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Method selection for trenchless technology ﴾tt﴿ in south america IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF CVEN 555 LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DEGREE CANDIDATE: JUAN CARLOS GUTIERREZ SUBMITTED TO LATECH GRADUATE SCHOOL AND ADVISORY COMMITEE MEMBERS: DOCTOR R. STERLING DOCTOR E. ALLOUCHE DOCTOR M. BAUMERT FINAL SUBMITTAL DATE: AUGUST 11, 2006

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Page 1: Method selection for trenchless technology ﴾tt﴿ in south ... · thorough internet research of trenchless technology use in South and Central America. The author had frequent meetings

Method selection for trenchless technology ﴾tt﴿ in south america

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF CVEN 555

LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEGREE CANDIDATE: JUAN CARLOS GUTIERREZ

SUBMITTED TO LATECH GRADUATE SCHOOL

AND ADVISORY COMMITEE MEMBERS:

DOCTOR R. STERLING DOCTOR E. ALLOUCHE DOCTOR M. BAUMERT

FINAL SUBMITTAL DATE: AUGUST 11, 2006

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

List of Figures 5 List of Tables 6 Introduction 7 1. Methodology of work 8 2. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the South American and Colombian Markets 9 2.1. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the South American Market of Water and Sanitation 9 2.2. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the Colombian Market of Water and Sanitation 13 2.3. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the South American Market of Oil and Gas 16 2.4. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the Colombian Market of Oil and Gas 17 3. Economical Aspects and Export – Import conditions of South American Countries including Colombia 18 3.1. General Economical conditions 18 3.2. Trade Agreements and Expectations 19 3.2.1. Andean Region 19 3.2.2. Colombia 20 3.2.3. Trade Expectations with Colombia

21 3.3. Trade Regulations in South American countries and Colombia 22 3.4. Best Prospect Sectors for U.S. Exports to Colombia 23 3.4.1. General Sectors 23 3.4.2. Analysis of the Pollution Control Equipment Sector 24 4. TAG Program Presentation and Adaptation to Spanish 26 4.1. General Scope 26 4.2. NUCA Disclaimer 1 27 4.3. NUCA Disclaimer 2 27 4.4. Trenchless Methods 28 4.4.1. Auger Boring Cradle Type 28 4.4.2. Auger Boring Track Type 1 and 2 29 4.4.3. HDD Maxi 1, 2 and 3 30 4.4.4. HDD Midi 32 4.4.5. HDD Mini 1 and 2 33 4.4.6. HDD Micro 34 4.4.7. Microtunneling Auger 35 4.4.8. Microtunneling Slurry 36 4.4.9. Non – Steerable Impact Mole 37 4.4.10. Steerable Impact Mole 38 4.4.11. Pipe Ramming 1 and 2 39 4.4.12. Slurry Horizontal Rotary Boring 40 4.4.13. Rod Pushing 41

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4.4.14. Pilot Tubing 42 4.4.15. Water Jetting 42 4.4.16. Hand Mining

42 4.4.17. Open Face TBM 43 4.4.18. Road Header Method 44 4.4.19. New Austrian Tunneling Method 45 4.4.20. Closed Face TBM 46 4.5. Open Cut Methods 47 4.5.1. Open Cut Excavation 47 4.5.2. Trenching 47 4.6. Inline Replacement Methods 48 4.6.1. Pipe Bursting Static 48 4.6.2. Pipe Bursting Pneumatic 49 4.6.3. Pipe Bursting Hydraulic 49 4.6.4. Pipe Splitting 50 4.6.5. Pipe Extraction and Replacement 50 4.6.6. Pipe Reaming 51 4.6.7. Pipe Eating 51 4.7. Rehabilitation Methods 52 4.7.1. Chemical Grouting 52 4.7.2. CIPP 53 4.7.3. CIP Short – Section Lining 54 4.7.4. Fold and Form 54 4.7.5. Mechanical Sleeves 55 4.7.6. Slip Lining Continuous 55 4.7.7. Slip Lining Discontinuous 56 4.8. Construction Method Database Adaptation from Original TAG in English 56 5. Modules to Adapt TAG Program to South American Conditions 57 5.1. Sector Pollution Environmental Risk Module 57 5.1.1. Geographical Sector Pollution Analysis 57 5.1.2. Data Input 58 5.1.3. Pollution Environmental Risk Module ﴾Figures 2 and 3﴿

60 5.2. Sector Noise Environmental Risk Module 61 5.2.1. Noise Environmental Risk Module ﴾Figures 6 and 7﴿ 63 5.3. Sector Busway Environmental Risk Module 64 5.3.1. Busway Environmental Risk Module 66 5.4. Flowchart for Managerial Decision 67 5.5. Expert Links Information on Similar Works Module 68 5.5.1. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works ­ Trenchless Methods 69 5.5.2. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works ­ Open Cut Methods

79 5.5.3. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works

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­ Inline Replacement Methods 80 5.5.4. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works ­ Rehabilitation Methods 83 5.6. Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement Module 87 5.6.1. Introduction 87 5.6.2. Method Selection 87 5.6.3. Manhole Rehabilitation Methods Database and Specifications 88 6. Future Works in Investigation and Research 103 7. Conclusions 104 List of References 106 Appendixes Appendix 1: NUCA’s TAG User’s Manual Version 1.0 – January 2006 – Translation and Adaptation to Spanish 109 Appendix 2: CD – Demo of Modules Designed by this Practicum 155 Appendix 3: Módulo de Rehabilitación / Reemplazo de Manholes 156

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LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 1. Spatial CO Distribution in Downtown Medellin during the Morning Hours ﴾5 to 9 A.M.﴿ 59 Figure 2. Pollution Environmental Risk Module Diagram 60 Figure 3. Módulo de Riesgo Ambiental de Polución 60 Figure 4. Spatial Noise Distribution in Downtown Medellin during the Morning Hours ﴾5 to 0 A.M.﴿ 61 Figure 5. Spatial Noise Distribution in Downtown Medellin during Nighttime ﴾11 PM to 3 A.M.﴿ 62 Figure 6. Noise Environmental Risk Module 63 Figure 7. Módulo de Riesgo Ambiental por Ruido 63 Figure 8. Transmilenio Transport System Map in Bogota – Colombia

65 Figure 9. Busway Environmental Risk Module ﴾Applied to Bogotá﴿ 66 Figure 10. Módulo de Riesgo Ambiental por Ruta de Buses de Transporte Masivo ﴾Aplicado a Bogotá﴿ 66 Figure 11. Flowchart for Managerial Decision. 67 Figure 12.Diagrama de Flujo para Decisión Gerencial.

67 Figure 13. Manhole Rehabilitation Method Selection 88 Figure 14. Application of 3 1/2" Mainstay ® ML­72 Restoration Mortar by low­pressure pneumatic sprayer. 89 Figure 15. Nu­Wall™ Manhole Liner Form 89 Figure 16. Cured – In – Place Manhole liner application. 90 Figure 17. The WHIRLyGIG™ paving ring system 91 Figure 18. Leveling Ring Boots in a typical installation in chimney 91 Figure 19. Examples and design of manhole pans. 92 Figure 20. Concrete Patching activities. 93 Figure 21. Epoxy Manhole rehabilitation.

93 Figure 22. SpectraShield™ Liner System. The second layer of three is a polyurethane foam. 94 Figure 23. Exterior Coatings 95 Figure 24. PVC Manhole Liner 95 Figure 25. HDPE manhole adjusting rings 96 Figure 26. I / I Barrier manufactured by Strike™ Products. 97 Figure 27. Manhole Cover Inserts

97 Figure 28. New Concrete Leveling Rings. 98 Figure 29. Pipe Penetration Repairs with Kor – N­ Seal ® boots. 99 Figure 30. New Concrete Manholes. 99 Figure 31. Pre – cast Manholes. 100 Figure 32. Fiberglass manhole parts. 101 Figure 33. Polymer Concrete Manholes and Sections 101

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1. Infrastructure investment needs in Latin America during the 1990s 18 Table 2. Summary of per capita incomes

19 Table 3. Pollution Control Equipment Sector in Colombia ﴾in millions of U.S. dollars﴿

25

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Introduction

This investigation was made with the main purpose of assessing the possibility about using trenchless technologies on a more widespread basis in the South American and in the Colombian markets. The essential point has been to develop a Spanish version of the Trenchless Assessment Guide (TAG) program previously developed by the Trenchless Technology Center for the National Utility Contractors’ Association (NUCA) and complement it with special modules about social costs (including Pollution Environmental Risk Module, Noise Environmental Risk Module and Busway Environmental Risk Module), Expert Links Information on Similar Works, and Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement. This work is a Practicum required for partial fulfillment of the Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering, and it is the launching point for other investigations in the future.

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1. METHODOLOGY OF WORK

This practicum has involved understanding the structure and details of the TAG as currently developed. It was not considered appropriate simply to convert the TAG program to the Spanish language so that it could be used in South America because the circumstances affecting trenchless technology selection and use are different in several key respects when compared with the USA. Determining which areas needed adjustment and how to incorporate such changes within the overall TAG framework formed the key intellectual exercise in this practicum. The gathering of information on Colombian and South American conditions was based on the author’s years of work experience as a geologist engineer with a major infrastructure provider in Colombia, on contacts with persons involved in trenchless technology in South American and Spanish speaking countries and on thorough internet research of trenchless technology use in South and Central America. The author had frequent meetings with the Advisory Committee and with other students carrying out trenchless technology research from Louisiana Tech in order to enhance and improve this investigation.

The total duration of this investigation was eight weeks approximately, from June 1, 2006 to July 28, 2006.

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2. USE OF TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGIES IN THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND COLOMBIAN MARKETS

2.1. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the South American Market of Water and Sanitation

Although the scope for trenchless technology use in South American countries is very large, some ideas of key areas of interest will be given in this Practicum Research.

The biggest economy in the South American region is that of Brazil, which perhaps has the biggest number of water and sanitation projects and also perhaps the biggest number of Trenchless Technologies projects. But according to the author’s knowledge there have been some important works in Argentina and Chile, with microtunneling works and with replacement and rehabilitation. Venezuela has had some experiences with horizontal directional drilling (HDD) and with the use of big tunneling machines, these last in the Caracas Metro project.

Based on the reports and information found through Internet searches, trenchless technologies have not had a broad diffusion in countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay. In the report: “Assessing Latin American Markets for North American Environmental Goods and Services,” (1), the following discussion about environmental activities in Latin American countries was presented:

“The findings indicate that in Argentina, key opportunities are in the areas of water pollution and hazardous waste control. In Brazil, the key opportunities are diverse, and focus on municipal sanitation, although industrial and hazardous waste are also important. In Chile, the mining sector represents the biggest opportunity for sales of environmental equipment. Other key sectors requiring inputs of environmental goods and services include fish processing and the southern timber industry. Colombia’s environmental market includes a need for wastewater treatment facilities for major metropolitan areas, solid and hazardous waste management services, and air pollution control equipment. (…) Investment will centre on effluent treatment, atmospheric emissions, industrial waste management and soil conservation.”

Although the mentioned report is from 1996, the majority of considerations remain the same nowadays, because the projects were formulated on a long term basis.

To complement this analysis, a Feasibility Study about Trenchless Technology in South America (2) reported the market potential presented below. The author of this practicum agrees completely with the analysis presented.

“7.4. South America

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The trenchless technology market place has picked up in recent years as the world economy has started emerging from its downward slide. As cities around the world are looking for ways to best upgrade their deteriorating and ageing infrastructure systems, more are turning to the use of trenchless technologies as the method.

The infrastructure systems in South American countries are no different from those in the United States and Europe, as they are in dire need to upgrade, replace and repair their water and sewer lines. However, the cost for these massive undetakings takes money and investment, which is something the governments in these countries do not have the resources to do.

Most of the countries in South America have used trenchless methods in one form or another since the early 1990’s, but they are not the prevailing construction mode by any means. Countries that have used trenchless methods include Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela and to a far, far lesser extent Peru, Colombia, Chile, Uruguay and Ecuador. Brazil has been by far the most active South American country to use the technology.

In describing the state of the South American infrastructure with regards to water and sewer systems, industry leaders don’t mince words. They say that systems are old, deteriorated and are holding countries back.

In addition to the poor conditions of the lines, governments must also deal with the illegal connections or tap – ins into the line. Some individuals steal the water this way. However, once the line is repaired or replaced, that usually puts an end to that method of getting water.

Trenchless technologies were first introduced to South America in the early 1990’s with horizontal directional drilling and microtunneling being among the first used. Usage appears to pick up momentum about the time of the telecommunications boom in the late 1990’s; however, most countries still shy away from the new technology even though it had been proven in the United States and Europe.

Today, almost all of the trenchless methods have been employed in South America, but in varying scales and not in every country. The projects involving trenchless technology are primarily concentrated in gas distribution and gas mains. Brazil has also had positive results with sliplining and CIPP projects. Sliplining with GRP pipes has been used in Bogota, Colombia to rehabilitate brick sewers.”

To complement the above discussion, the following citations from Uruguay and Peru for future project works in the region are presented (see references (3) and (4)).

“Montevideo ratifies loan with IDB

Municipal authorities in Uruguay's capital Montevideo have signed a US$180m Inter­American Development Bank (IDB) loan to finance sanitation works in the city, public works ministry official Alejandra Ostria said, confirming a report on the municipal website. (…)

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"They [the IDB] are offering us a clip loan, in three five­year periods. The total amount comes to US$230m, with the IDB financing US$180m and the rest to be paid by the Montevideo authorities," Ostria told BNamericas.

"As the first stage of works includes infrastructure for the final disposal of wastewaters from the western part of Montevideo, and includes construction of an underwater discharge pipeline and a primary pre­treatment plant, the environmental aspects [to be evaluated by the IDB] are very important," the official added.

The first module, totaling US$80m, will be used to cover infrastructure works including building a pipeline from the mouth of the Miguelete river to take wastewater to a peninsula outside the city, where it will be treated in a plant yet to be built and then pumped out to sea through the aforementioned underwater discharge pipeline.

Also to be carried out in this stage of the sanitation plan are improvements to other sewerage and rainwater drainage problems in neighborhoods Santiago Vázquez, Santa Catalina, Casabó, Colón Norte, Lezica Sur, Cañada Matilde, Manga and Bola de Nieve.

The second and third modules of the loan, to be paid in the following two five­year periods, will both be used to fund further works to improve and renovate sewerage and rainwater drainage networks and form part of the plan to treat 100% of the city's wastewaters by 2035. The IDB will contribute US$50m to each.”

And in relation with Peru, the following citation shows important aspects for investors, contractors and consultants:

“ Peru's Ministry gives priority to water

Peru's ministry of housing, construction and sanitation is pushing for the country's private investment promotion agency, ProInversión to move forward with a number of water projects, local paper Gestión quoted minister Rudecindo Vega as saying. (…)

Part of the ministry's priorities are projects Marca II and Marca IV, involving the Sedapal water utility for capital Lima and neighboring port city Callao.

The Marca II project consists of building several trans­Andean tunnels to transport water from mountain sources to a number of reservoirs above Lima, which will demand a US$97.8m investment.

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Marca IV consists of building a dam on the Huascacocha lagoon and a water­transfer system from the lagoon, which will require an estimated US$48.4m, the source said. The projects are part of Sedapal's plan to increase Lima's drinking water reserves and help replenish the city's depleted aquifers.

Other initiatives include the building of a potable water treatment plant in Huachipa, which will require an estimated US$152mn in investments, and a pipeline network in Ramal Norte, to demand US$60m, both of which may require some public investment. (….).”

A more recent article confirms Peru’s interest (5):

“ Peru ­ Tender for water consultancy service

Peru's private investment promotion agency ProInversión has launched the tender process for the consultancy regarding the identification and installation of a new potable water treatment system for capital Lima, the agency reported in a release. (…)

The system may also be executed through an international bidding process in the future, and the possibility of offering the system under a concession scheme is not ruled out, the source added.

Firms interested in participating in the international bid for the consultancy can obtain the bidding rules free of charge from the ProInversión website. Proposals must be presented on July 12.

The new potable water treatment system for Lima is one of the government's initiatives to improve the quality of water in Peru. Sedapal provides water services to nearly a third of Peru's population.

The national congress is expected to pass the new water bill soon, local paper Gestión reported. The bill will guarantee the improvement and expansion of basic services in Peru, the country's minister of housing, construction and sanitation, Rudecindo Vega previously told BNamericas.”

And for Chile, the expectation is related with the need for investment in secondary rainwater network:

“ Chile ­ US$2.6bn needed for rainwater networks

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Chile's public works ministry (MOP) estimates that investment of US$2.6bn is required to complete the country's primary and secondary rainwater networks, a spokesperson from MOP told BNamericas.

MOP's current rainwater master plan includes the construction of pipelines for rainwater drainage, but the plan is being analyzed to find cheaper alternatives and reduce the investment needed. (…)”

These citations show an active future market in water and wastewater construction facilities in South America which provides an opportunity for Trenchless Technologies.

2.2. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the Colombian Market of Water and Sanitation

According to the Report: “Assessing Latin American Markets for North American Environmental Goods and Services,” (1), the following scope of environmental activities in Colombia as compared to other Latin American countries in 1996 was presented:

“ Top Five Environmental Priorities Colombia 1. Sewage treatment, especially at Rio Bogota. Untreated sewage results in a high incidence of infectious diseases. 2. Hazardous waste handling and treatment. At present the country has limited capacity to treat the waste being generated 3. Air pollution mitigation. Particularly in Bogota where there are over 330 000 vehicles with an average fleet age of ten years. One of every 23 Colombians owns a car and there are 1 million vehicles countrywide. 4. Environmentally – friendly technologies for Colombian industries, which generally use outdated technologies. Tax incentives and value – added tax exemptions for imported products are being considered to promote investment in new technologies. 5. Mitigation of environmental damage caused by the mining and oil sector. Empresa Colombiana de Petroleos (ECOPETROL), the Colombian National Oil Company, in particular, is spending significant resources to reduce air pollution in its refining facilities such as the one at Barrancabermeja, as well as to reduce hazardous waste generated and waste discharged into waterways.”

Although the study could appear outdated, the majority of these environmental priorities still remain and with larger numbers involved, for example, about the quantity of vehicles in the country.

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In order to show the conditions about investing in water projects in Colombia, one of the best examples is shown by the World Bank experience in Bogota during the last six years, cited in the following paragraphs (6):

World Bank goes to Colombia’s aid (01 February 2002)

The World Bank is providing substantial sums in aid to Colombia to help expand the country’s infrastructure and assets.

Colombia’s population, estimated at 40.8 million, occupies an area of just over one million square kilometres. One of the key projects in the country has been the transformation of the water system for the capital, Bogota, which has been under way since 1995. Bogota previously enjoyed the distinction of having one of the most contaminated water systems in the world. Organic wastes flooded onto streets and into homes during heavy rains and industrial toxins, such as lead and mercury, were discharged into causeways and the irrigation channels and fields that produce the city’s food. Bogota health authorities record tens of thousands of cases of water­related illness each year.

To solve the problems, an extensive system of water distribution mains and sewage tunnels has been constructed and is expected to eventually ensure that the poor are encouraged back to areas of the city that have been under­ populated because of serious sanitation deficiencies. A new US$32.3 million system of sewage interceptors and drains has ameliorated appalling conditions for 500,000 people in areas of the city (…).

The wetlands are now recovering as part of the wider benefits from the World Bank’s US$145 million loan to rehabilitate the city’s water system. The sewer system now diverts pollution and wastewater away from five wetland areas, and the environmental authorities collaborate with local communities to remove sediment and invasive aquatic plants. (…)”

In Medellin, one of the most important capitals, the Interamerican Development Bank – IADB ­ has invested in water and sanitation projects with very good results as shown in relation with the Medellin River Sanitation project (7):

“Borrower: Empresas Publicas de Medellin (EPM) Guarantor: Republic of Colombia Executing Agency: Empresas Publicas de Medellin Amount and sourge: IDB US$ 130 000 000

Local counterpart funding US$ 102 000 000 Total US$ 232 000 000

(…)

Description: To accomplish these objectives a set of integrated activities has been designed: The investments are divided into two categories: (a) specific projects (wastewater treatment plant and intercepting sewer mains); and (b) multiple works (all the other works contemplated) … (b)

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construction of 102 km of collectors parallel to the ravines whose streams empty into the Medellin River and 29 km of intercepting sewer mains along the Medellin River; (c) construction of 71 km of sewers for effluent control; (d) construction of 2 500 storm drains and 250 overflow channels; (…) (m) replacement of 103 km of potable water distribution lines (…)”

Although a big part of the projects have been concluded, there are serious needs in other capitals and towns of Colombia, like the following loan for Cartagena, a tourist city located in the Caribbean Sea, north of Colombia: Reference (8):

“Loans and tenders COLOMBIA: World Bank approves Cartagena project The World Bank has discussed the findings of an independent inspection panel looking into the Colombia­Cartagena water, sewerage and environmental management project. The Bank has provided an $82M loan for a project that aims to improve water and sewerage services in Colombia’s coastal city of Cartagena. It is also intended to improve the sanitary conditions of the poorest population, and facilitate the environmental clean up of water bodies surrounding the city among other works.”

Additionally the next study shows the importance of the future works in the majority of Colombian cities and towns (9):

COLOMBIA: World Bank approves sustainability loan The World Bank has approved a $7M sustainable development loan to help alleviate the effects of environmental degradation in Colombia through improvements in public health and quality of life, partly by reducing air and water pollution and improving hygiene and urban environmental management. This will involve incorporating environmental considerations into sectors with a high cost of environmental degradation such as water, implementing integrated water resource management strategies and strengthening environmental management and policies.

Perhaps one of the most successful experiences with trenchless technologies in Colombia is registered in relation with the construction of one interceptor in Bogota by the Pipe Jacking method: (Reference (10) translated to English)

“It was constructed “Turnkey” by Pipe Jacking the first stage of the Bogota River Interceptor, a 10 km tunnel in soft soils, first work of this class built in Colombia, with amazing results in environmental mitigation and in progression rates of advancing”

Following the report of the World Bank in Spanish establishes that:

“For future work in this Topic, a new perspective has been opened, since it is possible to use cutting edge technologies that allow the construction of these networks by soft soils tunnels, diminishing the environmental impact and the costs derived from traffic interruptions and possible damages to buildings and the

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roadways, produced by traditional method excavations, such as open cut trenching (…)”

Following with designs of future projects, the author of this Practicum knows first hand about the future bid and construction of the North Interceptor in Medellin in 2007, which will supply a wastewater plant to be constructed in order to help to decontaminate the Medellin River as a future step over the project financed by the IADB mentioned in this Chapter.

In other cities of the country the application of Trenchless Technologies have been only marginal and it is not possible to find records in the Internet or in the technical literature, but the option to use those technologies remains.

2.3. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the South American Market of Oil and Gas

Opportunities for pipeline work in Venezuela and Columbia are discussed in reference (1) :

“Significant opportunities are also to be anticipated in connection with Colombia’s booming oil industry. In Venezuela, the petroleum sector represents environmental market opportunities. Environmental services and technologies for Petroleos de Venezuela, the Venezuela Petroleum Company, are projected to represent a market worth US $612.4 million between 1996 and the year 2000.”

It is important to see the following perspectives about building pipelines in the future, according to the citations below (11):

“Venezuela and Colombia have agreed to build a 125­mile gas pipeline. The pact for the new pipeline was recently finalized between the two countries' national oil companies, Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) and Colombia Empresa Colombiana de Petroleo (Ecopetrol). Plans call for the $300 million pipeline to extend from Colombian offshore gas wells to facilities in Maracaibo. A second phase of the project may later be undertaken to extend the line to Venezuelan gas wells. This would occur after Colombian deposits are depleted, most likely in about seven years. The second phase could bring Venezuelan gas to Colombia and Central America.”

In relation with Venezuelan expected activity (12)

“ Next LatAm pipeline meeting June 5­7

The technical teams evaluating the feasibility of the natural gas pipeline that will connect Venezuela to Brazil will meet in Caracas from June 5­7, according to Rafael Ramirez, Venezuela's state oil firm PDVSA president and energy and oil minister.

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Early estimates disclosed by Venezuelan authorities have put the project cost at some US$25bn, with initial shipments of 5 billion cubic feet a day of Venezuelan natural gas. The pipeline, which will be 8,000­15,000km long, depending on the final route, will take up to seven years to build.”

The above citations show that, in the following years, the oil and pipeline projects will move the South American economy in a strong way.

2.4. Use of Trenchless Technologies in the Colombian Market of Oil and Gas

The typical projects built in Colombia for gas networks are similar to that described in the following citation (13):

“Trow has also expanded their geographical expertise by assisting with a major pipeline project in Colombia, S.A. This project consisted of 344 km of 20­inch main transmission line to supply gas to the City of Cali, including the Thermovalle power generation facility, plus 540 km of small diameter laterals to serve 47 communities in the Cauca Valley along the route, as part of Colombia’s national gasification plan. The new facilities were in operation by the end of 1996.”

The main capital cities in Colombia, such as Bogota, Medellin, and Cali have gas networks, so every year they are bidding construction, operation and maintenance works.

The other project in the future in Colombia is mentioned briefly in the fourth paragraph of Chapter 2.3.

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3. ECONOMICAL ASPECTS AND EXPORT ­ IMPORT CONDITIONS OF SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES INCLUDING COLOMBIA

3.1. General Economical Conditions

The problems of Latin America’s urban centres are compounded by the neglect of infrastructure development that occurred during most of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. This policy has left the region overburdened with severe environmental and health problems. According to the World Bank, providing the region with the infrastructure stock consistent with an export – led growth strategy will require approximately US$ 60 billion in investment through to year 2005 (see table below). The underlying demand for infrastructure improvements is already leading to a number of opportunities for exports of North America environmental technology and expertise.

Table 1: Infrastructure investment needs in Latin America during the 1990s

Sector US $ billion (1993 prices)

Percent of Regional GDP

Electricity 24 1.8 Transportation 14 1.0 Telecommunication 10 0.7 Water and sanitation 12 0.9 Total 60 4.4

Source: World Bank, Regional Infrastructure Initiative

According to the World Bank, the volume of infrastructure investment required for the next decade is substantial, represents approximately 4.5 percent of regional gross domestic product (GDP). This figure is much larger than the combined commitments of the World Bank and the Inter – American Development Bank (IADB). The bulk of the increase will have to come from private sector investment brought about through privatization and new greenfield investments in a number of important sectors throughout the survey region. The levels of private investment are only possible if the region can:

­ Mantain economic and political stability; ­ Ensure currency convertibility; and ­ Promote a business climate and conditions akin to those of developed nations.

The target countries of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela were chosen in the analysis because together they represent the fastest growing, biggest and most accessible environmental goods and services markets in the region. According to the US Agency for International Development, this group together with Mexico was estimated to have had an environmental market of US$

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2.45 billion in 1992, and this market is growing appreciably faster than the American and Canadian markets.

Table 2: Summary of per capita incomes

Country Per capita income (US$) How many times the income of the richest 20 percent exceeds the income of the poorest 20 percent, 1981 – 1992

average Argentina 8197.8 N/A Brazil 3336.7 32.1

Colombia 1686.2 15.5 Chile 3730.2 17.0

Venezuela 2619.6 10.3

Source: UN Human Development Report, 1995; Inter – American Development Bank.

To confirm the before affirmations, the following citation (14), establishes:

“Exports of construction equipment increase 35 % in 2005

U.S. construction equipment exports for 2005 increased 35 percent over the previous year as $ 12 billion worth of American made machinery was shipped to countries across the globe, according to data released by the Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM). South America recorded the strongest gains, with a 51 percent increase ($1.6 billion), while Central America experienced the least growth, with a 15 percent gain ($925 million).

“In 2005 most of the equipment exported to Latin America was used primarily for general construction, transportation and mining projects. This trend is expected to continue as the region is forescast to grow in 2006 and nations inject more money into their infrastructure sectors,” notes AEM Assistant Director of International Marketing Arnold Huerta.”

3.2. Trade Agreements and Expectations

3.2.1. Andean Region

According to references (15) and (16) the United States is currently involved in negotiations with the government of Ecuador toward the establishment of a United States­Andean Free Trade Agreement (U.S.­Andean FTA). Negotiations with Peru were completed on December 7, 2005, and the U.S.­Peru agreement was signed on April 12, 2006. Negotiations with Colombia were completed on

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February 27, 2006. The Government of Bolivia has participated in the Andean negotiations as an observer, and could become a participant at a later date.

