Metamaterial & Metamaterial Metamaterials & Based … · 2019-10-29 · • Metamaterial exhibiting real part of permeability near zero are called mu-near-zero (MNZ) metamaterial

S. S. Islam

M. R.I. Faruque and

M. T. Islam

Metamaterial & Metamaterial

Based Research

Dr. Sikder Sunbeam

Islam

Metamaterials &

Metamaterial-based Research

Dr. Sikder Sunbeam Islam

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

International Islamic University Chittagong

-Background

-Introduction to Metamaterial

- Metamaterial Types

-Metamaterial Applications & Research

- References

Outline of Talk

2 Prepared by Dr. Sikder Sunbeam Islam, IIUC.

Background Background

V.G. Veselago, Sov. Phys. Usp 10, 509 (1968)


Background

--Negative Index of Refraction can be achieved when both µr and εr are

negative.

--Negative Refractive media may show some astonishing

electromagnetic properties like inverted Snell’s Law and others.

---Therefore, Backward wave propagation can be produced.

What happens when both permittivity (ϵ) and

permeability(μ) are negative?

4

𝑛 = −𝜀 × −𝜇 = 𝑗2𝜀 × 𝑗2𝜇 = 𝑗 𝜀 × 𝑗 𝜇 = 𝑗2 𝜀𝜇 = − 𝜀𝜇

So,

Negative µ and ε may occur in nature, but not simultaneously

-Silver, Gold, and Aluminum display negative εr at optical

frequencies

-Resonant ferromagnetic systems display negative µr at

resonance

Therefore, to achieve simultaneous negative µ and ε, a artificial

composite material can be built.

Background

+ve n -ve n

[Phys.org]


Background


• J.B. Pendry et al.(1999) mentioned Sub wavelength structures built from

non-magnetic constituents exhibit an effective magnetic permeability (μ).

J.B. Pendry et al., IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075 (1999).

• Also showed array of metal rods may generate negative permittivity (ϵ).

• The combination of these two phenomena could be used to produce

such Negative Index Material (NIM).

Background: How to Achieve Negative Index of Refraction (NIR)?

• Therefore, the concept of Metamaterials was first introduced.


• In 2000, Smith et al. successfully demonstrated a new artificial

material with this exotic property (i.e., both μ and ε were

negative), which is defined as a left-handed metamaterial.

• This metamaterial was constructed as a periodic

array of copper split ring and wire conducting elements

deposited onto a circuit-board substrate.

Background: D.R. Smith Demonstration of NIM

D.R. Smith et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184 (2000).


Introduction to Metamaterial

What are Metamaterials? • Metamaterials are engineered electromagnetic structure which may have

some unconventional electromagnetic properties like, negative permittivity,

negative permeability or negative refractive-index, inverted Snell’s law etc.

• These properties depends on the design of its individual atoms.

• Properties are derived from their physical structure, not from their chemistry.


• The design of the metamaterial follows proper effective medium

ratio (EMR).

• EMR (λ/a) is the ratio of the wavelength (λ) of applied field and

physical size (a) of the metamaterial which should not be bellow

4 (Sarkhel et al. 2015).

• When the cell size is comparable to or larger than an operating

wavelength, the effective material parameters might lose their

significance.

• By increasing the inductance, the EMR can be improved and this

can be achieved as well by lowering the gap between the stripes.

• In addition, the size of the metamaterial unit cell should be kept

small to ensure improved EMR ratio.

Prepared by Dr. Sikder Sunbeam Islam, IIUC. 10

Introduction to Metamaterial: continues

Sarkhel et al., Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57(5):1152-1156 (2015).

• Metamaterial with either negative permittivity or negative

permeability is called single negative (SNG) metamaterials .

• Metamaterial with negative permittivity and positive

permeability is called epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterial.

• Metamaterial with negative permeability and positive

permittivity is called mu-negative (MNG) metamaterial.

