Messo Introduction to Metal Buildings

INTRODUCTION TO METAL BUILDINGS

M e s c o B u i l d i n g s S o l u t i o n s

Introduction ttoMetal BBuildings

NCI Building Systems, L.P.7301 Fairview

Houston, Texas 77041713-466-7788

Copyright 2001R-2/09-2003

This publication is a general guide to the Metal Building Industry and should not be relied upon for specific engi-neering, technical or legal problems, or legal advice. In no event will Mesco Building Solutions or NCI BuildingSystems, L.P. be responsible for any special incidental or consequential damages incurred by the reader for anyreason. Strict adherence to the manufacturer's installation/erection manual is required. Further, this manual isintended as an instruction aid in the assembly of metal buildings and components. The Introduction to MetalBuildings manual is not being offered nor should it be construed as a comprehensive analysis of all aspects ofthe metal building assembly and safety issues. Neither Mesco Building Solutions, NCI Building Systems, or anyof their affiliated entities intend the presentation of this manual as an exhaustive study of all safety issues involvedin the assembly of metal buildings, and expressly disclaim any liability therefore. Prior to beginning any con-struction project, a builder should familiarize himself with all applicable metal building assembly installation anderection procedure as well as all applicable safety laws and regulations.

Table OOf CContents

IntroductionSuccessful Selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Functions of a Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7The Introduction to Metal Buildings Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Introduction to Metal Buildings Has Application Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Mesco - The Builder - The Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Corporate Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8The Builder Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Mesco's Building Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Design Build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Mesco and the Builder as a Sales Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Lesson One: The History of Metal BuildingsBuilding Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Construction Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Fundamental Factors Affecting Building Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Design Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Resistance of Material to Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Column Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Building Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Steel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Minimum Loading Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Lesson One: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Lesson Two: The Building SystemStandard versus Non-Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Pricing and Design Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Primary Framing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Secondary Framing Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Lesson Two: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Lesson Three: Building TypesClearspan Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Modular Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Lean-to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Endwall Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Endwall Cost Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Long Bay® System Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Conventional Steel Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Lesson Three: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Lesson Four: Introduction to Covering SystemsPerformance of Covering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38The Components of a Covering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Lesson Four: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Lesson Five: The Roof SystemThe Built-Up Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Single-Ply Roofing Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Metal Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52Standard Screw Down Roof Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Roof Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Wind Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Retrofit Roofing Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60Sales Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61Lesson Five: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Lesson Six: The Wall SystemTypes of Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Mesco Wall Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Wall Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Panel Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65IPS - Insulated Panel Division of NCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Concrete Wall Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71Performance Characteristics of Tilt-Up and Precast Wall Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72Lesson Six: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Lesson Seven: Metal Building AccessoriesRoof Ventilators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Light Transmitting Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Liner Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76Louvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76Walk Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Open Wall Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Lesson Seven: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Lesson Eight: Project Planning and ConstructionPre-Construction Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Concrete Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Pre-Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Erection of the Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91Location of Building Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91Storing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92Tips to Keep Erection Costs Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Lesson Eight: Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

GlossaryBasic Terms Used in the Metal Building Industry A - Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95-109

Answers to the Self-TestsLesson 1 through Lesson 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110-111

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Introduction tto MMetal BBuildings 7

Successful selling today does not depend as much onworking harder than your competitors, but rather onbeing "smarter" in selling. As in other fields, the effortyou put forth is important, but what really count are theresults you obtain. Today's successful Builders arethose who take a consultant approach to establishingand solving the building needs of customers.

If you have chosen to become a Builder, it carries twoimplications. It implies that you desire to acquire thenecessary knowledge and skills to become a reputableBuilder. It also implies that you are willing to accept theresponsibilities inherent in marketing a product andservice involving a major capital investment by yourcustomer.

Successful SellingThe buying motives of an individual contemplating thepurchase of consumer goods, such as an automobile ora household appliance, are often personal and primarilyemotionally based. The individual buys for increasedconvenience, comfort, or prestige. In contrast, the busi-nessman anticipating a capital expenditure for buildingconstruction makes his/her decision based on his evalu-ation of what will best serve the needs of the businessand offer the greatest value per dollar of investment.Although he/she will be influenced by personal desires tosome degree, he/she is usually more concerned aboutthe value of his purchase as a business investment.

