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44
METHODOLOGY:-
To, fulfill the objectives and aims of the study, monthly collection
was carried out from different stations at selected site. The samples were
collected monthly from April 2008 to April 2010.
[1] Ashwani kumar (Freshwater Zone, Inlet of Domestic Sewage and
cremation ground drainage).
[2] Nanpura (Intermediate Zone, Anthropogenic pollution and Inlet of
Sewage).
[3] Umara (Estuarine Zone, Anthropogenic pollution and Inlet of Sewage
and cremation ground drainage).
Subsurface water samples for Physico-Chemical and Biological
parameters were collected between 7:00 to 9:30 A.M, in 5lit.container,
which were previously cleaned with diluted HNO3 and detergent followed
by distilled water. Before sampling, they were again rinsed with sampling
water. After collection they were brought to the laboratory. The critical
parameter were analysed on the same day while for other parameters the
water sample was preserved at 40C in refrigerator. Temperature was
recorded immediately after collection at field it self and Dissolved oxygen
was fixed with Alkaline KI and Manganous sulphate at site itself.
The samples for heavy metals analysis were collected and acidified with
6N HNO3. Heavy metals in the water were estimated by using Atomic
Absorbance Spectrophotometer (AAS) after preconcentration by evaporation
of unfiltered samples in the presence of HCl and HNO3.
45
Phytoplankton sample were collected from river by using silk bolting
phytoplankton net. 50 liter of water was filtered through the net and
preserved immediately with 4% formalin and Lugol‘s iodine solution.
Plankton sample were collected as described in APHA (2005). For pigment
estimation 20 lit. Water was filtered through plankton net and analysed as
per described in APHA (2005).
MOUNTING OF DIATOMS:
The sample of diatoms taken in a test-tube is first rinsed by
centrifugation by using distilled water to clear the salt particles associated
with the samples. The tube with sample is then allowed to dry by removing
as much water as possible. To the tube some HCL was added. This dissolved
the calcareous matter and also loosens any diatoms that may be attached to
the debris. After one or two days the tubes well shaken and the solid matter
including the Diatoms is allowed to settle at the bottom, this could be
hastened by centrifuging. The acid is then decanted off and the sediment was
washed by adding water. Finally most of the water was poured-off and
concentrated H2SO4 was added slowly and carefully. Small crystals of
potassium dichromate were then added at intervals until red fumes are no
longer evolved. The sulfuric chromic acid mixture was then poured off and
water was added. If diatoms were not cleared then repeat acid dichromate
method till complete cleaning. The clean diatoms were then well washed
with water.Preserved it in 70% ethanol. For mounting on coverslip put a
drop of distilled water or 70% alcohol and heat the coverslip on lamp and
mounted with DPX. The ends of coverslip were packed with nail-polish.
46
Phytoplanktons were identified with the help of papers and books vitz.
Sarod and Kamat,(1984), Tripathi and Pandey,(1995), Tiwari and
Chauhan,(2007) and Desikachary, (1987-1991).
47
PLATE: 1
Map showing sampling locations
S1: Ashwani kumar.
S2: Nanpura.
S3: Umara.
S1
S2
S3
48
PLATE: 2
Site: 1
Ashwani kumar (Fresh Water Zone).
Inlet of Domestic Sewage.
49
PLATE- 3
Site: 2
Nanpura (Estuarine Zone).
50
PLATE-4.
Site: 3
Umara.(Estuarine Zone).
Inlet of cremation ground and domestic sewage
51
PLATE-5.-
Surface Water Sampling for Physico-Chemical Analysis.
PLATE-6.
Surface Water Sampling for Biological Analysis.
52
TABLE – 1 Water Quality Parameters
No. Parameter Method Source
1. Temperature Field Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
2. pH Electrometric Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
3. Dissolved oxygen Iodometric Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
4. BOD 3-day BOD Test APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
5. COD Open Reflux Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
6. Chloride Argentometric Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
7. H2S Titration Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
8. Heavy Metals Atomic Absorption Spectrometry APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
9. Ammoniacal nitrogen Nesslerization Method IS : 3025 (1988)(part-34)
10. Nitrate Chromotopic acid Method IS : 3025 (1988)(part-34)
11. Nitrite Colorimetric Method IS : 3025 (1988)(part-34)
12. Phosphate Vanadomolybdate Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
13. Silicate Molybdo Silicate Method APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
TABLE -2 Biological Parameters
1. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of
Phytoplankton community. APHA (21
ST ED) (2005)
2. Pigment Estimation APHA (21ST
ED) (2005)
53
WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS:-
PHYSICAL PARAMETER:-
1. TEMPERATURE
Measurement of surface water temperature;
The surface water temperature was measured by a mercury
thermometer of 0 to 1000 C. range.
Surface water was taken in a plastic container and its temperature
was recorded immediately by dipping the thermometer for about one
minute.
The atmospheric temperature was measured at the site itself.
CHEMICAL PARAMETER:-
2. pH
ELECTROMETRIC METHOD
PRINCIPAL: A glass surface in contact with hydrogen ions of the
solution under test, acquires an electrical potential which depends on
the concentration of hydrogen ion. A measure of the electrical
potential is, therefore, give hydrogen ion concentration or pH of the
solution.
PROCEDURE:
[1] pH of sample was measured by immersing electrode into the
beaker containing sample and reading on the display was recorded.
3. DO (Dissolved oxygen):
(WRINKLER’S IODOMETRIC METHOD)
PRINCIPAL: The manganese sulphate reacts with alkali to form a
white precipitate of manganous hydroxide, which in the presence of oxygen
gets oxidizing to a brown color compound, in the strong acid medium
manganese ions are reduced by iodide ions, which gets converted to iodine
equivalent to the original concentration of oxygen in the sample. Iodine can
be titrated against thiosulphate using starch as indicator.
REAGENTS:
1) Manganous sulphate
2) Alkaline potassium iodine
3) Sulphuric acid
4) Starch solution
5) Sodium thiosulphate(0.25 N)
54
PROCEDURE:
1) Sample was collected in a glass stoppered B.O.D. bottle of 300 ml
capacities. Due care was taken to avoid any kind of air bubble
trapping inside the bottle while filling the bottle. The stopper was
placed while bottle was below the water surface.
2) Two ml of manganous sulphate, followed by two ml of alkaline
potassium iodide was added below the surface from the wall of the
bottle. Then well mixed with the sample by inverting the bottle. All
the precipitate was allowed to settle down.
3) Two ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added into the bottle and
the precipitate was completely dissolved by shaking the restoppered
bottle.
4) 100 ml. of supernatant was transferred into a conical flask and titrate
against sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as an indicator. At
the end point initial dark blue color changed to colorless.
CALCULATION:
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l):- V X N X 8 X 1000 V3 X V1—V2
V1
Where, V = volume of titrant
V1 = volume of sampling bottle
V2 = volume of manganous suphate+ KI (ml)
V3= volume of sample used for titration (ml)
8 = equivalent weight of oxygen
N = Normality of titrant
4. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
WRINKLER METHOD (3-DAY BOD TEST)
PRINCIPAL:
BOD is the measure of the degradable organic material present in
a water sample, and can be defined as the amount of oxygen required
by the micro-organisms in stabilizing biologically degradable organic
matter aerobic conditions. The principle of the method involves,
measuring the differences of the oxygen concentration between the
sample and after incubating it for 3 days at 270 C.
APPARATUS AND REAGENTS: 1) BOD Bottles
2) BOD incubator (temperature control at 270 C.)
55
3) Phosphate buffer
4) Manganese sulphate
5) Calcium chloride
6) Ferric chloride
7) Sodium thiosulphate (0.25 N).
PROCEDURE:
1) Dilution water was prepared in a glass container by bubbling
compressed air in distilled water for about one day.
2) 1 ml each Phosphate buffer, Manganese sulphate, Calcium
chloride, Ferric chloride solutions were added for each liter of
dilution water and mixed thoroughly.
3) Sample was neutralized to a pH of around 7.0 by using 1 N NaOH
or H2SO4.
4) As the DO in the sample was likely to be exhausted, necessary
dilution of the sample was prepared according to the expected BOD
range.
5) Dilutions were prepared in a bucket and mixed the contents
thoroughly and two sets of the BOD bottles were filled.
6) One set of the bottles were kept in BOD incubator at 270 C for 3
days, and DO content in another set was determined immediately.
7) For blank, 2 BOD bottles filled with dilution water were taken. In
one, the DO content was determined immediately and the other
incubated with samples and DO content was determined after 3
days.
CALCULATION:
BOD mg/l = (D0-D3) X Dilution factor
Where, D0 = Initial DO in the sample.
D3 = DO after 3 days.
5. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
OPEN REFLUX METHOD
PRINCIPLE:
Most of the organic matter decomposed and produces dioxide
and water when boiled with mixture of potassium dichromate and
sulphuric acid. A sample is refluxed with a known volume of
potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid medium and excess of
dichromate is titrated against FAS, The amount of dichromate
consumed is proportional to the oxygen required to oxidize the
organic matter.
56
REAGENTS:
1) Potassium Dichromate solution
2) Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
3) Ferroin indicator
4) Sulphuric acid
5) Mercuric sulphate
6) Silver sulphate
PROCEDURE:
1) Taken 20 ml sample in a 250 ml COD flask.
2) Added 10 ml of potassium dichromate(0.25 N)
3) Added a pinch silver sulphate and mercuric sulphate followed by
30 ml sulphuric acid.
4) The content then refluxed on hot-plate for at least 2 hours. Flask
removed, cooled and few amount of distilled water was added.
5) 2-3 drops of ferroin indicator mixed thoroughly into final volume
and titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate.
6) At the end point blue- green color of contents changed to reddish
in color. Blank was runned simultaneously using distilled water in
similar manner.
CALCULATION:
COD (mg/l) = (A-B)x N x 1000 x 8
Volume of sample (ml)
Where, A= volume of titrant (FAS) used in blank (ml)
B= volume of titrant (FAS) used in sample (ml)
N= Normality of FAS (0.25 N)
8 = equivalent weight of oxygen
6. HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
REAGENTS:
1) 0.025 N iodine solution
2) 6N HCl
3) 0.25 N Na2S2O3 solution.
4) Starch indicator
PROCEDURE:
1) 100 ml sample was taken in 500 ml conical flask
2) Added 10 ml 0.025 N iodine solution in conical flask
3) Added 2 ml 6N HCL
4) Titrated against Std Sodium thiosulphate solution.
5) 1ml starch indicator was added.
57
6) Blank was runned simultaneously using distilled water in similar
manner.
7) The end point was blue to colorless.
CALCULATIONS:
Hydrogen Sulphide (mg/l) = [ ( A x B ) - ( C x D ) ] x 16000
Volume of sample
Where,
A = ml of Iodine solution.
B = Normality of Iodine solution.
C = ml of Na2S2O3.
D = Normality of Na2S2O3.