The United States is pursuing a comprehensive free trade agreement with these Andean countries that will open markets and expand opportunities in a broad range of sectors. Total two­way goods trade with the Andean countries of Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador was approximately $29 billion in 2005. The countries comprised an important market for U.S. goods exports totaling $9.9 billion in 2005. Leading exports included machinery, organic chemicals, plastic, and cereals. U.S. exports of agricultural products to Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador totaled $1 billion. The stock of U.S. foreign direct investment in these countries in 2004 was $8 billion.

3.2.2. Colombia

Colombia is the United States’ fifth­largest export market in the Western Hemisphere behind Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Venezuela and the largest agricultural export market in the hemisphere after the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. It is also the 27 th largest export market for U.S. products worldwide. U.S. exports to Colombia from January to December 2005 were $5.4 billion, up 20% from the same period in the previous year. Corresponding U.S. imports from Colombia were $8.8 billion, up 22%. Colombia's major exports are petroleum, coffee, coal, nickel, gold, bananas, and nontraditional exports (e.g., cut flowers, semiprecious stones, sugar, and tropical fruits). The United States remained Colombia's largest trading partner, representing 46% of Colombia’s exports and 29% of its imports. The EU, Japan, and the Andean countries also are important trading partners.

Mining, manufacturing industries and oil continue to attract the greatest U.S. investment. U.S. investment accounted for 16% of the total $2.6 billion in foreign direct investment in Colombia at the end of 2004. Colombia has improved protection of intellectual property rights through the adoption of three Andean Pact decisions in 1993 and 1994 as well as an internal decree allowing for data protection, but the United States remains concerned over deficiencies in licensing and copyright protection.

The Economy of Colombia can be evaluate using the following data: GDP (2005): $118.1 billion; base year 1994: $104.6 billion. Annual growth rate (2005 est.): 4.3%. Per capita GDP (2003): $2,574.30. Government expenditures (2005): 38.5% of GDP. Natural resources: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nickel, gold, silver, copper, platinum, emeralds. Manufacturing (14.2% of GDP): Types­­ textiles and garments, chemicals, metal products, cement, cardboard containers, plastic resins and manufactures, beverages, wood products, pharmaceuticals, machinery, electrical equipment. Agriculture (13.5% of GDP): Products­­coffee, bananas, cut flowers, cotton, sugarcane, livestock, rice, corn, tobacco, potatoes, soybeans, sorghum. Cultivated land­­8.2% of total area. Other sectors (by

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percentage of GDP): Financial services­­17.2%; commerce­­11.4%; transportation and communications services­­8.2%; mining and quarrying­­4.8%; construction and public works­­5.3%; government, personal and other services­­ 19.5; electricity, gas, and water­­3.0%.Trade: Exports (2005)­­$18.8 billion: petroleum, coal, coffee, flowers, textiles and garments, ferronickel, bananas, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, gold, sugar, cardboard containers, printed material, cement, plastic resins and manufactures, emeralds. Major markets­­U.S., Venezuela, Germany, Netherlands, Japan. Imports (2005)­­$18.6 billion: machinery/equipment, grains, chemicals, transportation equipment, mineral products, consumer products, metals/metal products, plastic/rubber, paper products, aircraft, oil and gas industry equipment, and supplies. Major suppliers­­ U.S., Germany, Japan, Panama, Venezuela.

3.2.3. Trade Expectations with Colombia

According to reference (17), the United States and Colombia announced that they have concluded their work on a free trade agreement. This comprehensive trade agreement will eliminate tariffs and other barriers to goods and services, and expand trade between the United States and Colombia. The conclusion of the negotiations with Colombia was announced by U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman and Jorge Humberto Botero, Minister of Trade, Industry and Tourism.

"The United States and Colombia agreed on terms for a comprehensive trade opening agreement that will enhance economic growth and prosperity between the U.S. and Colombia," said Ambassador Portman. "The free trade agreement with Colombia will generate export opportunities for U.S. agriculture, industry, and service providers, and help create jobs in the United States. The agreement will help foster economic development in Colombia, and contribute to efforts to counter narco­terrorism, which threatens democracy and regional stability."

"An agreement with Colombia is an essential component of our regional strategy to advance free trade within our hemisphere, combat narco­trafficking, build democratic institutions, and promote economic development. In addition to eliminating tariffs, Colombia will remove barriers to trade in services, provide a secure, predictable legal framework for U.S. investors operating in Colombia, provide for effective enforcement of labor and environmental laws, protect intellectual property, and provide an effective system to settle disputes. Also, since many products from Colombia already enter the U.S. market duty­free under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) ­ the agreement will level the playing field and make duty­free treatment a two­way street," Portman said.

"I look forward to working on a bipartisan basis with Congress to implement this solid agreement that will benefit American workers, manufacturers, service providers, farmers and ranchers," Portman added.

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For 2005, Colombia and the United States had $14.3 billion in two­way trade, and Colombia is currently the second largest agricultural market for the United States in Latin America. U.S. goods exports to Colombia were $5.4 billion. Top export categories in 2005 were: machinery, organic chemicals, electrical machinery, and plastic. U.S. exports of agricultural products to Colombia totaled $667 million in 2005. Leading categories include: coarse grains, wheat, cotton, and soybeans. U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in Colombia was $3.0 billion in 2004, primarily concentrated in the manufacturing, mining and wholesale sectors.

3.3. Trade Regulations in South American countries and Colombia.

As described in reference (17) Colombia has signed several multilateral and bilateral free trade agreements. The most important of these are: a) the Andean Community (ANCOM) with Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia (Peru withdrew in April 1997); b) the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) with Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and Cuba, which was later renegotiated country by country on a bilateral basis; c) the G­3 (Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela); and d) the Colombia­Chile bilateral agreements. Full implementation will take several years, but once achieved, would give Colombia access to a free market of over 200 million people. Colombia has also requested admission to NAFTA.

Under the ANCOM agreement, the signatory countries must assign a common external tariff (CET) for imports coming from third countries and, at the same time, eliminate duties for products manufactured and traded within the region. There are four tariff levels in the CET: 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent. As these member countries grow and modernize, foreign firms may consider the expanded ANCOM market attractive enough to initiate local production for the regional market. Due to a number of integration agreements with various countries, a complex system of tariffs is applied according to the different treaties. The prior import­licensing requirement has been virtually eliminated. Approximately 97 percent of the 5,162 items in the Colombian Harmonized Tariff Schedule are now on the free import list (i.e., no license required). Import prices are now undergoing closer scrutiny (for duty collection purposes), as is the entry of foreign currency. U.S. dollars can be exchanged freely through banks and financial corporations.

Import regime: Imports may be classified as ordinary, under franchise, temporary, re­importation, guaranteed import, temporary import for re­ exportation, special import­export systems, for assembly or transformation, postal, express and courier, and travelers.

Prior import list: The prior import­licensing requirement has been virtually eliminated; import registrations are common for most imports. Import licenses are valid for six months; twelve months for capital goods. Requests for extensions

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are complicated and are permitted only for official imports and capital goods with valid justifications, for successive periods of three months per extension.

Tariffs: Import duties are ad valorem and are assessed on the CIF value of shipments. Colombia's tariffs conform to the 5­20 percent Common External Tariff (CET) in effect for the Andean Community. Government entities are no longer exempt from import duties.

VAT: A 16 percent VAT (value­added tax) is levied on the CIF duty­paid value of imports, with only a few exceptions.

Courier or express shipments: Courier or express shipments not exceeding US$1,000 in value and 20 kilograms in weight are freely imported into Colombia. These shipments are classified under HS 98.08.00.00.00, and are subject to a 10 percent CIF tariff and 16 percent value­added tax assessed on the CIF­duty­paid value of most merchandise shipments, plus 1.2 percent FOB surcharge for Customs services. Rules apply to either air or surface courier shipments contemplated under the new Customs Code that entered into effect on July 1, 2000.

Sizing/metrification: The metric system is used in Colombia. Sizes may be identified as small, medium, large, extra­large, etc., and/or by European size numbers.

Financing/payment: Most products are imported through letters of credit and/or time drafts. Soft and long­term financing is an important sales tool, especially for government imports or public tenders. Imports may be financed by foreign suppliers, financial intermediaries in Colombia, and/or foreign financial institutions.

3.4. Best Prospect Sectors for U.S. Exports to Colombia

3.4.1. General Sectors

The U.S. Commercial Service at the U.S. Embassy in Bogota identifies best prospects for U.S. exports to Colombia. The best­prospect sectors for non­ agricultural goods and services include (in order of market size/potential growth):

1. Telecommunications Services 2. Industrial Chemicals 3. Travel and Tourism 4. Air Cargo Services 5. Financial Services 6. Automotive Parts and Accessories 7. Computer Hardware and Software Services 8. Oil and Gas Machinery and Services and Petrochemicals

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9. Plastics Material and Resins 10.Telecommunications Equipment 11.Electric Power Systems 12.Safety and Security Technologies and Equipment 13.Food and Beverage Processing and packaging equipment 14.Medical Equipment 15.Apparel 16.Construction and Mining Equipment 17.Pollution Control Equipment

3.4.2. Analysis of the Pollution Control Equipment Sector

Environmental investments in both the public and private sectors continue at a standstill due to the country’s economic crisis (the Colombian economy only grew 1.6 percent during 2002), but government and industry sources are optimistic about the overall outlook for the country, especially since President Uribe assumed power in August 2002. He has undertaken a series of economic and political reforms aimed at reducing government size and spending, strengthening social programs, and resolving chronic political and drug­related violence that has affected Colombia for decades.

Nearly 25 percent of Colombia’s population (10.1 million) lacks water supply services, and 40 percent lack sewerage (16 million), especially in the rural areas. The country’s coverage of potable water reaches 95.4 percent of the total urban population, sewerage coverage reaches 83.5 percent of the population. For the country’s rural areas, the situation is different: water supply service coverage reaches 44.2 percent and sewerage coverage only reaches 21.1 percent of the total rural population. The regulatory agency CRA estimates that nearly 45 percent of the treated water (by the country’s 1,800 water utilities) is not accounted for; it is produced but not paid for by the users, therefore creating a large problem for utilities and users, since it hurts future investments.

Government sources estimate that the country needs to make environmental investments in the range of $3.3 to $3.4 billion per year to maintain an adequate level. The World Bank estimates annual investment needs in water supply and sewerage systems to be $700 million or about $1,000 million per year if wastewater treatment plant needs are included.

The Ministry of the Environment considers that close to eighty percent of Colombian municipalities dispose untreated wastewater into rivers or lakes. Colombia is a regional leader in the development and implementation of a wastewater pollution charge or fee (tasas retributivas) but only a few environmental agencies have established regional funds to finance wastewater treatment facilities. Cities such as Bogota and Medellin, are building wastewater treatment plants or other disposal systems. Cartagena is developing plans for a

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submerged outfall system with World Bank funding. Other cities are developing plans for such treatment systems.

Colombia is undergoing serious market initiatives aimed at promoting the use of renewable energy sources, especially for non­grid, isolated areas. Efforts are underway to promote private ventures in the areas of solar, wind, and small­ hydro systems (including run­of­the­river projects). If successful, the effort would allow the use of energy in sustainable community projects. Empresas Publicas de Medellin has awarded Germany’s Nordex Energy GmbH a 17­million­Euro contract to supply 15 wind turbines ($27.8 million) for the 19.5 MW Jepírachi wind power project, the first of its kind in Colombia.

Regulations regarding air pollution and solid and hazardous wastes are being developed at a time when public financing is almost non­existent, and enforcement has traditionally been lacking. A major obstacle to the sector’s growth is the current fiscal deficit that affects the availability of resources from the government budget and smaller investments from private entities. Most public sector funds are expected to come from transfers from the electric power sector, and the collection of royalties, taxes, and other contributions from the so­called “green markets”. New financing arrangements for the private sector include new credit and tax incentives like sales and income tax exemptions for environmentally sound technologies, new economic instruments and pollution charges, carbon dioxide sequestration options, and other stock market alternatives.

The best environmental­related prospects include water and wastewater treatment plants, water pollution monitoring and control equipment, solid waste hauling and disposal equipment, air pollution monitoring and control equipment, and environmental services (consulting). The operation and management of municipal services such as providing potable water and collecting, hauling and disposing of solid waste offer good market opportunities for U.S firms.

Table 3. Pollution Control Equipment Sector in Colombia (in millions of U.S. dollars)

2001 2002 2003* Total Market Size 105.7 116.0 90.0

Total Local Production 3.5 4.0 4.0 Total Exports 8.4 5.0 5.0 Total Imports 106.9 88.6 91.0

Imports from the U.S. 67.9 55.3 56.0 Exchange Rate (year end) 2,291.18 2,689.79 3,100.0

*These statistics are based on unofficial estimates. Actually the Exchange Rate on June 30, 2006 is about 2,500.00

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4. TAG PROGRAM PRESENTATION AND ADAPTATION TO SPANISH

4.1. General Scope

In this chapter, the adaptation to Hispanic conditions of the TAG program (Trenchless Assessment Guide) developed by the TTC (Trenchless Technology Center) of Louisiana Tech University (18) is described. Although the program will require some adjustments and precisions as the market in South American evolves, the version prepared in this practicum is believed to be a good beginning for trenchless technology method selection in the current South American conditions.

Among the most important adaptations of the program to South American conditions is to assess the following conditions or modules, which are added to the program. These modules are explained in Chapter 5 of this report.

­ Sector Pollution Environmental Risk Module ­ Sector Noise Environmental Risk Module ­ Sector Busway Environmental Risk Module ­ Flowchart for Managerial Decision ­ Expert Links Information on Similar Works Module ­ Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement Module

The translations and adaptations from the original program in English to Spanish are not official. The documentation in Spanish corresponds to the best adaptation made by the author according to his background, the courses learned at Louisiana Tech University, and the information on trenchless technology terminology in the Spanish language available in technical papers ((19), (20), (21), (22) and (23)), glossaries, articles and on the internet. The intent of this program in Spanish is to serve to municipalities, consulting engineers, oil companies, etc, in South American Spanish­speaking countries as a medium of general information and initial point of launching for deeper investigations and researches ­­ in every case depending on the specific project under analysis.

The author would be grateful for any recommendation, revision or precision that could be made to the texts of these technical adaptations. Please send suggestions via email to [email protected].

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4.2. NUCA Disclaimer 1

This manual and program, entitled Trenchless Assessment Guide (TAG), was prepared by the Trenchless Technology Center (TTC) for the National Utility Contractors Association’s (NUCA’s) Trenchless Technology Committee. Neither TTC, NUCA, nor any person acting on their behalf, makes a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this manual or that such use may not infringe on privately owned rights; or assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this manual or on this program.

Approximate Spanish Version

El Centro de Tecnología Trenchless (CTT) preparó este manual y programa, titulado Guía de Evaluación Trenchless (GET), para el Comité de Trenchless Technology de la Asociación Nacional de Contratistas de Servicios Públicos (ANCSP) de los Estados Unidos de América. Ni el CTT, ni el ANCSP, ni persona alguna actuando en el nombre de ellos, garantiza, en forma expresa o implícita, con relación al uso de cualquier información, aparato, método, o proceso expuesto en este manual o que tal uso puede no violar derechos de autor; o asume cualquier responsabilidad con relación al uso de, cualquier información, aparato, método, o proceso expuesto en este manual o sobre este programa.

4.3. NUCA Disclaimer 2

The suggestions, procedures, and precautions set forth in this manual and on this program are a compilation and explanation of methods and equipment successfully used by contractors to install underground utilities. These suggestions, procedures, and precautions should not be considered as an infallible method of installing underground utilities. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that the methods and procedures will be successful in all applications. While the authors have done their best to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate; no liability or responsibility of any kind is accepted by the authors, the National Utility Contractors Association, or the Trenchless Technology Committee.

Approximate Spanish Version

Las sugerencias, procedimientos y precauciones propuestas en este manual y en este programa son una compilación y explicación de métodos y equipos utilizados exitosamente por contratistas para instalar servicios públicos subterráneos. Estas sugerencias, procedimientos, y precauciones no deben considerarse como un método infalible para instalar los servicios subterráneos. En consecuencia, no hay garantía de que los métodos y procedimientos serán exitosos en todas las aplicaciones. Aunque los autores han hecho lo mejor para

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asegurar que la información en este manual es correcta; los autores, la ANCSP, o el Comité de Trenchless Technology no aceptan alguna obligación o responsabilidad de cualquier clase.

4.4. Trenchless Methods

4.4.1. Auger Boring Cradle Type

Auger Boring is the process of simultaneously boring and jacking a steel casing through the earth between two points. A cutter­head is attached to the lead auger section. As the cutter­head is rotated, the earth is excavated and the spoils inside the casing are removed by means of rotating auger flights, which are installed inside the total length of the casing. As the soils/spoils are conveyed through the auger flights, they are ejected into the bore/jacking pit. The auger is installed inside the casing prior to installation of the casing. As the casing is installed it supports the surrounding soils as the auger­head excavates the earth. Auger boring can be classified into two methods: (1) Track type and (2) Cradle type. In the Cradle type Auger boring method, the boring machine and casing auger system is held in suspension at desired casing elevation by construction equipment (i.e. side booms, excavators, or cranes) as the boring operation is executed. There is no requirement for any thrust structures; however, a "dead­ man" must be installed so that the cradle machine can pull itself and casing forward. Some of the advantages to the cradle method of installation are that the entire bore casing can be welded and installed in one continuous section, no back­stop is required, less bore pit preparation is required. Disadvantages are that accuracy is limited, and greater working area is typically needed. This method is commonly used in the gas pipeline industry where rights of way are available. The minimum pit length needed in the line of the bore is 26' and the maximum pit length needed is 56'. The normal pit length will be 36' for 20' long steel casings.

Spanish Technical Adaptation Métodos sin apertura de zanja

Perforación Rotativa Helicoidal (PRH) con Hincado

La PRH es la operación de perforar y empujar simultáneamente un revestimiento de acero a través del suelo entre dos puntos determinados. Al eje del tornillo sinfín se le ensambla una cabeza cortadora en el punto de avance. Al paso que la cabeza cortadora va rotando, se excava el suelo y el material excavado se remueve dentro del revestimiento por medio de las incrustaciones rotativas helicoidales (“Auger Flights”), las cuales están instaladas en toda la longitud del revestimiento. Como los suelos / materiales excavados se direccionan a través del eje helicoidal, estos materiales se expulsan hacia el pozo de perforación / empuje. El tornillo sinfín se monta dentro del encamisado antes de la instalación de dicho revestimiento.

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Al paso de que el encamisado se instala, el mismo soporta los suelos circundantes en simultaneidad con la que la cabeza del tornillo sinfín excava el terreno. El sistema PRH se puede clasificar en dos métodos: (1) Tipo carrilera o pista y (2) Tipo soportado o hincado. En el método PRH soportado, la máquina perforadora y el sistema de revestimiento se mantienen suspendidos a la elevación deseada por medio de un equipo de construcción (por ejemplo brazos, excavadoras, o grúas) al paso que se ejecuta la operación. No se requieren estructuras para empujar; sin embargo, se debe instalar una estructura “muerta” o un hincado para que la máquina pueda halarse ella misma e instalar el revestimiento hacia adelante. Algunas de las ventajas del método de perforación con hincado son que el revestimiento completo de perforación puede soldarse e instalarse en una pieza completa, no se requiere detener y volver a perforar, se requiere menos preparación del pozo de perforación. Las desventajas son que la precisión es limitada, y típicamente se necesita un área de trabajo más grande. Este método se utiliza comúnmente en la industria de las conducciones de gas donde se tienen disponibles los derechos de vía. La longitud mínima del pozo que se necesita es de unos 26 pies sobre la línea de la perforación y la máxima longitud es de 56 pies. La longitud normal del pozo es de 36 pies para revestimientos de acero de 20 pies de longitud.

4.4.2. Auger Boring Track Type 1 and 2

Auger Boring is the process of simultaneously boring and jacking a steel casing through the earth between two points. A cutter­head is attached to the lead auger section. As the cutter­head is rotated, the earth is excavated and the spoils inside the casing are removed by means of rotating auger flights, which are installed along the total length of the casing. As the soils are conveyed through the auger flights, they are ejected into the bore/jacking pit. The auger is installed inside the casing prior to installation of the casing. As the casing is installed it supports the surrounding soils as the auger­head excavates the earth. Auger boring can be classified into two methods: (1) Track type and (2) Cradle type. The Track type auger boring method uses hydraulic thrust to jack the casing into place. The track method consists of a track system, boring machine, casing, auger­head, auger, and thrust block or reaction wall. The boring operation is cyclic, casing segments with auger flights inside are attached together either by welding or compressed fittings after the prescribed casing section is bored into place. The track method requires that sections of boring machine rails be placed within the bore/jacking pit. Thrust is developed by hydraulic cylinders located in the jacking rail of the boring machine. Thrust is transferred from the boring machine to the rails that are blocked against the reaction wall. Some benefits of a track boring machine are: greater distance bore installed, better accuracy, smaller work area requirements needed, larger diameter casings can be installed. This method is used in all types of trenchless facility installations. The minimum pit length needed in the line of the bore is 26' and the maximum pit length needed is 56'. The normal pit length will be 36' for 20' long steel casings.

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Spanish Technical Adaptation

Perforación Rotativa Helicoidal (PRH) con carrilera ­ Sistemas 1 y 2

La PRH es la operación de perforar y empujar simultáneamente un revestimiento de acero a través del suelo entre dos puntos determinados. Al eje del tornillo sinfín se le ensambla una cabeza cortadora en el punto de avance. Al paso que la cabeza cortadora va rotando, se excava el suelo y el material excavado se remueve dentro del revestimiento por medio de las incrustaciones rotativas helicoidales (“Auger Flights”), las cuales están instaladas en toda la longitud del revestimiento. Como los suelos / materiales excavados se direccionan a través del eje helicoidal, estos materiales se expulsan hacia el pozo de perforación / empuje. El tornillo sinfín se monta dentro del encamisado antes de la instalación de dicho revestimiento.

Al paso de que el encamisado se instala, el mismo soporta los suelos circundantes en simultaneidad con la que la cabeza del tornillo sinfín excava el terreno. El sistema PRH se puede clasificar en dos métodos: (1) Tipo carrilera o pista y (2) Tipo soportado o hincado. El método PRH con carrilera utiliza empuje hidráulico para empujar el revestimiento en sitio. El método con carrilera consiste de un sistema de carrilera, la máquina perforadora, el revestimiento, la cabeza del tornillo sinfín, el tornillo sinfín, y un bloque para empujar o muro de reacción. La operación de perforación es cíclica, se adicionan tramos de revestimiento con el eje y las incrustaciones rotativas helicoidales en el interior, tanto por medio de uniones soldadas o por acoples a compresión después de que se perfora el tramo de encamisado correspondiente. El método con carrilera requiere que los tramos de rieles de la máquina perforadora se coloquen dentro del pozo de perforación / empuje. El empuje se desarrolla por medio de cilindros hidráulicos localizados en el riel de empuje de la máquina perforadora. El empuje se transfiere desde la máquina perforadora a los rieles que están bloqueados contra el muro de reacción. Algunos de los beneficios de la máquina perforadora con carrilera son: perforación instalada de mayor longitud, mejor precisión, se necesitan menores requisitos para el área de trabajo, se pueden instalar revestimientos de diámetros más grandes. Este método se utiliza en todo tipo de instalaciones sin apertura de zanjas de servicios. La longitud mínima del pozo que se necesita es de unos 26 pies sobre la línea de la perforación y la máxima longitud es de 56 pies. La longitud normal del pozo es de 36 pies para revestimientos de acero de 20 pies de longitud.

4.4.3. HDD Maxi 1, 2 and 3

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is probably the fastest growing technique among the trenchless techniques in the North America, with nearly 3,000 units built and sold over the past 20 years in the North America, many of which are still in operation. The HDD installation process commences by launching a pilot

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borehole from the surface, that drill path is then leveled and follows the desired alignment. The drilling head is steerable and provides the HDD installation with relatively high level of maneuverability as well as a mud mixer and cutting head in the bore path. Once the pilot bore hole is completed the drilling head is replaced with a back reamer which enlarges the borehole to the desired diameter. Finally the preassembled pipe segments are pulled into the bore from the exit pit to the entry pit. During the pilot and reaming process drilling fluid (mud) is injected under pressure down the drill string to stabilize the bore, assist the transport of cutting materials to the surface and reduce the friction and shear stress between the soil and the reamer and pipe product. In order to ensure the accuracy of a HDD installation, an electronic sonde or other electromagnetic tracking system is used to trace the progress of the pilot bore. Based on the method and type of HDD equipment used accuracy of the installation may range between 1% to 5% of the drilling head true depth. Maxi HDD rigs are those which have a thrust pullback capacity of more than 100,000 pounds.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistemas Maxi 1, 2 y 3

La PHD es probablemente la técnica con crecimiento más rápido entre todas las técnicas trenchless en Norteamérica, con cerca de 3000 unidades construidas y vendidas en los últimos veinte años en Norteamérica, muchas de las cuales están todavía en operación. El proceso para la instalación PHD comienza por la perforación de una perforación piloto desde la superficie, la ruta de perforación se nivela y sigue el alineamiento deseado. La cabeza perforadora es direccionable y le suministra a la instalación PHD un alto nivel de maniobrabilidad relativo actuando como una mezcladora de lodos y cabeza cortadora en la ruta de perforación. Una vez se termina la perforación piloto se reemplaza la cabeza cortadora con un escariador o rima ensanchadora la cual agranda el barreno piloto hasta el diámetro deseado. Finalmente se halan hacia adentro de la perforación desde el pozo de salida hasta el pozo de entrada los tramos de tubería ensamblados previamente. Durante los procesos de perforación y escariado o rimado se inyecta fluido de perforación (lodo) bajo presión hacia abajo del varillaje para estabilizar el barreno, ayudar al transporte de materiales excavados hacia la superficie y reducir los esfuerzos de fricción y corte entre el suelo, el escariador o rima y la tubería instalada. Para asegurar la precisión de una instalación PHD, se utiliza una sonda electrónica (localizador) u otro sistema de rastreo electromagnético para seguir el progreso del barreno piloto. Basado en el método y la clase de equipo PHD que se utilice, la precisión de la instalación puede estar en un rango entre el 1 % y 5 % de la profundidad real de la cabeza perforadora. Los equipos de perforación Maxi PHD son aquellos que tienen una capacidad de empujar y halar de más de 100,000 libras.

4.4.4. HDD Midi

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Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is probably the fastest growing technique among the trenchless techniques in the North America, with nearly 3,000 units built and sold over the past 20 years in the North America, many of which are still in operation. The HDD installation process commences by launching a pilot borehole from the surface, that drill path is then leveled and follows the desired alignment. The drilling head is steerable and provides the HDD installation with relatively high level of maneuverability as well as a mud mixer and cutting head in the bore path. Once the pilot bore hole is completed the drilling head is replaced with a back reamer which enlarges the borehole to the desired diameter. Finally the preassembled pipe segments are pulled into the bore from the exit pit to the entry pit. During the pilot and reaming process drilling fluid (mud) is injected under pressure down the drill string to stabilize the bore, assist the transport of cutting materials to the surface and reduce the friction and shear stress between the soil and the reamer and pipe product. In order to ensure the accuracy of a HDD installation, an electronic sonde or other electromagnetic tracking system is used to trace the progress of the pilot bore. Based on the method and type of HDD equipment used accuracy of the installation may range between 1% to 5% of the drilling head true depth. Midi HDD rigs are those which have a thrust pullback capacity between 50,000 and 100,000 pounds.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistema Midi

La PHD es probablemente la técnica con crecimiento más rápido entre todas las técnicas trenchless en Norteamérica, con cerca de 3000 unidades construidas y vendidas en los últimos veinte años en Norteamérica, muchas de las cuales están todavía en operación. El proceso para la instalación PHD comienza por la perforación de una perforación piloto desde la superficie, la ruta de perforación se nivela y sigue el alineamiento deseado. La cabeza perforadora es direccionable y le suministra a la instalación PHD un alto nivel de maniobrabilidad relativo actuando como una mezcladora de lodos y cabeza cortadora en la ruta de perforación. Una vez se termina la perforación piloto se reemplaza la cabeza cortadora con un escariador o rima ensanchadora la cual agranda el barreno piloto hasta el diámetro deseado. Finalmente se halan hacia adentro de la perforación desde el pozo de salida hasta el pozo de entrada los tramos de tubería ensamblados previamente. Durante los procesos de perforación y escariado o rimado se inyecta fluido de perforación (lodo) bajo presión hacia abajo del varillaje para estabilizar el barreno, ayudar al transporte de materiales excavados hacia la superficie y reducir los esfuerzos de fricción y corte entre el suelo, el escariador o rima y la tubería instalada. Para asegurar la precisión de una instalación PHD, se utiliza una sonda electrónica (localizador) u otro sistema de rastreo electromagnético para seguir el progreso del barreno piloto. Basado en el método y la clase de equipo PHD que se utilice, la precisión de la instalación puede estar en un rango entre el 1 % y 5 % de la profundidad

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real de la cabeza perforadora Los equipos de perforación PHD Midi son aquellos que tienen una capacidad de empujar y halar entre 50,000 y 100,000 libras.