• Metamaterial with simultaneous negative permeability and

permittivity at a certain frequency is called Double negative

(DNG) metamaterial. DNG medium sometimes are called as

“Left handed” materials or backward wave or ‟Negative Index”

medium (NIM).

• Metamaterial that has both permittivity and permeability zero or

near zero at certain frequency is called zero-index material

(ZIM).

Metamaterial : Types


Metamaterial : Types


• ENG as a class of SNG medium is regarded as

plasmonic media .

• ENG material based plasmonic cover can suppress the

scattering cross section of an object sharply, which is

the key to perform cloaking operation.

• It can be utilized for increasing the resolution of

microscopes by controlling the characteristics of light.

• Negative permittivity medium can be formed using

metallic array of wires as well .

ENG Metamaterials

J.B. Pendry et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773 (1996).


• The MNG medium is formed using split ring

resonator (SRR) type inclusion over a dielectric body

(Pendry et al. 1999)

• Construction of invisibility cloak based on

transformation optics method can be performed

using MNG metamaterial as well (Gaillot et al.

2008).

• MNG metamaterial can be applied in antenna

application for increasing antenna operation

bandwidth with multiple frequencies (Ntaikos et al.

2011)

MNG Metamaterials

J.B. Pendry et al., IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075 (1999).

Ntaikos et al. ,IEEE Antenn.and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10: 963-966(2011)

Gaillot et al. ,New Journal of Physics, 10:115039 (2008)


• Double negative (DNG) metamaterial sometimes are called as „Left

handed materials‟ ,„Backward wave‟ or „Negative Index‟ medium

(NIM).

• In such media, the phase moves opposite to the energy flow of

waves that cause the waves to flow in the backward direction.

• Such material can be utilized for fabricating super lenses having three

times better resolution than ordinary lenses (Grbic & Eleftheriades.

2004).

• Negative index material can be applied for suppressing scattering

reduction of an object (Pei-Ning et al. 2011).

• NIM or DNG metamaterial can be adopted for SAR (Specific

Absorption Rate) reduction in human head (Faruque & Islam. 2014).

• In antenna application DNG metamaterials can be utilized for

bandwidth and gain enhancement (Islam et al. 2015).

DNG Metamaterials

Grbic et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117403 (2004).

Pei-Ning et al., Chinese Physics Letters, 28:064206 (2011).

Faruque et al., PLoS ONE, 9(10): e109947 (2014).

Islam et al., Sensors , 15:11601-11627 (2015).


The Concept Behind DNG/Left-handed Metamaterial


Metamaterial to DNG/Negative Refractive Index (NRI)

• Normally, waves propagate and interact with different media according to Snell‟s Law

• Metamaterials “Grab” waves and smoothly redirects them due to negative index of refraction

• Material units must be small relative to the wavelength being manipulated


• Due to zero value of permittivity and permeability; „zero

refractive index‟ exists (Silveirinha & Engheta. 2007).

• Metamaterial having real part of permittivity close to zero are

called epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterial.

• Metamaterial exhibiting real part of permeability near zero

are called mu-near-zero (MNZ) metamaterial.

• The medium having zero or near zero refractive index

(NZRI) provides uniform phase distribution of electromagnetic

waves because all the dipole inside this metamaterial

oscillates in unison.

• Such medium exhibits high directional waves and causes

almost no phase shift (Schilling, J. 2011)

ZIM Metamaterials

Silveirinha et al., Physical Review B, 75:075119 (2007)

J.Schilling et al., Nature Photonics, 5: 449–451. (2011)


• Zero index materials can be used to make the far-field pattern

narrower of an antenna (Ziolkowski, R.W. 2004).

• Planer wave front can be obtained from curved wavefront using

such material as well (Ziolkowski, R.W. 2004).

ZIM Metamaterials: continues.

R.W. Ziolkowski et al., Physical Review E, 70: 046608 (2004)

Alu et al., Optics Express, 15(12): 7578-7590 (2007)


• ENZ materials can be applied to enhance the efficiency of waveguides

reducing reflection coefficient at a bending junction (Silveirinha &

Engheta. 2006).