7. CHLORIDE
ARGENTOMETRIC METHOD
PRINCIPALE:
Chloride in water can be determined by titration against Standard Silver
nitrate solution using potassium chromate as indicator. There is a
formation of sparingly soluble brick red silver chromate precipitate at
the end point. Initially the chloride ions are precipitated as AgCl. The
dark brick red precipitate of Ag2CrO starts just after the precipitation of
AgCl is over.
REAGENTS:
1) Standard 0.0141 N Silver nitrate.
2) Potassium chromate indicator
PROCEDURE:-
1) Suitable volume of sample was taken in a conical flask.
2) A few drops of Potassium chromate indicator was added and titrated
against Standard 0.0141 N Silver nitrate till a permanent brick
precipitate persists.
CALCULATION:
Chloride (mg/l) = B x N of AgNO3 x 1000 x 35.450
Volume of sample
Where,
B = volume of std. AgNO3.
35.450 = equivalent weight of chloride.
58
8. NITRATE NITROGEN
CHROMOTROPIC ACID METHOD
PINCIPLE: Two moles of nitrate nitrogen react with one mole of
chromotopic acid to from a yellow reaction product having maximum
absorbance at 410 nm.
APPRATUS: Spectrophotometer.
REAGENT:
1) Sulphuric acid
2) Antimony reagent
3) Chromotopic acid
4) Sulphite urea
PROCEDURE:
1) 2 ml of sample was taken in 10 ml volumetric flask.
2) 1 drop of sulphite urea reagent was added.
3) 2 ml of antimony reagent was added.
4) Flask was swirled during each addition.
5) After 4 minutes 1 ml of chromotopic acid reagent was added.
6) Flask was swirled and after 3 minutes volume was made up with
concentrated Sulphuric acid up to 10 ml.
7) Stopprered the flasks and mix by inverting each flask 4 times.
8) It was kept for 45 minutes at room temperature and the volume
was adjusted to 10 ml with concentrated sulphuric acid.
9) Simultaneously blank was rnu by using concentrated sulphuric
acid.
10) Absorbance was read at 410 nm between 15 minutes and 24
hrs. After last volume adjustment.
CALCULATION:
Nitrate (mg/l) = (P.R. of sample – P.R. of blank) x factor
Volume of sample
Factor was calculated from the standard graph.
9. NITRITE NITROGEN
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD PRINCIPLE: In the presence of sulphanilamide and N-1(naphtyl)
ethylene diamine dihydrochloride, the nitrite in water forms azodye. The dye
is pinkish in color, which can be measured in colorimetric by using green
filter.
REAGENTS:
1) Sulphanilamide reagent.
59
2) N-1(naphtyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride solution.
PROCEDURE:
1) 50 ml of water sample or a portion diluted to 50 ml was taken in a
conical flask
2) Then 1 ml of sulphanilamide solution was added.
3) After 5 min, 1 ml of N-1(naphtyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride
was added.
4) Immediately it was mixed
5) Blank was runned simultaneously using distilled water in similar
manner.
6) After 20 minutes reading was taken at 543 nm.
CALCULATION:
Nitrite nitrogen (mg/l) = P.R. x factor
Volume of sample
Factor was calculated from the standard graph.
10. AMMONICAL NITROGEN
NESSELERIZATION METHOD
PRINCIPLE: The sample is buffered and distilled. The ammonia in the
distillate or the sample is treated with Nessler reagent and the color
development is matched with that of a series of standard ammonia solution
or measured photometrically.
APPRATUS:
1) spectrophotometer
2) pH meter
REAGENTS:
1) Zinc sulphate
2) 6 N NaOH
3) EDTA reagent
4) Nessler reagent
PROCEDURE:
1) 100 ml of sample or a portion diluted to 100 ml was taken in a beaker.
2) 1 ml zinc sulphate was added.
3) The pH of sample was adjusted pH > 10.5 by using 6N NaOH
solution.
4) Treated sample was kept for a few minutes, there upon a heavy
flocculent precipitate were formed, leaving clear and colorless
supernated.
60
5) The sample was filtered.
6) First 25 ml of filtrate was discarded.
7) 50 ml of filtrate or portion diluted to 50 ml was taken in a Nessler‘s
tube.
8) 1 drop of EDTA solution was added.
9) 2 ml of nessler reagent was added.
10) Blank was runned simultaneously using distilled water in similar
manner.
11) After 10 minutes the absorbance was taken at 460 nm.
CALCULATION:
Ammonical nitrogen (mg/l) = P.R. x factor
Volume of sample
Factor was calculated from the standard graph.
11. PHOSPHOROUS
VANADOMOLYBDO PHOSPHORIC ACID COLORIMETRIC
METHOD
PRINCIPLE: In a diluted orthophosphate solution ammonium
molybdate react under acid conditions to form a heteropoly acid,
molybdophosphoric acid. In the presence of vanadium, yellow
vanadomolybophosphoric acid is formed. This intensity of the yellow color
is proportional to phosphate concentration.
APPRATUS:
1) Spectrophotometer
REAGENTS:
1) Vanadate molybdate reagent.
PROCEDURE:
1) 35 ml or less ml of sample was taken in a 50 ml volumetric flask.
2) 10 ml Vanadate molybdate reagent was added and made up to mark
with distilled water.
3) Simultaneously blank was prepared with distilled water.
4) After 10 minutes measured the absorbsnce of sample.
CALCULATION:
Phosphorus (mg/l) = P.R. x factor
Volume of sample
Factor was calculated from the standard graph.
61
12. SILICA
MOLYBDOSILICATE METHOD
APPARATUS:
1. Spectrophotometer
2. Nessler tubes
REAGENTS:
1. Hydrochloric acid – 1:1
2. Ammonium molybdate reagent
3. Oxalic acid solution
PROCEDURE:
1. 50 ml of sample or portion diluted to 50 ml was taken in a
Nessler‘s tube.
2. 1 ml of 1: 1 hydrochloric acid and 2 ml ammonium molybdate
was added.
3. Mixed by inverting at least six times and let stand for 5 to
10 minutes.
4. 2 ml oxalic acid was added and mixed well.
5. The absorbance was taken at 410 nm immediately.
CALCULATION:
Silica (mg/l) = P.R. x Factor
Volume of sample
Factor was calculated from the standard graph.
62
13. Heavy metal
DIGESITION PROCESS FOR AAS
APHA 3030 F Nitric acid- Hydrochloric acid digestion
(Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd)
1. Taken suitable volume of sample in a beaker.
2. Added 10 ml of nitric acid and added 10 ml 1+1 HCl
3. Place beaker on a hot plate until volume has been reduced to
near 25 ml
4. Sample did not dry during digestion. Care was taken that
time.
5. Filter sample by whatman no. 42.
6. Make suitable final volume.
Calculation:-
Metal concentration (mg/l) = A x B
C
Where,
A = Concentration of metal in digested solution, mg/l
B = sample taken for digestion, ml
C = final volume of digested solution, ml
63
BILOGICAL PARAMETER:-
CHLOROPHYLL ESTIMATION:-
APHA 10200-H pp- 10-18
PROCEDURE:
1. Depending on phytoplankton density known volume of water
sample filtered through the plankton net.
2. Water sample was collected and made volume up to 100 ml.
3. Concentrated the sample up to 10 ml by centrifuging for 10 min
at 2000 to 3000 RPM.
4. Removed the supernatant and transferred the pellate to a pestle
mortar and crushed the residue by slowly adding the 90% of
Acetone.
5. Poured ground sample to a graduated centrifuge tube. Rinsed
mortar and pestle with sufficient acetone and 0.2 ml magnesium
carbonate was added and brought the volume to 10 ml.
6. Covered this sample with black paper and kept the sample at 40
C for 24 hrs.
7. Kept this time constant for all samples from one area.
8. After 24 hrs centrifuged at 2000 to 3000 RPM for 20 mins.
9. Decanted the extract into a 15 ml centrifuge tube and measured
the volume and made up the final volume of extract into 10ml
with 90%Acetone
10. Taken absorbance at 630nm, 647nm, 664nm for C, B, A
respectively.
64
Calculation:-
Chlorophyll a mg/m3 = Chlorophyll a X extract volume
Volume of sample
Chlorophyll a mg/l = 11.85(OD664) - 1.54(OD647) - 0.08(OD630).
LACKEY’S DROP METHOD:-
(1) Shaken well the concentrated sample and immediately 1ml
sample was transferred on slide with the help of dropper.
(2) Covered the sample with coverslip avoiding any air
bubble. Allowed plankton to get settled and then counted
them under a microscope with moving the cell horizontally
and vertically.
(3) Replicates were taken and calculated the average count per
ml.
Calculation:-
Phytoplankton (units/l):- N x C x 1000
D
Where, N = number of phytoplankton counted in 1 ml.
C = total volume of concentrate (ml).
D = total volume of sample collected (ml).
65
Palmer’s Algal Genera Index. Palmer‘s made the first attempt to identify and prepare a list of
genera of algae tolerate to organic Pollution. The algae persent in the water
sample were identified and the genera present from this list were noted.
Suppose an algal sample is having the genera, Chlorella, Oscillatoria,
Stigeoclonium, Synedra, Nitzschia, Chlamydomonas, and Navicula, the score
according to Table -3.
Palmer‘s Algal Genera Index:- 3+5+2+2+3+4+3=22
This confirms high organic pollution of this water sample.
If the pollution index score is 20 or more, the score is evidence of high
organic pollution. A score of 15-19 indicates probable organic pollution and
score of less than 15 there is no evidence of organic pollution.
Table-3. Palmer’s Algal Genera Index.
Sr
No Genera Pollution
index
Sr
No Genera Pollution
index 1 Microcystis. 1 11 Micractinium 1
2 Ankistrodesmus. 2 12 Navicula 3
3 Chlamydomonas. 4 13 Nitzschia. 3
4 Chlorella. 3 14 Oscillatoria. 4
5 Closterium. 1 15 Pandorina. 1
6 Cyclotella. 1 16 Phacus. 2
7 Euglena. 5 17 Phormidium. 1
8 Gomphonema. 1 18 Scenedesmus. 4
9 Lepocinclis. 1 19 Stigeoclonium. 2
10 Melosira. 1 20 Synedra. 2
66
Table -4
The physico-chemical parameters reflecting the status of water
quality of Ashwani kumar. (April 2008 to March 2009).
Parameter UNIT 8-
Apr May June July August Sept. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March
Ph -- 7.65 7.66 8.02 7.28 7.49 7.54 7.41 7.65 7.71 8.01 7.68 8.03 7.33
Temperature
Water ˚C 27 30 30 27 26.8 28 27.2 26 23.9 21 23 18.5 25
Temp.