4.4.5. HDD Mini 1 and 2

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is probably the fastest growing technique among the trenchless techniques in the North America, with nearly 3,000 units built and sold over the past 20 years in the North America, many of which are still in operation. The HDD installation process commences by launching a pilot borehole from the surface, that drill path is then leveled and follows the desired alignment. The drilling head is steerable and provides the HDD installation with relatively high level of maneuverability as well as a mud mixer and cutting head in the bore path. Once the pilot bore hole is completed the drilling head is replaced with a back reamer which enlarges the borehole to the desired diameter. Finally the preassembled pipe segments are pulled into the bore from the exit pit to the entry pit. During the pilot and reaming process drilling fluid (mud) is injected under pressure down the drill string to stabilize the bore, assist the transport of cutting materials to the surface and reduce the friction and shear stress between the soil and the reamer and pipe product. In order to ensure the accuracy of a HDD installation, an electronic sonde or other electromagnetic tracking system is used to trace the progress of the pilot bore. Based on the method and type of HDD equipment used accuracy of the installation may range between 1% to 5% of the drilling head true depth. Mini HDD rigs used for 2" to 6" diameters are those which have a thrust pullback capacity between 10,000 and 25,000 pounds, while Mini HDD rigs used for 7" to 10" diameters are those which have a thrust pullback capacity between 25,000 and 50,000 pounds.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistemas Mini 1 y 2

La PHD es probablemente la técnica con crecimiento más rápido entre todas las técnicas trenchless en Norteamérica, con cerca de 3000 unidades construidas y vendidas en los últimos veinte años en Norteamérica, muchas de las cuales están todavía en operación. El proceso para la instalación PHD comienza por la perforación de una perforación piloto desde la superficie, la ruta de perforación se nivela y sigue el alineamiento deseado. La cabeza perforadora es direccionable y le suministra a la instalación PHD un alto nivel de maniobrabilidad relativo actuando como una mezcladora de lodos y cabeza cortadora en la ruta de perforación. Una vez se termina la perforación piloto se reemplaza la cabeza cortadora con un escariador o rima ensanchadora la cual agranda el barreno piloto hasta el diámetro deseado. Finalmente se halan hacia adentro de la perforación desde el pozo de salida hasta el pozo de entrada los tramos de tubería ensamblados previamente. Durante los procesos de perforación y escariado o rimado se inyecta fluido de perforación (lodo) bajo presión hacia abajo del varillaje para estabilizar el barreno, ayudar al transporte

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de materiales excavados hacia la superficie y reducir los esfuerzos de fricción y corte entre el suelo, el escariador o rima y la tubería instalada. Para asegurar la precisión de una instalación PHD, se utiliza una sonda electrónica (localizador) u otro sistema de rastreo electromagnético para seguir el progreso del barreno piloto. Basado en el método y la clase de equipo PHD que se utilice, la precisión de la instalación puede estar en un rango entre el 1 % y 5 % de la profundidad real de la cabeza perforadora. Los equipos de perforación PHD Mini que se utilizan para diámetros de 2 a 6 pulgadas son aquellos que tienen una capacidad de empujar y halar entre 10,000 y 25,000 libras, mientras que los equipos de perforación PHD Mini que se utilizan para diámetros entre 7 y 10 pulgadas son aquellos que tienen una capacidad de empujar y halar entre 25,000 y 50,000 libras.

4.4.6. HDD Micro

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is probably the fastest growing technique among the trenchless techniques in the North America, with nearly 3,000 units built and sold over the past 20 years in the North America, many of which are still in operation. The HDD installation process commences by launching a pilot borehole from the surface, that drill path is then leveled and follows the desired alignment. The drilling head is steerable and provides the HDD installation with relatively high level of maneuverability as well as a mud mixer and cutting head in the bore path. Once the pilot bore hole is completed the drilling head is replaced with a back reamer which enlarges the borehole to the desired diameter. Finally the preassembled pipe segments are pulled into the bore from the exit pit to the entry pit. During the pilot and reaming process drilling fluid (mud) is injected under pressure down the drill string to stabilize the bore, assist the transport of cutting materials to the surface and reduce the friction and shear stress between the soil and the reamer and pipe product. In order to ensure the accuracy of a HDD installation, an electronic sonde or other electromagnetic tracking system is used to trace the progress of the pilot bore. Based on the method and type of HDD equipment used accuracy of the installation may range between 1% to 5% of the drilling head true depth. Micro HDD rigs are those which have a thrust pullback capacity of less than 10,000 pounds.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistema Micro

La PHD es probablemente la técnica con crecimiento más rápido entre todas las técnicas trenchless en Norteamérica, con cerca de 3000 unidades construidas y vendidas en los últimos veinte años en Norteamérica, muchas de las cuales están todavía en operación. El proceso para la instalación PHD comienza por la perforación de una perforación piloto desde la superficie, la ruta de perforación se nivela y sigue el alineamiento deseado. La cabeza perforadora es direccionable y le suministra a la instalación PHD un alto nivel de

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maniobrabilidad relativo actuando como una mezcladora de lodos y cabeza cortadora en la ruta de perforación. Una vez se termina la perforación piloto se reemplaza la cabeza cortadora con un escariador o rima ensanchadora la cual agranda el barreno piloto hasta el diámetro deseado. Finalmente se halan hacia adentro de la perforación desde el pozo de salida hasta el pozo de entrada los tramos de tubería ensamblados previamente. Durante los procesos de perforación y escariado o rimado se inyecta fluido de perforación (lodo) bajo presión hacia abajo del varillaje para estabilizar el barreno, ayudar al transporte de materiales excavados hacia la superficie y reducir los esfuerzos de fricción y corte entre el suelo, el escariador o rima y la tubería instalada. Para asegurar la precisión de una instalación PHD, se utiliza una sonda electrónica (localizador) u otro sistema de rastreo electromagnético para seguir el progreso del barreno piloto. Basado en el método y la clase de equipo PHD que se utilice, la precisión de la instalación puede estar en un rango entre el 1 % y 5 % de la profundidad real de la cabeza perforadora. Los equipos de perforación PHD Micro son aquellos que tienen una capacidad de empujar y halar de menos de 10,000 libras.

4.4.7. Microtunneling Auger

Microtunneling can be defined as a remotely­controlled, laser­guided, pipe jacking process that provides continuous pressure to the excavation face to balance groundwater and earth pressure (ASCE, 1999). The first microtunneling machine (the 'Iron­mole') was introduced in Japan in 1975, however the method was not adopted in North America until 1984, when 200 m. of 1800 mm. diameter gravity sewer pipe were installed under I­95 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Atalah and Hadala, 1996). More than 250 microtunneling projects have been completed across North America since then, with a total length of pipe installed of nearly 170,000 m. (Myers et al., 1999). Microtunneling machines are laser guided and accurate monitoring and adjusting of the alignment and grade can be performed as the work proceeds. The pipe is installed between two vertical shafts, named the driving shaft and the receiving shaft and the process involves jacking the pipe with simultaneous soil cutting at the face of the boring head and continuous soil removal to the driving shaft and then to the surface. Pressure balance is maintained at the tunnel face to avoid a cave­in. Steering is achieved by means of an articulated head capable of being deflected in all directions by hydraulic cylinders. The microtunneling method can be divided into two principal categories based on the technique used to transport the excavated material from the tunnel face. The auger system uses a continuous flight auger for spoil removal.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

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Microtunelería Rotativa Helicoidal ­ MRH

La microtunelería puede definirse como un proceso de empuje de tuberías guiado por sistema láser y controlado remotamente, el cual suministra presión en forma continua a la cara de la excavación para balancear las presiones del agua subterránea y del suelo (ASCE 1999). La primera máquina microtuneleadora (el “Iron Mole”) se presentó en Japón en 1975, sin embargo este método no fue adoptado en Norte América sino hasta 1984, cuando se instalaron 200 m de una tubería por gravedad para alcantarilla de 1 800 mm de diámetro en la Autopista I – 95 en Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Atalah y Hadala, 1996). Se han terminado más de 250 proyectos de microtunelería desde aquella fecha, con una longitud total de tubería instalada de unos 170 000 metros. (Myers y Al, 1999). Las máquinas tuneleadoras son guiadas por sistema láser y mientras el trabajo se ejecuta se puede realizar un monitoreo preciso y ajustar el alineamiento y pendiente. La tubería se instala entre dos pozos verticales, denominados pozo de entrada y pozo de salida y el proceso implica empujar la tubería con el corte simultáneo del suelo en la cara de la cabeza perforadora y la remoción continua de suelo hacia el pozo de entrada y luego hacia la superficie. Se mantiene el balance de presión en la cara del túnel para evitar colapsos o desprendimientos. El direccionamiento se alcanza por medio de una cabeza articulada capaz de deflectarse en todas las direcciones por medio de cilindros hidráulicos.

El sistema de Microtunelería puede dividirse en dos categorías principales basadas en la técnica que se utilice para transportar el material excavado desde la cara del túnel. El sistema MRH utiliza un tornillo sinfín continuo para remover lo excavado.

4.4.8. Microtunneling Slurry

Microtunneling can be defined as a remotely­controlled, laser­guided, pipe jacking process that provides continuous pressure to the excavation face to balance groundwater and earth pressure (ASCE, 1999). The first microtunneling machine (the 'Iron­mole') was introduced in Japan in 1975, however the method was not adopted in North America until 1984, when 200 m. of 1800 mm. diameter gravity sewer pipe were installed under I­95 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Atalah and Hadala, 1996). More than 250 microtunneling projects have been completed across North America since then, with a total length of pipe installed of nearly 170,000 m. (Myers et al., 1999). Microtunneling machines are laser guided and accurate monitoring and adjusting of the alignment and grade can be performed as the work proceeds. The pipe is installed between two vertical shafts, named the driving shaft and the receiving shaft and the process involves jacking the pipe with simultaneous soil cutting at the face of the boring head and continuous soil removal to the driving shaft and then to the surface. Pressure balance is maintained at the tunnel face to avoid a cave­in. Steering is achieved by means

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of an articulated head capable of being deflected in all directions by hydraulic cylinders. The microtunneling method can be divided into two principal categories based on the technique used to transport the excavated material from the tunnel face. The slurry removal method utilizes bentonite as a support medium to transport the excavated material to the surface. Pressure balance at the face is provided by the slurry.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Microtunelería “ Slurry”

La microtunelería puede definirse como un proceso de empuje de tuberías guiado por sistema láser y controlado remotamente, el cual suministra presión en forma continua a la cara de la excavación para balancear las presiones del agua subterránea y del suelo (ASCE 1999). La primera máquina microtuneleadora (el “Iron Mole”) se presentó en Japón en 1975, sin embargo este método no fue adoptado en Norte América sino hasta 1984, cuando se instalaron 200 m de una tubería por gravedad para alcantarilla de 1 800 mm de diámetro en la Autopista I – 95 en Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Atalah y Hadala, 1996). Se han terminado más de 250 proyectos de microtunelería desde aquella fecha, con una longitud total de tubería instalada de unos 170 000 metros. (Myers y Al, 1999). Las máquinas tuneleadoras son guiadas por sistema láser y mientras el trabajo se ejecuta se puede realizar un monitoreo preciso y ajustar el alineamiento y pendiente. La tubería se instala entre dos pozos verticales, denominados pozo de entrada y pozo de salida y el proceso implica empujar la tubería con el corte simultáneo del suelo en la cara de la cabeza perforadora y la remoción continua de suelo hacia el pozo de entrada y luego hacia la superficie. Se mantiene el balance de presión en la cara del túnel para evitar colapsos o desprendimientos. El direccionamiento se alcanza por medio de una cabeza articulada capaz de deflectarse en todas las direcciones por medio de cilindros hidráulicos.

El sistema de Microtunelería puede dividirse en dos categorías principales basadas en la técnica que se utilice para transportar el material excavado desde la cara del túnel. El sistema “Slurry” utiliza bentonita como un medio de soporte y para transportar el material excavado hacia la superficie. El “Slurry” proporciona el balance de la presión en la cara de la excavación.

4.4.9. Non – Steerable Impact Mole

Non­Steerable Impact Moling, also known as earth piercing, is a trenchless method used for installation of small diameter pipes, in which percussion or hammering action of a pneumatic or hydraulic piercing tool is used to create the bore by compacting and displacing the soil rather than removing the soil from the bore. This method has no steering capabilities as alignment control is limited to the initial orientation of the pipe as it enters into the ground. Once the mole is

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launched, it relies on frictional resistance of the ground for its forward movement. Since this technique is based on the compaction principle to create the bore, it is more suitable for compressible soils.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Perforación neumática. Sistema No Direccionado

La perforación neumática no direccionada, también conocida como perforación en tierra, es un método Trenchless que se utiliza para la instalación de tuberías de diámetro pequeño en las cuales se utiliza la acción de percusión o de martilleo de una herramienta perforadora hidráulica para crear el barreno por medio de compactar y desplazar el suelo en vez de removerlo desde el barreno. Este método no tiene capacidades de direccionamiento y el control de alineamiento se limita a la orientación inicial de la tubería así como ella entra al terreno. Una vez el equipo se lanza, el mismo se soporta en la resistencia a la fricción del terreno para su movimiento hacia adelante. Puesto que esta técnica se basa en el principio de compactación para crear el barreno, es más apropiada para suelos compresibles.

4.4.10. Steerable Impact Mole

Steerable Impact Moling is a method of creating a bore using a tool comprised of a hammer mounted within a cylindrical casing that is shaped like a torpedo. The hammer may be pneumatic or hydraulic. Impact moles, after being launched, have no rigid attachment to the launching pit and rely upon the internal action of the hammer and the resistance of the ground for forward movement and alignment. The basic mechanism of impact moling involves a piston, that when driven forward strikes the forward end of the unit, transferring kinetic energy to the body which is being driven forward. The soil is displaced during this operation, in contrast to other methods where the soil is cut and removed. In stable ground an unsupported bore may be formed allowing the pipe or conduit to be inserted. Alternatively, the power of the unit can be used to pull the product pipe or cable through the bore as the device advances. The main applications of this method include power and telecommunication cables and ducts. Since most moles are operated using compressed air, their application for the installation of potable water and natural gas pipelines is limited due to the potential contamination of the pipe by lubricating oil discharged from the device's exhaust unless special precautions are taken.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

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Perforación neumática. Sistema Direccionado

La perforación neumática direccionada, es un método que crea una perforación utilizando una herramienta que incluye un martillo ensamblado dentro de un encamisado cilíndrico que tiene la forma de un torpedo. El martillo puede ser neumático o hidráulico. Las perforadoras neumáticas después de ser lanzadas, no tienen una conexión rígida con el pozo de lanzamiento y dependen de la acción interna del martillo y de la resistencia del terreno para su movimiento frontal y alineamiento. El mecanismo básico de la perforación neumática incluye un pistón, que cuando se dirige hacia delante golpea la parte final del frente de la unidad, transfiriendo energía cinética al cuerpo que se conduce hacia adelante. El suelo se desplaza durante esta operación, en contraste con otros métodos donde el suelo se corta y se remueve. En terreno estable se puede formar un barreno sin soporte permitiendo que se inserte la tubería o conducto. Alternativamente, la potencia de la unidad se puede utilizar para halar la tubería o cable a lo largo del barreno al paso que el martillo avanza. Las principales aplicaciones de este método incluyen la instalación de cables y ductos para energía y telecomunicaciones. Puesto que la mayoría de perforadoras se operan utilizando aire comprimido, su aplicación para la instalación de tuberías de agua potable y gas natural es limitada debido a la potencial contaminación de la tubería por el aceite lubricante que se descarga del escape del martillo a menos que se tomen precauciones especiales.

4.4.11. Pipe Ramming 1 and 2

Pipe Ramming is a non­steerable method used to form a bore by driving a steel casing, usually open­ended, with a percussive hammer from a driving pit to an exit pit. The process is similar to pile driving, except that the pipe is driven horizontally. There is no mechanical excavation of material from the front of the pipe during the installation process. A close­ended pipe may be used to prevent loss of ground ahead of the cutting edge in non­cohesive soils as the soil moves into the open pipe and flows along it to the driving pit. A solid base, typically a concrete mat, is constructed on the launch side of the installation. Guide rails set to the line of the bore are then installed on the mat. The first length of steel pipe is positioned on the guide rails and a cutting edge (shoe) is attached to the front end of the pipe with the percussion hammer attached to the rear end. The leading edge of the pipe is fitted with a band for reinforcement and to decrease the amount of friction on the following pipe sections. The hammer action forces the pipe into the soil at the face of the pit along the line dictated by the guide rails. When one pipe section has been driven the hammer is removed and a new pipe section is set on the guide rails and welded to the pipe string. The process is repeated until the leading pipe arrives at the reception shaft. At that point the soil cylinder within the pipe is removed using jetting or compressed air. Lubrication may be applied on the pipe surface to reduce skin friction during the installation process. Common installations include railway and highway crossings. Once the

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steel casing is installed it can be used as a pipeline on its own or as duct for smaller diameter pipes or cables. Pipe ramming presents an economic alternative for the installation of medium size casing when grade and alignment tolerances are flexible.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Hincado de Tubería ­ Sistemas 1 y 2

El Hincado de Tubería es un método de excavación no direccionado utilizado para formar un barreno por medio de un encamisado de acero, con un martillo a percusión desde un pozo de entrada a un pozo de salida. El proceso es similar al proceso de hincado de pilotes, excepto que la tubería se coloca horizontalmente. No hay excavación mecánica de material desde el frente de la tubería durante el proceso de instalación. En suelos no cohesivos puede utilizarse una tubería con su final cerrado para prevenir pérdida de terreno adelante del borde cortador puesto que el suelo se mueve hacia adentro de la tubería abierta y fluye a lo largo de ella hasta el pozo de salida. Se construye una base sólida, típicamente una losa de concreto, en el pozo de entrada de la instalación. Los rieles guía se ajustan a la línea de la excavación y luego se instalan en la losa. El primer tramo de tubería de acero se posiciona sobre los rieles guía y un borde cortador (shoe) se instala en el extremo frontal de la tubería con el martillo a percusión pegado en el extremo posterior. El borde de la tubería se asegura con una banda de refuerzo y para disminuir la cantidad de fricción en los subsiguientes tramos de tubería. La acción del martillo fuerza la tubería dentro del suelo en la cara del pozo a lo largo de la línea establecida por los rieles guía. Cuando una sección de tubería se ha instalado, se remueve el martillo y un nuevo tramo de tubería se coloca sobre los rieles guía y se suelda a la tubería ya instalada. El proceso se repite hasta que la tubería líder llega al pozo de salida o recepción. En ese punto el cilindro de suelo dentro de la tubería se remueve mediante la utilización de aire a propulsión o aire comprimido. Se puede aplicar lubricación en la superficie de la tubería para reducir la fricción externa durante el proceso de instalación. Cruces de carreteras y ferroviales son las instalaciones comunes ejecutadas por este método. Una vez se instala el encamisado de acero, puede utilizarse como tubería en sí mismo o como un ducto para diámetros más pequeños de tuberías o cables. El Hincado de Tubería se presenta como una alternativa económica para la instalación de encamisados de tamaño medio cuando se tienen unas tolerancias flexibles de pendiente y alineamiento.

4.4.12. Slurry Horizontal Rotary Boring

Slurry Horizontal Rotary Boring differs from the auger method in that it uses drill bits and tubing instead of cutting heads and augers. A slurry mixture, transferred to the cutting bit through the drill tubing, is used to keep the drill bit clean and assist in spoil removal. Cutting is done mechanically. The mixture of bentonite

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slurry and borehole cuttings aids in preventing borehole collapse by exerting counterbalance earth pressure on the borehole walls. The casing or carrier pipe installation is independent of the boring operation, as the product is pulled through the bore upon the removal of the drill tubing.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Perforación Rotativa Horizontal con “ Slurry”

La perforación rotativa horizontal difiere de la perforación rotativa helicoidal en que la primera utiliza brocas y varillaje de perforación en lugar de cabezas cortadoras y tornillos sinfín. Se utiliza una mezcla “Slurry” transferida hasta la broca de perforación, a través del varillaje, para mantenerla limpia y ayudar en la remoción de material excavado. El corte se realiza mecánicamente. Se realiza la mezcla de “Slurry” bentonítico con los fragmentos resultantes de la perforación para prevenir el colapso de la excavación ejerciendo un contrabalance de la presión del terreno en las paredes del barreno. El encamisado o instalación de la tubería es independiente de la operación de perforación, puesto que la tubería se hala a lo largo del barreno con la remoción del varillaje de perforación.

4.4.13. Rod Pushing

Rod Pushing systems form a pilot bore by pushing a solid rod with no rotation or impact. The procedure consists of excavating a launching and receiving pit of an appropriate size, placing the unit in the launching pit and making final grade and alignment adjustments. The rods are then pushed from the launch pit into the soil by mechanical force provided by a hydraulic cylinder. Once a particular rod has been inserted, the cylinder is retracted, a new rod inserted, and the push cycle repeated. If the bore must be larger than the rod diameter, an expander is pulled back through the bore.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Empuje de Varillaje

El empuje de varillaje forma un barreno piloto mediante el empuje de una varilla sólida sin rotación o impacto. El procedimiento consiste en excavar pozos de entrada y recepción de tamaño apropiado, colocando la unidad en el pozo de entrada y realizando los ajustes de alineamiento y pendiente. Las varillas se empujan entonces desde el pozo de entrada en el suelo mediante fuerza mecánica que la suministra un cilindro hidráulico. Una vez se ha insertado una varilla en particular, el cilindro se recobra, una nueva varilla se inserta, y el ciclo de empuje se repite. Si el barreno debe ser más grande que el diámetro de la varilla, se hala en sentido inverso un expansor a lo largo del barreno.

4.4.14. Pilot Tubing

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Pilot Tubing is a type of microtunneling which is also referred to as guided boring. Pilot tube microtunneling combines the accuracy of microtunneling, the steering mechanism of a directional drill, and the spoil removal system of an auger­boring machine.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Sistema “ Pilot Tubing”

El sistema “Pilot Tubing” es un tipo de microtunelería el cual también es conocido como Perforación Guiada (Guide Boring). El sistema de microtunelería “Pilot Tube” combina la precisión de la microtunelería, el mecanismo direccionador de la perforación dirigida y el sistema de remoción de lo excavado de la máquina perforadora rotativa helicoidal.

4.4.15. Water Jetting

Water Jetting utilizes the liquefaction of soil principle to create a borehole. Water pressure and flow rates create a jetting action that places the soil in a quick (liquid) condition, i.e., the soil behaves like a liquid and is washed out. This principle is used as a horizontal boring method to create a borehole. This method is used to install water lines under roadways by owners of water systems with their own crews in isolated situations.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Inyección de agua

La inyección de agua utiliza el principio de licuefacción del suelo para crear un barreno. La presión del agua y las tasas de flujo crean una acción de presión que pone al suelo en una condición movediza (líquido), esto es, el suelo se comporta como un líquido y es lavado hacia afuera. Este principio se utiliza como un método de perforación horizontal para crear el barreno de excavación. Este método lo utilizan dueños de sistemas de agua con sus propias comisiones para instalar conducciones de agua bajo autopistas en condiciones aisladas.

4.4.16. Hand Mining

Hand Mining is a form of utility tunneling and is accomplished by craftsmen utilizing either pneumatic equipment or picks and shovels. Excavation is generally accomplished inside a shield. The shield can be articulated or fixed. It is a very slow method but it has its advantages. This method is particularly effective in mixed face condition or soil with boulders. In the case of obstacles like big boulders or large tree stumps, workers can use jack hammers or power saws to cut through the obstacle and prevent over­excavation. Compressed air is

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often used to minimize the inflow of ground water and to support the face in case of unstable soils. In an articulated shield, line and grade corrections are accomplished by activating the hydraulic cylinders. In a fixed shield, minor line and grade changes are accomplished by differential excavation in the direction of the desired change of direction. Hand carts are most commonly used to remove the spoil from the face to the entry pit. In particularly long tunnels, a rail system with battery­operated cars is used to reduce the travel time and increase the efficiency of the operation. The major advantage of this method is that the initial cost in equipment is minimal. However, this method is limited to relatively short drives that do not justify the investment in tunneling equipment or to conditions that demand hand tunneling.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Excavación manual

La excavación manual es una forma de tunelería de servicios públicos y la realizan trabajadores mediante la utilización tanto de equipo neumático o picos y palas. La excavación se ejecuta generalmente dentro de un escudo. El escudo puede ser articulado o fijo. Es un método muy lento pero tiene sus ventajas. Este método es particularmente efectivo cuando se tiene el frente de excavación con suelos mixtos o se tienen suelos con bloques rocosos. En caso de obstáculos como cantos rodados grandes o remanentes grandes de árboles, los trabajadores pueden utilizar martillos neumáticos o sierras eléctricas para cortar el obstáculo y prevenir sobre excavaciones. Se utiliza con frecuencia aire comprimido para minimizar la entrada de agua subterránea y para soportar la cara de la excavación en caso de suelos inestables. En un escudo articulado, se realizan correcciones de pendiente y alineamiento mediante la activación de los cilindros hidráulicos. En un escudo fijo, se realizan cambios menores de alineamiento y pendiente por medio de excavación diferencial en la dirección del cambio de dirección deseado. Comúnmente se utilizan carros de transporte manuales para remover lo excavado desde la cara de excavación hasta el pozo de entrada. En túneles particularmente largos, se utiliza un sistema de rieles con carros operados con baterías para reducir el tiempo de viaje e incrementar la eficiencia de la operación. La mayor ventaja de este método es que el costo inicial del equipo es mínimo. Sin embargo, este método se limita a tramos relativamente cortos que no justifican la inversión en equipo de tunelería o para condiciones que requieren excavación con herramientas de mano.

4.4.17. Open Face TBM

Open Face TBM is a form of utility tunneling and is accomplished by a small backhoe or by some other piece of excavation equipment that is mounted inside the TBM. This is used to excavate the face of the tunnel. This method is faster than hand mining because the excavation per unit time is much greater. Often special equipment that can excavate and convey the material to a conveyor belt

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on the rear of the machine is designed. The conveyor then transfers the spoil onto a muck cart or some other system to convey the muck out to the entry pit. Compressed air is often used to minimize inflow of water and to support the face in case of unstable soils. Usually the backhoe dumps the excavated soil behind it into a battery­operated cart that is used to remove the spoil from the face to the entry pit. The technique of differential excavation can be used to accomplish minor corrections in line and grade. The advantage of this method is that in case of major obstacles, the option of hand mining is always possible. Hence the possibility of not being able to complete the tunnel is minimized.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto

La excavación con máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto es una forma de tunelería de servicios públicos y se realiza por medio de una pequeña excavadora o por alguna otra parte que excave de un equipo que se ensambla dentro del TBM. Esta herramienta se utiliza para excavar el frente de excavación. Este método es más rápido que la excavación manual debido a que la excavación por unidad de tiempo es mayor. Con frecuencia se diseña equipo especial que puede excavar y transportar el material a una banda transportadora hacia la parte de atrás de la máquina. La banda transportadora transfiere entonces el material excavado hacia un carro rezagador u otro sistema para conducir la rezaga afuera hacia el pozo de entrada. Se utiliza con frecuencia aire comprimido para minimizar la entrada de agua y para soportar la cara de la excavación en caso de suelos inestables. Usualmente la excavadora vacia el suelo excavado detrás de ella en un carro operado con baterías que se utiliza para remover el material hacia el pozo de entrada. Puede utilizarse la técnica de excavación diferencial para realizar ajustes menores en alineamiento y pendiente. La ventaja de este método es que en caso de obstáculos mayores, siempre es posible utilizar la opción de excavación manual. De ahí que se minimiza la posibilidad de que el túnel no pueda ser excavado.

