Metabolic Pathways

But first…

Labs and Lesson Plans

How to Write Lesson Plans

Labs and Lesson Plans What is helpful in

a lesson plan? What area of

science Goals (Students

will:) Benchmarks

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Labs and Lesson Plans Information to put

it together How long it will

take to assemble How much it will

cost initially

http://www.getworksheets.com/samples/lessonplans/science.html

Labs and Lesson Plans How long, how

much for additional years? Cost for

consumable supplies

Time for set up, lesson, clean up, improve and store

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Labs and Lesson Plans Background –

Introduction and Discussion Introducing this

topic, presenting the information your students need to achieve goals of this lesson plan

http://www.infovisual.info/02/029_en.html

Labs and Lesson Plans Background,

Introduction, Discussion Spend time

researching and writing this section. Quick read in following years, and you are up to speed.

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Labs and Lesson Plans Directions

Clearly written, step by step directions students follow to achieve stated goals

Include any data sheets needed for completion of this lesson plan

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Labs and Lesson Plans Wrap-up

Review of discussion material

Review of experiment

Review of Data What does it

mean?

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Labs and Lesson Plans Assessment

Evaluating what students gained from this particular experience

Evaluating student preparation for benchmark testing

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Labs and Lesson Plans Transformation

What are the underlying concepts that this particular lesson emphasizes?

Without transforming the specifics of this lesson to the general concept, students rarely make that connection

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Metabolic Pathways

How cells function

Global Warming Climatic Cycles

Glacial Periods Global Warming

Causes? Gases in

atmosphere Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Water Vapor

Milankovitch cyclehttp://www.whrc.org/carbon/index.htm

Global Warming Carbon Dioxide

Use of fossil fuels Burning rainforest

Methane Rice paddies Livestock (cows)

Nitrous Oxide Nitrogen based

fertilizers Industry

http://www.nysforum.org/documents/html/2007/execcommittee/may/enterprisepowerconsumptionreduction_files/images/image6.png

Global Warming Milankovitch cycle

Eccentricity ~100,000 years. Obliquity ~41,000 years;

21.5° to 24.5° Precession ~26,000 years.

http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/vis2003/TasaDemo.html

Eccentricity Distance to the sun 100,000 year cycle Winter in North at

Perihelion, and therefore shorter than summer

Low eccentricity of 0.005 High eccentricity of 0.058 Mean eccentricity of 0.028 Present eccentricity 0.017

Moving towards low centricity - warming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eccentricity_half.svg

Perihelion

Aphelion

Obliquity Tilt of the Axis 41,000 year cycle

Minimum tilt is 21.1º

Maximum tilt is 24.5º

Currently at 23.5º Tilt is decreasing -

cooling

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png

Precession Wobble like a top Completes the

wobble every ~21,000 years Other “north stars,

Thuban in Draco and Vega in Lyra

Top 10 sec Both 33 sec

http://stardate.org/images/gallery/d_procession.jpg

Milankovitch Cycles These three

cycles, in combination, can alter climate Eccentricity Obliquity Precession

Milankovitch 2.38 min

http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/research/highlights/section/milankovitch.jpg

Global Warming Other Factors

Volcanos Gases Particles in air

reflect sunlight energy

http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Images/MSH80_may_18_eruption_column_05-18-80_bw_med.jpg

Gaia The Gaia

hypothesis is an ecological theory that proposes that the living matter of planet Earth functions like a single organism.

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html

Equilibrium Maintained

though various cycles

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Cycles In a dynamic

system, there are many different cycles

For example, the water cycle

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/watercyclehigh.jpg

Other Important Cycles Rock Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous

Cycle Calcium Cycle

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/carbon_cycle/carbon_cycle.jpg

Oxygen Cycle Hypothesized to

have originally poisoned Earth’s organisms by changing the atmosphere

Produced ozone High Energy

Electron Accepter

http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s4/graphics/embedded/cycleoxygentest.png

Cellular Energy ATP production

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htmhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Mitochondria/mitochondria.jpg

Cellular Respiration It takes energy to

form molecular bonds

Energy is released when bonds are broken

ATP is packaged in discrete units usable by the cell

http://www.a3243g.com/a3243g_images/mitochondria.gif

Cellular Respiration Glucose is a

simple sugar we get in our food and is the energy source

Breaking the bonds of Glucose yields 36 ATPs

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

Cellular Respiration

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

Cellular Respiration Complex series of

reactions sent though the electron transport chain to harvest electrons from sugar and donate to oxygen

Three Stages

http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/makeatp/c9x6cell-respiration.jpg

Cellular Respiration Glycolysis

Outside mitochondria

Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule

Ancestral

http://www.micro.siu.edu/micr201/images/Glycolysis.gif

- 2 ATP

+ 4 ATP

= 2 ATP

Cellular Respiration Kreb’s Cycle

Inside Mitochondria

Produces 2 ATP for each glucose molecule

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/611citricacidcyclewhi.gif

Cellular Respiration Electron

Transport Chain Inside

Mitochondria Produces ~32 ATP

per glucose molecule

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/images/chemios_il.jpghttp://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/cellularrespiration/IMAGES/citriccell.JPG

Cellular Respiration Needs Oxygen Waste Product

CO2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Glucose_linear_3D_View.png

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E

O

Tutorial

Photosynthesis Basically, the opposite pathway of cellular respiration

needs CO2

waste product O2

E

6CO2 + 6H2O Energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/7/X/a/carbondioxide.jpghttp://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/b/b1/Water_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Water_Molecule_VdW.png

Photosynthesis Using sunlight

energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water, forms glucose bonds in the chloroplasts

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Photosynthesis/Chloroplast_EN.gifhttp://www.cam.k12.il.us/hs/teachers/caplingerd/photosynthesis.gif

Photosynthesis Gas exchange in

plants Leaf is generally

photosynthetic organ of plant

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/leafstru.gif

Questions?

BJShaw – Megatherium americanum, Museo de la Plata, La Plata, Argentina 2008