Often the customer is investing capital funds in an areain which he/she is not an expert. Because of this,he/she turns to the Builder for information and assis-tance. The success of a sales effort then dependslargely upon the ability of a Builder to:

• Establish Dealer Confidence

• Ascertain Needs and Desires

• Develop the Best Solution

• Gain Acceptance of the Proposal

Functions of a BuilderTo maximize your overall effectiveness in selling, youmust fulfill the following job objectives:

A. Orientation - You as the Builder must relate yourown opportunities to the opportunities of the manu-facturer, the prospective customer, and the industry.

B. Product Knowledge - You must learn the sourcesof information and sales features of your productsand services, and how they help your prospectivecustomer.

C. Product Application - You must be able to selectthe best possible building solution to meet the spe-cific needs of the customer.

D. Pricing - You must be able to calculate the pricesof your products.

E. Inside Work - You must be able to file your infor-mation and working materials systematically,handle job correspondence, and organize otherinformation pertinent to the job.

F. Competition - You must know the strengths andweaknesses of competitor's building materials andbuilding systems so you can plan the salesstrategy effectively.

G. Construction - You must have a basic knowledgeof construction in order to convert the customer'sneeds into construction requirements.

H. Selling - You must find and qualify prospectivecustomers, build customer confidence, developsolutions and proposals, and gain the acceptanceof those proposals.

The successful Builder maximizes selling effectiveness,remains active in the learning process, and continues todevelop and utilize specific job skills.

Where does a new Builder start? You have alreadystarted, because this manual is an introduction to themetal building industry. The purpose of this manual is tointroduce new employees in this industry to the roleplayed by Mesco and the Builder, with emphasis onproduct knowledge and application.

The Introduction to Metal BuildingsManualAs you read this manual, you will notice that it is writtenfor the Builder and his employees.

The Manufacturer-Builder relationship is based on team-work. In order for this relationship to function correctly, itis helpful for all employees, even those not in the salesdepartment, to have a general knowledge of the industryand the manufacturer's products and services.

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Introduction

Introduction to Metal Buildings HasApplication KnowledgeThe purpose of this manual is to enhance your knowl-edge of the industry and our products, increasing yoursales and revenue. It is important that you be able toproject to prospective customers the image of theManufacturer as a long-established, reliable firm thathas proved itself worthy of the customer's confidence.Projecting a favorable image of the relationshipbetween the Manufacturer and you, the Builder, is evenmore important.

During the study of Introduction to Metal Buildings, youwill learn about the basic relationship between Mescoand the Builder. The manual introduces you to some ofthe principles of building design, sales aids, and thesales information system. Introduction to MetalBuildings also provides an opportunity for you tobecome acquainted with the major product systems,components, and basic construction methods. It is thestage for developing sales points you can use to sellyour products and services.

The more sales-oriented each member becomes, themore effective the team will be in accomplishingcommon goals. If you are not employed as a sales-person, don't let this diminish your enthusiasm forpursuing Introduction to Metal Buildings. As you studythis material, you will find many things useful for yourjob and for your association with this industry.

If you find something you don't understand, make noteof it and discuss it with your supervisor or your DistrictManager. Also, the Mesco Training Department wel-comes any questions, comments, and/or suggestionsthat might help improve this manual.

Mesco - The Builder - The IndustryAs a Builder, your knowledge should be sufficient toenable you to project an image of the Buildership as acapable and a reliable business. To do this you must beable to answer questions intelligently concerning Mesco,the Builder organization, and the industry. It is onlyappropriate to start with some general information aboutthe company that provides the Buildership with many ofthe products utilized in construction projects. TheStandard Specifications on your Information SystemsCD gives a brief history of Mesco building systems.

Corporate OperationsThe various Building Divisions of NCI Building Systemsdesign, manufacture, and market metal building sys-

tems for commercial, industrial, agricultural and com-munity service purposes. NCI markets its buildingsystems through a sales force and Authorized BuilderOrganizations.

NCI Building Systems was founded in 1984. In 1989, anopportunity appeared to acquire a related business. Afinancial group was assembled to help the companycapitalize on that opportunity, which launched NCIBuilding Systems on its accelerated path of success. InApril 1989, NCI Building Systems leased and assumedoperations at the Houston facilities of the Mid-West/Metallic division of American Buildings Company.