4.4.18. Road Header Method

Road Header Method is a form of utility tunneling, which has either a wheel­ or track­mounted road header and consists of a boom with a spherical ball with teeth at its end. When the ball is rotated, the teeth cut into the soil or rock and thus excavation proceeds. It is a very flexible piece of equipment and can excavate very quickly. It is especially very useful in rocky conditions and mixed face conditions. It is conveniently used inside tunnels because it permits considerable flexibility in maneuvering within a tunnel. In case of larger tunnels more than one boom may be used to increase the speed of excavation. This method is convenient particularly for non­circular tunnels. Any type of mucking method can be conveniently used with this method. For larger size utility tunnels, the machine is mounted on a jumbo. The flexibility permitted by the use of the

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road header method allows the tunnel to be excavated in a single pass even for large tunnels.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Método de la rozadora o tuneleadora de ataque puntual.

El método de la rozadora o tuneladora de ataque puntual es una forma de tunelería de servicios en la cual se tiene una rozadora sobre ruedas o sobre orugas y consiste de un brazo con una esfera con dientes en su punta o lado final. Cuando la esfera se rota, los dientes cortan el suelo o roca y la excavación progresa. Es una parte del equipo muy flexible y puede excavar muy rápidamente. Es muy útil especialmente en condiciones rocosas y en un frente mixto de excavación. Es conveniente utilizar este método porque permite una flexibilidad y maniobrabilidad dentro del túnel. En caso de túneles más grandes se puede utilizar más de un brazo para incrementar la velocidad de la excavación. Este método es particularmente más conveniente para túneles que no sean circulares en su sección. Cualquier tipo de evacuación de rezaga puede utilizarse convenientemente con este método. Para grandes túneles de servicios, esta máquina se ensambla en un jumbo. La flexibilidad de este método de la rozadora permite que el túnel se excave en una sola etapa, aún para túneles grandes.

4.4.19. New Austrian Tunneling Method

The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) is a form of utility tunneling, which has been mostly used for rock tunneling in the United States. The basic principle of NATM is to allow the ground surrounding the tunnel to deform enough to mobilize the shear strength of the soil or rock. Frequently, this limited deformation is achieved by the use of wire reinforced shotcrete and steel ribs to form a flexible tunnel lining. NATM is quite adaptable to varying soil and rock conditions. However, the soil must be strong enough to essentially support itself once the required deformation takes place. This method is not recommended for shallow covers since the soil is not able to arch properly. Soil settlement is an integral part of this method just as ground movement is an essential part of the tunnel support process.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Nuevo Método Austriaco de Tunelería (NMA)

El Nuevo Método Austriaco de Tunelería (NMA), es un método de tunelería de servicios públicos el cual se ha utilizado principalmente para la tunelería en roca en los EE.UU. El principio básico del sistema NMA es permitir que el terreno alrededor del túnel se deforme lo suficiente para desplazar la resistencia al corte del suelo o la roca. Con frecuencia esta deformación limitada se alcanza

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mediante el uso de concreto lanzado reforzado con malla y costillas de acero para formar un revestimiento flexible del túnel. NMA es bastante adaptable a las condiciones del suelo y la roca. Sin embargo, el suelo debe ser suficientemente resistente para soportarse así mismo una vez ocurra la deformación. No se recomienda este método para coberturas superficiales debido a que el suelo no desarrolla un efecto de arco apropiado. El asentamiento del suelo es una parte integral de este método así como el movimiento del terreno es una parte esencial del proceso de soporte del túnel.

4.4.20. Closed Face TBM

Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) are full face machines with a rotating cutter head for excavating the soil. It usually has an articulated shield with hydraulic rams to make corrections in line and grade. The cutter head can be driven by electric or hydraulic motors. It rotates and excavates the soil that comes inside through small openings in the cutting head. From here the spoil is transferred to the rear of the shield through conveyers that dump it into muck carts or convey it out of the tunnel or the pipe being installed. Alternately, an auger system may also be used to convey the spoil to the entry pit. The line and grade is monitored by using a laser beam. The operator sits at some distance behind the cutting head and monitors the whole operation and makes the necessary adjustments. TBMs are very fast and efficient since they permit excavation and muck removal at the same time. TBMs have been found to be cost effective especially in case of long drives. The major disadvantage of TBMs is the high initial cost, which sometimes does not justify their use for short tunnels. TBMs can only be used to install circular tunnels unless special multi­face equipment is used which so far is only regularly done in Japan.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Máquina tuneleadora de escudo cerrado

Las máquinas perforadoras de túneles (MPT), TBM en Inglés, son máquinas de frente completo con una cabeza cortadora rotante para excavar el suelo. Esta cabeza tiene generalmente un escudo articulado con cilindros hidráulicos para realizar correcciones en alineamiento y pendiente. La cabeza cortadora se puede operar por medio de motores eléctricos o hidráulicos. Ella rota y excava el suelo que penetra en su interior a través de aperturas pequeñas en la cabeza cortadora. De aquí la rezaga se transporta hacia la parte de atrás del escudo por medio de cintas transportadoras que vacian la rezaga en carros rezagadores o llevan la rezaga afuera del túnel o de la tubería que se está instalando. Alternativamente, se puede utilizar un sistema rotativo helicoidal para transportar la rezaga hacia el pozo de entrada. El alineamiento y la pendiente se monitorean mediante el uso de rayos láser. El operador se sienta a cierta distancia detrás de la cabeza cortadora y monitorea toda la operación y hace los ajustes que sean necesarios. Las MPT son muy rápidas y eficientes puesto que ellas permiten

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excavar y rezagar al mismo tiempo. Las MPT son económicas especialmente para túneles largos. La mayor desventaja de las MPT es el alto costo inicial, el cual algunas veces no justifica el uso para túneles cortos. Las MPT se pueden utilizar solamente para túneles de sección circular a menos que se utilicen equipos con frentes múltiples lo cual hasta ahora solo se ha hecho en Japón.

4.5. Open Cut Methods

4.5.1. Open Cut Excavation

Backhoes are excavators designed primarily for an open cut excavation below the natural surface of the ground on which the machine rests. A backhoe consists of a track or wheel mounted superstructure to which a boom and a dipper are attached. Hydraulic cylinders that control the operation of the boom and the dipper provide the penetration force required to excavate the material.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Métodos a corte abierto

Excavación a corte abierto

Las retroexcavadoras son excavadoras diseñadas principalmente para excavar a corte abierto debajo de la superficie natural del terreno sobre la cual yace la máquina. La retroexcavadora consiste en una superestructura montada sobre ruedas o sobre orugas a la cual se le fija un brazo y un cucharón. Los cilindros hidráulicos que controlan la operación del brazo y del cucharón dan la fuerza de penetración requerida para excavar el material.

4.5.2. Trenching

Trenching or the term trenching machine applies to both wheel and ladder type machines capable of controlling the width and depth of a trench. Ladder type trenching machines utilize an endless chain that travels along a boom, to which cutter buckets equipped with teeth are attached. As the buckets travel up the underside of the boom, the earth is brought out and deposited on a belt conveyor that discharges it alongside the trench. Wheel­type trenching machines consist of a power­driven wheel on which there are mounted buckets equipped with cutter teeth. The machine is operated by lowering the rotating wheel to the desired depth while the unit moves forward slowly. The earth is picked up by the buckets and deposited onto a conveyor belt that discharges it to the side of the trench.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

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Apertura de zanjas con máquina trincheradora

La apertura de zanjas o el término máquina trincheradora se refiere a máquinas tipo rueda cortadora y tipo cucharón capaces de controlar el ancho y la profundidad de una zanja. Las máquinas tipo cucharón para abrir zanjas utilizan una cadena sinfín que viaja a lo largo del brazo, al cual se le fijan cucharones equipados con dientes. Al paso que los cucharones viajan por debajo del brazo, la tierra se remueve y se deposita en una banda transportadora que la descarga a un lado de la zanja. Las máquinas tipo rueda cortadora para abrir zanjas consisten de una rueda operada con energía en la cual se encuentran montados unos cucharones equipados con dientes cortadores. La máquina se opera por medio de bajar la rueda rotante a la profundidad deseada mientras que la unidad se moviliza lentamente hacia adelante. La tierra se recoge por medio de los cucharones y se deposita en una banda transportadora que la descarga a un lado de la zanja.

4.6. Inline Replacement Methods

4.6.1. Pipe Bursting Static

Static Pipe Bursting utilizes brute force from the bursting machine or winch to pull the bursting head through the host pipe. The head is pulled by either a pulling rod assembly or a winch cable, which is inserted through the existing pipe and attached to the front of the bursting head. The tensile force applied to the bursting head is significant. The cone­shaped bursting head transfers this horizontal pulling force into a radial force, which breaks the host pipe and provides a space for the new pipe.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Métodos de reemplazo en el mismo alineamiento

Rotura estática de tubería

La rotura estática de tubería utiliza fuerza bruta de la máquina rompedora o hala la cabeza rompedora a través de la tubería receptora. La cabeza se hala por medio de un ensamblaje de una varilla jaladora o por medio de un cable conectado a un cabrestante, dicho cable se introduce dentro de la tubería existente y se conecta al frente de la cabeza rompedora. La fuerza a tensión que se aplica a la cabeza rompedora es significativa. La cabeza rompedora en forma de cono transfiere la fuerza horizontal de halado en fuerza radial, la cual rompe la tubería receptora y abre espacio para la nueva tubería.

4.6.2. Pipe Bursting Pneumatic

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Pneumatic Pipe Bursting uses an expander that is fitted to either the front or near the rear of the pneumatic soil displacement hammer. This expander assembly is launched into the host pipe via an insertion pit. The tool is connected to a constant tension, twin capstan winch located at the next manhole location. The constant tension of the winch keeps the expander assembly pressed against the host pipe wall and when combined with the percussive power of the hammer helps maintain line and grade. Once started, the burst continues to the reception pit where the expander assembly is retrieved. Reversible tools are available that allow the hammer to back itself out of the pipe saving the expense of a reception pit.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Rotura neumática de tubería

La rotura neumática de tubería utiliza un expansor que se conecta al frente o cerca a la parte trasera del martillo neumático de desplazamiento de suelo. Este ensamblaje expansor se lanza en el interior de la tubería receptora utilizando un pozo de inserción. El instrumento se conecta a una tensión constante a un cabrestante doble colocado en el sitio del próximo manhole. La tensión constante del cabrestante mantiene al ensamblaje expansor presionado contra la pared de la tubería receptora y cuando se combina con la energía a percusión del martillo ayuda a mantener el alineamiento y la pendiente. Una vez se ha iniciado, la rotura continúa hasta el pozo de recepción donde el ensamblaje expansor se recupera. Se encuentran disponibles en el mercado instrumentos reversibles que permiten que el martillo se devuelva por si mismo fuera de la tubería economizando así los gastos de un pozo de salida.

4.6.3. Pipe Bursting Hydraulic

Hydraulic Expansion Pipe Bursting advances from the insertion pit to the reception pit in sequences, which are repeated until the full length of the existing pipe is replaced. In each sequence, one segment of the pipe, which matches the length of the bursting head, is burst in two steps. First the bursting head is pulled into the host pipe the length of the segment and then the head is expanded laterally to break the pipe. The bursting head is pulled forward with a winch cable, which is inserted through the host pipe from the reception pit, and attached to the front of the bursting head. The rear of the bursting head is attached to the new pipe and hydraulic supply lines are also inserted through the inside of the pipe. The bursting head consists of four or more interlocking segments, which are hinged at the ends and the middle. An axially mounted hydraulic piston drives the lateral expansion and contraction of the head.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

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Rotura hidráulica de tubería

La rotura hidráulica de tubería avanza desde el pozo de inserción hasta el pozo de recepción en secuencias, las cuales se repiten hasta que la longitud completa de la tubería existente se reemplace. En cada secuencia, un segmento de la tubería, el cual coincide con la longitud de la cabeza rompedora, se rompe en dos etapas. Primero se hala la cabeza rompedora dentro de la tubería receptora en la longitud del segmento y luego se expande la cabeza lateralmente para romper la tubería. La cabeza rompedora se hala hacia adelante con un cabrestante, el cual se inserta dentro de la tubería receptora desde el pozo de recepción y se conecta con el frente de la cabeza rompedora. La parte posterior de la cabeza rompedora se conecta con la nueva tubería y las líneas de suministro hidráulico se conectan también a través del interior de la tubería. La cabeza rompedora consiste de cuatro o más segmentos conectados entre sí, los cuales se unen flexiblemente en las partes finales y en las mitades. Un pistón hidráulico soportado axialmente ejecuta la expansión y contracción lateral de la cabeza.

4.6.4. Pipe Splitting

Pipe Splitting is a method that utilizes a cutting blade on an expanding head to cut through the wall of ductile pipe or fittings such as stainless steel collars, saddle clamps or polyethylene repair sections. The head is pulled through the pipeline by a hydraulic head system and slices open the host pipe while pulling a new pipe string in behind it.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Corte de tubería

El corte de tubería es un método que utiliza una cuchilla cortadora en una cabeza expansora para cortar a través de la pared de una tubería dúctil o conexiones como collarines de acero anticorrosivo, soportes de asientos de tuberías o tramos reparados con polietileno. La cabeza se hala dentro de la tubería por un sistema de cabeza hidráulico y corta abiertamente la tubería receptora mientras hala un tramo de tubería nueva detrás de él.

4.6.5. Pipe Extraction and Replacement

Pipe Extraction and Replacement is a method of replacing small diameter, non­ segmental pipes with a new product. A steel cable fitted with cones that expand is used to grip the internal wall of the existing pipe. A winching force is applied to the cable and a pushing device is used on the rear of the pipe. As the host pipe is extracted, a new pipe attached to the rear end of the existing pipe is pulled in simultaneously.

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Spanish Technical Adaptation

Extracción y reemplazo de tubería

La extracción y reemplazo de tubería es un método para reemplazar tuberías continuas de pequeño diámetro con una nueva. Un cable de acero acoplado con conos que se expanden se utiliza para sujetar la pared interna de la tubería existente. Una fuerza del cabrestante se aplica al cable y un aparato que empuja se utiliza en la parte posterior de la tubería. Al paso que la tubería receptora se extrae, se hala de manera simultánea una nueva tubería que se conecta a la parte de atrás de la tubería existente.

4.6.6. Pipe Reaming

Pipe Reaming is a variation of horizontal directional drilling technology used for in­line pipe replacement. The system employs a cutter head with spirally placed carbide tipped teeth that grind up the host pipe, while simultaneously drawing in a new pipe. Fragments are suspended in the drilling fluid and transported to the recovery pit where they are removed with a vacuum truck or slurry pump.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Fragmentación y remoción de tubería mediante perforación horizontal dirigida

La fragmentación y remoción de tubería mediante perforación horizontal dirigida es una variación de la tecnología de perforación horizontal direccional, que se utiliza para reemplazo en el mismo alineamiento. El sistema emplea una cabeza cortadora con dientes con botones de carburo colocados en forma de espiral que desintegran la tubería receptora, mientras coloca simultáneamente la nueva tubería. Los fragmentos se suspenden en el fluido de la perforación y se transportan al pozo de recuperación donde ellos se remueven con un camión Vactor o una bomba “Slurry”

4.6.7. Pipe Eating

Pipe Eating is a variation of microtunneling in which the host pipe is consumed by the tunneling machine as the replacement pipe is jacked from behind. A probe­and­packer pilot head guides the machine within the existing pipe, while the microtunneling machine excavates the existing pipe. Typically, the crushing is accomplished using an eccentric­motion cone crusher placed at the face of the microtunneling machine. Specially designed teeth within the cone crusher are used to cut any reinforcement within the pipe, allowing excavation of all the host pipe material. While the crushing and excavation are taking place at the face of the machine the new product line is simultaneously jacked in behind it.

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Spanish Technical Adaptation

Fragmentación y remoción de tubería mediante Microtunelería

La fragmentación y remoción de tubería mediante Microtunelería es una variación de la microtunelería en el cual la tubería receptora se destruye por la acción de la máquina microtuneleadora al paso que la tubería de reemplazo se empuja desde atrás. Una cabeza piloto ajustada para auscultar, guía la máquina dentro de la tubería existente. Típicamente, la trituración se realiza mediante la utilización de un triturador cónico de movimiento excéntrico colocado en la cara de la máquina microtuneleadora. Se utilizan dentro del triturador cónico dientes con diseño especial para cortar cualquier refuerzo dentro de la tubería, permitiendo la excavación de todo el material de la tubería receptora. Mientras la trituración y excavación tienen lugar en el frente de la máquina, la nueva tubería se empuja detrás de ella simultáneamente.

4.7. Rehabilitation Methods

4.7.1. Chemical Grouting

Chemical Grouting is used to seal leaking joints and circumferential cracks as well as small holes. Chemical grouting should be sprayed under pressure after appropriate cleaning and testing of the joints or cracks. The cleaning process should be done immediately before the grouting process and sand or other type of sediments and deposits should be removed from the pipe's interior perimeter. Also utilization of this technique requires bypassing of the wastewater flow around the segment to be grouted until it is cured. Chemical grouting could also be applied to fill the voids in the backfill outside of the sewer walls to mitigate outward movement of the pipes due to the presence of the void in the backfill. Application of chemical grouting is not a viable solution for longitudinal cracks or for structurally damaged or severely deteriorated sewer pipes.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Métodos de Rehabilitación

Lechada Química

La lechada química se utiliza para sellar juntas con filtración y grietas circunferenciales así como pequeños huecos. La lechada química debe inyectarse bajo presión generalmente con la ayuda de un sistema de obturadores después de una evaluación de las juntas o grietas y una limpieza apropiada. El proceso de limpieza debe realizarse inmediatamente antes del proceso de aplicación de la lechada y se deben remover del perímetro interior de la tubería la arena u otro tipo de sedimentos y depósitos. La utilización de esta

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técnica requiere también desviar el flujo del agua residual alrededor del segmento de tubería a ser tratado con lechada, hasta que se cure la misma. La lechada química se puede aplicar también para llenar los vacíos en el relleno exterior de las paredes del colector para mitigar el movimiento hacia afuera de las tuberías debido a la presencia del vacío en el relleno. La aplicación de lechada química no es una solución viable para grietas longitudinales o para tuberías de colectores deterioradas severamente o dañadas estructuralmente.

4.7.2. CIPP

CIPP refers to the insertion of a flexible tube­shaped membrane saturated with thermosetting resin into the host pipe. The inversion process is one of the installation methods in which one end of the tube is clamped at the beginning of the host pipe using a ring and the liner is placed inside out. Then via the use of water or air pressure the tube is inverted as the inner side of the liner comes into contact with the inner side of the host pipe and assumes its shape. The liner is then cured either by radiating ultra­violet (UV), steam, or hot air (ISST 1998). The elastic nature of the resin saturated felt prior to curing allows installation around curves and bridging the gaps and maneuvering through pipe defects. Upon curing and installation, the fabric cures and forms a new pipe with slightly less surface area as well as no joints or seams and a much lower friction coefficient, which improves the flow capacity despite the reduction in pipe diameter.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Tubería curada en sitio ­ TCES ­ (En España: “ Encamisado con Manga Reversible” )

TCES se refiere a la inserción de una membrana flexible, en forma de tubo, saturada con resina termo – fraguante, dentro de la tubería receptora. El proceso de inversión es uno de los métodos de instalación en el cual uno de los extremos del tubo se fija al inicio de la tubería receptora utilizando un anillo y el revestimiento se coloca en forma invertida. Posteriormente mediante el uso de agua o aire a presión el tubo se invierte de tal forma que el lado interior del revestimiento quede en contacto con el lado interior de la tubería receptora y se adapte a su forma. Luego se cura el revestimiento con radiación ultra – violeta (UV), vapor o aire caliente (ISST 1998). La naturaleza elástica del fieltro, o manto tejido, saturado con la resina antes de curar, permite la instalación alrededor de curvas y se extiende sobre imperfecciones y maniobra a través de los defectos de la tubería. En los procesos de curado e instalación, el fieltro se cura y forma una nueva tubería con ligeramente menor área superficial así como sin juntas o uniones y un coeficiente de fricción mucho más bajo, el cual mejora la capacidad del flujo a pesar de la reducción del diámetro de la tubería.

4.7.3. CIP Short­Section Lining

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Cured­in­Place Short­Section Lining is the same as CIPP except it does not involve the repair/rehabilitation of the entire utility between access points (i.e. MHs).

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Curado en sitio ­ Revestimiento en tramos cortos

El revestimiento en tramos cortos curados en sitio es lo mismo que el sistema TCES excepto que no involucra la reparación / rehabilitación del servicio completo entre puntos de acceso (i.e entre manholes)

4.7.4. Fold and Form

Fold and Form lining utilizes a folded and deformed thermoplastic PE or PVC pipe which is pulled and placed inside an existing host pipe and then inflated and impregnated to restore the internal diameter of the host pipe using high pressure (Kramer et al. 1992). Liners are factory manufactured pieces and come in predetermined lengths and diameters. Upon completion of the installation, the connection of service laterals to the pipe should be reinstated. According to Larsen et al. (1997) the utilization of this method may be limited in the case of excessive sagging, misalignment of the host pipe, or joint displacement. In other words the host pipe's installation profile could not be adjusted and the presence of the above mentioned defects do not allow the utilization of fold and form lining. Fold and form liners enhance the host pipe's hydraulic and structural performance and eliminate inflow and infiltration.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Doblado y Formado (En España: “ Entubado de la Canalización” )

El revestimiento de Doblado y Formado utiliza una tubería de Polietileno termoplástico o PVC doblada y deformada, la cual se hala y se coloca dentro de una tubería receptora existente y luego se infla y se impregna para reestablecer el diámetro interno de la tubería receptora utilizando alta presión (Kramer et al.1992). Los revestimientos son piezas manufacturadas en fábrica y vienen en longitudes y diámetros predeterminados. A la terminación de la instalación, se debe reinstalar la conexión de los servicios laterales. De acuerdo con Larsen et al. (1997) la utilización de este método puede ser limitada en caso de excesivo asentamiento, desalineamiento de la tubería receptora, o desplazamiento de juntas. En otras palabras el perfil de instalación de la tubería receptora no puede ajustarse y los defectos mencionados antes no permiten la utilización del revestimiento de Doblado y Formado. Los revestimientos de Doblado y Formado mejoran el comportamiento hidráulico y estructural de la tubería receptora y eliminan la infiltración por aguas freáticas y la filtración por escorrentía superficial.

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4.7.5. Mechanical Sleeves

Mechanical Sleeves, which may be internal or external, are used for structural as well as infiltration repairs. Longer lengths may be achieved by installing the sleeves in series. Mechanical sleeves provide a close­fit to the host pipe when they are expanded. The sleeves provide structural support and can be used in situations where the pipe is broken or sections are missing.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Encamisados Mecánicos (En España: “ Rehabilitación de juntas mediante Manguitos” )

Los Encamisados Mecánicos, los cuales pueden ser internos o externos, se utilizan para reparaciones estructurales así como de infiltración. Se pueden alcanzar longitudes mayores mediante la instalación de encamisados en serie. Los encamisados mecánicos proveen un ajuste preciso a la tubería receptora cuando ellos se expanden. Los encamisados proveen soporte estructural y pueden utilizarse en situaciones en las cuales la tubería está fracturada o presenta pérdida de tramos.

4.7.6. Slip Lining Continuous

Slip Lining consists of inserting a new somewhat smaller diameter pipe inside the host pipe, either by a pulling or a pushing mechanism (Kramer et al. 1992). Since the liner has a smaller diameter when compared to the host pipe, there exists an annulus between the two. This annulus is pressure filled with a grout. The reduction in the hydraulic capacity due to the reduced cross­sectional area could be balanced by the reduced surface friction in the pipe inner wall especially in larger diameter pipes. Short installation time and long drive length are some of the advantages of this method. Slip lining restores structural integrity, can enhance hydraulic capacity, and eliminates infiltration.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Revestimiento Deslizante Continuo

El revestimiento deslizante consiste en la inserción de una nueva tubería de diámetro algo más pequeño dentro de la tubería receptora, por medio de halar o por un mecanismo de empujar (Kramer et al. 1992). Puesto que el revestimiento tiene un diámetro más pequeño cuando se compara con la tubería receptora, existe un espacio anular entre las dos. Este espacio anular se llena a presión con una lechada. La reducción en la capacidad hidráulica debida al área transversal menor se puede balancear con la disminución en la fricción superficial en las paredes interiores de la tubería especialmente en tuberías con

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diámetros más grandes. Algunas de las ventajas de este método son el tiempo corto de instalación y la larga longitud que se puede instalar. El revestimiento deslizante restablece la integridad estructural, puede mejorar la capacidad hidráulica y elimina la infiltración.

4.7.7. Slip Lining Discontinuous

Slip Lining consists of inserting a new somewhat smaller diameter pipe inside the host pipe, either by a pulling or a pushing mechanism (Kramer et al. 1992). Since the liner has a smaller diameter when compared to the host pipe, there exists an annulus between the two. This annulus is pressure filled with a grout. The reduction in the hydraulic capacity due to the reduced cross­sectional area could be balanced by the reduced surface friction in the pipe inner wall. Short installation time and long drive length are some of the advantages of this method. Slip lining restores structural integrity, can enhance hydraulic capacity, and eliminates infiltration.

Spanish Technical Adaptation

Revestimiento Deslizante Discontinuo

El revestimiento deslizante consiste en la inserción de una nueva tubería de diámetro algo más pequeño dentro de la tubería receptora, por medio de halar o por un mecanismo de empujar (Kramer et al. 1992). Puesto que el revestimiento tiene un diámetro más pequeño cuando se compara con la tubería receptora, existe un espacio anular entre las dos. Este espacio anular se llena a presión con una lechada. La reducción en la capacidad hidráulica debida al área transversal menor se puede balancear con la disminución en la fricción superficial en las paredes interiores de la tubería. Algunas de las ventajas de este método son el tiempo corto de instalación y la larga longitud que se puede instalar. El revestimiento deslizante restablece la integridad estructural, puede mejorar la capacidad hidráulica y elimina la infiltración.

4.8 Construction Method Database Adaptation from Original TAG in English

In Appendix 1, an adaption to Spanish is made for all the internal screens of the original TAG Program in order to complete the necessary information for selecting a Trenchless Method in a South American country depending on the project requirements. In Chapter 5, the screens specifically developed as a part of this Practicum are presented.

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5. MODULES TO ADAPT TAG PROGRAM TO SOUTH AMERICAN CONDITIONS

See the attached CD Demo in Appendix 2 to preview or use the modules explained in this Chapter.

5.1. Sector Pollution Environmental Risk Module

5.1.1. Geographical Sector Pollution Analysis

In accordance with Reference 24, air quality and health problems are not limited to just mega­cities, such as Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, and Buenos Aires. Cities perched upon the northern Andes, such as Bogota (Colombia), Quito (Ecuador), and La Paz (Bolivia) suffer contaminant levels well above standards set by the World Health Organization, especially with regard to carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Due to climatic factors and altitudes ranging from 2,500 to 4,000 meters above sea level, these cities are particularly susceptible to elevated pollution levels. Petrol and diesel fuels do not burn effectively at such altitudes and leave high levels of unburned contaminants. Thus, as residents must breathe in more air to receive an adequate oxygen supply, they are also absorbing more contaminants. This leads to increased rates of respiratory illness and medical costs.