Atmosphere ˚C 28 30.9 30.9 28 28 29 28.1 28 25 23 24 20 26
DO mg/L 4.05 3 4.4 5.1 4.8 3.8 4.6 6.5 4.3 4.2 4.5 5 4.4
Chloride mg/L 26 35.48 18 36.48 11 38 16 32.48 59 46.48 44 45 46.73
H2S mg/L 3.41 3 BDL BDL 0.21 1.164
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL 0.464 BDL
COD mg/L 184 39.84 BDL
11.45 20.24 10.09 15.811 16.32 BDL
12.34 BDL
11.85 24.19
BOD mg/L 40 5.2 BDL
1.71 7.54 5.05 23.926 4.855 BDL
3.615 BDL
3.1 8.16
Silicate mg/L 28.04 34.19 10.22 17.76 15.595 20.48 21.99 24.43 27.7 22.33 19.02 11.455 16.82
Phosphorus mg/L 0.575 0.243 0.332 0.775 1.587 0.357 1.4 0.62 0.045 0.189 0.201 0.498 0.267
NO3- mg/L 1.8 1.9 0.751 0.784 1.257 0.842 0.825 1.006 1.763 2.008 1.9 0.794 0.014
NO2- mg/L 0.041 0.044 0.022 0.093 0.102 0.104 0.042 0.084 BDL 0.003 0.045 0.066 0.009
A. Nitrogen mg/L 1.75 2.334 2.375 0.055 1.205 0.24 14.71 0.884 0.136 0.521 0.599 0.627 0.335
Copper mg/L 0.131 0.177 BDL 0.016 0.131 0.003 0.015 0.002 BDL 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.013
Zinc mg/L 0.1 0.103 0.63 0.061 0.067 0.013 0.037 0.002 BDL 0.008 0.012 0.024 0.011
Lead mg/L 0.018 0.027 BDL 0.116 0.017 BDL 0.025 0.02 0.046 BDL BDL 0.055 0.017
Nickel mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.017 0.005 0.003 BDL 0.027 0.002 0.001 BDL 0.009
Cadmium mg/L 0.002 0.002 BDL 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.001 BDL BDL BDL
Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 0.559 0.046 0.258 0.882 0.138 0.057 0.03 0.043 0.024 0.017 0.025 0.12 0.117
phytoplankton
population unit/L 36500 16666 19333 22000 20500 34500 33500 32500 28000 13333 14500 11000 15333
Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT
67
Table -5
The physico-chemical parameters reflecting the status of water
quality of Ashwani kumar. (April 2009 to April 2010).
Parameter UNIT April
09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan -10 Feb. march April
pH -- 7.23 8.11 8.18 7.42 8.16 8.03 8.39 7.39 7.95 7.91 7.85 7.84 7.39
Temperature
Water ˚C 27.3 29 29 28 27 29.4 26 21 21 21 21 25 29
Temp.
Atmosphere ˚C 28.5 31 31 29 29 30 28 23 23 23 23 26 30
DO mg/L 3.05 3.9 4.7 4.1 5.4 4.8 5.8 5.8 3.1 6.8 2.1 5.7 3.1
Chloride mg/L 36.98 14.98 40.98 44 45.9 25.49 39.98 48.98 52.4 50.98 59 48 54.98
H2S mg/L 1.48 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2 0.48 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
COD mg/L 19.92 12 24 30.88 10 BDL 20 BDL 10.98 9.8 25.5 17.24 BDL
BOD mg/L 6.3 2.8 7 8.8 3.2 BDL 5 BDL BDL 2.7 6.5 11.03 2.97
Silicate mg/L 25.67 22.5 19.27 17.36 19.52 18.71 22.31 15.94 18.36 14.74 16.19 16.15 27.26
Phosphorus mg/L 0.126 0.066 0.221 0.77 0.25 0.66 0.37 0.49 0.466 0.3 0.354 0.244 1.218
NO3- mg/L 0.757 0.474 ND* 0.562 1.34 0.575 0.371 0.68 4.73 1.715 0.754 0.739 0.068
NO2- mg/L 0.016 0.013 0.086 0.02 1.22 0.017 0.006 0.089 0.01 0.048 0.193 0.028 0.011
A. Nitrogen mg/L 0.362 0.26 0.21 0.48 6.3 0.8 0.157 0.55 1.1 1.61 5.9 0.184 0.21
Copper mg/L 0.009 BDL BDL BDL 0.077 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.006
Zinc mg/L 0.036 0.065 0.02 0.03 0.054 BDL 0.009 0.007 0.012 BDL BDL BDL 0.042
Lead mg/L 0.314 BDL BDL 0.216 0.115 0.003 0.102 0.081 BDL BDL 0.195 0.112 0.009
Nickel mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.106 BDL 0.043 0.004 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.114
Cadmium mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.001 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 0.68 0.043 0.087 0.75 0.185 0.125 0.383 0.3 0.234 0.23 0.589 0.124 0.267
phytoplankton
population unit/L 18500 15500 20500 23500 27500 16000 18500 20500 30500 37500 33500 30500 26500
Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT
68
Table -6
The physico-chemical parameters reflecting the status of water
quality of Nanpura. (April 2008 to March 2009).
Parameter UNIT 8-
Apr May June July August Sept. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March
Ph -- 7.23 7.69 7.95 7.37 7.66 7.45 7.57 7.59 7.61 7.98 7.51 7.32 7.18
Temperature
Water ˚C 27 30 30 27 26.9 28 27.6 27 24 21 23 18.9 25
Temp.
Atmosphere ˚C 28 30.9 31 28 28.1 29 28.4 28.8 25.1 23 24 21 26
DO mg/L 1.62 2.7 3.3 2.1 2.25 2 3.9 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.2 2.8
Chloride mg/L 5298 2399 41 144 14 32.5 20 379 1427 584 889 11646 6335
H2S mg/L 1.71 4.26 BDL 0.6 BDL 0.776 BDL BDL BDL 0.8 BDL BDL 0.504
COD mg/L ND* ND* 57.88 194.8 204.2 231.98 48.2 40.48 ND* 49.38 ND* ND* ND*
BOD mg/L 55 67.5 18.6 64.05 67.48 70.2 15.92 12.60 64 16.33 10 14.2 54
Silicate mg/L 19.57 20.3 9.4 18.39 17.63 21.095 20.22 30.1 22.63 20.7 14.99 13 24.48
Phosphorus mg/L 2.54 0.243 0.727 0.797 2.446 0.535 2.1 3.013 0.176 0.554 0.493 0.474 1.582
NO3- mg/L 1.384 2.702 0.934 1.284 1.284 0.638 0.554 1.997 2.035 1.575 1.132 1.032 0.299
NO2- mg/L 0.082 0.103 0.034 0.204 0.164 0.167 0.074 0.184 0.632 0.032 0.125 0.024 BDL
A. Nitrogen mg/L 9.12 4.521 1.473 0.12 0.778 1.2 17.47 0.737 0.027 0.748 0.61 0.52 0.128
Copper mg/L 0.108 0.108 BDL BDL 2.858 0.13 0.007 0.037 0.284 0.299 0.192 0.034 0.017
Zinc mg/L 0.069 0.079 0.051 0.043 0.473 0.121 0.026 0.028 0.058 0.196 0.153 0.032 0.009
Lead mg/L 0.012 0.037 BDL 0.1 0.083 0.075 0.025 0.428 0.092 0.02 0.02 0.4 0.1
Nickel mg/L 0.027 0.016 BDL BDL 0.023 0.074 BDL 0.001 0.072 0.176 0.138 0.069 0.091
Cadmium mg/L 0.003 0.006 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.001 BDL BDL 0.006 0.006 0.012 0.016 0.013
Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 0.079 0.647 0.215 0.213 0.306 0.45 0.043 0.45 0.438 0.046 0.034 0.042 0.04
phytoplankton
population unit/L 10500 25500 10500 13500 18500 30500 25500 34000 24500 12500 16000 12500 10500
Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT.
COD WAS ND* = NOT DETECTED BECAUSE OF HIGH SALINITY.
69
Table -7
The physico-chemical parameters reflecting the status of water
quality of Nanpura. (April 2009 to April 2010).
Parameter UNIT April
09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. January Feb. march April
pH -- 7.02 7.05 7.3 7.38 7.46 7.91 7.57 7.16 7.16 7.37 7.27 7.01 7.16
Temperature
Water ˚C 28 29 29 28 27 29.5 26.2 22 21 22 21 25 29
Temp.
Atmosphere ˚C 28.9 31 31 29 29 30 28.4 23 23 24.2 23 26 30
DO mg/L 2.5 2.8 2.1 3.8 3.9 2.9 1.5 4 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5
Chloride mg/L 9397 9497 9547 54 4248 57.98 311 5323 11196 509 6847 13745 10696
H2S mg/L 0.99 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2.04 0.48 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
COD mg/L ND* ND* ND* 32.87 ND* ND* 260 ND* ND* 220 ND* ND* ND*
BOD mg/L 22.68 28 22.5 9.8 8.6 29.6 78.8 3.4 90 78.6 83.2 85.4 89.2
Silicate mg/L 28.33 25.2 24.09 22.37 28.01 18.32 38.08 17.43 22.61 26.78 17.22 15.09 25.3
Phosphorus mg/L 1.343 1.24 2.557 1.87 2.9 1.3 0.88 0.348 0.48 1.44 2.23 0.489 0.116
NO3- mg/L 0.059 BDL 1.044 0.812 0.97 0.59 0.579 0.221 0.9 0.916 0.251 0.354 0.619
NO2- mg/L 0.044 0.393 0.684 0.054 0.047 0.913 1.167 0.017 BDL 0.002 0.111 0.051 0.042
A. Nitrogen mg/L 0.176 3.86 0.28 1.95 0.53 0.38 0.517 2.11 6.7 6.05 8.25 3.54 0.41
Copper mg/L 0.058 0.016 0.037 BDL 0.018 0.004 0.01 0.027 BDL 0.064 0.13 0.239 0.0454
Zinc mg/L 0.083 0.026 0.053 0.298 0.023 0.005 0.02 0.029 BDL 0.032 0.052 0.143 0.0526
Lead mg/L 0.742 0.126 0.12 BDL 0.06 0.007 0.103 0.172 0.07 BDL 0.388 0.451 0.024
Nickel mg/L 0.088 0.05 0.57 BDL 0.057 0.001 0.053 0.071 0.021 0.032 BDL BDL 0.171
Cadmium mg/L 0.018 0.003 0.001 BDL 0.016 0.001 BDL 0.79 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0006
Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 0.081 0.532 0.1 0.35 0.832 0.73 0.281 0.17 0.167 0.18 0.379 0.089 0.15
phytoplankton
population unit/L 15500 17500 14500 22000 24500 18500 21500 25000 9000 24500 20500 25500 19500
Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT.
COD WAS ND* = NOT DETECTED BECAUSE OF HIGH SALINITY.
70
Table -8
The physico-chemical parameters reflecting the status of water
quality of Umara. (April 2008 to March 2009).
Parameter UNIT 8-
Apr May June July August Sept. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March
pH -- 7.21 7.79 7.98 7.58 7.67 7.35 7.59 7.6 7.53 7.6 7.54 7.36 7.43
Temperature
Water ˚C 27 30 30 27 26.9 28 27.7 27.2 24.1 21 23.1 20 25.2
Temp.