The NCI family now consists of several divisions andprincipal subsidiary companies, each offering a cus-tomer building solutions that are faster and moreeconomical than traditional construction methods. NCIalso operates its own coil coating facilities. With morethan 3.0 million square feet of operating space acrossthe United States, NCI's divisions and subsidiaries nowoffer complete or partial pre-engineered metal buildingpackages in all sizes, a full range of metal buildingcomponents, self-storage buildings, doors and light-gauge steel studs. NCI markets building systems andbuilding systems components under several wellrespected trade names.

The Builder OrganizationMuch of the success of Mesco Building Solutions canbe attributed to its Builders. Mesco and the Builder haveworked closely together through the years to establishthemselves as a team whose activities are well knownin the construction industry.

Shortly after World War II, various individuals wanted tobuy the rigid frame buildings that were such an impor-tant part of the shelter solution during the war. Theseindividuals sold hundreds of buildings for a wide varietyof uses. This was the start of the dealer program. As theend uses increased, the need arose for more completeconstruction packages.

The dealers began taking more responsibility, includingthe foundation, steel erection, insulation, masonry work,interior finishing and mechanical trades. It soon becameevident that those dealers were simply more thandealers in material - they were Builders of completebuildings. Thus in 1955, the word "dealer" was replacedby the more appropriate term "Builder".

Traditionally people think of building construction as theprocess of pouring some concrete, laying bricks orblocks, and installing a roof that will keep out the rain.When you really give thought to the matter, this is a verytedious and complicated way to build. It means that all

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8 Introduction tto MMetal BBuildings


the various raw materials involved must be obtainedfrom numerous suppliers, each delivering their ownmaterials to the building site. After delivery the materialmust be cut, welded, mixed, and fitted in accordancewith the architect's design or at the contractor's discre-tion.

With the evolution from "dealer" to "Builder" comes thegrowth of a modern and more efficient constructionmethod. With this modern system of construction, mostmaterials are ordered from Mesco, saving the owner indelivery costs. Each piece of Mesco's material isdesigned and pre-engineered to expedite the erectionprocess. This insures better erection with materialsbeing assembled in accordance with the total design.

Pre-engineered materials like Mesco's are checked byexhaustive quality control techniques. This ensuresbetter quality materials versus those fabricated in thefield. Also, factory fabricated materials mean savings inconstruction cost because labor and time involved atthe job site are reduced.

Mesco's Building SystemsWith the development of Mesco's diverse building sys-tems line, the prospective customer is offered morechoices in the design, appearance, and value of hisbuilding. This enables the customer to select a systemthat provides the performance characteristics that bestmeet his building requirements. Mesco's building sys-tems include:

Gable Symmetrical: A ridged (double slope) buildingwhere the ridge of the roof is in the center of thebuilding.

Gable Unsymmetrical: A ridged (double slope)building where the ridge of the roof is off-center.

Single Slope: A sloping roof in one plane. The slope isfrom one sidewall to the opposite sidewall.

Lean-To: Ideally suited to give you that extra space youneed alongside your building. The lean-to attaches at orbelow the eave of your building, and can provide shelterfor a variety of uses, from just a covered area to a com-pletely enclosed addition to your building.

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Long Bay® System Buildings: The Long Bay® Systemis ideal for manufacturing, warehousing/distribution,and retail applications requiring a large area of openfloor space with few interior columns. The result is alightweight, strong framing system that is superior toconventional structures with the inherent benefits ofmetal building systems. The Long Bay® System pro-vides a clean, uncluttered interior. The term Long Baygenerally refers to sidewall bay spacing greater than 30feet.

Conventional Structural Steel: A conventional struc-tural steel building is pre-designed and pre-defined byan engineer that has been carefully appointed by thearchitect or owner for specific needs for that building.Mesco Building Solutions has formed the SteelStructures division, which specializes in structural proj-ects and special construction needs.

Hybrid Structures: Hybrid structures blend the advan-tages of metal building system construction with thestrength of conventional steel members. Hybrid struc-tures meet heavy loading requirements by providing themost effective design possible - the best of both worlds.The advantages include:

• Design flexibility

• Single source responsibility

• Fast, easy construction

• Cost effectiveness

Mesco designs and engineers virtually every elementrequired for hybrid structures, no matter how large orcomplex. The company has complete in-house engi-neering and computer design groups dedicated tohybrid structures. When it comes to large, tough con-struction jobs, the hybrid building approach provides acost-conscious alternative.

