6

!u K .ma=1 dev0 I !ave = 433

9here6

!u K percent current unbalance

*a= dev K ma=imum deviation from the average current

!ave K average of the three phase currents

Energy consumed for the last decade -ill be ta:en from the 'EC"RP and -ill be

used to analy e the load demand in Colegio de 'agupan in terms of :ilo-att/hour :9hr01

After all the relevant data -ill be collected< they -ill be arranged and to be

analy ed by the researcher in order to present the status of the electrical distribution

system of the institution .Colegio de 'agupan01

Documents

Methods of Research TSU