The city of Medellin, Colombia, has a very similar situation as the other capitals in Latin America. So, in this Chapter, is collected the most important pollution data collected from different sites of the city in order to asses future works in the roadways and avoid the use of conventional techniques that block, stop or delay the traffic in such sites. Although the data show that there are not serious problems at the present time, in the abstract of Reference (25) included the following:

“The Air Quality Monitoring Network, Redaire, presents the urban air pollution situation in the Aburra Valley. It covers the first five months of 2005. Results show for TSP (Total Suspended Particles) Medellin town center (Miguel de Aguinaga Building), National University of Colombia (Mines Faculty), on Aburra Valley Middle, and Guayabal, Itagui and Politecnico on Aburra Valley South (monitoring stations) that they have high values over Colombian Environmental Law (Decreto 02/82), 100 ug / m 3 . (…) Some monitoring stations continue to overall US EPA, Environmental Protection Agency USA, rule to PM10 , 50 ug / m 3 there are Corantioquia, Guayabal and Miguel de Aguinaga Stations. Results for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) keep showing very low concentrations; NO2 results are slightly higher. Carbon Monoxide results (CO) are low without overall environmental law never the less, the Miguel de Aguinaga and Nuevo Centro La Alpujarra building stations had high peaks at noon, 10 and 14 ppm. The “Pico y Placa” (restriction of cars, public and private transport, by the plate number) did not have had influence on air quality monitoring network during the period from February to May, to Medellin and other counties of Aburra

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Valley. Finally Aburra Valley had between “Good” and Acceptable” air quality index for TSP. (…)”

Thus according with the referenced study, there are some critical points in the city that deserve special analysis from the air quality point of view.

5.1.2. Data Input

The environmental analysis screen must be entered with available environmental data. At present, the particulate count (Micrograms per cubic meter) is used as the marker for pollution problems.

Depending on the value limit for accepting a level a contamination, the site can be classified as dangerous. In this situation, the site would not allow stopping or delaying the traffic for utility works in the street and hence trenchless technologies would become the preferred or only permitted option.

In the abstract of reference (25) it can be seen that in the downtown, Guayabal, Itagui, National University of Colombia (Mines Faculty) streets, among others, it is very dangerous to stop or delay the traffic.

Obviously this analysis is very dynamic and depends on time and in the following factors (among others):

­ Renovation of cars in the city, changing old vehicles for new ones ­ More vehicles operating with natural gas ­ Busway systems ready to operate ­ More vehicles in the city ­ Stronger environmental regulations ­ New stations and measurements of pollution levels

The following Figure 1 shows the distribution and dispersion of the CO (Carbon Monoxide) in downtown Medellin between 5 to 9 A.M.

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Figure 1. Spatial CO Distribution in Downtown Medellin During the Morning Hours (5 to 9 A.M.)

This figure confirms the affirmations of the study detecting the critical zones of CO Concentrations. Using the proposed module in such situations, it would be necessary to use this map in relation to the new utility crossing or work in order to determine if the zone is dangerous or not from the pollution point of view.

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5.1.3. Pollution Environmental Risk Module (Figures 2 and 3)

Figure 2. Pollution Environmental Risk Module Diagram (In English)

Figure 3. Módulo de Riesgo Ambiental de Polución (In Spanish)

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5.2. Sector Noise Environmental Risk Module

The most critical part to control in big cities is the downtown areas and some commercial or industrial areas where the noise levels are critical. For example in Figures 4 and 5 are shown some noise measurements in the downtown of Medellin City, the second city of Colombia, where it is seen clearly the higher noise pollution on that area (25).

Figure 4. Spatial Noise Distribution in Downtown Medellin during the Morning Hours (5 to 9 A.M.)

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Figure 5. Spatial Noise Distribution in Downtown Medellin during Nighttime (11 PM to 3 A.M.)

In conclusion, there were identified critical sectors in Medellin such as Plaza Minorista, El Palo con El Huevo, La Avenida del Ferrocarril, and San Juan con Carabobo. So in these sectors the installation, reparation / rehabilitation of utilities by the traditional methods of cut and cover must be avoided due to the environmental impact about stopping the traffic and / or using conventional construction equipment.

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5.2.1. Noise Environmental Risk Module (Figures 6 and 7)

Figure 6. Sector Noise Environmental Risk Module (In English)

Figure 7. Módulo de Riesgo Ambiental por Ruido (In Spanish)

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5.3. Sector Busway Environmental Risk Module

According to Reference 24, the rapid growth of Latin America urban centres beginning in the 1970s placed a heavy strain upon urban transport service providers. Facing high population growth from a citizenry dependent upon public transport and having limited financial resources to develop car­based infrastructure, Latin American municipal planners were challenged to create a new transport paradigm. One ingenious response to this dilemma was the busway, a surface metro system that utilizes exclusive right­of­way bus lanes. The developers of the Latin American busways astutely observed that the ultimate objective was to swiftly, efficiently, and cost­effectively move people rather than cars.

Examples of innovative busway systems can be found in Curitiba, Bogota, Porto Alegre, Quito, and Sao Paulo. The low cost, flexibility, and speed of the exclusive busways all contribute to extremely high levels of customer satisfaction. Innovative approaches to the design of busway loading stations and simplified ticketing have also helped to reduce operating costs and improve customer flows. Additionally, clear system maps, colour­coded routing, system safety and cleanliness, and superior customer service have helped direct consumer preference towards the busway. The success of busways has also proved that costly subway systems or uncontrolled sprawl are not the only options available to municipal planners.

The Latin American busway corridors provide high peak capacities that permit busway corridors to serve the transit requirements of most medium to large­sized cities. When integrated with progressive land­use policies, busways can also form the basis of more sustainable urban design by encouraging development corridors with high­density, mixed­use land use. The environmental benefits and calming influences afforded cities by busway systems have translated into dramatically improved levels of quality of life indicators, including improvements in health, crime reduction, and poverty alleviation. The user­friendliness and cost­effectiveness of busway systems have convinced municipal leaders in North America, Europe, and Australia to develop similar systems of their own. Latin American busways thus provide a unique example of South to North technology transfer.

The principal cities of Colombia are adopting the busway system of transportation, rapidly becoming in the most important way of transportation in capitals such as Bogota, Medellin, Cali, Pereira, Cartagena, etc.

As the busways are distributed across the entire city, it is necessary sometimes to cross them with new services or utilities. In this case the use of conventional techniques such as trenches and open cuts must be avoided due to the high risk of disturbing such corridors. Although these corridors were prepared by

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relocation of utilities, they still have some main pipes or “tubos matrices” that eventually could need some kind of repair or rehabilitation in the future.

In terms of the adaptation of the TAG program to include the avoidance of special corridors as a busway, a busway map (Figure 8) can be used in order to avoid any future disturbance of a particular busway corridor.

The Metroplus system in Medellin will run on different avenues and streets, one of them is, from reference (26), La Avenida del Ferrocarril, which makes it practically impossible to do any utility work with traditional open – cut systems in such a street.

Because the Metroplus system is under construction, it was not possible to obtain the final drawings of the project within the time frame of this practicum project. However, the Transmilenio System in Bogota, which has been operating from 2000 offers a multiple quantity of drawings and plans, one of them is shown in Figure 8 (Reference 27)

Figure 8. Transmilenio Transport System Map in Bogota – Colombia.

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5.3.1. Busway Environmental Risk Module

This module will be adapted only for Bogota, because it was the only city detected that shows complete diagrams and plans about the Busway system called “Transmilenio” in the Internet. In the future, the module will be adaptable to any city that has a Busway system in operation. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the application of the module

Figure 9. Busway Environmental Risk Module (Applied to Bogota) (In English)

Figure 10. Módulo de Riesgo Ambiental por Ruta de Buses de Transporte Masivo (Aplicado a Bogota) (In Spanish)

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5.4. Flowchart for Managerial Decision

Having introduced the individual modules, in the next Figures 11 and 12 is the integration of each module into an overall Decision Module is illustrated.

Figure 11. Flowchart for Managerial Decisionmaking (In English).

Figure 12. Diagrama de Flujo para Decisión Gerencial (In Spanish)

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Basically the Decisionmaking Flowchart is complemented by the following:

DECISION SHEET TRACK: (English)

­ Budget:

Direct Costs Calculation Yes__ No__ Indirect Costs Calculation Yes__ No__ Social Costs Calculation Yes__ No__

­ Technical Specifications Yes__ No__

­ Contractors (At least three) Yes__ No__

­ Schedule (According to needs) Yes__ No__

­ Order to Construct Yes__ No__

HOJA DE SEGUIMIENTO DE LA DECISION: (Spanish)

­ Presupuesto:

Cálculo de costos directos Si__ No__ Cálculo de costos indirectos Si__ No__ Cálculo de costos Sociales Si__ No__

­ Especificaciones técnicas Si__ No__

­ Contratistas (Al menos tres) Si__ No__

­ Programa (Acuerdo con lo requerido) Si__ No__

­ Orden para construcción Si__ No__

5.5. Expert Links Information on Similar Works Module

Because trenchless technology is still developing in South America, there is a need in the decision making process to be able to determine what companies may be available to do the particular type of trenchless work envisaged. A structure for this has been built into the Spanish version of the decision system together with a disclaimer as to the verification of the information provided and an invitation to add future links to newly developed products or companies.

The following list of links is provided for reference only. TTC and Louisiana Tech University neither endorse nor in any way recommend the links listed below. The information provided has been submitted by the owners of links themselves or it has been abstracted from information on the internet directly. No effort has been

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made, nor will be made to verify the accuracy of the information provided, or to assess the validity of any claims made by the link or a customer. TTC and Louisiana Tech University makes no warranties, expressed or implied, without limitation or liability, for the completeness, accuracy, or the usefulness of the information provided.

If you would like to have your link's information included in the TT Spanish Information Database, you may complete and submit the TT Spanish information to [email protected]. Be sure to include your URL if you would like us to link to your website.

Click on a link in one of the categories below for more information.

5.5.1. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works – Trenchless Methods –

Similarly, as a complement to the TAG program application in South American countries, it is important to include a list of expert links in Spanish Language with knowledge about the technique or techniques recommended. This is useful because according to numeral 2.1 of this report, the South American countries do not have as extensive experience with Trenchless Methods, maybe with the exception of Brazil and Argentina, as the North American, European or Asian markets do.

So the program will have the following list of links for each technique, which will display according to the particular project under analysis.

5.5.1.1. Auger Boring Cradle Type ­ Perforación Rotativa Helicoidal (PRH) con Hincado

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

http://www.hperfora.com/perfora.htm http://www.talleresegovia.com/Herramientas%20de%20perforacion.htm

It was not possible to find more Spanish links in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is not very complicated from the technical point of view and several conventional tunneling contractors could adopt it. Regarding the experience about dealing with this technique, there is enough experience available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for assistance with works in South America.

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5.5.1.2. Auger Boring Track Type 1 and 2 ­ Perforación Rotativa Helicoidal (PRH) con carrilera ­ Sistemas 1 y 2

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With different searches:

http://www.hperfora.com/perfora.htm http://www.talleresegovia.com/Herramientas%20de%20perforacion.htm

It was not possible to find more Spanish links in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is not very complicated from the technical point of view and several conventional tunneling contractors could adopt it. Regarding with the experience about dealing with this technique, there is enough experience available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world to assist with works in South America.

5.5.1.3. HDD Maxi 1, 2 and 3 ­ Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistemas Maxi 1, 2 y 3

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación horizontal dirigida”

http://nella­drilling.com/esp/fordirige.html http://www.alcable.es/actividades.htm http://perforaciones.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=34 http://www.catalanadeperforacions.com/Documents/mega­rig.PDF http://www.fcca.es/Docs/Perforacionhorizontal.pdf http://www.metalurgicasalinas.com.ar/site.php?id=home http://www.enargas.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Informes/TRIM/08­028/Perforacion.pdf http://www.ismocol.com/subseccion.asp?id=1503 http://www.talleresegovia.com/Herramientas%20de%20perforacion.htm http://www.libreriagea.com/fichalibro.php?ID=84­96140­00­8

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5.5.1.4. HDD Midi ­ Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistema Midi

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación horizontal dirigida”

http://nella­drilling.com/esp/fordirige.html http://www.alcable.es/ http://www.catalanadeperforacions.com/Documents/mega­rig.PDF http://www.fcca.es/Docs/Perforacionhorizontal.pdf http://www.metalurgicasalinas.com.ar/site.php?id=home http://www.riegosprogramados.es/?page=/maqui/modelos/perforadoras/JT2720M1.shtm http://www.enargas.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Informes/TRIM/08­028/Perforacion.pdf http://www.talleresegovia.com/Herramientas%20de%20perforacion.htm http://www.hperfora.com/perfora.htm http://www.libreriagea.com/fichalibro.php?ID=84­96140­00­8 http://www.digitron.com.co/links.html http://www.elconstructor.com/ie_tuneleria.htm http://www.sinsanjas.com/

5.5.1.5. HDD Mini 1 and 2 ­ Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistemas Mini 1 y 2

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación horizontal dirigida”

http://www.sinsanjas.com/ http://nella­drilling.com/esp/fordirige.html http://www.alcable.es/ http://perforaciones.com/ http://www.catalanadeperforacions.com/Documents/mega­rig.PDF http://www.fcca.es/Docs/Perforacionhorizontal.pdf http://www.metalurgicasalinas.com.ar/site.php?id=home http://www.riegosprogramados.es/?page=/maqui/modelos/perforadoras/JT2720M1.shtm http://www.sondeosvh.com/perforaciones.htm http://www.talleresegovia.com/Herramientas%20de%20perforacion.htm http://www.hperfora.com/perfora.htm http://www.libreriagea.com/fichalibro.php?ID=84­96140­00­8 http://www.digitron.com.co/links.html http://www.elconstructor.com/ie_tuneleria.htm

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With other searches:

http://www.terra­de.de/frameset_sp.html http://www.microtuneles.com/

5.5.1.6. HDD Micro ­ Perforación Horizontal Dirigida (PHD) ­ Sistema Micro

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación horizontal dirigida”

http://nella­drilling.com/esp/fordirige.html http://perforaciones.com/ http://www.metalurgicasalinas.com.ar/site.php?id=home http://www.riegosprogramados.es/?page=/maqui/modelos/perforadoras/JT2720M1.shtm http://www.talleresegovia.com/Herramientas%20de%20perforacion.htm http://www.hperfora.com/perfora.htm http://www.libreriagea.com/fichalibro.php?ID=84­96140­00­8 http://www.digitron.com.co/links.html http://www.elconstructor.com/ie_tuneleria.htm

With “encamisados para perforación”:

http://www.pierantoni.com.ar/tuneles.htm

5.5.1.7. Microtunneling Auger ­ Microtunelería Rotativa Helicoidal ­ MRH

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación con tornillo sinfín”

http://www.microtunel.com/24_escudoepb.htm http://www.atha.es/atha_archivos/manual/c644.htm

With “hincado o hinca de tuberías”

http://www.prefabricadosalberdi.com/tuberia_hinca.htm

With “encamisados para perforación”:

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http://www.microtunel.com.mx/maquinaria.html

With other searches:

http://www.asocreto.org.co/noticreto/articulos/santafe1.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_02a.asp http://www.borondo.es/html/tubos_hincar.htm http://www.microtuneles.com/

5.5.1.8. Microtunneling Slurry ­ Microtunelería “ Slurry”

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación con tornillo sinfín”

http://www.microtunel.com/25_escudomix.htm http://www.atha.es/atha_archivos/biblioteca/articulos/articulo4.htm

With “hincado o hinca de tuberías”

http://www.prefabricadosalberdi.com/tuberia_hinca.htm

With “encamisados para perforación”:

http://www.microtunel.com.mx/maquinaria.html

With other searches:

http://www.eurohinca.com/informacion.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_02a.asp http://www.borondo.es/html/tubos_hincar.htm http://www.microtuneles.com/

5.5.1.9. Non – Steerable Impact Mole ­ Perforación neumática. Sistema No Direccionado

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

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Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación neumática para instalación de tuberías”

http://perforaciones.com/productos.html

With “perforación a percusión con martillo hidráulico o neumático para colocación de tuberías”

http://www.elconstructor.com/ie_tuneleria.htm

With other searches:

http://www.terra­de.de/frameset_sp.html http://www.digitron.com.co/links.html http://www.aguabolivia.org/prensaX/Prensa/2004/enero/01­04/ltext/E5.120040104­51.html

5.5.1.10. Steerable Impact Mole ­ Perforación neumática. Sistema Direccionado

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología

No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching:

With “perforación a percusión con martillo hidráulico o neumático para colocación de tuberías”

http://www.elconstructor.com/ie_tuneleria.htm

With other searches:

http://www.digitron.com.co/links.html http://www.aguabolivia.org/prensaX/Prensa/2004/enero/01­04/ltext/E5.120040104­51.html

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5.5.1.11. Pipe Ramming 1 and 2 ­ Hincado de Tubería ­ Sistemas 1 y 2

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología

No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With “encamisados para perforación”:

http://www.pierantoni.com.ar/tuneles.htm

With “perforación neumática para instalación de tuberías”

http://perforaciones.com/productos.html

With “perforación a percusión con martillo hidráulico o neumático para colocación de tuberías”

http://www.elconstructor.com/ie_tuneleria.htm

With “hincado o hinca de tuberías”

http://www.prefabricadosalberdi.com/tuberia_hinca.htm

With other searches:

http://www.digitron.com.co/links.html http://www.terra­de.de/frameset_sp.html http://www.microtuneles.com/

5.5.1.12. Slurry Horizontal Rotary Boring ­ Perforación Rotativa Horizontal con “ Slurry”

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With other searches:

http://www.talleresegovia.com/Herramientas%20de%20perforacion.htm

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It was not possible to find more Spanish links in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for helping works in South America according to project needs.

5.5.1.13. Rod Pushing ­ Empuje de Varillaje

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

It was not possible to find any Spanish link in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for helping works in South America according to project needs.

5.5.1.14. Pilot Tubing ­ Sistema “ Pilot Tubing”

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

It was not possible to find any Spanish link in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for helping works in South America according to project needs.

5.5.1.15. Water Jetting ­ Inyección de agua

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Although this system has been used a lot of times for vertical applications such as for foundations of piles, there are not registers about its use for Trenchless Technologies. However, it is concluded that the contractors and companies know

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the essential technology and perhaps they have made TT works with it, but their works are not documented in the network.

5.5.1.16. Hand Mining ­ Excavación manual

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología

No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With “Pipe Jacking con excavación manual colocación de tuberías”

http://www.idu.gov.co/sist_vial/dtc_veeduria/nqs_norte_tramo_2/apendices/apendice_c.pdf (Referred to Tunnel Liner System described in Appendix C) http://www.gba.gov.ar/bid_birf_2005/birf7268ar/docs/nacional_saneamiento.doc (Page 190)

It was not possible to find more Spanish links in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is not very complicated from the technical point of view and several conventional tunneling contractors could adopt it. Regarding the experience about dealing with shield and pipe jacking, there is enough experience available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for helping works in South America.

5.5.1.17. Open Face TBM ­ Máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología

No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With “hincado o hinca de tuberías”

http://www.tubhinca.com/tub­PROCESO.html http://www.prefabricadosalberdi.com/tuberia_hinca.htm

With “encamisados para perforación”:

http://www.microtunel.com.mx/maquinaria.html

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With other searches:

http://www.eurohinca.com/informacion.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_02a.asp http://www.borondo.es/html/tubos_hincar.htm

5.5.1.18. Road Header Method ­ Método de la rozadora o tuneleadora de ataque puntual.

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología

No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With other searches:

http://www.eurohinca.com/informacion.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_02a.asp http://www.borondo.es/html/tubos_hincar.htm

5.5.1.19. New Austrian Tunneling Method ­ Nuevo Método Austriaco de Tunelería (NMA)

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología

No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

It was not possible to find any Spanish link in the internet about this technique. However, the NATM technique is known by South American countries and it is possible that several conventional tunneling contractors could adopt it.

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5.5.1.20. Closed Face TBM ­ Máquina tuneleadora de escudo cerrado

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years)

Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de Tecnología

No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación con tornillo sinfín”

http://www.microtunel.com/22_tuneles.htm http://www.alumnos.unican.es/uc7350/mi_pueblo.htm

With “hincado o hinca de tuberías”

http://www.prefabricadosalberdi.com/tuberia_hinca.htm http://www.atha.es/atha_archivos/biblioteca/articulos/articulo4.htm

With “encamisados para perforación”:

http://www.microtunel.com.mx/maquinaria.html

With other searches:

http://www.eurohinca.com/informacion.pdf http://www.asocreto.org.co/noticreto/articulos/santafe1.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_02a.asp http://www.borondo.es/html/tubos_hincar.htm http://www.microtuneles.com/

5.5.2. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works –Open Cut Methods –

5.5.2.1. Open Cut Excavation – Excavación a corte abierto

In the Internet there is a lot of links in each country to install with this technique the different pipes and structures. So it is not practical to include here information about this technique.

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5.5.2.2 Trenching ­ Apertura de zanjas con máquina trincheradora

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With other searches:

http://www.riegosprogramados.es/?page=/maqui/modelos/perforadoras/JT2720M1.shtm http://perforaciones.com/

Although these Works have been executed in South America and Spain, there appear to be no references about them in the internet, maybe because they are considered as not complicated technically. The author considers that many contractors in South America know how to operate this kind of machine.

5.5.3. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works – Inline Replacement Methods

5.5.3.1. Pipe Bursting Static ­ Rotura estática de tubería

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación neumática para instalación de tuberías”

http://perforaciones.com/productos.html

With “Instalación y renovación de tuberías sin zanja sistema de compactación del terreno”

http://micigc.uniandes.edu.co/Investigaciones%20y%20Desarrollo/investigaciones2004­ 10/viabilidadnuevas.pdf

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf http://www.microtunel.com.mx/presentaccion.html http://www.revinca.com/instalacion.pdf

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With other searches:

http://ciacua.uniandes.edu.co/Renovacion.pdf http://www.libreriagea.com/fichalibro.php?ID=84­96140­00­8

5.5.3.2. Pipe Bursting Pneumatic ­ Rotura neumática de tubería

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Key words in Spanish for searching: “perforación neumática para instalación de tuberías”

http://perforaciones.com/productos.html

With “Instalación y renovación de tuberías sin zanja sistema de compactación del terreno”

http://micigc.uniandes.edu.co/Investigaciones%20y%20Desarrollo/investigaciones2004­ 10/viabilidadnuevas.pdf

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf http://www.revinca.com/instalacion.pdf

With other searches:

http://ciacua.uniandes.edu.co/Renovacion.pdf http://www.libreriagea.com/fichalibro.php?ID=84­96140­00­8

5.5.3.3. Pipe Bursting Hydraulic ­ Rotura hidráulica de tubería

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf

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With other searches:

http://www.aguabolivia.org/prensaX/Prensa/2004/enero/01­04/ltext/E5.120040104­51.html http://www.terra­de.de/frameset_sp.html http://www.libreriagea.com/fichalibro.php?ID=84­96140­00­8

5.5.3.4. Pipe Splitting ­ Corte de tubería

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With other searches:

http://www.aguabolivia.org/prensaX/Prensa/2004/enero/01­04/ltext/E5.120040104­51.html http://www.terra­de.de/frameset_sp.html

5.5.3.5. Pipe Extraction and Replacement ­ Extracción y reemplazo de tubería

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With other searches:

http://www.terra­de.de/frameset_sp.html

It was not possible to find more Spanish links in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for helping works in South America according to project needs.

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5.5.3.6. Pipe Reaming ­ Fragmentación y remoción de tubería mediante perforación horizontal dirigida

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

It was not possible to find any Spanish link in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for helping works in South America according to project needs.

5.5.3.7. Pipe Eating – Fragmentación y remoción de tubería mediante Microtunelería

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

It was not possible to find any Spanish link in the internet about this technique. However, this technique is available from different manufacturers and contractors in North America or elsewhere in the world for helping works in South America according to project needs.

5.5.4. Links in Spanish Language with Experience on Similar Works – Rehabilitation Methods

5.5.4.1. Chemical Grouting ­ Lechada Química

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf http://www.heicoven.com/rehab_tub2.html (Refers to lining with only cement plus aggregates, thus it is Gunite/ Shotcrete Rehabilitation)

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5.5.4.2. CIPP ­ Tubería curada en sitio ­ TCES ­ (En España: “ Encamisado con Manga Reversible” )

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_03b.asp http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=250856 http://www.insituform.com/spain/index.html

5.5.4.3. CIP Short­Section Lining ­ Curado en sitio ­ Revestimiento en tramos cortos

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_03b.asp http://www.aguasdesevilla.com/Normativa2005/InstTcasAbtRev1.pdf http://www.insituform.com/spain/index.html

5.5.4.4. Fold and Form ­ Doblado y Formado (En España: “ Entubado de la Canalización” )

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

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With “Instalación y renovación de tuberías sin zanja sistema de compactación del terreno”

http://micigc.uniandes.edu.co/Investigaciones%20y%20Desarrollo/investigaciones2004­ 10/viabilidadnuevas.pdf

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf http://www.advantica.co.uk/Files/spanish.pdf http://www.unitedchile.cl/tite%20liner.htm (Called Tite Liner System) http://www.ultraliner.com/ul/home.nsf/pages/ULEsInstalacion

With other searches:

http://ciacua.uniandes.edu.co/Renovacion.pdf

5.5.4.5. Mechanical Sleeves ­ Encamisados Mecánicos (En España: “ Rehabilitación de juntas mediante Manguitos” )

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.aguasdesevilla.com/Normativa2005/InstTcasAbtRev1.pdf

5.5.4.6. Slip Lining Continuous ­ Revestimiento Deslizante Continuo

Link’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With “Instalación y renovación de tuberías sin zanja sistema de compactación del terreno”

http://micigc.uniandes.edu.co/Investigaciones%20y%20Desarrollo/investigaciones2004­ 10/viabilidadnuevas.pdf

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

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http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_03c.asp http://www.microtunel.com.mx/presentaccion.html http://www.revinca.com/instalacion.pdf

With other searches:

http://ciacua.uniandes.edu.co/Renovacion.pdf http://www.insituform.com/spain/index.html

5.5.4.7. Slip Lining Discontinuous ­ Revestimiento Deslizante Discontinuo

Institution’s Name Internet Page E ­ mail Experience (Years) Main Country of Experience

Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology

http://www.ibstt.org/ [email protected] 8 years Spain

Asociación Brasilera de

Tecnología No Destructiva

http://www.abratt.org.br/ [email protected] 7 years Brazil

With “Instalación y renovación de tuberías sin zanja sistema de compactación del terreno”

http://micigc.uniandes.edu.co/Investigaciones%20y%20Desarrollo/investigaciones2004­ 10/viabilidadnuevas.pdf

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/cs­99­032.pdf http://www.flowtite.es/cast/apartado3/apart3_03c.asp http://www.microtunel.com.mx/presentaccion.html http://www.revinca.com/instalacion.pdf

With other searches:

http://ciacua.uniandes.edu.co/Renovacion.pdf http://www.insituform.com/spain/index.html

5.5.4.8. Strong Back System – Sistema Strong – Back (Additional)

El sistema para reforzar tuberías de StrongBack ha sido desarrollado como un sistema de refuerzo externo, económico, y para largo plazo. Bajo casi cualquier condición en tierra o bajo el agua, StrongBack, suministra eficientemente un sistema para remediación de tuberías, permanente, y con un costo efectivo.

Como un sistema completo que se activa con agua, StrongBack es, una alternativa permanente, que le da alta fortaleza a las camisas de metal, a la soldadura y a otras reparaciones mecánicas.

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La aplicación requiere una mínima preparación de la tubería, no requiere herramientas especiales, ni mezclas y es activado sólo por agua.

Una instalación correcta asegura una ayuda de fuerza circular calculable. El StrongBack adquiere una tremenda fortaleza después de su aplicación por las características físicas del material y también adquiere una integración y una conformación completa entre las capas de refuerzo y la tubería. Por la maleabilidad que presenta la cinta es excelente para reforzar codos de tuberías, curvas y otros segmentos con formas irregulares.

Métodos de rehabilitación de tuberías

http://www.koldacorporation.com/spanish/pipelinerehab.html

5.6. Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement Module

5.6.1. Introduction

The author considers that one of the easiest ways to introduce Trenchless Technologies in the South American market is by the explanation and introduction of Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement techniques, which are relatively cheap in comparison with the other Trenchless Techniques and easy to apply and follow in a short time. Thus, it is proposed to include this module translated to Spanish as soon as possible in the Spanish Version of the TAG program, which is the Appendix 3. A similar disclaimer to that discussed above will be used for method references and company links.