Atmosphere ˚C 28 30.9 31.2 28 28.1 29 28.5 28.9 25.3 23 24.2 22 26.1
DO mg/L 2.02 2.6 3.6 2.1 3.75 3.3 4 3.8 3 3.4 3.8 3.4 4.9
Chloride mg/L 6547 5223 102 282 123 218 34 70 5435 4723 5948 12296 11571
H2S mg/L 3.41 6.82 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2.584 BDL 1.2 BDL BDL 2.016
COD mg/L ND* ND* 7.99 209.08 30.5 38.51 10.5 62.64 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND*
BOD mg/L 90.9 85.33 3.3 96.9 8.02 19.33 2.903 19.85 15.6 19.14 26.1 25.6 28
Silicate mg/L 25.29 16.64 9.5 16.65 13.8 21.07 19.63 31.31 16.81 20.11 13.12 10.01 16.405
Phosphorus mg/L 1.72 0.42 0.553 1.328 0.99 0.602 2.35 2.858 0.045 1.044 0.824 0.529 0.85
NO3- mg/L 2.051 0.467 0.133 1.234 0.47 3.23 0.896 1.724 2.049 2.673 1.893 1.103 0.085
NO2- mg/L 0.229 0.658 0.034 0.566 0.09 0.104 0.063 0.238 1.151 0.1 3.215 0.02 0.002
A. Nitrogen mg/L 1.825 3.928 0.295 0.12 0.89 0.369 21.61 1.014 0.018 0.804 0.729 0.311 0.077
Copper mg/L 0.198 0.291 BDL 0.006 0.09 0.026 0.012 0.144 0.416 0.059 0.034 0.008 0.015
Zinc mg/L 0.113 0.153 0.044 0.029 0.14 0.051 0.028 0.169 0.074 0.041 0.012 0.005 0.061
Lead mg/L 0.068 0.082 BDL 0.1 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.061 0.138 0.02 0.02 0.127 0.117
Nickel mg/L 0.028 0.032 BDL BDL 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.001 0.088 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.119
Cadmium mg/L 0.002 0.01 BDL 0.001 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.008 0.009 0.013 0.019
Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 2.148 0.495 0.447 1.31 0.06 0.298 0.05 0.298 0.259 0.038 0.033 0.042 0.041
phytoplankton
population unit/L 15500 27333 14000 23333 10500 36500 28500 33500 30000 15333 17500 12500 16000
Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT.
COD WAS ND* = NOT DETECTED BECAUSE OF HIGH SALINITY.
71
Table -9
The physico-chemical parameters reflecting the status of water
quality of Umara. (April 2009 to April 2010).
Parameter UNIT April
09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. January Feb. march April
PH -- 7.23 7.12 7.56 7.66 7.53 7.98 7.81 7.27 7.06 7.53 6.93 7.09 7.17
Temperature
Water ˚C 28.4 29 29 28 27 29.6 26.4 23 21 22.1 21 25.2 29
Temp.
Atmosphere ˚C 29.5 31 31 29 29 30 28.6 24 23 24.3 23 26.1 30
DO mg/L 1.25 3.1 2 3.9 4.1 3.3 2.3 3.5 1.3 2.5 5.4 2.3 2
Chloride mg/L 10496 12696 9946 71 6797 91.97 649 9647 14345 514 13095 13995 14795
H2S mg/L 0.99 BDL 0.896 BDL BDL BDL 2.44 BDL BDL 2 BDL BDL BDL
COD mg/L ND* ND* ND* 33.2 ND* 53.79 425 ND* ND* 1755 ND* ND* ND*
BOD mg/L 102.3 52 96.2 18.2 3.2 14.9 125 10.6 98 558 4.1 106 70.2
Silicate mg/L 28.43 16.54 26.69 20.06 30.4 18.03 40.165 15.42 15.82 23.6 17.15 11.25 27.35
Phosphorus mg/L 1.232 1.158 2.131 1.58 3.63 1.4 0.52 0.363 0.28 2.39 0.354 0.323 1.131
NO3- mg/L 0.43 BDL 1.074 0.714 1.05 0.696 2.168 0.251 1.13 0.428 1.61 0.251 0.519
NO2- mg/L 0.044 0.728 0.51 0.06 1.93 0.014 1.711 0.065 0.003 BDL 0.274 0.032 1.763
A. Nitrogen mg/L 0.102 3.55 1.45 2.1 2.16 0.4 0.277 0.92 6.6 8.27 4.93 4.23 0.229
Copper mg/L 0.107 0.038 0.007 BDL BDL 0.008 0.027 0.069 BDL 0.976 0.044 0.091 0.068
Zinc mg/L 0.091 0.073 0.034 BDL 0.009 0.01 0.034 0.065 BDL 0.748 BDL BDL 0.039
Lead mg/L 0.742 0.223 0.106 BDL BDL 0.011 0.107 0.248 0.108 0.086 0.524 0.328 0.023
Nickel mg/L 0.109 0.084 0.037 BDL 0.007 0.007 0.06 0.134 0.034 0.616 BDL BDL 0.139
Cadmium mg/L 0.016 0.01 BDL BDL 0.009 0.001 BDL 0.017 0.005 BDL 3.66 BDL 0.005
Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 2.234 0.684 0.026 0.33 0.186 0.201 0.333 0.21 0.166 0.178 0.463 0.092 0.207
phytoplankton
population unit/L 32500 19500 12000 19500 31000 16500 23500 23000 22500 25500 30500 22500 24000
Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT.
COD WAS ND* = NOT DETECTED BECAUSE OF HIGH SALINITY.
72
Palmer’s algal genus index.
Parameter Score 8-
Apr May June July August Sept. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March
Ashwani
kumar -- 17 13 14 17 22 18 20 18 15 17 15 14 18
Nanpura -- 18 20 20 21 26 22 26 20 21 18 20 19 20
Umara -- 17 20 18 26 26 23 26 26 25 19 26 19 18
Note:- 20 or more = high organic pollution.
15-19 = probable organic pollution.
Less than 15= no pollution.
Palmer’s algal genus index.
Parameter Score April
09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. march April
Ashwani
kumar -- 16 16 18 17 17 24 17 10 14 19 15 12 10
Nanpura -- 23 22 22 19 20 26 20 15 27 22 20 16 18
Umara -- 22 20 21 19 22 26 26 14 25 32 20 18 22
Note:- 20 or more = high organic pollution.
15-19 = probable organic pollution.
Less than 15= no pollution.
73
Figure - 1
74
Figure - 2
75
Figure -3
76
Figure - 4
77
Figure - 5
78
Figure - 6
79
Figure - 7
80
Figure - 8
81
Figure - 9
82
Figure -10
83
Figure -11
84
Figure - 12
85
Figure - 13
86
Figure - 14
87
Figure - 15
88
Figure - 16
89
Figure - 17
90
Figure - 18
91
Figure - 19
92
Figure - 20
93
Table-10. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of pH.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
1 pH 6.93 Site-3 (February 2010) Amphora coffeaformis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Cocconeis placentula,
Coscinodiscus oculus,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
comata, Cymbella minuta,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulam,
Gyrosigma acuminatus,
Ulothrix zonata, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,
Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia palea, Oscillatoria
princes, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Skeletonema
costatum, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina pletansis,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum simplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp.
8.39 Site 1 (October 2009) Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Achnanthes minutissima,
Amphora acutiuscula,
Anabaena sperica, Anabaena
affinis, Coscinodiscus oculas,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cymbella
minuta, Cymbella aspera,
Fragillaria pinnuta,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema clevei, Melosira
granulata, Hydrodictyon sp,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,
Navicula symmetrica,
Navicula confervacea,
Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria
brevis, Spirogyra sp, Synedra
ulna, Spirulina platensis,
Spirulina maxima,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp.
94
Table-11. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of water Temperature.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
2 Water
Temperature
18 0C Site-1
(February; 2009)
Amphiprora sp, Amphora
coffieaformis, Anabeana
affinis, Anabeana plactonica,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Closterium malmei,Chlorella
vugaris,Coscinodiscus
radiatus, Cocconeis sp,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Cyclotella comata, Cymbella
minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
purvulum, Coscinodiscus
radiatus, Melosira granulata,
Hydrodictyon sp, Lyngbya sp,
Microcystis aeruginosa,
Navicula radiosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Naviculla
confervacea, Nitzschia
closterium, Oscillatoria
princes and Scendesmus
quadricauda.
30 0C Site-1, 2 & 3
(May 2008 and June 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes minutissima,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena plactonica,
Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella valgaris, Cyclotella
comata, Cyclotella glomerata,
Cymbella minuta, Cymbella
cistula, Cymbella tumida,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Fragillaria capucina,
Gomphonema purvulum,
Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
acuminatus, Tabellaria
fenestrata, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Navicula radiosa,
Navicula confervacea,
Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia
closterium, Oscillatoria
princeps, Spirogyra sp,
Surirella elegans, Synedra
ulna, Spirulina platensis,
Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum simplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp.
95
Table-12. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Dissolved oxygen.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
3 Dissolved
Oxygen
1.2 mg/l Site-2
(December, 2009)
Amphora coffeaformis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Closterium malmei,
Cocconeis placentula,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
glomeruta, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
purvulum, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
attenuatum, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula radiosa,
Nitzschia Closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Nitzschia
palea, Oscillatoria princeps,
Scenedesmus armatus,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Oscillatoria Formosa,
Oscillatoria brevis, Spirogyra
sp, Synedra ulna, Pediastrum
boryanum, Pleurosigma
elongatum, Euglena sp and
Mastagloea sp.
6.8 mg/l Site-1 (January, 2010)
Achnanthes minutissima,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Amphora angusta, Amphora
acutiuscula, Anabaena affinis,
Anabaena plactonica,
Ankistrodesmus fusiformis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Caloneis bacillum,
Cosmarium portianum ,
Chlorella viridis, Cyclotella
comata, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cymbella
aspera, Cymbella cistula,
Cymbella laevis, Fragillaria
capucina, Hydrodictyon sp,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aeruginosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Navicula
cuspidate, Navicula pupula,
Nitzschia tubicola, Nitzschia
frustulum, Nitzschia hybrida,
Nitzschia palea, Oedogonium
sp, Oscillatoria Princeps,
Pinnularia viridis, Spirogyra
sp, Surirella elegans, Synedra
ulna, Ulothrix zonata, Volvox
aureus and Mastagloea sp
96
Table-13. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Chloride.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
4 Chloride 11 mg/l Site-1(August, 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
sperica, Cosmarium
portianum, Gomphonema
clevei, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum,
Gomphonema purvulum,
Chlorella valgaris, Cyclotella
glomerata, Cyclotella comata,
Cymbella aspera, Cymbella
minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Hydrodictyon sp,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula radiosa,
Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia
sigma , Oscillatoria princeps,
Oscillatoria formosa,
Pinnularia viridis,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Spirogyra sp, Ulothrix zonata,
Spirulina platensis, Surirella
capronii, Synedra ulna, and
Mastagloea sp
14795 mg/l Site-3 (April, 2010)
Cheatocerous sp, Anabaena
plactonica, Anabaena affinis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Asterionella japonica,
Biddulphia sp, Diploneis sp,
Cocconeis placentula,
Caloneis sp, Coscinodiscus
radiatus, Coscinodiscus
oculus, Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella valgaris, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cymbella
affinis, Fragillaria intermedia,
Lyngbya sp, Gomphonema
purvulum,Gyrosigma
acuminatus, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula radiosa,
Navicula symmrtrica,
Nitzschia palea,Oscillatoria
princeps, Spirogyra sp,
Synedra ulna, Spirulina
platensis, Nostoc sp,
Pandorina morum,
Pediastrum simplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum, and
Mastagloea sp
97
Table-14. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of COD.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
5 COD 7.99 mg/l Site-3 (June 2008)
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena plactonica,
Asterionella japonica,
Coscinodiscus radiatus,
Coscinodiscus granii,
Chlorella vulgaris, Fragillaria
intermedia, Tabellaria
floculosa, Microspora sp,
Navicula ambigua, Navicula
salinarum, Navicula forcipata,
Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia
sigma, Stauroneis sp,
Scenedesmus obliqus,
Scenedesmus armatus,
Surirella gemma, Synedra
ulna, Spirulina platensis,
Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,
Rhizosolenia sp, Pediastrum
duplex, Pleurosigma
angulatum and Mastagloea sp.