Crane Buildings: With the end use of metal buildingsystems dominated by the manufacturing and ware-housing sector, building cranes become an importantelement of the structure. Mesco recognizes the need toproperly integrate the design of the metal buildingsystem with the building crane specifications. Thebuilding crane is a complex structural system consistingof the crane with trolley and hoist, cranes rails, cranerunway beams, structural supports, stops and bumpers.

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The cranes typically found in metal building systemsinclude:

• Bridge Crane

• Top Running

• Underhung

• Monorail

• Jib

• Stacker

• Gantry

Mesco understands crane usage frequency andseverity classification as indicated by the CraneManufacturer's Association of America. This is critical tothe design. Mesco designs each metal building andcrane support system to meet the specific requirementsof the project.

Aviation Facilities: Aircraft hangars are individuallyengineered to meet specific requirements and are flex-ible enough to satisfy even the most complex aviationneed. The hangars may be designed using gable sym-metrical, gable unsymmetrical or single slope structuralsystems.

These cost effective, functional structures have manyadvantages:

• Design flexibility

• Fast, easy construction

• Reduced maintenance costs

Clearspan design provides column-free interiors forwide-open floor space and eave heights that canaccommodate today's larger aircraft. The structuresallow for a variety of door options including bi-fold, bi-parting, and stack leaf designs.By combining the metalbuilding system with conventional exterior materials

such as brick, stone, precast concrete, or glass, thestructure can be aesthetically appealing while providingthe perfect solution to aviation needs.

Design BuildIncreased consumer demand for better building solu-tions has stimulated Mesco and its Builder organizationto move closer to a complete building service. Thisservice is called Design Build.

Design Build is a modern, recognized, logical way tobuild. Under this system the planning, specifying,designing, estimating, and construction are combinedunder a single source of responsibility. This provides theprospective customer with a better building solution,more predictable quality, and better value than anyother method of construction.

Many of our Builders are Design Build Contractors. Forthis modern method to be effective, a team effort isrequired. The combination of the Manufacturer and theBuilder system of construction can offer the total con-struction from the foundation to the door key, butcustomers wanted more service. The Design BuildSystem offers not only total construction, but the Builderalso assumes responsibility for the design phase.

Mesco and the Builder as a SalesTeamWhy are all the things we have presented about themanufacturer and the Builder organization important toyou? Because you can help prospective customers rec-ognize the respect and esteem commanded by theBuildership and the Mesco name by customers andcompetitors alike. For example, emphasize strengthssuch as:

Authorized Builders: We have the finest Builderorganization in the industry, and each year the companyjoins efforts with its Builders - taking the working rela-tionship to new levels. This teamwork approach is the

Introduction

most important aspect of Mesco's relationship with itsBuilders and is the foundation of the company's contin-uing development and success.

Suppliers: Mesco has perfected the concept of busi-ness based on strategic alliances. We promotepartnerships between the Manufacturer and suppliersby including them in our goal to provide the finest qualityand competitive prices in the industry.

Employees: We have employees with years of metalbuilding experience, led by seasoned management.Their common goal is to provide the finest metalbuilding systems in the industry.

Strong Financial Footing: Mesco has a dramaticfinancial position allowing us to develop new productsand plants, and to expand facilities. The Builder's singlesource of responsibility - it offers the customer conven-ience and economy because he/she will be workingwith one firm instead of many. It is a sound, tested, pre-dictable way to build.

The Builder's Reputation and Record: The localimage can be very influential. Past jobs represent proofof the Builder's ability. Special awards - Builder of theYear, Million Dollar Club, and local club memberships -represent the integrity of a Builder and his standing inthe community.

The Builder's Service: The Buildership is the Builder'swhole means of livelihood and he/she expects to bethere tomorrow to continue to serve his customers. Thisis vital to a building prospect.

You can sell all these things. They can be door openers,interest retainers, or order clinchers - great contributorsto the total sale.

CompetitionOf course, like any other good business, there is com-petition. There are many fabricators of metal buildingsand components, and they range from small shops tolarge companies.