• Material with such near zero property shows slow phase variation for a

long distance, which ensures directional emission (Engheta et al. 2006).

• ENZ materials can be utilized for designing wideband Invisibility

cloak (S.S.Islam et al. 2016).

• NZRI property can be applied for designing electromagnetic

cloak(S.S.Islam et al. 2015).

• NZRI property can be applied to improve the antenna performance in

terms of gain, directivity and bandwidth (Ullah et al. 2016)

• This type of material can be adopted for special filtering or for

squeezing energy as well (Jin et al. 2008 ).

ZIM Metamaterials: continues.

Silveirinha & Engheta, Physical Review Letters. 97: 157403 (2006)

S.S.Islam et al. ; Scientific Reports 6, 33624:1-10 (2016) S.S.Islam et al. ; Materials, Vol. 8, 4790-4804 (2015)

Ullah et al., Materials, 6: 5058–5068. (2013)

Jin et al., Jour. of Nonlin. Opt. Phys. & Mat., 17:349–355 . (2008)


• Antenna Design

• Filter Design

• Absorber Design

• Invisibility Cloak Design

• Energy harvesting

• Sensing as Sensor

• Waveguide Design

• Wireless Power Transfer

• Solar Cell Design

• SAR Reduction

• Others

Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields

The Research and Applications of Metamaterial are not limited to:



Antenna Design

Bandwidth and

Gain Enhancement

of Antenna Using

Metamaterial

(Li-Wei Li et al, 2010).

Li-Wei Li et al. ; Applied Physics Letters, 98:164101 (2010)

Gain and Directivity

Enhancement

of Antenna Using

Metamaterial

(M.H. Ullah et al, 2013).

M.H. Ullah et al. ; Materials, 6:5058-5068 (2013)



Filter Design

A Metamaterial based

Miniature Wideband

Band-pass Filter was

Designed

(Chaimool &

Akkaraekthalin 2012). Chaimool & Akkaraekthalin ; Radioengineering, 21( 2):

611-616 (2012)



Waveguide Design

Metamaterial Loaded

Circular Waveguide

(Duan et al. 2011).

Duan et al.; Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 121:

215-224 (2011)



Absorber Design

Metamaterial based

Absorber

(Cheng & Yang . 2010).

Cheng & Yang .; Journal Of Applied Physics, 108, 034906 (2010)



Invisibility Cloak Design

Schurig et al.; Science, 314:977–980 (2006)

26

First multi-layer metamaterial-

based cloak built in 2006

[Schurig et al. 2006] .

Prepared by Dr. Sikder Sunbeam Islam, IIUC.


Invisibility Cloak Design

S.S.Islam et al.; Sci.

Reports (Nature), 6:33624

(2016)

27

Free Space Wave Uncloaked Object

Cloaked Object

Prototype



Sensors

Melik et al. Opt. Express, 18, 5000–5007 (2010)

28

Strain Sensing

[Melik et al. 2010] .

Bio-sensor;

[Sensors et al. 2012] .



Solar Cell Design

Galib Hashmi et al.; Global Journal of Researches in Engineering

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 13:10 (2013)

29

[Galib Hashmi et al. 2013] .

Metamaterial of

Sawtooth structure



SAR Reduction

M. R. I. Faruque, et al.; Progress In Electromagnetics Research,,

124:119-135 (2012) 30

[M. R. I. Faruque, et al ,2012] .

Arrays of TSRRs.



Wireless Power Transmission

Zhang et al.; AIP Advances 5, 017142 (2015)

31

[Zhang et al ;2015] .

The periodic structure of magnetic

metamaterial slab



Energy Harvesting

Hawkes et al.; Applied Physics Letters, 103, 163901 (2013)

32

[Hawkes et al ;2013] .


Thank You


Questions??


Documents

Metamaterial & Metamaterial Metamaterials & Based … · 2019-10-29 · • Metamaterial exhibiting real part of permeability near zero are called mu-near-zero (MNZ) metamaterial