1755 mg/l Site-3
(January 2010)
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
flos-aquae, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Cocconeis
placentula, Chlorella viridis,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulum, Gomphonema quadripunctatum,
Gyrosigma acuminatus,
Melosira granulate,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Merismopodia sp, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia Nitzschia
sigma, Oscillatoria formosa,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Spirogyra sp, Synedra ulna,
Pandorina morum,
Pediastrum boryanum,
Pleurosigma elongatum,
Mastagloea sp, Euglena sp
and Closterium malmei.
98
Table-15. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of BOD.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
6 BOD 1.71 mg/l site-1(July 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Achnanthes minutissima,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Amphora acutiuscula,
Anabaena affinis,
Cheatocerous compressus,
Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella valgaris, Cymbella
minuta, Cymbella tumida ,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Fragillaria biceps,
Gomphonema gracile,
Hydrodictyon sp, Lyngbya
major, Navicula ambigua,
Navicula confervacea,
Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia
sigma, Oscillatoria princeps,
Surirella capronii, Surirella
elegans, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina platensis, Spirulina
maxima, Pinnularia viridis,
Ulothrix zonata, Mastagloea
sp, Closterium attenuatum and
Oedogonium sp.
558 mg/l site-3 (January 2010)
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
flos-aquae, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Cocconeis
placentulaChlorella viridis,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulum, Gomphonema quadripunctatum,
Gyrosigma acuminatus,
Melosira granulate,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Merismopodia sp, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria
formosa, Oscillatoria
princeps, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Spirogyra sp,
Synedra ulna, Pandorina
morum, Pediastrum
boryanum, Pleurosigma
elongatum, Mastagloea sp,
Euglena sp and Closterium
malmei.
99
Table-16. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of H2S.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
7 H2S 0.2 mg/l Site-1 (October 2009)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes
holsatica,Achnanthes
minutissima, Amphora
acutiuscula,Anabaena sperica,
Anabaena affinis,
Coscinodiscus oculas,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cymbella
minuta, Cymbella aspera,
Fragillaria pinnuta,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema clevei, Melosira
granulata, Hydrodictyon sp,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,
Navicula symmetrica,
Navicula confervacea,
Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria
brevis, Spirogyra sp, Synedra
ulna, Spirulina platensis,
Spirulina maxima,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp
6.82 mg/l Site-3 (May 2008)
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena plactonica,
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
flos-aquae, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Asterionella
Formosa, Diatoma sp,
Cocconeis placentula,
Caloneis sp, Coscinodiscus
radiatus, Encyonema sp,
Cyclotella meneghiana,
Cymbella minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
purvulum, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
acuminatus, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,
Navicula salinarum, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia palea,
Nitzschia closterium,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Spirogyra sp, Synedra ulna,
Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,
Pandorina morum,
Pediastrum duplex,
Mastagloea sp and Closterium
malmei
100
Table-17. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Silica.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
8 Silica 9.4 mg/l Site-2 (June 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes minutissima,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena plactonica,
Coscinodiscus radiatus,
Coscinodiscus granii,
Coscinodiscus oculus,
Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella valgaris, Cyclotella
comata, Cyclotella glomerata,
Cymbella minuta, Cymbella
cistula, Cymbella tumida,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Fragillaria capucina,
Gomphonema purvulum,
Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
acuminatus, Tabellaria
fenestrata, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa,Navicula
symmetrica, Navicula radiosa,
Navicula confervacea,
Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia
closterium, Oscillatoria
princeps, Spirogyra sp,
Surirella elegans, Synedra
ulna, Spirulina platensis,
Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum simplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp
40.16 mg/l Site-3
(October 2009)
Anabaena sperica, Anabaena
affinis, Anabaena flos-aquae,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Cocconeis plcentula,
Coscinodiscus
radiatus,Cosmarium
depressum, Chlorella vulgaris,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Melosira
varins, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,
Microspora sp, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia closterium,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Scenedesmus obliqus,
Spirogyra sp, Surirella
elegans, Surirella capronii,
Synedra ulna, Thallassionema
sp, Nostoc sp, Pandorina
morum, Pediastrum simplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum,
Mastagloea sp, Closterium
attenutum and Closterium
malmei
101
Table-18. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Phosphorus.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
9 Phosphorous 0.045 mg/l Site 1&3
(November 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Achnanthes minutissima,
Amphora acutiuscula,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena sperica, Anabaena
planctonica, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Coscinodiscus
radiosa, Cosmarium
depressum, Chlorella vulgaris,
Cyclotella purvulum,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Cymbella minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula
radiosa, Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria
princeps, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Spirogyra sp,
Synedra ulna, Spirulina
platensis, Spirulina maxima,
Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum duplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp.
3.63 mg/l Site-3 (August 2009)
Anabaena sperica, Anabaena
planctonica, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Euglena sp,
Cocconeis placentula,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella
pyrenoidosa, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cyclotella
comata, Cymbella tumida,
Fragillaria biceps,
Gomphonema purvulam,
Melosira granulata,
Microcystis aeruginosa,
Merismopodia sp, Navicula
radiosa, Navicula
confervacea, Navicula
forcipata, Nitzschia palea,
Nitzschia tubicolla,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Odentella sp, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Surella elegans,
Synedra ulna, Nostoc sp,
Pediastrum duplex,
Pleurosigma directum,
Mastagloea sp and Closterium
malmei.
102
Table-19. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Nitrate.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
10 Nitrate 0.014 mg/l Site-1
(March 2009)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena planctonica,
Cocconeis placentula,
Coscinodiscus radiosa,
Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cymbella
minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
purvulum, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
acuminatus, Hydrodictyon sp,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula radiosa,
Navicula forcipata, Nitzschia
palea, Nitzschia Closterium,
Scenedesmus obliqus,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Synedra ulna, Spirulina
platensis, Nostoc sp,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp.
4.73 mg/l Site-1
(December 2009)
Achnanthes minutissima,
Achnanthes salvadoriana,
Anabaena flos-aquae,
Anabaena plactonica,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Cocconeis placentula,
Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
purvulum, Oedogonium sp,
Hydrodictyon sp, Lyngbya sp,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Melosira granulate, Navicula
confervacea, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia closterium,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Spirogyra sp, Surirella
capronii, Oscillatoria princes,
Spirogyra sp, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina sp, Volvox
globerator, Volvox aureus,
Pediastrum duplex, Ulothrix
zonata, Nostoc sp and
Closterium malmei
103
Table-20. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Nitrite.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
11 Nitrite 0.002 mg/l Site 2&3
(January 2010 & March 2009)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
plactonica, Anabaena flos-
aquae, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Cocconeis
placentula, Caloneis sp,
Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cyclotella
comata, Cymbella tumida,
Cymbella minuta Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
clevei, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
attenuatum, Tabellaria
fenestrata, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aeruginosa, Merismopodia sp,
Navicula forcipata, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Surirella
elegans, Synedra ulna,
Encyonema sp, Pleurosigma
elongatum and Mastagloea sp.
3.215 mg/l Site-3
(January 2009)
Amphora acutiscula, Amphora
coffeaformis, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Biddulphia sp,
Cocconeis placentula,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Fragillaria
intermedia, Fragillaria
pinnata, Gomphonema
purvulam, Gyrosigma
acuminatus, Melosira varians,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Merismopodia sp, Microspora
sp, Navicula symmetrica,
Navicula confervacea,
Nitzschia sigma, Nitzschia
palea, Oscillatoria princes,
Pediastrum duplex, Pandorina
morum, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina platensis, Spirulina
maxima, Skeletonema
costatum, Pleurosigma
elongatum, Mastagloea sp and
Closterium mamei
104
Table-21. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Ammonical nitrogen.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
12 Ammonical
nitrogen
0.018 mg/l Site-3
(November 2008)
Amphora acutiuscula,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena sperica, Anabaena
planctonica, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Coscinodiscus
radiosa, Cosmarium
depressum, Chlorella vulgaris,
Cyclotella purvulum,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Cymbella minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula
radiosa, Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria
princeps, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Spirogyra sp,
Synedra ulna, Spirulina
platensis, Spirulina maxima,
Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum duplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp.
21.61 mg/l Site-3
(September 2008)
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
flos-aquae, Ankestrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Asterionella
formosa, Cocconeis
placentula, Cosmarium
depressum, Chlorella vulgaris,
Cyclotella glomerata,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Cymbella minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum,
Gomphonema purvulum,
Gyrosigma attenuatum,
Melosira granulata,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Merismopodia sp, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia sigma,
Nitzschia Closterium,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Spirogyra sp, Surirella
gemma, Synedra ulna,
Pandorina morum,
Pediastrum duplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp
105
Table-22. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Copper.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
13 Copper 0.002 mg/l Site-1
(October 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
plactonica, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Coscinodiscus
oculus, Cosmarium
depressum, Chlorella vulgaris,
Cyclotella comata, Cyclotella
glomerata, Cymbella minuta,
Cymbella tumida, Fragillaria
intermedia, Fragillaria biceps,
Gomphonema purvulum,
Gomphonema clevei,
Gomphonema gracile,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Navicula
confervacea, Navicula
lanceolata, Nitzschia palea,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Surirella capronii,
Skeletonema costatum,
Synedra ulna, Ulothrix zonata,
Sphaerocystis sp and
Mastagloea sp.