5.6.2. Method Selection

The following Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement Method Selection was taken from reference (28) and is adapted for use in the TAG program.

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Figure 13. Manhole Rehabilitation Method Selection

5.6.3. Manhole Rehabilitation Methods Database and Specifications

According to reference (29) the general categories of manhole rehabilitation/ replacement are:

General categories

Manholes Liner Lid Sealer Grouting External Sealant Coating Replacement

However in this chapter the Manhole Rehabilitation/ Replacement Methods as categorized in Reference 28, which are more specific, will be used.

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Other useful references are used in this Chapter from Reference 30, which a variety of practical links in manhole rehabilitation.

5.6.3.1. Interior Cementitious Coatings

Cementitious coatings are applied with a trowel, sprayed on, or poured, and are used to seal cracks on all or portions of the interior of the entire manhole. These coatings typically contain a mix of cement and chopped fibers. The coatings may be sprayed directly on the wall, over a wire mesh, or poured into an HDPE form with rebar. The coatings often contain calcium aluminate as an additive, which provides additional corrosion resistance for the concrete.

Reference Link: http://www.madewell.com/mainstay/index.html

Figure 14. Application of 3 1/2" Mainstay ® ML­72 Restoration Mortar by low­ pressure pneumatic sprayer.

Other cementitious coatings are referred in the next link; see Chapter 2.2. of the Reference 30:

http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_liner_forms.htm

Figure 15. Nu­Wall™ Manhole Liner Form

Design parameters and specifications of this last coating are found at

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http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_rehab_specifications.htm

5.6.3.2. Cured – In – Place Fiberglass Manhole Liners

Fiberglass manhole liners are used to line all or portions of the interior surface of the manhole. The liners consist of a fabric liner saturated with a liquid resin. The liner is placed inside the manhole, inflated, and then cured. The fabric typically consists of layers of woven fiberglass bonded to a non – porous membrane, the resin is epoxy, and the curing method is steam. Ladder rungs are removed during installation and may or may not be re – installed.

Reference Links: http://www.terrehill.com/manholeRehab.asp http://www.poly­triplex.com/ (A sunCoast Environmental International, Inc. Company) http://www.amlinereast.com/terre.html

Figure 16. Cured – In – Place Manhole liner application.

Design parameters and specifications are found upon request in the above links.

5.6.3.3. Paving Rings

A WHIRLyGIG™ (manufactured by the Whirlygig Company) is a concrete form and cutting gig designed to allow concrete to be poured. It is used to replace the chimney section of the manhole. The WHIRLyGIG™ has a rigid rubber form that sits on the top of the cone and makes up the interior of the chimney. Concrete is poured around the WHIRLyGIG™ to the edge of the excavation, and this concrete becomes the new chimney.

Reference Link: http://www.whirlygigcompany.com/

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Figure 17. The WHIRLyGIG™ paving ring system

There is not information about design parameters and specifications in the above link; however the company can be contacted by mail.

5.6.3.4. Leveling Ring Boots

Leveling ring boots are intended to seal the inside of the chimney section of the manhole. They are made of a circular heavy – ribbed rubber that is held in place with expanding interior stainless steel rings. The boots are installed by simply opening the cover, so no excavation is required. The boots need to be fit around any ladder rungs located in the chimney or the ladder rungs may be removed.

Reference Link: http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­manhole­rehab/flexrib.htm

Figure 18. Leveling Ring Boots in a typical installation in chimney

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Design parameters and specifications are found at the Technical Specifications Tab of:

http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­manhole­rehab/flexrib.htm

5.6.3.5. Manhole Pans

Manhole pans fit under the manhole cover and are intended to prevent inflow through holes in the manhole cover. The pans are either HDPE or stainless steel.

Reference Link: http://www.no­dig.com/sw/sw­02.html

Figure 19. Examples and design of manhole pans.

Design parameters and specifications of the Manhole Pans are found at

http://www.ssisealingsystems.com/stainlesssteelinsertsspecification.htm

5.6.3.6. Reset Frame and Raise to Grade

Resetting the frame is a method intended to adjust a frame that has moved horizontally and/ or to raise the cover above grade to prevent inflow, mostly in non – paved areas (for example, when a cover is located in a slight depression where pounding of water occurs). The installation involves minimal excavation – only enough to allow replacement of damaged concrete leveling rings and addition of new rings to bring the top of the frame above grade.

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5.6.3.7. Cement Patching Grouts

Cement patching grouts are hand – applied grout mixtures used to seal cracks on all or portions of the interior of the manhole. There are many different compositions of these grouts.

Reference Link: http://www.kaufmanproducts.net/html/productsfr.html

Figure 20. Concrete Patching activities.

Design parameters and specifications are found in the above link as pdf files and videos in the Products Guide / Product Name Tabs.

5.6.3.8. Interior Epoxy Coatings

Epoxy coatings are applied as a spray and are used to coat the interior of the entire manhole to form a water/ vapor barrier. These coatings are two – part epoxy, typically 100 – percent solids by volume. They require abrasive blasting or high – pressure water cleaning for surface preparation.

Reference Link: http://www.caryloncorp.com/manhole.cfm

Other Reference links are: http://www.ravenlining.com http://www.permaform.net/

Figure 21. Epoxy Manhole rehabilitation.

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Some design parameters and specifications are found in the first link and at: http://www.ravenlining.com/engineering.html and upon request in the other links.

5.6.3.9. Interior Polyurethane Coatings

Polyurethane coatings are applied as a spray and are used to coat all or portions of the interior of the entire manhole to form a water/vapor barrier. These coatings are made of urethane resin. They require abrasive blasting or high – pressure water cleaning for surface preparation

Reference Link: http://www.ccispectrum.com/Spectrasheild.htm

Figure 22. SpectraShield™ Liner System. The second layer of three is a polyurethane foam.

Design parameters and specifications are found in the above link as PDF file and video in the SpectraShield™ Tab.

5.6.3.10. Exterior Coatings

Exterior coatings are used on all or portions of the barrel, cone, and chimney sections of manholes. These coatings are unique in that they require less of a bond than interior coatings, due to the fact that the backfilled soil holds them in place and any groundwater presses the coating onto the manhole. These coatings come in different types: spray – on cementitious, epoxy, or polyurethane; shrink – wrap plastic; and / or adhesive rubber tapes. These coatings require excavation around the manhole.

Reference Link: http://www.wrapidseal.com/

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Figure 23. Exterior Coatings

Design parameters and specifications are found at

http://www.wrapidseal.com/ , in the DIV 2 Specifications Tab.

5.6.3.11. PVC Manhole Liners

PVC manhole liners are used to line all or portions of the interior surface of the manhole. They are made of sheets of PVC and are mechanically or adhesively connected to the manhole. Mechanical connection is either by: (1) protruding locking shapes of the PVC material which is embedded into grout applied to the interior of the manhole, or (2) by attachment to the manhole by stainless steel anchors with a PVC cap welded over the top of the anchor. Adhesive connection is by a polymer applied to the concrete manhole, which is then bonded to the PVC with an activator.

Reference Link: http://www.a­lok.com/DuraPlate.htm

Figure 24. PVC Manhole Liner

Design parameters and specifications are found in the above link in the Product / Brochure Tab.

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5.6.3.12. Pre – Formed Fiberglass or HDPE Manhole Liners

Pre – formed fiberglass or HDPE Manhole Liners are rigid shapes fabricated at a plant to match the interior size of the manhole. They are used to line the interior surface of the manhole in the base, barrel, cone, and sometimes in the chimney sections. The liner is installed by excavating and removing the manhole cone section. Then the liner is inserted and the cone section replaced. For installations in portions of the manhole, the edges of the liners are grouted to form a seal with the manhole surface.

Reference Link: http://unitedstatesconcrete.com/options.html

Figure 25. HDPE manhole adjusting rings

Design parameters and specifications about this technique were not found during the current search.

5.6.3.13. Chimney Barriers

The I/I Barrier (manufactured by Strike Products) is one proprietary product considered a chimney barrier. It is used to rehabilitate the chimney section of the manhole. The I/I Barrier consists of a rigid medium – density polyethylene riser with a thick base that sits on top the cone section of the manhole. The concrete manhole rings are then stacked on the thick base on the outside of the riser. The riser becomes a barrier to I/I entering the chimney section.

Reference Link: http://www.striketool.com/II%20Barrier%20.htm

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Figure 26. I / I Barrier manufactured by Strike™ Products.

Design parameters and specifications are found at

http://www.striketool.com/II%20Barrier%20Specifications.htm

5.6.3.14. Manhole Covers

Gasketed manhole covers are steel covers with an insert gasket either in the frame or placed between the frame and cover. They are intended to prevent inflow from around the manhole cover.

Solid manhole lids without holes are available, as are plugs for the holes.

Reference Link: http://www.no­dig.com/sw/sw­02.html

Figure 27. Manhole Cover Inserts

Design parameters and specifications of the Cover Inserts are found at

http://www.ssisealingsystems.com/stainlesssteelinsertsspecification.htm

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5.6.3.15. HDPE Leveling Rings

HDPE plastic leveling rings are meant to replace concrete leveling rings. The leveling rings are not solid HDPE; rather, they are hollow with support ribs.

5.6.3.16. New Concrete Leveling Rings

New concrete leveling rings are used to repair the chimney section where existing brick or concrete chimneys have worn out. The leveling rings may be sealed with non – shrink cement grout, a rubber gasket, or butyl rubber mastic. Likewise, the frame may be sealed to the chimney by the use of a rubber gasket or butyl rubber mastic.

Another way of protecting the manholes with leveling rings is using two chemically blended components such as in the Ring Seal™ system as follows:

Reference Link: http://www.no­dig.com/sw/ringseal.html

Figure 28. New Concrete Leveling Rings.

Design parameters and specifications are found at

http://www.no­dig.com/sw/ringsealinfo.html

5.6.3.17. Pipe Penetration Repairs

Kor – N­ Seal ® boots are a proprietary product consisting of a rubber boot that uses an interior stainless steel band to seal to the manhole core drill and an outer stainless steel band to seal to the sewer main. In existing manholes, a remote core drill must be performed to allow use of this gasket.

LCT™ gaskets are a proprietary product consisting of a rubber gasket than can be cast into new manholes and sealed around the sewer main.

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Sand collars are a short section of the bell end of a PVC pipe with a gasket. The collar has sand embedded on the outside for grout adhesion. The sand collars are grouted into manhole openings for pipe penetrations.

Reference Link: http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­connectors/kor_n_seal.htm

Figure 29. Pipe Penetration Repairs with Kor – N­ Seal ® boots.

Design parameters and specifications are found at

http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­connectors/documents/SKNSSPEC05­06.pdf

5.6.3.18. New Concrete Manholes

New concrete manholes are used to replace existing manholes. The new manholes are typically installed with rubber gaskets between barrel sections. Cement patching grout is typically used on all joints between base, barrel, cone, chimney, and frame sections.

Reference Link: http://unitedstatesconcrete.com/manholes.html

Figure 30. New Concrete Manholes.

One variation is the pre – cast manholes, as shown in the following pictures:

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Reference Link: http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_forms.htm

Figure 31. Pre – cast Manholes.

Some Specifications can be consulted at

http://unitedstatesconcrete.com/manholes.html

One variation is the pre – cast manholes, and the Specifications can be consulted at:

http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_rehab_specifications.htm

5.6.3.19. Fiberglass Manholes

Fiberglass manholes are used to replace the base, barrel, cone, and in some cases the chimney portions of existing manholes. The manholes are typically pre – fabricated to ship to the site in one unit. The fiberglass manholes require excavation and full installation, as is required for new concrete manholes. The one – piece monolithic manhole has to be installed within an existing concrete, brick, or precast manhole.

Fiberglass manholes are used for total replacement too in identical conditions that for rehabilitation.

Reference Link: http://www.containmentsolutions.com/products/flowtite/index.html

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Figure 32. Fiberglass manhole parts.

Design parameters and specifications are found for rehabilitation and for replacement respectively at: http://www.containmentsolutions.com/products/flowtite/rehab_manholes.html and http://www.containmentsolutions.com/products/flowtite/manholes.html in the Specifications Tabs.

5.6.3.20. Polymer Concrete Manhole Sections

The high performance polymer concrete is especially suited for highly corrosive environments. The Meyer ™ Polycrete Manholes can be delivered to the construction site as a complete unit or as manhole sections. Meyer ™ Polycrete Manholes are manufactured from a composite material consisting of polyester resin, quartz sand, silicate aggregate and quartz filler.

Reference Link: http://www.amitechusa.com/pdf/Polycrete%20Manhole%20Brochure%20­ %20Amitech%20USA,%20June%20%202004.pdf

Design parameters and specifications can be found at:

http://www.amitechusa.com/meyer_polycrete/specifications.htm

Figure 33. Polymer Concrete Manholes and sections

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5.6.3.21. HDPE Manholes

HDPE manholes are used to replace the base, barrel, cone, and in some cases the chimney portions of existing manholes. The manholes are typically pre – fabricated to ship to the site in one unit. The HDPE manholes require excavation and full installation, as is required for new concrete manholes.

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6. FUTURE WORKS IN INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH

The Author strongly recommends further study in more detail of the situation of the South American countries from different points of view, such as economical, development, environmental and technical, in order to collect a data base for working with the region. The author and his sponsor company, Empresas Públicas de Medellin E.S.P., plan to continue to investigate and encourage consideration of trenchless technologies in Colombia and elsewhere in the region.

Specifically Louisiana Tech University could work on the following topics:

­ To maintain and update the database given in Chapter 5.5. of this Practicum, by the utilization of Graduate students that would search periodically in the web.

­ To maintain periodical communications with IbSTT – Iberian Society for Trenchless Technology and ABRATT – Brazilian Association for Trenchless Technology in order to know their new jobs, affiliates and news.

­ To keep consulting the electronic page mentioned in references (2), (3), (4) and (5), among others. From the daily consult of this page and the selection of works relative to the South American and Andean Region, the University would have a worth database information catalogue to show to consultants and contractors from North America and elsewhere

­ To translate and adapt to Spanish the most relevant information such as Abstracts, catalogues, investigations, etc, and to put them in the web. At the beginning, it could be important to invite the most important utility companies in the region to consult the information of interest.

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7. CONCLUSIONS

As discussed in reference (2), the trenchless technology market place has picked up in recent years as the world economy has started emerging from its downward slide. As cities around the world are looking for ways to best upgrade their deteriorating and ageing infrastructure systems, more are turning to the use of trenchless technologies as the approach to use.

Infrastructure systems in South American countries are no different from those in the United States and Europe, as there is a dire need to upgrade, replace and repair their water and sewer lines. However, the cost for these massive undertakings take huge investments, which is something the governments in these countries do not have the resources to do.

However, it is also necessary to effect a change in the decision makers’ mentality and to give them the tools to make effective decisions with regard to the use of trenchless technology. This is very possible with the technical support of software such as TAG or, in this case, the TAG adapted to Spanish. The citations about future works in South America included briefly in Chapter 2 of this Practicum show an active future market in water and wastewater construction facilities, and thus there is an opportunity for trenchless technologies.

­ The United States and Colombia agreed on terms for a comprehensive trade opening agreement that will enhance economic growth and prosperity between the U.S. and Colombia. The approval of this agreement by the Colombian Congress during the second semester of 2006 will help foster economic development in Colombia. An agreement with Colombia is an essential component of the U.S regional strategy to advance free trade within the western hemisphere. In addition to eliminating tariffs, Colombia will remove barriers to trade in services, provide a secure, predictable legal framework for U.S. investors operating in Colombia, provide for effective enforcement of labor and environmental laws, protect intellectual property, and provide an effective system to settle disputes. Also, since many products from Colombia already enter the U.S. market duty­free under the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) ­ the agreement will level the playing field and make duty­free treatment a two­way street. Obviously this would be very good news for trenchless technologies manufacturers, contractors and consultants.

­ Chapters 4, 5, and Appendixes 1 and 3 of this practicum correspond with the adaptation of the TAG program from an English market to a Hispanic market. The original English program TAG is basically the same that for the Hispanic, the main adaptations were about the design of the modules of Pollution Environmental Risk, Noise Environmental Risk, Busway Environmental Risk, Expert Links Information on Similar Works, and Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement. The first three modules are only descriptive and could be adapted mainly in South America cities according with the real data and taking into

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account the Flowchart for Managerial Decisions proposed. On the other hand, the modules about Expert Links Information on Similar Works and Manhole Rehabilitation / Replacement are both completely adaptable right now. The first one corresponds to the best approach about the state of trenchless services in the Hispanic countries and gives many strategic ideas about how to implement market projects in the region. The second one will be very useful as an instructive guide with English links.

­ As an example of the conclusion about the Expert Links Information on Similar Works Module, the Hispanic Trenchless market has had good experiences in techniques such as Microtunneling, Pipe Jacking, Pipe Ramming, Horizontal Directional Drilling, and Impact Mole, mainly in Spain. Other technologies such as Slurry Horizontal Rotary Boring, Rod Pushing, Pilot Tubing and Water Jetting have not had many experiences and it is supposed that they are only at the beginning of the learning curve.

­ In relation with Open Cut Methods, apparently the Hispanic market has worked with trenching machines, although there were not found any references in the Web.

­ Regarding with the Inline Replacement Methods, the Hispanic market has had good experiences with techniques such as Pipe Bursting Static, Pipe Bursting Pneumatic, Pipe Bursting Hydraulic and Pipe Splitting, mainly in Spain and in Argentina. However there are not references about works with techniques such as Pipe Extraction and Replacement, Pipe Reaming, and Pipe Eating, which can give additional important benefits to the utilities and owners in that market.

­ The Rehabilitation Methods show perhaps the biggest potential advance in the Hispanic market taking into account the regularity of the works and the use of proper techniques or improved techniques different to which explained in the original TAG program. Chemical Grouting is perhaps the less developed technique in the region according to the information consulted.

­ The CD Demo included in this Practicum as Appendix 2 could be used to interest utility companies in South America in evaluating trenchless technologies in more detail. This could also spur an interest in adopting the TAG program in Spanish.

­ The Expert Links Information on Similar Works module can be updated continually according to the information given by manufacturers, contractors, consultants, etc.

­ It was decided to maintain the English system of units in order to avoid any mistake in future up dating. The Hispanic user will have to convert the length units to the International System, a situation that does not seem very complicated.

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LIST OF REFERENCES

(1) Web site: “Assessing Latin American Markets for North American Environmental Goods and Services.” Sarah England of ESSA Technologies Ltd., Richard Kiy, of SAIC de Mexico S.A. de C.V., John Bildner of CG/LA. http://www.cec.org/files/pdf/ECONOMY/alame_EN.pdf . July 1996. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(2) Web site: “Skills Intelligence – Trenchless Technology (Pipe and Cable Laying). Feasibility Study.” http://www.euskills.co.uk . April 2006. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(3) Web site: “Montevideo ratifies loan with IDB.” BNamericas.com. http://www.nodig­construction.com/index.cfm?menuID=40&cmid=19 . May 2006. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(4) Web site: “Peru’s Ministry gives priority to water.” BNamericas.com. http://www.nodig­construction.com/index.cfm?menuID=40&cmid=19 . April 2006. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(5) Web site: “Peru ­ Tender for water consultancy service.” and “Chile ­ US$2.6bn needed for rainwater networks” BNamericas.com. http://www.nodig­ construction.com/index.cfm?menuID=40&cmid=19 .June 2006. [Accessed 06/26/06].

(6) Web site: “World Bank goes to Colombia’s aid.” Faversham House Group Ltd. http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=5123 . February 2002. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(7) Web site: “Medellin River Sanitation Project – First Phase – Executive Summary.” Inter – American Development Bank. http://www.iadb.org . 1993. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(8) Web site: “Loans and Tenders. Colombia: World Bank approves Cartagena project.” http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=gndnov29 November 2005. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(9) Web site: “Colombia: World Bank approves sustainability loan.” http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=gndnov01 November 2005. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(10) Web site: “Implementation Completion Report on Two Loans in the Amount of US$ 88.0 and US$ 57.0 million to the Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogota for The Santafe I Water Supply and Sewerage Rehabilitation Project.” http://www­ wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2005/06/16/000090341_20050 616082523/Rendered/INDEX/31690.txt May 2005. [Accessed 5/30/06].

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(11) Web site: “PDVSA and Ecopetrol plan shared gas pipeline project.” http://www.allbusiness.com/periodicals/article/861240­1.html January 2006. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(12) Web site: “Next LatAm pipeline meeting June 5 ­ 7.” http://www.nodig­ construction.com/index.cfm?menuID=40&cmid=19 May 2006. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(13) Web site: Dr. R. Dodds, P. Eng, Trow Consulting Engineers Ltd. “Pipelines across our Horizons.” http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/catt/cattfacts/iss1vol4.htm 1999. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(14) Web site: Underground Construction Ucononline.com. “Exports of Construction Equipment Increase 35 % in 2005.” http://www.oildompublishing.com/uc/current_pdfs/newsline.pdf April 2006. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(15) Web site: Free Trade Agreements. “U.S. – Andean Free Agreement Negotiations.” http://www.export.gov/fta/negotiation/Andean/index.asp?dName=negotiation [Accessed 5/30/06].

(16) Web site: U.S. Department of State. “Background Note: Colombia.” http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35754.htm February 2006. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(17) Web site: BUYUSA.GOV.U.S. Commercial Service. “Doing Business in Colombia.”http://www.buyusa.gov/colombia/en/doing_business_in_colombia.html [Accessed 5/30/06].

(18) Matthews, J., Duan, Z., and Allouche, E. U – COMET User’s Manual. Version 1.0 – April 2005.

(19) López Jimeno, Carlos. (1997). Manual de Túneles y Obras Subterráneas / ETSIM Madrid; EPM, S.A.

(20) Ponte Ordoqui, Enrique. (1996) Manual de Túneles Interurbanos de Carretera / Gobierno Vasco. Departamento de Transporte y Obras Públicas.

(21) Avila Rangel, Humberto., and Clavijo Sanabria, William. (2002). “Renovación y Rehabilitación de Redes de Distribución de Agua Potable y de Alcantarillado.” Proceedings of the XX Congreso Latinoamericano de Hidráulica (2002) La Habana, Cuba.

(22) Web site: “Perforación horizontal dirigida”. El Constructor ­ Argentina. http://www.elconstructor.com/ie_tuneleria.htm .January 2001. [Accessed 06/26/06].

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(23) Web Site: “Instrucciones Técnicas para Redes de Abastecimiento” – EMASESA. http://www.aguasdesevilla.com/Normativa2005/InstTcasAbtRev1.pdf .Accessed 06/26/06].

(24) Web site: Lloyd Wright. Director Latin America Institute for Transportation & Development Policy. “Latin America Busways: Moving People Rather than Cars.” http://www.efchina.org/documents/5.7LWright_NRFJ_article_BRT.doc May 2001. [Accessed 5/30/06].

(25) Web site: “Red de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Aire en Antioquia. Boletín Informativo 17. Redaire.” Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Medellín. http://www.unalmed.edu.co/redaire/boletines/Boletin%2017.pdf July 2005. [Accessed 6/22/06].

(26) Web site: “Tendencias y vocación urbana del polígono.” Alcaldía de Medellin. http://www.medellin.gov.co/alcaldia/jsp/modulos/P_ciudad/pot/Planparcialguayaquil/ten dencias3_pppg.jsp . [Accessed 6/22/06].

(27) Web site: “Rutas del sistema Transmilenio en Bogota, Colombia.” http://www.transmilenio.gov.co/transmilenio/entradamapa.htm. [Accessed 6/22/06]

(28) Web site: Cerda, Leigh; Koberlein David; Breeding, Brian. “System Assessment – Key to Successful Rehab Programs: Case Study in Marshall, Texas.” 2006. http://www.tawwa.org/TW06TECH/TWfiles/Cerda,%20Leigh.pdf . [Accessed 07/18/06].

(29) Web Site: Chapter 4. Rehabilitation Technology. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks. http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wtd/i­ i/library/PilotProject/report­docs/ch04.pdf . [Accessed 07/18/06].

(30) Web site: Simicevic, Jadranka. “Currently Available Products and Techniques for Manhole Rehabilitation.” Trenchless Technology Center Louisiana Tech University. July 2006. http://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc/publications/other/manhole.availableproducts.pdf . [Accessed 07/18/06].

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APPENDIX 1

NUCA’S TAG ­ User’s Manual Version 1.0 – January 2006 – Translation and Adaptation to Spanish

In this Appendix it will be adapted to Spanish, all the internal screens and instructions of the original TAG Program in English in order to complete the necessary information for selecting a Trenchless Method in a South American country depending on the project requirements. However in Chapter 5 of the Report it is shown the screens of the modules especially designed by this Practicum.

TTC Disclaimer

This manual and program, entitled Trenchless Assessment Guide (TAG), was prepared by the Trenchless Technology Center (TTC) for the National Utility Contractors Association’s (NUCA’s) Trenchless Technology Committee. Neither TTC, NUCA, nor any person acting on their behalf, makes a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this manual or that such use may not infringe on privately owned rights; or assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this manual or on this program.

Approximate Spanish Version

El Centro de Tecnología Trenchless (CTT) preparó este manual y programa, titulado Guía de Evaluación Trenchless (GET), para el Comité de Trenchless Technology de la Asociación Nacional de Contratistas de Servicios Públicos (ANCSP) de los Estados Unidos de América. Ni el CTT, ni el ANCSP, ni persona alguna actuando en el nombre de ellos, garantiza, en forma expresa o implícita, con relación al uso de cualquier información, aparato, método, o proceso expuesto en este manual o que tal uso puede no violar derechos de autor; o asume cualquier responsabilidad con relación al uso de, cualquier información, aparato, método, o proceso expuesto en este manual o sobre este programa.

NUCA Disclaimer

The suggestions, procedures, and precautions set forth in this manual and on this program are a compilation and explanation of methods and equipment successfully used by contractors to install underground utilities. These suggestions, procedures, and precautions should not be considered as an infallible method of installing underground utilities. Accordingly, there is no

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guarantee that the methods and procedures will be successful in all applications. While the authors have done their best to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate; no liability or responsibility of any kind is accepted by the authors, the National Utility Contractors Association, or the Trenchless Technology Committee.

Approximate Spanish Version

Las sugerencias, procedimientos y precauciones propuestas en este manual y en este programa son una compilación y explicación de métodos y equipos utilizados exitosamente por contratistas para instalar servicios públicos subterráneos. Estas sugerencias, procedimientos, y precauciones no deben considerarse como un método infalible para instalar los servicios subterráneos. En consecuencia, no hay garantía de que los métodos y procedimientos serán exitosos en todas las aplicaciones. Aunque los autores han hecho lo mejor para asegurar que la información en este manual es correcta; los autores, la ANCSP, o el Comité de Trenchless Technology no aceptan alguna obligación o responsabilidad de cualquier clase.

Practicum Disclaimer

The translations and adaptations from the original program in English to Spanish are not official. The documentation in Spanish corresponds to the best adaptation made by the student according to his background and the courses learned at Louisiana Tech University. The texts are liable of having mistakes in grammar or syntax in Spanish, and even in some technical words. The only intention of this program in Spanish is to serve to Municipalities, consulting Engineers, Oil Companies, etc, in American Spanish spoken countries as a medium of general information and initial point of launching for deeper investigations and researches, in every case depending on the specific project under analysis.