In 1956, producers of metal buildings formed the MetalBuilding Manufacturers Association (MBMA) for thepurpose of:

1. Establishing design standards and criteria.

2. Assuring certifiable product quality (AISC)

3. Collectively participating in pro-active buildingcodes and insurance standards.

4. Continuing to progress in standards and practices

By working for the good of the entire industry, MBMAhas created greater markets and more sales. It is impor-tant to know your competitor's strengths andweaknesses. A list of members of the MBMA consistingof the major fabricators can be found on the internet atwww.mbma.com. It is necessary that you becomeknowledgeable regarding those companies that serveyour area and are competition.

Introduction



Building Forms

Post and BeamOur ancestors used natural shelters, such as caves, forrefuge. Their first efforts to construct a man-madeshelter probably resulted in a lean-to of branches andleaves.

This developed into the simple post and lintel system ofconstruction where two or more vertical members sup-ported a horizontal member spanning between them.The roof, of course, completed the structure.

Although post and lintel was the descriptive term for thistype of construction, the present day term is beaminstead of lintel. Lintel continues to be an architecturalterm, but it is primarily used for the structural memberabove doors and windows.

The ArchEarly Romans readily adopted materials to perfect thearch for spanning large areas without the necessity ofposts and beams, thus introducing a building form thatwas both functional and architecturally beautiful.

The arch has a building design concept that does notexist in the post and beam - the side thrust. There aretwo ways to meet the side thrust:

1. External abutments

2. Downward pressure of massive walls againstwhich the thrusts operate

We have mentioned the post and beam and the archbecause both forms are still in popular use today. Thepost and beam, even though a very simple design, willbe important to you in sales presentations. The archprinciple is pertinent because it is closely related to therigid frame primary structural system that will be one ofyour "best sellers".

Despite limitations of available materials and designknow-how, early Builders continually looked for ways toobtain greater and greater clearspan (areas withoutsupporting members). The construction and designprinciples were based on the use of load-bearing wallsand of thrust counteracted by weight and mass. Theseprinciples endured for a very long time, but eventuallythe introduction of steel and reinforced concretebrought about many new possibilities of construction.

Today, a popular and practical structural scheme is thatconsisting of a skeletal framework with a variety ofexternal materials attached. This provides an endlessvariety of buildings forms and styles.

SIMPLE POST AND LINTEL

LEAN-TO

ARCH THRUSTCOUNTERACTED BY ABUTMENTS

ARCH THRUSTCOUNTERACTED BY MASS

Lesson 1

Lesson One: The History of Metal Buildings

Construction Material RequirementsConsider some of the key factors that influence theselection of construction materials by the manufacturer,the designer and the user.

STRENGTH is a very important factor.

AVAILABILITY of material influences its selection,cost of material and final in-place cost.

To facilitate design and fabrication, a material mustpossess a good degree of WORKABILITY.

WEIGHT and BULK become important from ahandling and shipping standpoint.

DURABILITY of the finished product is measuredin terms of its resistance to wear and destructionfrom all causes.

Materials must be capable of presenting apleasing APPEARANCE.

Steel is used extensively in many segments of con-struction, especially in standard structural members.When you hear a construction worker refer to "red iron",he/she is talking about steel.

The primary advantage of steel is its strength. Thematerial, as it comes from the mills, has very exactingspecifications, enabling engineers to design structureswith a high degree of accuracy. In addition, steel is aplentiful and well-accepted material. It has a highdegree of workability because it can be cut, welded,shaped, and formed to meet a great variety of needs.Steel can also take a great deal of abuse and wear.

The greatest disadvantage of steel is that it will rust -deteriorate by a process of oxidation - when exposed tothe elements. This is prevented, however, by the appli-cation of protective finishes and paints.

Although steel will not burn, it is not classified as fire-proof because it can become distorted, lose itsstructural strength, or even melt - depending on theintensity of the heat. Nevertheless, compared to manymaterials, steel offers a great deal of fire resistance dueto the large amount of heat needed to cause it damage.

Fundamental Factors AffectingBuilding DesignBuildings provide shelter for persons and property. Abuilding must have many desirable characteristics suchas an attractive appearance, long life, flexibility of use,

and economy. However, its basic requirement must beone of protection.