2.858 mg/l Site-2
(August 2008)
Anabaena coffeaformis,
Anabaena flos-aquae,
Biddulphia sp, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Caloneis sp,
Coscinodiscus radiatus,
Cosmarium portianum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cymbella
minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
acuminatus, Tabellaria
fenestrata, Melosira
granulata, Lyngbya sp,
Odentella sp, Oedogonium sp,
Merismopodia sp, Navicula
radiosa, Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia closterium,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Spirogyra sp, Skeletonema
costatum, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina platensis,
Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,
Pandorina morum,
Pediastrum duplex,
Mastagloea sp and Closterium
malmei
106
Table-23. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Zinc.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
14 Zinc
0.002 mg/l Site-1
(October 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Anabaena affinis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Anabaena plactonica,
Coscinodiscus oculus,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
comata, Cyclotella glomerata,
Cymbella minuta, Cymbella
tumida, Fragillaria
intermedia, Fragillaria biceps,
Gomphonema purvulum,
Gomphonema clevei,
Gomphonema gracile,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Navicula
confervacea, Navicula
lanceolata, Nitzschia palea,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Surirella capronii,
Skeletonema costatum,
Synedra ulna, Ulothrix zonata,
Sphaerocystis sp and
Mastagloea sp.
0.748 mg/l Site-3
(January 2010)
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
flos-aquae, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Cocconeis
placentulaChlorella viridis,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulum, Gomphonema quadripunctatum,
Gyrosigma acuminatus,
Melosira granulate,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Merismopodia sp, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria
formosa, Oscillatoria
princeps, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Spirogyra sp,
Synedra ulna, Pandorina
morum, Pediastrum
boryanum, Pleurosigma
elongatum, Mastagloea sp and
Closterium malmei.
107
Table-24. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Lead.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
15 Lead 0.003 mg/l Site-1
(September 2009)
Achnanthes lanceolata ,
Achnanthes minutissima,
Anabaena coffeaformis,
Anabaena affinis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Coscinodiscus granii,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
comata, Cymbella tumida,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulum,
Hydrodictyon sp, Lyngbya sp,
Navicula confervacea,
Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia palea, Oscillatoria
formosa, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Surirella
gemma, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina platensis, Spirulina
maxima, Nostoc sp, Ulothrix
zonata, Mastagloea sp and
Closterium attenuatum.
0.742 mg/l Site-2&3
(April 2009)
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena flos-aquae,
Anabaena plactonica,
Asterionella japonica,
Stauroneis sp, Skeletonema
costatum, Biddulphia sp,
Tabellaria fenestrata,
Synedra ulna, Thallasiosira
sp, Cosmarium depressum,
Encyonema sp, Chlorella
vulgaris, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cymbella
minuta, Diatoma sp,
Diploneis sp, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gyrosigma
attenuatum, Navicula pupula,
Navicula radiosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Nitzschia
Closterium, Navicula sigma,
Oscillatoria princes,
Oscillatoria Formosa,
Rhizosolenia sp, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Spirogyra sp,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum siplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Closterium malmei.
108
Table-25. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Nickel.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
16
Nickel 0.001mg/l Site-1,2&3 ( January
2009, September 2009 &
October 2008 respectively)
Achnanthes minutissima,
Achnanthes subatomus,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Cocconeis placentula,
Coscinodiscus oculus,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
comata, Cymbella minuta,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulam,
Gyrosigma acuminatus,
Ulothrix zonata, Melosira
granulate, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,
Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia palea, Oscillatoria
princeps, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Skeletonema
costatum, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina pletansis,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum simplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp
0.616 mg/l Site-3
(January 2010)
Anabaena affinis, Anabaena
flos-aquae, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Asterionella
japonica, Cocconeis
placentulaChlorella viridis,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulum, Gomphonema quadripunctatum,
Gyrosigma acuminatus,
Melosira granulate,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Merismopodia sp, Navicula
radiosa, Nitzschia closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria
formosa, Oscillatoria
princeps, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Spirogyra sp,
Synedra ulna, Pandorina
morum, Pediastrum
boryanum, Pleurosigma
elongatum, Mastagloea sp,
Euglena sp and Closterium
malmei.
109
Table-26. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Cadmium.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
17 Cadmium 0.001 mg/l Site-1,2 & 3
(December 2008, July 2008,
September 2008 & 2009 ,June
2009 & July 2008, respectively)
Achnanthes minutissima ,
Achnanthes subatomus,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Cocconeis placentula,
Coscinodiscus oculus,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
comata, Cymbella minuta,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema purvulam,
Gyrosigma acuminatus,
Ulothrix zonata, Melosira
granulate, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,
Navicula symmetrica,
Nitzschia palea, Oscillatoria
princes, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Skeletonema
costatum, Synedra ulna,
Spirulina pletansis,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum simplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Mastagloea sp
3.66 mg/l Site-3
(February 2010)
Amphiprora alata, Amphora
coffeaformis, Anabaena flos-
aquae, Ankistrodesmus
falcatus, Cocconeis
placentula, Cosmarium
depressum, Chlorella vulgaris,
Cyclotella meneghiniana,
Cymbella minuta, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
acuminalis, Skeletonema
costatum, Microspora sp,
Tabellaria fenestrate,
Melosira granulata,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Navicula symmetrica,
Navicula radiosa, Navicula
pupla, Nitzschia sigma,
Oscillatoria princeps,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Synedra ulna, Volvox aureus
Rhizosolenia sp, Pediastrum
duplex, Pleurosigma
elongatum, Mastagloea sp and
Closterium malmei.
110
Table-27. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Chlorophyll a.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
18 Chlorophyll -a 0.017 mg/m3 Site-1
(December 2008)
Achnanthes lanceolata,
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena plactonica,
Anabaena sperica, Cocconeis
placentula, Caloneis sp,
Cosmarium depressum,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
glomerata, Cymbella minuta,
Fragillaria intermedia,
Gomphonema punctatum,
Microcystis aerugenosa,
Navicula rsdiosa, Navicula
confervacea, Nitzschia palea,
Oscillatoria formosa,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Spirogyra sp, Surirella
gemma, Synedra ulna,
Thallassiosira sp, Nostoc sp,
Mastagloea sp and Closterium
attenuatum.
2.234 mg/m3 Site-3
(April 2009)
Amphora coffeaformis,
Anabaena flos-aquae,
Anabaena plactonica,
Asterionella japonica,
Stauroneis sp, Skeletonema
costatum, Biddulphia sp,
Tabellaria fenestrata,
Synedra ulna, Thallasiosira
sp, Cosmarium depressum,
Encyonema sp, Chlorella
vulgaris, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cymbella
minuta, Diatoma sp,
Diploneis sp, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gyrosigma
attenuatum, Navicula pupula,
Navicula radiosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Nitzschia
Closterium, Navicula sigma,
Oscillatoria princes,
Oscillatoria Formosa,
Rhizosolenia sp, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Spirogyra sp,
Pandorina moram,
Pediastrum siplex,
Pleurosigma elongatum and
Closterium malmei.
111
Table-28. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and
maximum value of Phytoplankton population.
Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum
19 Phytoplankton
population
9000 unit/l Site-2
(December, 2009)
Amphora coffeaformis,
Cocconeis placentula,
Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella
glomeruta, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Fragillaria
intermedia, Gomphonema
purvulum, Gomphonema
quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma
attenuatum, Melosira
granulata, Microcystis
aerugenosa, Navicula radiosa,
Nitzschia Closterium,
Nitzschia sigma, Nitzschia
palea, Oscillatoria princeps,
Scenedesmus armatus,
Scenedesmus quadricauda,
Oscillatoria Formosa,
Oscillatoria brevis, Spirogyra
sp, Synedra ulna, Pediastrum
boryanum, Pleurosigma
elongatum, Closterium
lanceolatum and Closterium
malmei and Mastagloea sp.
37500 unit/l Site-1 (January,
2010)
Achnanthes minutissima,
Achnanthes holsatica,
Amphora angusta, Amphora
acutiuscula, Anabaena affinis,
Anabaena plactonica,
Ankistrodesmus fusiformis,
Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Caloneis bacillum,
Cosmarium portianum ,
Chlorella viridis, Cyclotella
comata, Cyclotella
meneghiniana, Cymbella
aspera, Cymbella cistula,
Cymbella laevis, Fragillaria
capucina, Hydrodictyon sp,
Lyngbya sp, Microcystis
aeruginosa, Navicula
symmetrica, Navicula
cuspidate, Navicula pupula,
Nitzschia tubicola, Nitzschia
frustulum, Nitzschia hybrida,
Nitzschia palea, Oedogonium
sp, Oscillatoria Princeps,
Pinnularia viridis, Spirogyra
sp, Surirella elegans, Synedra
ulna, Ulothrix zonata, Volvox
aureus and Mastagloea sp.
112
Systematic Enumeration of Algae.
Bacillariophyceae.
Order: Centrales.
Suborder: Discineae.
Family: Coscinodiscaceae.
Sub family: Melosiroideae.
Melosira granulate.
Frustules 7.8 µm in diameter, cylindrical united in long or short chains.
Semicellsv 7 µm high end cells with spines row of aereoles 10 in 10 µm.
Melosira juergensii.
Frustules 10-30 µm in diameter, semicells 12.7 µm long, cell wall finely
punctuate rows of punctatae 30 in 10 µm.
Melosira Varians.
Frustules 10 µm in diameter, cylindrical united in chains, semicells, straight.
Sub family: Coscinodiscoideae.
Cyclotella meneghiniana.
Frustules rectangular in girdle view, with undulate valves, valves discoid 9.8
µm in diameter margin strong, central field large and finely punotate, striae
8-10 in 10 µm.
Cyclotella glomerata.
Frustules small, in loose chains, rectangular in girdle view, valves discoid 6-
-12.8 µm in diameter, central field smooth with 6-7 small radial striae or
dots in a ring, striae 8-10 in 10 µm.
Coscinodiscus granii
Valves rounded, diameter 153-182 µm aerolated, middle areolae larger than
the rest forming a sort of rosette. Aerolae around rosette 4 in 10 µm.
chamber opening clear. Covering membrane period. Two asymmetrical pore
canala at the margin. Cell in the highest point of the valves being
excentrically placed.
Coscinodiscus radiatus.
Cells large diameter 140-210 µm. Areolae in the centre forming a rosette 4
in 10 µm further outside about a in 10 µm. radial rows and spiral rows of
areolae clear and so also the chamber opening. Interstitial meshes, possibly
spinulae forming an irregular ring between the centre and the margin.
Hyaline radial ribs running to the centre from small. Spinulae inside the
margin.
Coscinodiscus oculus.
113
Cells disc shaped large dark coloured and striking diameter 160-170 µm.
Areolation large with a central‘s rosette which sometimes shows a small
area. Areolae increase in size slightly towards the margin 3 in 10 µm
Around the rosette, radial and secondary spiral series well expressed. Margin
small, radially striated striae 6 in 10 µm. Two asymmetrical pores canals
seen on careful examination.
Order: Pennales.
Suborder: Araphidineae.
Family: Fragillariaceae.
Sub family: fragilarioideae.
Fragilaria capucina.
Valves 31.37 µm long, 4-90 µm broad, slender sublinear narrow towards
end, striae 9 in 10 µm.