So the author thanks any recommendation, revision or precision to be made to the texts of these technical adaptations to the E – mail: [email protected]

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TABLA DE CONTENIDO

A. INTRODUCCION A.1. RESUMEN A.2. REQUISITOS DEL SISTEMA A.3. INSTALACION

B. BASE DE DATOS DE LOS METODOS DE CONSTRUCCION B.1. ESTRUCTURA

C. TUTORIAL C.1. ESTUDIO DE CASO 1

C.1.1. Selección del problema C.1.2. Ingreso del proyecto C.1.3. Análisis del riesgo C.1.4. Resultados

C.2. ESTUDIO DE CASO 2 C.2.1. Selección del problema C.2.2. Ingreso del proyecto C.2.3. Análisis del riesgo C.2.4. Resultados

C.3. ESTUDIO DE CASO 3 C.3.1. Selección del problema C.3.2. Ingreso del proyecto C.3.3. Análisis del riesgo C.3.4. Resultados

D. PUNTUACION DEL RIESGO D.1. CALCULO DE LA PUNTUACION DEL RIESGO DEL METODO

E. APENDICE E.1. DEFINICION DE LOS PARAMETROS DEL PROGRAMA

E.1.1. Compatibilidad del suelo E.1.2. Impacto Ambiental E.1.3. Extensión de la excavación E.1.4. Clasificación del nivel freático E.1.5. Precisión del alineamiento y del perfil

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A. INTRODUCCION

A.1. RESUMEN

La decisión sobre como completar la instalación o reparación de una tubería enterrada en un ambiente urbano involucra parámetros tangibles e intangibles. Para ayudar con tal decisión, el Comité Trenchless Technology de NUCA – Nacional Utility Contractors Association – comisionó al TTC – Trenchless Technology Center para desarrollar un programa de software interactivo directo y fácil de manejar para la evaluación de métodos de construcción alternativos que puedan emplearse en la instalación o reemplazo de tuberías y conductos enterrados. El programa, titulado TAG (Trenchless Assessment Guide), fue diseñado como un software independiente para ayudar a los ingenieros de las empresas municipales y de servicios públicos en la evaluación de la factibilidad técnica de varios métodos tradicionales de nueva instalación a corte abierto y de construcción trenchless para nueva instalación y de reemplazo en el mismo alineamiento, para un proyecto especifico, y se propuso que fuera un complemento al Manual de Métodos de Construcción Trenchless y Rehabilitación de NUCA (Cuarta Edición). Los métodos de rehabilitación trenchless no están considerados durante la evaluación técnica de un proyecto por medio del software de la Versión 1.0, pero ellos están visibles en la base de datos de los métodos. Se espera que la Versión 2.0 del software incluya estos métodos.

El programa TAG tiene en cuenta un extensivo número de datos de la operación de 29 métodos de construcción comúnmente utilizados en proyectos de servicios públicos. El software enfatiza en lo simple y práctico, y limita los datos de entrada a aquellos que están fácilmente disponibles a los ingenieros de servicios públicos en la etapa de diseño del proyecto. Basado en las características de los problemas que enfrenta la persona que toma decisiones, el software ejecuta un filtrado preliminar dirigido a eliminar las tecnologías que probablemente no reúnan los requisitos técnicos del proyecto. Se realiza entonces una evaluación técnica durante la cual se comparan las capacidades técnicas de varias tecnologías identificadas en el primer paso con los atributos del proyecto. A continuación, se realiza un análisis del riesgo basado en las características ambientales del proyecto y en las condiciones anticipadas del suelo. El modelo ofrece una interfase al usuario gráfica interactiva, y está compilada como una aplicación independiente compatible con plataformas de sistemas operativos comunes de Microsoft.

A.2. REQUISITOS DEL SISTEMA

El programa TAG Versión 1.0 Enero 2006 es compatible solamente con Microsoft Windows XP o 2000. Se necesitan 23 MB de espacio en el disco duro para instalar TAG.

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A.3. INSTALACION

Para comenzar la instalación del programa, inserte el CD de TAG en su unidad de CD. Se debe abrir una ventana mostrando el contenido del CD. Si esto ocurre, salte adelante al paso 3. Si usted tiene el AUTORUN deshabilitado, usted necesitará abrir el CD manualmente. Para hacer esto siga los siguientes pasos:

1. En el menú Start de Windows, click en My Computer. 2. De doble click en el CD Drive que contiene NUCA’s TAG a una pantalla similar a la siguiente:

3. De doble click en Setup.exe Application para iniciar el Setup wizard.

4. Click Next para continuar la instalación.

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5. Seleccione la carpeta en la cual usted desea que se instale el programa y click Next para continuar.

6. Click Next para confirmar la instalación

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7. Click Close para completar la instalación.

B. BASE DE DATOS DE LOS METODOS DE CONSTRUCCION

B.1. ESTRUCTURA

Las bases de datos asociadas de los métodos contienen abundante información acerca de cada método. La sección de información general incluye una descripción detallada y una foto a color representativa. Las capacidades técnicas de cada método incluyen diámetros máximo y mínimo de la tubería, las longitudes máxima y mínima de excavación, y las profundidades máximas y mínimas de cobertura permitida. Otra información técnica incluida en la base de datos es el nivel de compatibilidad del método con diez tipos comunes de suelo (Definidos en el Apéndice D.1); compatibilidad con varios materiales comunes de tubería; factor de impacto ambiental; extensión requerida de excavación; clasificación del nivel freático; precisión del alineamiento; y, precisión del perfil. Todos los parámetros mencionados arriba están definidos en el Apéndice D.1.

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First Screen of the Manual

First Column

Method Selection = Selección de Método

Method Category = Categoría del Método

Methods = Métodos

Second Column

Method Information = Información sobre el Método

Max. Drive Length = Máxima longitud de perforación

Min. Drive Length = Mínima longitud de perforación

Max. Pipe Diameter = Máximo diámetro de la tubería

Min. Pipe Diameter = Mínimo diámetro de la tubería

Max. Depth of Cover = Máxima profundidad de cobertura

Min Depth of Cover = Mínima profundidad de cobertura

Environmental Impact * = Impacto Ambiental *

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Extent of Excavation * = Extensión de la excavación

GWT Classification * = Clasificación del nivel freático (N.F.)

Alignment Accuracy * = Precisión del alineamiento

Depth Accuracy * = Precisión de la profundidad

Method Description = Descripción del método

* Defined in Appendix D.1. = * Definido en el Apéndice D.1

Third Column

Soft Clay = Arcilla blanda

Firm Clay = Arcilla firme

Stiff Hard Clay = Arcilla dura rígida

Loose Sand = Arena suelta

Medium Sand = Arena media

Dense Sand = Arena densa

Sandstone = Arenisca

Cobble / Boulder = Guijarro / Canto rodado

Bedrock = Lecho rocoso

Gravel = Grava

Options for answers:

Fully Compatible (Y) = Compatible Totalmente (Si)

Possibly Compatible (P) = Compatible Posiblemente (Posible)

Incompatible (N) = Incompatible (No)

Fourth Column:

Method Picture = Foto del método

Central part of the screen

Method Description (Refer to NUCA’s Trenchless Construction and Rehabilitation Methods. Fourth Edition 2004)

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Descripción del Método (Referir a Métodos de Rehabilitación y Construcción Trenchless de NUCA. Cuarta Edición 2004)

C. TUTORIAL

C.1. ESTUDIO DE CASO 1

Este caso histórico fue tomado del proyecto Interceptor de Drenaje J. Edgard en Westfield, Indiana. Debido al rápido crecimiento del pueblo, el cual esta localizado cerca de 15 millas al norte de Indianápolis, se requirió un nuevo sistema de alcantarillado para satisfacer el volumen incremental de agua residual. Este tramo considerado en particular fue construido en 2004 con tubería de arcilla vitrificada de 575 pies de longitud y de 24 pulgadas de diámetro. Los parámetros de entrada relevantes se resumen en la Tabla 1.

Tabla 1. Interceptor de Drenaje J. Edward – Resumen de Información

Longitud 575 pies Profundidad 20 pies

Profundidad del nivel freático (N.F.) 15 pies Diámetro de la tubería receptora N / A * Material de la tubería receptora N / A * Diámetro de la nueva tubería 24 pulgadas Material de la nueva tubería Tubería de arcilla vitrificada Precisión del alineamiento 4 (Alta)

Precisión del perfil 4 (Alta) Tipo de Suelo # 1 Arena Media (40 %) Tipo de Suelo # 2 Arcilla Blanda (35 %) Tipo de Suelo # 3 Grava (25 %)

Asentamiento excesivo N / A * Agrandamiento de la tubería > 2.5 N / A *

Extensión de la excavación Sólo pozos de Acceso / Recepción Accesibilidad al sitio Accesibilidad limitada (Campo de Golf)

N / A * No Aplicable

El programa TAG consiste de dos fases primarias, una evaluación técnica y un análisis del riesgo. El ejercicio de verificación comienza con la extracción de la información técnica relevante de los documentos de licitación para usarla como datos de entrada.

C.1.1. Selección del problema

Para comenzar la evaluación técnica el usuario debe primero seleccionar el problema de una serie de preguntas. Comience con doble click al icono de TAG en su escritorio. Por favor leer las denegaciones del TTC y del NUCA y de click en OK para continuar con la página principal del TAG.

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First Screen of the Program:

File = Archivo

Method Database = Base de datos de métodos

Selection Wizard = Seleccionador “Inteligente”

About Wizard = Sobre el “Inteligente”

Help = Ayuda

Luego de Click en Selection Wizard en la parte superior de la página principal para comenzar la evaluación técnica. Basado en la descripción del proyecto, el problema se define como un problema de capacidad, por esto seleccione Capacity Problem y luego de click en Next.

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Second screen of the Program:

Method Selection Step (1 of 3) = Paso para la selección de método (1 de 3)

Problem Type= Tipo de problema

Structural Problem = Problema Estructural

Capacity Problem = Problema de capacidad

Next = Siguiente

Puesto que la tubería está perdiendo capacidad seleccione La tubería pierde capacidad. Luego seleccione Considerar nuevo alineamiento y entonces de click en Siguiente.

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Third screen of the Program:

Method Selection Step (2 of 3) Capacity = Paso para la selección de método (2 de 3) ­ Capacidad

Capacity Problem Definition = Definición del problema de capacidad

Inflow / Infiltration = filtración por escorrentía superficial/ Infiltración por aguas subterráneas

Inflow / Infiltration = filtración por escorrentía superficial/ Infiltración por aguas subterráneas

Occurring in Access Holes = Ocurrencia en los Pozos de Acceso

Occurring in Pipe = Ocurrencia en la tubería

Pipe is Structurally Sound = La tubería está estructuralmente sana

Pipe Lacks Capacity = La tubería pierde capacidad

Consider Inline Replacement = Considerar reemplazo en el mismo alineamiento

Consider New Alignment = Considerar nuevo alineamiento

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Consider Pipe Wall Friction Reduction = Considerar reducción de la fricción en la pared de la tubería

Full Length Rehabilitation * = Rehabilitación en toda la longitud

Spot Repair Rehabilitation * = Rehabilitación por reparación en puntos específicos

* Not Included in Current Version = No incluido en esta Versión del programa

Next = Siguiente

C.1.2. Entrada del proyecto

Basado en la definición del problema el software solo estará considerando una categoría de los métodos de construcción, métodos trenchless para crear un nuevo alineamiento, pero se pueden agregar a la evaluación métodos trenchless para reemplazo en el mismo alineamiento y métodos a corte abierto, por medio de seleccionar los cuadros de chequeo correspondientes. Siguiendo, al usuario se le requiere que entre los siguientes parámetros de instalación: Longitud del trabajo = 575 pies, Diámetro de tubería = 24 pulgadas, Profundidad de la cobertura = 20 pies, Precisión del alineamiento = 4 (Alto; definido en Sección D.1.), Precisión del perfil = 4 (Alto; definido en Sección D.1.), y Profundidad del nivel freático – N.F.= 15 pies. Ingrese estos valores en el formulario de Parámetros de Construcción y entonces de click en la pestaña Material de la tubería nueva. No de Click en Siguiente hasta que los cuatro formularios se hayan llenado o se requerirá que usted termine la evaluación.

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Fourth Screen of the Program

Project Parameters = Parámetros del proyecto

First Column

Recommendation = Recomendación

New Construction (TT) = Nueva construcción (Trenchless Technology)

New Construction (OC) = Nueva construcción (Open Cut)

Inline Replacement = Reemplazo en el mismo alineamiento

Rehabilitation * = Rehabilitación

Structural Rehabilitation * = Rehabilitación estructural Non – Structural Rehabilitation * = Rehabilitación no

estructural

* Not Included in Current Version = * No incluido en esta Versión.

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Second Column

Construction Parameters / New Pipe Material / Soil Parameters / Pipe Installation Details = Parámetros de Construcción / Material de la tubería nueva / Parámetros del suelo / Detalles de la instalación de la tubería.

Drive Length (ft) = Longitud de la instalación (pies) Pipe Diameter (in) = Diámetro de la tubería (pulgadas) Depth of Cover (ft) = Profundidad de la cobertura (pies) Alignment Accuracy * = Precisión del alineamiento * Profile Accuracy * = Precisión del perfil * GWT Depth (ft) = Profundidad del nivel freático – N.F.

(pies)

* Defined in the User’s Manual = * Definido en el Manual del Usuario

Next = Siguiente

Bajo la pestaña Material de la tubería nueva seleccionar Tubería de arcilla vitrificada, entonces dar click en la pestaña de los Parámetros del suelo.

Fifth Screen of the Program

The screen before under the “New Pipe Material” Tab = La pantalla anterior con la opción desplegada de Material de la tubería nueva.

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The first column was explained in fourth screen of the program = La primera columna se explicó en la cuarta pantalla del programa.

Steel = Acero Ductile Iron = Hierro dúctil PVC = PVC Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastic = Plástico reforzado

con fibra de vidrio High Density PE / Medium Density PE = Polietileno de alta

densidad / Polietileno de media densidad

Vitrified Clay Pipe = Tubería de arcilla vitrificada

Reinforced Concrete Pipe = Tubería de concreto reforzado

Polymer Concrete Pipe = Tubería de concreto con polímero

Corrugated Metal = Metal corrugado

Select All = Seleccionar todos Next = Siguiente

Los tres suelos dominantes a lo largo del alineamiento son Arena media (40 %), Arcilla blanda (35 %) y Grava (25 %). Ingrese estos valores en el formulario de Parámetros del suelo por medio de la selección primero de los tres suelos y luego ajustando los respectivos porcentajes. Luego de click en la pestaña de Detalles de la instalación de la tubería.

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Sixth Screen of the Program

The screen under the “Soil Parameters” Tab = La pantalla con la opción desplegada de “Parámetros del Suelo.”

Soil Parameters = Parámetros del Suelo

The first column was explained in fourth screen of the program = La primera columna se explicó en la cuarta pantalla del programa.

The second, third and fourth columns were explained in the first screen of the Manual.

The lower part of the screen contains the following

Soil Type # 1 is the dominant soil along = El tipo de suelo # 1 es el suelo dominante a lo largo del __

percent of alignment = por ciento del alineamiento

Soil Type # 2 is the dominant soil along = El tipo de suelo # 2 es el suelo dominante a lo largo del __

percent of alignment = por ciento del alineamiento

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Soil Type # 3 is the dominant soil along = El tipo de suelo # 3 es el suelo dominante a lo largo del __

percent of alignment = por ciento del alineamiento

Next = Siguiente

Puesto que no hay tubería receptora, deje la respuesta No material en la tubería receptora para la primera, segunda, y cuarta preguntas. Ahora especifique la Extensión permitida de excavación como Sólo pozos de Acceso / Recepción. Ahora de Click en Siguiente.

Seventh Screen of the Program

The screen under the “Pipe Installation Details” Tab = La pantalla con la opción desplegada de “Detalles de Instalación de la tubería.”

The first column was explained in fourth screen of the program = La primera columna se explicó en la cuarta pantalla del programa.

Does the existing pipe suffer from excessive La tubería existente sagging or misalignment? = sufre de excesivo

asentamiento o desalineamiento ?

No Host Pipe Material = No material en la tubería receptora

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Does the pipe diameter need to be increased by a factor greater than 2.5? No Host Pipe Material =

El diámetro de la tubería necesita incrementarse por un factor más grande que 2.5? No material en la tubería receptora

Please specify the allowable extent of excavation: Access / Receiving Pits Only =

Por favor especifique la extensión permitida de excavación: Sólo pozos de Acceso / Recepción

Please specify the host pipe material: No Host pipe material =

Por favor especifique el material de la tubería receptora: No material en la tubería receptora

Next = Siguiente

C.1.3. Análisis del riesgo.

Para comenzar el análisis del riesgo, seleccione la primera categoría (y única categoría en este caso) (Método TT en este caso) de métodos técnicamente viables de la casilla que se despliega hacia abajo en el formulario Comienzo del Análisis del Riesgo. Luego de doble click en el primer método (Microtunelería Slurry en este caso) y luego click en Índice SET. Aunque sólo se encontró un método técnicamente viable, el análisis del riesgo aun asignará un nivel de riesgo en relación con los datos del proyecto.

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Eighth Screen of the Program

Risk Start = Inicio del Análisis del riesgo Technically Viable Methods = Métodos técnicamente viables TT Method = Método Trenchless Technology Microtunneling Slurry = Microtunelería Slurry SET * Index = Índice SET * Weigh Adjustment = Ajuste de ponderación Site Accessibility = Accesibilidad al sitio Refresh = Refrescar

* SET: Specifications – Experience – Track Record = SET: Especificaciones – Experiencia – Registro de Seguimiento

En el formulario Índice SET seleccione una opción de cada una de las tres categorías basado en su experiencia: Disponibilidad de Especificaciones (Nacional / ASTM para Microtunelería Slurry), Experiencia del Dueño del Proyecto (Alguna para Microtunelería Slurry), y Registro de Seguimiento del Método (Más de cinco años para Microtunelería Slurry). Después de seleccionar una opción para cada categoría de click en Siguiente, este se devuelve al formulario Inicio del Análisis del Riesgo.

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Ninth Screen of the Program

SET Index = Índice SET

Microtunneling Slurry = Microtunelería Slurry First Column Specifications = Especificaciones None = Ninguna Local/ Regional = Local / Regional National (ASTM) = Nacional (ASTM)

Second Column Experience = Experiencia None = Ninguna Some = Alguna Extensive = Extensiva

Third Column Track Record = Registro de seguimiento Less than 2 years = Menos de 2 años 2 to 5 years = Entre 2 y 5 años More than 5 years = Más de 5 años Next = Siguiente

Después de entrar la información del Índice SET para Microtunelería Slurry, de click en Siguiente para devolverse al formulario de Inicio de Análisis del Riesgo y de click en Refrescar y luego de click en Ajuste de la Ponderación. Asigne una categoría de ponderación a cada uno de los seis factores de riesgo

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basado en su importancia en relación con el proyecto bajo consideración, entonces de click en Siguiente. Usted puede escoger dejar las ponderaciones en sus valores por defecto, con cada factor de riesgo teniendo una misma ponderación. Luego seleccione Accesibilidad al sitio en el formulario de Inicio de Análisis del Riesgo para ir al formulario de la Accesibilidad al sitio.

Tenth Screen of the Program

Risk Analysis Work Sheet = Hoja de trabajo de Análisis del riesgo

Risk Factor Weight Assignment = Asignación de ponderación del factor riesgo

Soil Compatibility Index = Índice de compatibilidad del suelo

Diameter Ratio = Relación del diámetro

Length Ratio = Relación de la longitud

SET Index = Índice SET

Depth Ratio = Relación de la profundidad

Environmental Impact = Impacto Ambiental

Next = Siguiente

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En el formulario Accesibilidad al sitio seleccione una de las cinco opciones en la casilla que se despliega hacia abajo (Accesibilidad limitada en este caso) y luego de click en Calcular Factor del Riesgo.

Eleventh Screen of the Program

Site Accessibility = Accesibilidad al sitio

Limited Accessibility = Accesibilidad limitada

Limited Accessibility means the installation right – of – way is accessible in a limited number of sections. An example of this site would be a downtown area =

La accesibilidad limitada significa que el derecho de vía de la instalación es accesible en un número limitado de tramos. Un ejemplo de este sitio seria un área céntrica de una ciudad.

Compute Risk Factor = Calcular factor de riesgo.

C.1.4. Resultados

Los resultados del análisis completo se muestran en el formulario Resultados del Análisis del Riesgo TAG el cual contiene todos los métodos técnicamente viables, los respectivos valores y las clasificaciones del riesgo.

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Twelfth Screen of the Program

TAG Risk Analysis Results = Resultados del Análisis del Riesgo TAG

TAG Risk Analysis Results = Resultados del Análisis de Riesgo TAG

Method = Método

Risk = Riesgo

Risk Score = Puntaje del riesgo

Solo se encontró un método de construcción que satisfaciera todos los requisitos técnicos del proyecto. Se consideró que la Microtunelería Slurry ofrece un nivel moderado de Riesgo / Potencial para impactos adversos cuando se le compara con otros parámetros del proyecto. Algunos otros métodos podrían ser capaces de completar la instalación descrita antes, pero solo se encontró que Microtunelería Slurry es viable basado en lo recomendado y en los datos razonables encontrados en la base de datos.

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C.2. ESTUDIO DE CASO 2

El segundo caso histórico está basado en un cruce en el río Sacramento, en Sacramento, California. El proyecto consiste en una tubería nueva de agua a presión para ser instalada debajo del río para satisfacer las necesidades de áreas residenciales en crecimiento. Los parámetros de entrada relevantes están resumidos en la Tabla 2.

Tabla 2. Cruce en el río Sacramento ­ Resumen de Información

Longitud 700 pies Profundidad 40 pies

Profundidad del nivel freático – N.F. 2 pies Diámetro de la tubería receptora N / A * Material de la tubería receptora N / A * Diámetro de la nueva tubería 42 pulgadas Material de la nueva tubería Plástico reforzado con fibra de vidrio,

Polietileno de alta densidad, Tubería de arcilla vitrificada y Tubería de concreto

reforzado Precisión del alineamiento 3 (Media)

Precisión del perfil 3 (Media) Tipo de Suelo # 1 Arena Media (60 %) Tipo de Suelo # 2 Arcilla Dura Rígida (35 %) Tipo de Suelo # 3 Grava (5 %)

Asentamiento excesivo N / A * Agrandamiento de la tubería > 2.5 N / A *

Extensión de la excavación Solo pozos de Acceso / Recepción Accesibilidad al sitio No accesible (Cruce del río)

N / A * No Aplicable

C.2.1. Selección del Problema

Comience con doble click al icono de TAG en su escritorio. Por favor leer las denegaciones del TTC y del NUCA y de click en OK para continuar con la página principal del TAG.

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Luego de Click en Selection Wizard en la parte superior de la página principal para comenzar la evaluación técnica. Basado en la descripción del proyecto, el problema se define como un problema de capacidad, por esto seleccione Capacity Problem y luego de click en Next.

Puesto que la tubería está perdiendo capacidad seleccione La tubería pierde capacidad. Luego seleccione Considerar nuevo alineamiento puesto que es sólo una nueva instalación y entonces de click en Siguiente.

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C.2.2. Entrada del proyecto

Después del proceso de selección del problema, los parámetros del proyecto se ingresan al programa. Los parámetros de construcción dados son: Longitud del trabajo = 700 pies, Diámetro de tubería = 42 pulgadas, Profundidad de la cobertura = 40 pies, Precisión del alineamiento = 3 (Medio), Precisión del perfil = 3 (Medio), y Profundidad del nivel freático – N.F. = 2 pies. Ingrese estos valores en el formulario de Parámetros de Construcción y entonces de click en la pestaña Material de la tubería nueva.

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De click en los materiales de la tubería nueva: Plástico reforzado con fibra de vidrio, Polietileno de Alta / Media Densidad, Tubería de arcilla vitrificada y Tubería de Concreto Reforzado y entonces dar click en la pestaña de los Parámetros del suelo

Los tres suelos dominantes a lo largo del alineamiento son Arena media (60 %), Arcilla Dura Rígida (35 %) y Grava (5 %). Ingrese estos valores en el formulario de Parámetros del suelo por medio de la selección primero de los tres suelos y luego ajustando los respectivos porcentajes. Luego de click en la pestaña de Detalles de la instalación de la tubería

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Puesto que no hay tubería receptora, deje la respuesta No material en la tubería receptora para la primera, segunda, y cuarta preguntas. Ahora especifique la Extensión permitida de excavación como Sólo pozos de Acceso / Recepción. Ahora de Click en Siguiente.

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C.2.3. Análisis del riesgo.

Para comenzar el análisis del riesgo, seleccione la primera categoría (Método TT en este caso) de métodos técnicamente viables de la casilla que se despliega hacia abajo en el formulario Comienzo del Análisis del Riesgo. Luego de doble click en el primer método (HDD Maxi 2 en este caso = PHD Maxi 2) y luego click en Índice SET.

En el formulario Índice SET seleccione una opción de cada una de las tres categorías basado en su experiencia: Disponibilidad de Especificaciones (Nacional / ASTM para PHD Maxi 2), Experiencia del Dueño del Proyecto (Alguna para PHD Maxi 2), y Registro de Seguimiento del Método (Más de cinco años para PHD Maxi 2). Después de seleccionar una opción para cada categoría de click en Siguiente, este se devuelve al formulario Inicio del Análisis del Riesgo.

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Ahora continúe este proceso para cada método en la casilla que se despliega hacia abajo. A continuación se muestra un resumen de los valores para cada método técnicamente viable en este ejemplo.

Métodos Viables

Técnicamente (Categoría)

Especificaciones Experiencia el Dueño

Registro de Seguimiento

PHD Maxi 2 (Método TT)

Nacional / ASTM Alguna Más de cinco años

Microtunelería Slurry (Método

TT)

Nacional / ASTM Alguna Más de cinco años

Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo cerrado (Método TT)

Nacional / ASTM Alguna Más de cinco años

Después de entrar la información del Índice SET para el último método, de click en Siguiente para devolverse al formulario de Inicio de Análisis del Riesgo y de click en Refrescar y luego de click en Ajuste de la Ponderación. Asigne una categoría de ponderación a cada uno de los seis factores de riesgo basado en su importancia y entonces de click en Siguiente. Para este caso de estudio, a los parámetros índice SET e Impacto Ambiental les fueron dadas ponderaciones de menor importancia en la Sección D.1., pero a ellos aquí se les asignó

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ponderaciones iguales para mostrar el contraste. Seleccione Accesibilidad al sitio en el formulario de Inicio de Análisis del Riesgo para ir al formulario de la Accesibilidad al sitio.

En el formulario Accesibilidad al sitio seleccione una de las cinco opciones en la casilla que se despliega hacia abajo (No Accesibilidad en este caso) y luego de click en Calcular Factor del Riesgo.

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C.2.4. Resultados

Los resultados del análisis completo se muestran en el formulario Resultados del Análisis del Riesgo TAG, el cual contiene los métodos técnicamente viables y sus respectivas clasificaciones del riesgo y valores. La Microtunelería Slurry es una aproximación viable, pero podría ofrecer un nivel de riesgo algo elevado debido a la combinación de tubería de gran diámetro y una distancia moderada entre los pozos de empuje y de recepción. El Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo cerrado (Método TT) es el método preferido, pero es costoso. El método PHD podría dar un balance entre costo y riesgo.

C.3. ESTUDIO DE CASO 3

El tercer caso histórico es tomado de un proyecto del Interceptor Bradshaw / Folsom el cual fue construido por el Distrito de alcantarillado del condado regional de Sacramento (SRCSD) para suministrar alivio al sistema de alcantarillado existente dentro del condado y para suministrar capacidad adicional para el futuro crecimiento. Este trabajo en particular, el cual se denominó Tramo 5 A, se construyó por debajo de un parque popular llamado Tillotson Parkway. El condado deseaba evitar los impactos de la excavación a cielo abierto en los residentes del vecindario y del parque, por eso solamente los métodos trenchless se consideraron para la construcción del tramo 5 A. Los parámetros de entrada relevantes están resumidos en la Tabla 3.

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Tabla 3. Interceptor Bradshaw / Folsom ­ Resumen de Información

Longitud 1500 pies Profundidad 20 pies

Profundidad del nivel freático (N.F.) 20 pies Diámetro de la tubería receptora N / A * Material de la tubería receptora N / A * Diámetro de la nueva tubería 108 pulgadas Material de la nueva tubería Tubería de concreto reforzado Precisión del alineamiento 4 (Alta)

Precisión del perfil 4 (Alta) Tipo de Suelo # 1 Arcilla Dura Rígida (40 %) Tipo de Suelo # 2 Arena Densa (40 %) Tipo de Suelo # 3 Arena Media (20 %)

Asentamiento excesivo N / A * Agrandamiento de la tubería > 2.5 N / A *

Extensión de la excavación Sólo pozos de Acceso / Recepción Accesibilidad al sitio Accesibilidad Media (Zona residencial)

N / A * No Aplicable

C.3.1. Selección del Problema

Comience con doble click al icono de TAG en su escritorio. Por favor leer las denegaciones del TTC y del NUCA y de click en OK para continuar con la página principal del TAG.