You might analyze this a step further and really considertwo kinds of protection.

One type is protection against forces or loads that maybe exerted upon the building. Unless the structure canoffer adequate resistance against various loading con-ditions, the safety of persons and the value of propertyare endangered. This is where sound design consider-ation must be given as to the strength of the buildingand particularly to the structural system.

Another kind of protection is protection against rain,wind, heat, and cold. Any of these can contribute to thediscomfort of persons and cause a decrease in thevalue of contents. The degree of protection againstthem is determined by the weather tightness andthermal efficiency of a building. These things, of course,greatly influence the design of roofs and walls - alsoknown as the covering system.

Design LoadingIf you were to ask an engineer to design a structure ofa certain size, he/she would first have to know whatloads would be imposed upon the building - their typeand magnitude. Only with this basic information willhe/she be able to design a building that will meet theprospective customer's exact needs for loading condi-tions, it is important that you have a basicunderstanding of design loading.

A load is a force exerted upon a structure or one of itsmembers. There are many different kinds of loads thatmust be taken into consideration in various situations,but only those that are of prime importance will be cov-ered at this time.

Dead Load: The weight of the metal building system,such as roof, framing, and covering members.

Dead Load

Lesson 1



Live Load: Any temporary load imposed on a buildingthat is not wind load, snow load, seismic load or deadload. A few examples of a live load are workers, equip-ment, and materials.

Snow Load: The vertical load induced by the weight ofsnow, assumed to act on the horizontal projection of theroof of the structure.

(Note: Very wet snow 6" deep is equal to one inch ofwater. One inch of water on a square foot of surfaceweighs five pounds.)

Wind Load: The forces imposed by the wind blowingfrom any direction.

Seismic Load: The load or loads acting in any directionon a structural system due to the action of an earth-quake.

Auxiliary Loads: All dynamic live loads such as cranesand material handling systems.

Collateral Load: The weight of additional permanentmaterials, other than the weight of the metal buildingsystem, such as sprinklers, mechanical and electricalsystems, and ceilings.

Collateral Load

Auxiliary Loads

Seismic Load

Wind Load

Snow Load

Live Load

Lesson 1

Resistance of Material to ForcesLoading has been defined as a force exerted on abuilding. Such forces, in turn, are transmitted throughjoints and connections to individual parts or compo-nents. This eventually leads to a consideration of theproperties of materials to resist forces in order to pro-vide the engineer with a basis for subsequent designcalculations.

You are not expected to be an engineer in order to sellbuildings, nor does this manual intend to delve deeplyinto technical subjects. By the same token, the moreunderstanding you have of building design and terms,the better job you will do working with engineers, archi-tects, or other technically minded individuals.

Stress: The force acting on a member divided by itsarea.

Tension: Stresses acting away from each other thatproduce a uniform stretching of a member.

Compression: Stresses acting toward each other thatcauses a member to compress.

Shear: Stress that tends to keep two adjoining planesof a material from sliding on each other under two equaland parallel forces acting in opposite directions.

For an illustration of a few of these terms, take a simplerubber eraser and draw evenly spaced straight linesacross its width as shown in Figure A.

By grasping the eraser in both hands and pulling(Figure B), you are exerting tension on the eraser. Itsresistance to breaking is its internal resistance. This isindicated by the widening of the spaces between thelines drawn on the eraser.

Using the eraser again, grasp it in both hands and pushtowards the center of the eraser (Figure C). Notice howthe lines tend to become closer to each other. This iscompression. The internal resistance of the eraser pre-vents its parts pushed together.

As an example of both tension and compression, graspthe eraser in both hands and bend it (Figure D). Noticethat the top part of the eraser is stretching and is in ten-sion, while the bottom part of the eraser is pushingtogether and is in compression.

Tension

Compression

Figure D

Figure C

Compression

Figure B

Tension

Figure A

Force

Force Shear

Force

Force

In CompressionForce Force

In TensionForce Force

Lesson 1



Column ReactionsAny structure placed on a foundation causes a load tobe imposed on that foundation. All buildings have theseloads imposed by the columns on the foundation. Theseloads are called column reactions.