Fragilaria intermedia.
Frustules rectangular, valves 101.p µm long, 7.3 µm broad, striae 10 in 10
µm. absent on one side in the middle.
Synedra ulna.
Valves 111.27 µm long, 7.6 µm broad, linear, tapering at the ends, ends
rounded, pseudoraphae narrow, linear. Central area absent, striae 10 µm.
Suborder: Raphidiodineae.
Family: Eunotiaceae.
Sub family: Eunotiodieae.
Eunotia sp.
Valves 50 µm long, broad, slightly arcuate evenly tapering towards the ends.
Sub order: Monorapaphidineae.
Family: Achnanthaceae.
Sub family: Cocconoeideae.
Cocconeis placentula.
Valves 25.69 µm long, 18.82 µm broad, elliptical, valves with a thin and
straight raphe, axial area very narrow, central area small, round striae 24 in
10 µm.
Cocconeis sp.
Valves 15.69 µm long, 8.82 µm broad, thin and straight raphe, striae 20 in
10 µm.
Genus: Achnanthes.
Achnanthes lanceolate.
Valves 10.8-15 µm long, 4.1-5 µm broad, elliptical lanceolate with ends
broadly rounded and flat, raphe valves with thin thread like raphe, axial area
narrow, linear, central area broad, quadrate, striae 18-20 in 10 µm strong,
114
radial rapheless valves with narrow, lanceolate pseudoraphe, horse shoe
shapped marking on one side in the centre, striae 18-19 in 10 µm.
Achnanthes minutissima.
Frustules small, linear and bent in girdle view, valves 19-32 µm long, 3-3.7
µm broad, narrow, linear lanceolate with broadly rounded ends, axial area
narrow, central area slightly wider on raphe valve, striae 24-26 in 10 µm
fine.
Sub order: Biraphidineae.
Family: Naviculaceae.
Sub family: Naviculoideae.
Mastagloea sp
Valves 36 µm long, 13 µm broad, elliptical lanceolate with produced
capitate ends, raphe nearly straight in two longitudinal ribs. Axial area
narrow, central area small round.
Gyrosigma acuminatum.
Frustules solitary, valves 102 µm long, 12 µm broad sigmoid, lanceolate in
outline, gradually tapering from the middle towards the ends, ends broadly
rounded, raphe sigmoid and central axial area narrow, striae 18 in 10 µm.
Gyrosigma attenuatum.
Valves 225 µm long, 24 µm broad, narrowly sigmoid, lanceolate with the
poles, ends obtusely rounded, raphae central and sigmoid, axial area narrow,
striae about 13 in 10 µm.
Gyrosigma sp.
Valves long, broad, slightly sigmoid, transverse striae, coarse longitudinal
striae.
Pleurosigma elongatum.
Valves 185-215. µm long, 17.20 µm broad, slightly sigmoid, elongated,
lanceolate, gradually attenuated towards the ends, ends somewhat broadly
rounded, raphe excentric sigmoid, axial area very narrow, central area small
elliptical, transeverse striae about 24 µm in 10 µm oblique striae about 22 in
10 µm.
Pleurosigma angulatum.
Valves 85.5 – 95 µm long, 14.4 – 16 µm broad, slightly sigmoid, rhombic
lanceolate distinctly angular in the middle ends acutely rounded, raphe
sigmoid and thin, axial area narrow, central area small and rhombic
transverse and oblique. Striae equidistant from one another, about 25 in 10
µm.
Pleurosigma directum.
Frustules hyaline, membraneous, easily breaking down. Valves lanceolate,
slightly sigmoid, 238-518 µm long, 39-56 µm broad. Raphe very faint axial
115
area very narrow central area almost invisible. Structure on the valves very
difficult to make out. Punctuate as in the other species.
Caloneis bacillum.
Valves 35 µm long, 8.8 µm broad, linear with broad rounded ends, raphe
thin and straight with slightly unilaterally bent central pores, central area
wide, reaching the sides. Slightly radial.
Diploneis sp.
Valves 28 µm long, 13 broad, costae gin broadly elliptical with rounded
ends narrow.
Stauroneis sp.
Valves long, broad, elliptical, lanceolate with constricted capitate and
broadly rounded ends. Raphe thin, thread like, straight with slightly curved
terminal fissures. Axial area narrow.
Navicula cuspidate.
Valves long, 19.4 µm broad, rhombic lanceolate with constricted worthy
rostrate, substrancate ends, raphe thin and straight with hooked unilaterally
bent central pores and large terminal fissure, central area very small,
transverse straie 14-16 in 10 µm longitudinal striae about 25 in 10 µm.
Naviclu pupula.
Valves 18.4-35 µm long, 7.3 – 10.9 µm broad, linear lanceolate with broadly
rounded and slightly constricted ends, raphe thin straight, striae 16-18 µm,
fine, radial.
Navicula radiosa.
Valves 61-85 µm long, 9.8- 10.5 µm broad, narrowly lanceolate with
gradually tapering rounded ends, raphe thin and straight, striae 10-12 in 10
µm radial in the middle and convergent at the ends.
Navicula confervacea.
Frustules rectangular in girdle view, united together to form long filaments,
valves 17.8-20 µm long, 6-8.6 µm broad, lanceolate, slightly constricted
towards the ends, ends rounded raphe thin and straight, axial area large,
lanceolate striae 22-24 in 10 µm, marginal, weak and radial.
Navicula salinarum.
Valves 43.5 µm long, 14.5-15 µm broad, lanceolate elliptical with more or
less produced acuteends, raphe thin and straight axial area very narrow,
central area large and rounded, striae 14 in 10 µm, strongly radial in the
middle and convergent at the ends or some what perpendicular to the middle
line, short and long striae alternating in the middle.
Pinnularia viridis.
116
Valves 62-70 µm long, 12.2-14 µm broad linear lanceolate with rostrated
rounded ends, raphe thin enclosed in siliceous ribs, striae 70-8 in 10 µm
thick radial in the middle and convergent at the ends.
Sub family: Amphiproideae.
Amphora coffeaformis.
Frustules elliptic, lanceolate 26.4 µm long, 13.73 µm broad, valves 26.4 µm
long. Arcuate on the dorsal margin, slightly concave ventral margin, ends
constricted on dorsal side, slightly constricted on ventral side and peak like,
raphae thin, straiae about 22-24 in 10 µm.
Amphora acutiuscula.
Frustules with abruptly constricted, produced tranncate ends in girdle view,
23-30 µm long, 13-15 µm broad, valves semi lanceolate with almost straight
ventral margin and produced somewhat capitate ends, raphe thin and
straight, axial area very narrow striae 14-16 in 10 µm, radial indistinctly
punctuate and rudimentary on the ventral side.
Amphora ovalis.
Frustules 61-64 µm long, 25.5 µm broad, elliptic with truncate ends in girdle
view, valves lunate with convex dorsal side and concave. Ventral side with
rounded ends striae 12-13 in 10 µm.
Cymbella cistula.
Valves 80-101 µm long, 20-23 µm broad asymmetrical with dorsal margin
strongly convex and ventral margin atmost straight and inoflated in the
middle, striae 8-9 in 10 µm.
Cymbella laevis.
Valves 32-44 µm long, 9-10 µm broad nearly lanceolate dorsal margin
covex, ventral margin straight with slight inflation, ends rounded raphe
slightly small, striae 12-14 in 10 µm.
Cymbella aspera.
Valves 98-160 µm long. 22-32 µm broad, asymmetrical with strongly
convex dorsal and straight or slightly convex ventral side, ends obtusely
rounded, raphe thick, arcuate, slightly excentric with large, ventrally bent
central pores and dorsally directed tenninal fissures, axial area moderate,
linear, central area slightly formed, rounded with an arcuate marking on the
dorsal side, striae 8-10 in 10 µm radial, clear and coarsely punctuate.
Cymbella lanceolate.
Valves 120-174 µm long, 23-30 µm broad, curved, asymmetrical, dorsal
margin convex, slightly more convex in the middle ventral margin. Concave
with a strong inflation in the middle ends, broadly rounded, raphe thick with
dorsally directed central pores and bifurcated terminal fissures, axial area
narrow. Central punctuate, strongly radial throughout.
117
Cymbella tumida.
Valves 52-88 µm long, 14-19.5 µm broad, asymmetrical and curved, broadly
naviculoid with rostrate poles, dorsal margin convex and ventral margin
straight or slightly convex with median expansion raphe excentric axial, area
narrow, central area large, rounded with ventrally placed prominent isolated
dot. Striae 9-10 in 10 µm, radial and punctuate.
Gomphonema gracile.
Valves 36-45 µm long, 7-8 µm broad, lanceolate calvate with attenuated
ends, raphe thin and straight, axial area narrow, central area unilateral with
an isolated stigma on the opposite side, striae 10 in 10 µm.
Gomphonema purvulum.
Valves 9.5-26 µm long, 5-6 µm broad, lanceolate, clavated with short
constricted produced rounded ends raphe thin and straight axial area narrow,
central area unilateral with an isolated stigma on the opposite side, striae 11-
13 in 10 µm radial.
Family: Nitzschiaceae
Subfamily: Nitzschioideae.
Nitzschia Closterium.
Valves 52-75 µm long, 3.5-4.5 µm broad, medianly spindal shaped with
long attenuatum ends, retracted in opposite direction, feebly silicified, keel
punotae 18-22 in 10 µm, small, striae indistinct.
Nitzschia palea.
Valves 22-25 µm long, 3.5-4.5 µm broad, linear, sub lanceolate with
narrowed, constricted, feebly capitate ends, keel excentric, keel punctae 10-
12 in 10 µm striae, about 35 in 10 µm fine.
Nitzschia sigma.
Valves 55-85 µm long, 4.5-6 µm broad, sigmoid linear in the middle with
gradually tapering slightly constricted, produced, acutely roundedends, keel
strongly excentric, keel punctae 10-12 µm small, 24-30 in 10 µm fine,
punctuate.
Order: pennales
Sub order: araphidineae.
Family: fragilariaceae.
Sub family: Tabellarioidae.
Tabellaria fenestrate.
Frustules rectangular in girdle view, united at the corners by gelatinous to
form zig zag chins. Septa straight, two at each end, extending nearly to the
centre. Valves linear, elongated, inflated, in the middle end at the ends.
Length 71-85 µm and breath 7-8 µm.
Tabellaria flocculosa.
118
Frustules quadrangular with from 4to8 septa, incurved at each end and
alternating with those of the opposite end. Valves linear, elongated, inflated
in the middle and at the ends. Length 71-85 µm and breadth 8-8.3 µm and
striae 15 in 10 µm.
Asterionella japonica.
Frustules forming spiral colonies, linear, narrow with parallel sides and
broadened at the base. Chromatophores plate like, two in the broadened
base. 74-100 µm length, 8-12 µm breadth at the base.
Sub family: tabellarieae.
Thallassionema sp.
Frustules united into zigzag chains. Cells in girdle view linear rectangular in
valve view linear lanceolate, both poles alike. 21-64.5 µm long branch.