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Luego de Click en Selection Wizard en la parte superior de la página principal para comenzar la evaluación técnica. Basado en la descripción del proyecto, el problema se define como un problema de capacidad, por esto seleccione Capacity Problem y luego de click en Next.

Puesto que la tubería está perdiendo capacidad seleccione La tubería pierde capacidad. Luego seleccione Considerar nuevo alineamiento puesto que es sólo una nueva instalación y entonces de click en Siguiente.

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C.3.2. Entrada del proyecto

Después del proceso de selección del problema, los parámetros del proyecto se ingresan al programa. Los parámetros de construcción dados son: Longitud del trabajo = 1500 pies, Diámetro de tubería = 108 pulgadas, Profundidad de la cobertura = 20 pies, Precisión del alineamiento = 4 (Alto), Precisión del perfil = 4 (Alto), y Profundidad del nivel freático ­ N.F.= 20 pies. Ingrese estos valores en el formulario de Parámetros de Construcción y entonces de click en la pestaña Material de la tubería nueva.

De click en el material de la tubería nueva: Tubería de Concreto Reforzado y entonces de click en la pestaña de los Parámetros del suelo

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Los tres suelos dominantes a lo largo del alineamiento son Arcilla Dura Rígida (40 %), Arena Densa (40 %) y Arena Media (20 %). Ingrese estos valores en el formulario de Parámetros del suelo por medio de la selección primero de los tres suelos y luego ajustando los respectivos porcentajes. Luego de click en la pestaña de Detalles de la instalación de la tubería

Puesto que no hay tubería receptora, deje la respuesta No material en la tubería receptora para la primera, segunda, y cuarta preguntas. Ahora especifique la Extensión permitida de excavación como Sólo pozos de Acceso / Recepción. Ahora de Click en Siguiente.

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C.3.3. Análisis del riesgo.

Para comenzar el análisis del riesgo, seleccione la primera categoría (Método TT en este caso) de métodos técnicamente viables de la casilla que se despliega hacia abajo en el formulario Comienzo del Análisis del Riesgo. Luego de doble click en el primer método (Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto en este caso) y luego click en Índice SET.

En el formulario Índice SET seleccione una opción de cada una de las tres categorías basado en su experiencia: Disponibilidad de Especificaciones

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(Nacional / ASTM para Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto), Experiencia del Dueño del Proyecto (Alguna para Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto), y Registro de Seguimiento del Método (Más de cinco años para Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto). Después de seleccionar una opción para cada categoría de click en Siguiente, este se devuelve al formulario Inicio del Análisis del Riesgo.

Después de entrar la información del Índice SET para Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo abierto, de click en Siguiente para devolverse al formulario de Inicio de Análisis del Riesgo y de click en Refrescar y luego de click en Ajuste de la Ponderación. Asigne una categoría de ponderación a cada uno de los seis factores de riesgo basado en su importancia y entonces de click en Siguiente. Seleccione Accesibilidad al sitio en el formulario de Inicio de Análisis del Riesgo para ir al formulario de la Accesibilidad al sitio.

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En el formulario Accesibilidad al sitio seleccione una de las cinco opciones en la casilla que se despliega hacia abajo (Accesibilidad Media en este caso) y luego de click en Calcular Factor del Riesgo.

C.3.4. Resultados

Los resultados del análisis completo se muestran en el formulario Resultados del Análisis del Riesgo TAG, el cual contiene los métodos técnicamente viables y sus respectivas clasificaciones del riesgo y valores. La Excavación manual del túnel es la aproximación preferida por sobre una máquina perforadora de túneles – MPT ­ porque se cree que la MPT involucra más de un

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impacto ambiental en la comunidad. Los diseñadores utilizaron tunelería convencional con una máquina perforadora de túneles para completar este proyecto debido a que ellos creyeron que el empuje de tuberías causaría más de un impacto en los residentes debido a los pozos de empuje.

D. VALORACION DEL RIESGO

D.1. CALCULANDO EL PUNTAJE DE RIESGO DEL METODO

Esta sección da una visión más profunda dentro de la formulación matemática utilizada para calcular el puntaje del riesgo para cada método de construcción. El puntaje del riesgo es el promedio ponderado de seis factores de riesgo que contribuyen. Cuatro de estos factores (Relación de la longitud, Relación del diámetro, Relación de la profundidad y el Índice de compatibilidad del suelo) reflejan el nivel de confort con el cual un método de construcción reúne los requisitos técnicos del proyecto. En otras palabras, sin importar si la longitud de instalación esta en el 25 o ó 95 o percentil del rango del método, el método será considerado como viable técnicamente. Sin embargo, se debate que el riesgo potencial en el último caso es más grande que el primer caso. El nivel relativo de riesgo se expresa como la relación de la longitud de la instalación con el rango de instalación máximo del método bajo consideración. El mismo raciocinio se aplica a la profundidad de la instalación y al diámetro resultante.

Para la compatibilidad del suelo, el nivel de riesgo se basa en el porcentaje de suelos Compatibles Posiblemente a lo largo del alineamiento del proyecto. Por ejemplo, en el segundo caso estudiado las condiciones del suelo fueron especificadas como: arena media (60 %); arcilla dura rígida (35 %); y grava (5 %). Si un método es solo compatible posiblemente con arena media y grava (65

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% del alineamiento), y compatible completamente con arcilla dura, entonces el riesgo percibido se considera que es más alto que si el método fuera compatible completamente con arena media y arcilla dura rígida, pero solo compatible posiblemente con grava (5 % del alineamiento).

Los dos parámetros restantes que comprenden la puntuación del riesgo miden el nivel de confort del dueño con el método (experiencia directa, registro de seguimiento del método, y disponibilidad de las especificaciones) y el impacto adverso potencial en los ambientes natural y construido.

Un usuario podría escoger dar a todos los parámetros que contribuyen un grado igual de importancia (esto es, ponderación) o diferentes grados de importancia. En algunos casos, el usuario podría escoger ignorar completamente alguno de los parámetros. El ajuste de la importancia de un factor dado se realiza mediante el arrastre con el Mouse del señalador sobre la barra deslizante.

Como un ejemplo, asumamos que el dueño en el estudio del caso 2 ha establecido una relación de trabajo con un contratista HDD – PHD competente y conciente ambientalmente. Así, el dueño quiere realizar de nuevo el análisis dando ponderaciones más bajas a los cuatro aspectos técnicos. El siguiente pantallazo muestra los factores de Índice SET y de Impacto Ambiental ajustados a 100 % (o alta importancia), mientras los factores contribuyentes restantes se ajustan a 25 % (o baja importancia).

El impacto de modificar las ponderaciones de los factores contribuyentes en la puntuación final del riesgo se muestra abajo. Los mismos tres métodos de

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construcción se identificaron por el programa, y están listados igual en el mismo orden. Sin embargo, la puntuación del riesgo para el Empuje de tuberías con máquina tuneleadora de escudo cerrado se incrementó, la puntuación del riesgo para PHD Maxi 2 se disminuyó, y la puntuación del riesgo para Microtunelería permaneció la misma. Esto muestra que el confort del dueño con un contratista PHD puede mover efectivamente más cerca a PHD de ser el método preferido en relación con los datos del proyecto.

E. APENDICE

E.1. DEFINICION DE LOS PARAMETROS DEL PROGRAMA

Muchos de los parámetros del método listados en la base de datos del método de construcción están listados por sus clasificaciones las cuales deben estar definidas para entender completamente las capacidades del método. Los siguientes parámetros se definen a continuación: compatibilidad del suelo, impacto ambiental, extensión de la excavación, clasificación del nivel freático (N.F.), precisión del alineamiento y precisión del perfil.

E.1.1 Compatibilidad del Suelo

La base de datos del método de construcción contiene información sobre la compatibilidad del suelo para diez categorías de condiciones geológicas, con los tipos de suelo cuantificados en términos del número de golpes por pie (por ASTM 1452). Las condiciones geológicas consideradas por TAG son:

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Suelos Golpes por pie Suelos cohesivos blandos (N<5) Suelos cohesivos firmes (5<N<15)

Suelos cohesivos duros rígidos (N>15) Suelos sin cohesión sueltos (N<10) Suelos sin cohesión medios (10<N<30) Suelos sin cohesión densos (N>30)

Grava ­ Guijarros / Cantos rodados ­

Arenisca ­ Lecho rocoso ­

La compatibilidad de cada método de construcción con las diez clases de suelo se designa como cualquiera de los siguientes:

Compatibilidad Símbolo en la base de datos Compatible Completamente (Y) Compatible Posiblemente (P)

Incompatible (N)

E.1.2. Impacto Ambiental

Los valores para el impacto ambiental potencial se suministran en un rango relativo en la base de datos del método de construcción. Estos valores se basan en muchos factores los cuales incluyen: potencial para asentamiento y levantamiento del terreno (daño potencial a superficies pavimentadas, servicios públicos y fundaciones cercanos); erosión: remoción de árboles y vegetación; creación de peligros temporales (por ejemplo trincheras abiertas); y la migración potencial de fluidos de perforación a la superficie.

Impacto Ambiental Símbolo en la base de datos Muy bajo 1 Bajo 2 Medio 3 Alto 4

Muy alto 5

E.1.3. Extensión de la Excavación

Los valores para la extensión permisible de la excavación están fijados en la base de datos del método de construcción.

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Extensión de la excavación

Símbolo en la base de datos

Métodos

Excavaciones continuas 1 Pueden utilizarse todos los métodos

Excavaciones limitadas 2 Excluye la excavación con retroexcavadora

Sólo pozos de Acceso / Recepción

3 Excluye todos los métodos a corte abierto

E.1.4. Clasificación del nivel freático

La factibilidad técnica de ciertos métodos de construcción trenchless esta condicionada en la altura cabeza hidrostática que actúa en la cavidad; en otras palabras, la elevación del alineamiento propuesto con relación a la elevación del nivel freático (ENF). Los valores de la clasificación del nivel freático están fijados en la base de datos del método de construcción.

Clasificación del nivel freático (N.F.) Símbolo en la base de datos Puede manejar por lo menos 10 pies de

cabeza hidrostática C1

Puede manejar hasta 10 pies de cabeza hidrostática

C2

Puede manejar hasta 3 pies de cabeza hidrostática

C3

La fórmula para la altura de la cabeza hidrostática es como sigue:

Cabeza Hidrostática, pies = (Profundidad de la instalación, pies) – (Diámetro de la tubería, pies) – (Profundidad del nivel freático – N.F., pies)

E.1.5. Precisión del alineamiento y perfil

Estos parámetros se refieren al nivel anticipado de la precisión que se necesitará en la instalación.

Precisión Símbolo en la base de datos

Descripción

Muy baja 1 Sin capacidades de direccionamiento

Baja 2 Capacidades de direccionamiento limitadas

Media 3 Capacidades diseñadas para seguimiento y

direccionamiento Alta 4 Desviación máxima de ± 4

pulgadas Muy alta 5 Desviación máxima de ±2

pulgadas

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Appendix 2: CD – Demo of Modules Designed by this Practicum

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APPENDIX 3: MODULO DE REHABILITACION / REEMPLAZO DE MANHOLES

5.6.1. Introducción

El autor considera que una de las formas más fáciles para presentar las tecnologías trenchless al mercado de Suramérica es mediante la explicación y presentación de las técnicas de rehabilitación / reemplazo de manholes, las cuales son relativamente baratas en comparación con otras técnicas trenchless y son fáciles de aplicar y hacerles seguimiento en un corto periodo de tiempo. De esta forma, se propone incluir este módulo traducido al español lo más pronto posible en el programa TAG, el cual corresponde a este Apéndice 3. Para este módulo se aplica una denegación similar a la incluida para los vínculos de compañías explicados en el capitulo 5.5. de este Practicum.

5.6.2. Selección del Método

La siguiente selección de método para rehabilitar y reemplazar manholes se adaptó de la referencia (28) para incluirla en el programa TAG.

Figura 13. Selección de Método para Rehabilitación / Reemplazo de Manholes

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5.6.3. Especificaciones y base de datos de los métodos para rehabilitación / Reemplazo de manholes

De acuerdo con la referencia (29) las categorías generales para la rehabilitación / Reemplazo de manholes son:

Categorías generales

Manholes Revestimientos Sellantes en tapas Lechadas Sellantes externos Recubrimientos Reemplazo

Sin embargo en este Apéndice los métodos de Rehabilitación / Reemplazo de manholes se categorizan tal como en la referencia 28, los cuales son más específicos y serán los que se utilizan mas adelante

Otras clasificaciones útiles en este capitulo se toman de la referencia 30, la cual contiene una variedad de vínculos prácticos en la rehabilitación de manholes.

5.6.3.1. Recubrimientos cementantes interiores

Los recubrimientos cementantes se aplican con un palustre, rociados o vaciados, y se utilizan para sellar grietas sobre todo o en partes del interior del manhole. Estos recubrimientos contienen típicamente una mezcla de cemento y fibras cortadas. Los recubrimientos se pueden rociar directamente en el muro, sobre una malla de alambre, o vaciarse en una formaleta de HDPE con refuerzo. Los recubrimientos con frecuencia contienen aluminato cálcico como un aditivo, el cual le da resistencia adicional a la corrosión al concreto.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.madewell.com/mainstay/index.html

Figura 14. Aplicación de Mainstay ® ML­72 de 3 1/2". Mortero para restauración aplicado por un rociador neumático de baja presión.

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Otros recubrimientos cementantes se refieren en el siguiente vínculo, ver Numeral 2.2 de la referencia 30:

http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_liner_forms.htm

Figura 15. Formaleta para el revestimiento Nu­Wall™

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones de este último sistema de capa se encuentran en

http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_rehab_specifications.htm

5.6.3.2. Revestimientos de fibra de vidrio curada en sitio para manholes

Los revestimientos de fibra de vidrio para manholes se utilizan para revestir todo o parte de la superficie interior del manhole. Los revestimientos consisten de una capa de tela saturada con una resina liquida. La capa se coloca dentro del manhole, se infla y luego se cura. La tela consiste típicamente de capas de fibras de vidrio tejidas adheridas a una membrana no porosa. La resina es epóxica y el método de curado es mediante vapor. Durante la instalación se remueven las barras de las escaleras y pueden o no reinstalarse.

Vínculos de referencia: http://www.terrehill.com/manholeRehab.asp http://www.poly­triplex.com/ (A sunCoast Environmental International, Inc. Company) http://www.amlinereast.com/terre.html

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Figura 16. Aplicación del revestimiento curado en sitio en el manhole.

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran bajo pedido en los vínculos citados arriba.

5.6.3.3. Sistema “ Paving Rings”

El sistema WHIRLyGIG™ (construido por la compañía Whirlygig) es una formaleta de concreto y un cortador circular diseñados para permitir que se vacie el concreto. Este sistema se utiliza para reemplazar el tramo de la chimenea deI manhole. El sistema WHIRLyGIG™ tiene una formaleta de caucho que se fija en la cima del cono y construye la parte interior de la chimenea. El concreto se vacia alrededor del WHIRLyGIG™ hasta el borde de la excavación, y este concreto se convierte en la nueva chimenea.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.whirlygigcompany.com/

Figura 17. El sistema WHIRLyGIG™

No hay información acerca de parámetros de diseño y especificaciones en el vínculo de arriba; sin embargo esta compañía puede contactarse por e – mail. 5.6.3.4. Protectores Anulares para nivelación

Los protectores anulares para nivelación sirven para sellar el interior del tramo de la chimenea del manhole. Ellos están hechos de caucho pesado acanalado que se mantiene en sitio mediante anillos de acero inoxidable interiores que se expanden. Los protectores se instalan mediante la simple apertura de la tapa,

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por lo tanto no se requiere excavación. Los protectores necesitan ajustarse alrededor de cualquier barra de las escaleras localizada en la chimenea o las barras de la escalera pueden removerse.

Vínculo de referencia:

http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­manhole­rehab/flexrib.htm

Figura 18. Protectores anulares para nivelación en una instalación típica en una chimenea

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en la pestaña de Technical Specifications de:

http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­manhole­rehab/flexrib.htm

5.6.3.5. Manhole Pans

Los “Manhole pans” se fijan bajo la tapa del manhole y se utilizan para prevenir la infiltración por escorrentía a través de los agujeros de la tapa del manhole. Los “Manhole pans” pueden ser de HDPE o de acero inoxidable.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.no­dig.com/sw/sw­02.html

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Figura 20. Ejemplos y diseño de “Manhole pans.”

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones de “Manhole Pans” se encuentran en

http://www.ssisealingsystems.com/stainlesssteelinsertsspecification.htm

5.6.3.6. Reacomodo de Estructura y elevación de nivel

El reacomodo de la estructura es un método que intenta ajustar la estructura que se ha movido horizontalmente y/o elevar la tapa sobre el nivel para prevenir la infiltración por escorrentía, principalmente en áreas no pavimentadas (por ejemplo, cuando una tapa se localiza en una ligera depresión donde se puede producir empozamiento de agua). La instalación implica una mínima excavación – solo suficiente para permitir el reemplazo de los anillos de nivelación de concreto dañados y añadir nuevos anillos para llevar la cima de la estructura sobre el nivel.

5.6.3.7. Lechadas para parcheo con cemento

Las lechadas para parcheo de cemento son mezclas de lechada que se aplican manualmente y se utilizan para sellar grietas sobre todo o en partes del interior de un manhole. Existen numerosas composiciones diferentes de estas lechadas.

Vínculo de Referencia: http://www.kaufmanproducts.net/html/productsfr.html

Figura 20. Actividades de parcheo del concreto.

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en el vínculo mencionado arriba así como archivos pdf y videos en las pestañas Products Guide y Product Name.

5.6.3.8. Recubrimientos Epóxicos Interiores

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Los recubrimientos epóxicos se aplican con un rociador y se utilizan para cubrir el interior del manhole completo para formar una barrera contra el agua / vapor. Estos recubrimientos son epóxicos de dos componentes, típicamente 100 % de sólidos por volumen. Los recubrimientos requieren abrasión a presión (Blasting) o agua a alta presión para limpiar y preparar la superficie.

Vínculo de Referencia: http://www.caryloncorp.com/manhole.cfm

Otros vínculos son: http://www.ravenlining.com http://www.permaform.net/

Figura 21. Rehabilitación de manhole con epóxicos.

Algunos parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en el primer vínculo mencionado y en:

http://www.ravenlining.com/engineering.html y bajo solicitud en el tercer vínculo mencionado.

5.6.3.9. Recubrimientos interiores de Poliuretano

Los recubrimientos interiores de poliuretano se aplican con un rociador y se usan para cubrir todo o partes del interior de un manhole completo para formar una barrera contra el agua / vapor. Estos recubrimientos están hechos de resina de uretano. Los recubrimientos requieren abrasión a presión (Blasting) o agua a alta presión para limpiar y preparar la superficie.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.ccispectrum.com/Spectrasheild.htm

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Figura 22. Sistema de revestimiento SpectraShield™. La segunda capa de un total de tres es una espuma de poliuretano.

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en el vínculo mencionado arriba como archivo pdf y video en la pestaña SpectraShield™.

5.6.3.10. Recubrimientos Exteriores

Los recubrimientos exteriores se utilizan sobre todo o en partes de los tramos del barril, cono y chimenea de los manholes. Estos recubrimientos son únicos en que ellos requieren menos condiciones para adhesión que los recubrimientos interiores, debido a que los suelos de retrollenado los mantienen en sitio y cualquier agua subterránea presiona el recubrimiento contra el manhole. Estos recubrimientos vienen en diferentes clases: cementantes para rociar, epóxicos, o poliuretanos; plástico envolvente que se retrae y/o cintas de caucho adhesivo. Estos recubrimientos requieren que se excave alrededor del manhole.

Vínculo de Referencia: http://www.wrapidseal.com/

Figura 23. Recubrimientos Exteriores

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en

http://www.wrapidseal.com/ , en la pestaña DIV 2 Specifications.

5.6.3.11. Revestimientos de PVC para manholes

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Los revestimientos de PVC para manholes se utilizan para revestir todo o partes de la superficie interior de un manhole. Ellos están hechos de hojas de PVC las cuales se conectan mecánicamente o son adheridas a la superficie del manhole. La conexión mecánica se realiza mediante dos sistemas: (1) Formas que sobresalen del material de PVC las cuales se embeben en lechada que se aplica en el interior del manhole, o (2) mediante el ensamble al manhole de anclajes de acero inoxidable con una punta de PVC soldada en la parte superior del anclaje. La conexión por adherencia se realiza mediante la aplicación de un polímero al concreto del manhole, al cual se le pega luego el PVC por medio de un activador.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.a­lok.com/DuraPlate.htm

Figura 24. Revestimiento de PVC para Manhole

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en el vinculo mencionado arriba en la pestaña Product / Brochure.

5.6.3.12. Revestimientos de HDPE y Fibra de Vidrio Pre – Formada para manholes

La fibra de vidrio pre – formada o los revestimientos HDPE son formas rígidas fabricadas en planta para ajustarse al tamaño interior del manhole. Ellos se utilizan para revestir la superficie interior del manhole en los tramos de la base, barril, cono y algunas veces en la chimenea. El revestimiento se instala mediante la excavación y remoción del tramo del cono del manhole. Luego se instala el revestimiento y el tramo del cono se reemplaza. Para instalaciones en partes del manhole, se inyectan los bordes de los revestimientos para formar un sello con la superficie del manhole.

Vínculo de referencia: http://unitedstatesconcrete.com/options.html

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Figura 25. Aros de HDPE para ajustar en el manhole

Durante esta investigación no se encontraron parámetros de diseño y especificaciones sobre esta técnica.

5.6.3.13. Barrera para la chimenea

La barrera para I/I (Filtración por escorrentía superficial e infiltración por aguas freáticas) (fabricada por Strike Products™) es un producto de propiedad exclusiva que se considera una barrera para la chimenea. Se utiliza para rehabilitar el tramo de la chimenea de un manhole. La barrera I / I consiste de un elevador de polietileno de densidad media rígida con una base gruesa que se apoya en la cima del tramo del cono del manhole. Los aros de concreto del manhole se colocan sobre la base gruesa en la parte exterior del elevador. El elevador se convierte en una barrera contra I / I que entre al tramo de la chimenea.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.striketool.com/II%20Barrier%20.htm

Figura 26. Barrera contra I / I fabricada por Strike™ Products.

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en

http://www.striketool.com/II%20Barrier%20Specifications.htm

5.6.3.14. Tapas de Manhole

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Las tapas de manhole con “Gaskets” (empaques) son tapas de acero con una inserción de “Gasket” (empaque) bien sea en la estructura o colocado entre la estructura y la tapa. Estos gaskets buscan prevenir la filtración por escorrentía superficial desde los alrededores de la tapa del manhole.

Se encuentran disponibles tapas sólidas sin agujeros para manholes, así como tapones para los agujeros.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.no­dig.com/sw/sw­02.html

Figura 28. Inserciones para las tapas de manholes

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones de los insertos de las tapas se encuentran en

http://www.ssisealingsystems.com/stainlesssteelinsertsspecification.htm

5.6.3.15. Aros de nivelación de HDPE

Los aros de nivelación de plástico HDPE reemplazan los aros de nivelación de concreto. Los aros de nivelación no son HDPE sólido; en su lugar, ellos son huecos con costillas de refuerzo.

5.6.3.16. Aros de nivelación con Nuevo concreto

Los aros de nivelación con nuevo concreto se utilizan para reparar el tramo de la chimenea donde existan chimeneas existentes de ladrillo o concreto desgastadas. Los anillos de nivelación pueden sellarse con lechada de cemento anti retracción, un “Gasket” (empaque) de caucho, o masilla de caucho con base en butilo. Igualmente, la estructura se puede sellar a la chimenea mediante el uso de un Gasket de caucho o una masilla de caucho con base en butilo.

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Otra forma de proteger los manholes con aros de nivelación es mediante la utilización de dos componentes químicos mezclados tales como en el sistema Ring Seal™ como sigue:

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.no­dig.com/sw/ringseal.html

Figura 29. Aros de nivelación con Nuevo concreto.

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en

http://www.no­dig.com/sw/ringsealinfo.html

5.6.3.17. Reparaciones de penetración en las tuberías

Los protectores Kor – N­ Seal ® son un producto de propiedad exclusiva y consisten de una protección de caucho que usa una banda de acero inoxidable interior que se sella en el interior del manhole y una banda de acero inoxidable exterior para sellarla a la alcantarilla principal. En manholes existentes, se debe perforar remotamente para permitir el uso de este elemento o “Gasket”. Los “Gaskets” (empaques) LCT™ son un producto exclusivo consistente de un “Gasket” de caucho que se puede vaciar dentro de nuevos manholes y se sellan alrededor de la alcantarilla principal.

Los collares de arena son de una longitud corta al final de la campana de una tubería de PVC con un “Gasket”. El collar tiene arena embebida en la parte exterior para adherencia de la lechada. Los collares de arena se inyectan con lechada en las aperturas del manhole por las penetraciones de la tubería.

Vínculo de referencia: http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­connectors/kor_n_seal.htm

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Figura 29. Reparaciones de penetración en la tubería con Kor – N­ Seal ® boots.

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran en

http://www.npc.com/products/pipe­connectors/documents/SKNSSPEC05­06.pdf

5.6.3.18. Nuevos manholes de concreto

Los manholes nuevos de concretos e utilizan para reemplazar los existentes. Los nuevos manholes se instalan típicamente con “Gaskets” (empaques) de caucho entre los tramos del barril. Se utiliza típicamente lechada de cemento para parcheo sobre todas las juntas entre la base, barril, cono, chimenea y los tramos de la estructura.

Vínculo de referencia: http://unitedstatesconcrete.com/manholes.html

Figura 30. Nuevos manholes de concreto.

Una variación son los manholes pre – vaciados, tal como se muestra en las siguientes figuras:

Vinculo de referencia: http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_forms.htm

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Figura 31. Manholes Pre – vaciados.

Algunas especificaciones se pueden consultar en

http://unitedstatesconcrete.com/manholes.html

Las especificaciones de los manholes pre – vaciados se pueden consultar en:

http://www.improvedconstructionmethods.com/manhole_rehab_specifications.htm

5.6.3.19. Manholes de fibra de vidrio

Los manholes de fibra de vidrio se utilizan para reemplazar la base, barril, cono, y en algunos casos los tramos de chimenea de manholes existentes. Los manholes son típicamente prefabricados para transportarlos al sitio en una sola unidad. Los manholes de fibra de vidrio requieren excavación e instalación completa, así como se requiere para los nuevos manholes de concreto. El manhole monolítico de una pieza tiene que instalarse dentro de un manhole existente de concreto, ladrillo, o prefabricado.

Los manholes de fibra de vidrio se utilizan para reemplazo total también en idénticas condiciones que para rehabilitación.

Vinculo de referencia: http://www.containmentsolutions.com/products/flowtite/index.html

Figura 32. Partes de manhole de fibra de vidrio.

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Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se encuentran para rehabilitación y reemplazo respectivamente en:

http://www.containmentsolutions.com/products/flowtite/rehab_manholes.html http://www.containmentsolutions.com/products/flowtite/manholes.html

5.6.3.20. Tramos de manhole en concreto con polímero

El comportamiento superior del concreto con polímero lo hace apropiado especialmente para ambientes altamente corrosivos. Los manholes Meyer ™ Polycrete pueden enviarse al sitio de construcción como una unidad completa o como tramos de manhole. Los manholes Meyer ™ Polycrete se manufacturan con un material compuesto consistente en resina de polyester, arena cuarzosa, agregado silíceo y llenante de cuarzo.

Vinculo de referencia: http://www.amitechusa.com/pdf/Polycrete%20Manhole%20Brochure%20­ %20Amitech%20USA,%20June%20%202004.pdf

Parámetros de diseño y especificaciones se pueden consultar en:

http://www.amitechusa.com/meyer_polycrete/specifications.htm

Figura 33. Manholes y tramos de concreto con polímero

5.6.3.21. Manholes de HDPE

Los manholes de HDPE se utilizan para reemplazar la base, barril, cono, y en algunos casos, tramos de la chimenea de manholes existentes. Los manholes son prefabricados típicamente para transportarlos al sitio en una sola unidad. Los manholes HDPE requieren excavación e instalación completa, tal como se requiere para los manholes nuevos de concreto.

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