Sub order: Biddulphioideae.
Sub family: Biddulphineae.
Biddulphia sp.
Valves elliptical with swollen margins. Strongly soulptured with a few ribs
inside. Cells forming long or short chains by attachment with mucilage pads
at blunt end of their processes.
Family: Cheatocereae.
Cheatocerous sp.
Cells forming long chains, apical axis 7.5-18 µm length, Aperotures
somewhat wide, sometimes a mere slit. The setae of some cells in a chain
more roubust, thickened and bent to run parallel to the chain axis.
Sub class: Thalassiosirophyceae.
Order: Thalassiosirales.
Sub family: skeletonemoideae.
Genus: skeletonema
Skeletonema costatum.
Frustules weakly silicified, cells lens shaped, ends of cells rounded. Long
spines connect the cells to form usually straight chains. The spaces between
the cells are longer than the cells themselves. 6-14 µm diameter.
Genus: Thalassiosira.
Thallasiosira sp.
Frustules drum shaped, quadrangular in girdle view, single occasionally
united in twos. Valves round with two chromatophores more or less lobed
between which lies eccentrically a very small nucleus. Small punctuate. The
punctae are seen in the girdle view also. 4-6 µm diameter, marginal punctae
18-22 µm.
Family: Surirellaceae.
Sub family: surirelloideae.
119
Surirella capronii.
Valves 137-183 µm long, 55-73 µm broad, hetero polar ovate with broadly
rounded somewhat narrowed apex and cuneate acutely rounded base, axial
area, narrowly lanceolate, costae 9-13 in 100 µm thick.
Sub family: Rhizosolenieae.
Rhizosolenia sp.
Differ from the type in its longer apical process ending in long spines. The
base of the process thinned. Puretac 25 rows in 10 µm diameter of cell 54
µm.
Class: Cyanophyceae.
Order: Chroococcals.
Family: Chroococcaceae.
Microcystis aerugenosa.
Colonies Slightly longer than broad, cells 3-7 µm in diameter Spherical.
Merismopodia sp.
Colonies mostly small with 16-64 cells, cells oval or spherical closely
arranged 3-6 µm broad, pale blue green in colour.
Order: Oscillatoriales.
Family: Oscillatoriaceae.
Oscillatoria brevis.
Thallus expanded, olivaceous, trichome blue green, straight not constricted
at the cross walls, ends briefly attenuated, more or less bent not caspitate, 4-
6.5 µm broad, blue green cells ½ time as long as broad, 1.5 -3 µm long, end
cell rounded calyptra absent.
Oscillatoria Formosa.
Thallus blue green, trichome straight, 4-6 µm broad, bright blue green.
Oscillatoria princeps.
Trichome blue green, not constricted at the cross walls 16-60 µm broad cells
3.5-7 µm long, end cell flatly rounded.
Lyngbya sp.
Filaments long, straight sheath thick, colour less, cells 11-16 µm broad, 2-3
µm long.
Order: Nostocales.
Family: Nostocaceae.
Nostoc sp.
Trichome gelatinous along with slime broad, bluish green. Cells sub
spherical. Heterocyst intercalary as well as terminal, unequal in size. Some
are smaller than cells.
Anabaena flos aquae.
120
Cells 6-7 µm long, 4-5 µm broad, heterocyst 6-8 µm long, 4.5-5 µm broad
spores 15-30 µm long, 15-18 µm broad.
Anabaena spherica.
Thallus blue green, trichomes straight 3-6 µm broad, cells spherical short,
end cell rounded, 5-9 µm broad, heterocyst spherical 3-7 µm long.
Chlorophyta.
Class: chlorophyceae.
Order: chlorococcales.
Family: chlorellaceae.
Chlorella vulgaris.
Cells 11-16 µm in diameter.
Family: hydrodictyaceae.
Hydrodictyon sp.
Net like colonies of several cells, cylindrical closed at either end, it is a
larger from with bigger cells. Thick with lamellated walls. The meshes of
the net hexagonal. Each cell with a single parietal chloroplast with a single
pyrenoid. Cells 18-23 µm broad.
Order: conjugales.
Family: zygnemaceae.
Spirogyra sp.
Vegetative cells, long and broad. Two chloroplasts.
Pediastrum duplex.
Cells 12.20 µm in diameter, 16 celled colonies.
Pediastrum simplex.
Colonies planktonic, discoid, 16 celled circular with few small intercellular
spaces, cells 20 µm long, 11 µm broad.
Pediastrum boryanum.
Colonies 16-32 cells in concentric rings without intercellular spaces, inner
cells polygonal, peripheral cells with outer margin extended into 2 blunt
tipped processes cells up to 14 µm in diameter.
Pandorina morum.
Colonies 10-45 µm in diameter.
Ankistrodesmus fusiformis.
Cells sigmoid taisted around one another united in colonies and the apices
free cells. 3-5 µm broad.
Ankistrodesmus falcatus.
Cells aggregated longitudinally arranged and joined by side walls cells
fusiformis, straight, pointed at both ends.
Eucampia sp.
121
Apical axis 18-42 µm in length, intercalary bands prominent. Processes
thinner and longer.
Genus: Ulothrix
Ulothrix zonata.
Vegetative cells 4-14 µm long, 9-11 µm
Family: fragillariophyceae.
Microspora sp.
Vegetative cells 12-14 µm long, 15-17 µm broad.
Oedogoniales.
Oedogonium sp.
Vegetative cells 30-60 µm long. 9-10 µm broad, oospores 30-32 µm in
diameter.
Family: Coelastraceae.
Scenedesmus armatus.
Cells 10 µm long, 3.4 µm diameter.
Scenedesmus quadricauda.
Cells 5 µm long, 2.3 µm broad, spine 5.6 µm long.
Scenedesmus obliqus.
Cells 24-26 µm long, 6-7 µm broad.
Desmids.
Closterium malmei.
Wall strongly ribbed, cell wall punctuate, cell 44 µm long, 28-30 µm broad.
Closterium attenuatum.
Cells elongate without median constriction, cell wall with delicate pores,
striate walls yellowish brown cell 51-60 µm long, 20-30 µm in diameter.
Cosmarium depressum.
Cells elongated, without a median constriction, attenuated poles, cells are 60
µm broad, 50-55 µm long.
Cosmarium portianum.
Semicell short, cells 34-35 µm long, 30-32 µm broad, 12-15 µm in diameter.
Family: surirenuaceae.
122
PLATE: 7. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
Bacillariophyceae.
1. Achnanthes minutissima.
2. Achnanthes lanceolata.
3. Achnanthes holsatica.
4. Achnanthes subatomus.
5. Amphora coffeaformis.
6. Amphora acutiuscula.
7. Amphora angusta.
8. Amphora ovalis.
9. Amphiprora alata.
10. Asterionella formosa.
11. Asterionella japonica.
12. Biddulphia biddulphia.
13. Cheatocerous compressus.
14. Cocconeis placentula.
15. Coscinodiscus oculus.
16. Coscinodiscus radiatus.
123
PLATE: 7. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
124
PLATE: 8. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
17. Coscinodiscus granii.
18. Coscinodiscus stellaris.
19. Cymbella minuta.
20. Cymbella tumida.
21. Cymbella aspera.
22. Cymbella cistula.
23. Cymbella lanceolata.
24. Cymbella laevis.
25. Cyclotella comata.
26. Cyclotella glomerata.
27. Cyclotella meneghiniana.
28. Caloneis sp.
29. Caloneis bacillum.
30. Diploneis sp.
31. Diadesmis confervacea.
32. Diatoma sp.
125
PLATE: 8. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
126
PLATE: 9. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
33. Encyonema sp.
34. Eucampia sp.
35. Fragillaria biceps.
36. Fragillaria capucina.
37. Fragillaria intermedia.
38. Gomphonema purvulum.
39. Gomphonema clevei.
40. Gomphonema quadripunctatum.
41. Gomphonema gracile.
42. Gomphonema tackei.
43. Gyrosigma attenuatum.
44. Gyrosigma acuminatus.
45. Gyrosigma sp.
46. Geissieria sp.
47. Melosira granulata.
48. Melosira granulata.
127
PLATE: 9. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
128
PLATE: 10. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
49. Melosira varians.
50.Melosira juergensii.
51. Mastagloea sp.
52. Navicula symmetrica.
53. Navicula confervacea.
54. Navicula radiosa.
55. Navicula cuspidate.
56. Navicula pupula.
57. Navicula ambigua.
58. Navicula salinarum.
59. Navicula forcipata.
60. Navicula lanceolata.
129
PLATE: 10. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
130
PLATE: 11. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
61. Nitzschia palea.
62. Nitzschia Closterium.
63. Nitzschia sigma.
64. Nitzschia hybrida.
65. Nitzschia frustulum.
66. Nitzschia tubicola.
67. Odontella sp.
68. Pinnularia viridis.
69. Pleurosigma angulatum.
70. Pleurosigma elongatum.
71. Pleurosigma directum.
72. Rhizosolenia sp.
131
PLATE: 11. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
132
PLATE: 12. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
73. Sphaerocystis sp.
74. Stauroneis sp.
75. Synedra ulna.
76. Skeletonema costatum
77. Skeletonema sp.
78. Surirella capronii.
79. Surirella elegans.
80 Surirella gemma.
81. Eunotia sp.
82. Thallasiosira sp.
83. Thallasiosira sp.
84. Thallasionema sp.
85. Tabellaria fenestrate
86 Tabellaria floculosa.
Cyanophyceae.
87. Anabaena affinis.
88. Anabaena spherica.
89. Anabaena plactonica.
133
PLATE: 12. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
134
PLATE: 13. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
89. Anabaena plactonica
90. Anabaena flos-aquae.
91. Lyngbya sp.
92. Lyngbya sp.
93. Microcystis aerugenosa.
94. Merismopodia sp.
95. Oscillatoria princes.
96. Oscillatoria brevis.
97. Oscillatoria formosa.
98. Oscillatoria annae.
99. Spirulina maxima.
100. Spirulina platensis.
101. Nostoc sp.
Green algae.
102. Microspora sp.
103. Ankistrodesmus falcatus.
104. Ankistrodesmus fusiformis.
135
PLATE: 13. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
136
PLATE: 14. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
105. Chlorella vulgaris
106. Hydrodictyon sp.
107. Oedogonium sp.
108. Pandorina moram.
109. Pediastrum boryanum
110. Pediastrum duplex.
111. Pediastrum simplex.
112. Scenedesmus quadricauda.
113. Scenedesmus obliqus.
114. Scenedesmus armatus.
115. Spirogyra sp.
116. Ulothrix zonata.
137
PLATE: 14. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
138
PLATE: 15. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
117. Ulothrix monaliformis.
118. Volvox aureus.
119. Volvox globerator
Euglenophyceae.
120. Euglena sp.
Desmids.
121. Cosmarium depressum.
122. Cosmarium portianum.
123. Closterium attenuatum.
124. Closterium malmei.
139
PLATE: 15. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124