Column reactions are often expressed using the term"kip". A kip is a commonly used engineering term for1,000 pounds, derived from the contraction of the wordsKilo (1,000) and Pound.

Framing structures exert a load on a foundation bothvertically and transversely. The vertical load is the resultof the dead weight of the structure, and other loadssuch as snow on the roof, wind loads, crane loads, orseismic loads.

The transverse load is the result of wind loads orseismic loads, and also produces the tendency of thebase of rigid frame columns to spread apart under ver-tical load.

A third type of load arises from framing systems, whichhave fixed base columns. A streetlight or a flag poll is acommon example of a fixed base column. When thistype of column is subjected to wind loads, the founda-tion of such columns must be designed to resist thewind's effort to overturn them. This overturning force iscalled a moment.

Engineers usually express the overturning moment as"foot-kips". As an example, assume that the wind loadagainst the wall of the building creates an effective forceof 2,000 pounds against the top of a 12' column.

The resulting moment at the base would be an over-turning force or moment of 24 -ft- kips (2,000 Pounds or2 kips x 12 feet = 24 -ft- kips).

You needn't understand the total engineering involved,but you should know that the loads exist, and how theyare expressed. You'll find these loads shown on theanchor bolt drawings.

Load TransferRegardless of the type of load or where it is exerted ona rigid frame building, it is always transferred from partto part down to the foundation.

Assume, for example, a man standing on the roof. Hisweight is directly on the panels, but this load is trans-mitted through the panels to the purlins - the closestpurlins taking the greatest part of the load. The purlinstransfer the load to the rafter, the rafter to the column,then the column to the foundation.

The load at the base of the column will be a vertical loadand also a transverse thrust or "side kick". These trans-verse thrusts can become very sizeable figures andmust be taken into consideration when designing foun-dations for rigid frame buildings.

A wind load on the sidewall of the rigid frame structuremay produce uplift on the main frame as well as trans-verse thrusts.

The foundation must be designed to support not onlyvertical loads, but also the transverse thrust.

Building CodesBuilding code is a set of minimum requirements for con-struction covering safety and serviceability. This safetyinvolves life, health, fire, and structural stability. Mostareas have enforced codes governing construction inthe community. They may be administered by a city,county, or state, or by a combination of the three.

Building codes are necessary since their purpose is tobenefit the public by helping eliminate unsafe design,poor construction practice, and unsightly buildings.

By the same token, they should be modern and clear.They should also provide for updating. Unfortunately,many communities have codes that are old and obso-lete, and fail to recognize the parade of new materialsand designs.

WIND

THRUST

LOAD

THRUST

Lesson 1

A community may originate and write its own codes, butgenerally it either adopts a recognized building code inits entirety, or modifies it for its specific use.

Here are some authoritative and well-known codes inexistence:

THE UNIFORM BUILDING CODE, (UBC) com-piled by the International Conference of BuildingOfficials (ICBO). It is prominent on the West Coastand in some areas of the Midwest and South.

THE BOCA BASIC BUILDING CODE (formerlythe National Building Code) is administered byBuilding Officials and Code AdministratorsInternational (BOCA International) is primarily usedthe East of the Mississippi and North ofTennessee.

THE STANDARD BUILDING CODE (SBC) coversmost of the Gulf Coast states and other Southernareas. Southern Building Code CongressInternational (SBCCI) sponsors it.

There are many others, but these are the major ones. Itis important to note that it is not compulsory for com-munities to adopt any of these codes. They werecompiled by groups of building officials, and are avail-able for adoption by communities either in whole or inpart.

A building code is not intended to function as a buildingspecification, such as an architect would write for anindividual structure. It is a legal document. The purposeof this document does not go beyond the establishmentof those minimum design and construction require-ments that are essential to, and directly related to, thesafety, health, and welfare of the public.

Over the past several years the three national modelbuilding code bodies, SBCCI, BOCA, and ICBO havebeen working together to produce a single code to beused throughout the United States. The result of theirlabor is the International Building Code that was pub-lished in 2000 as the IBC 2000.

From a building design viewpoint, the IBC code hasadopted new requirements for live, wind, snow, andseismic loads. The rules for applying and combiningthese loads are much more complex than in previouscodes, and in many cases cause higher loads to beused for designing the building. This can result in highercosts for building foundations as well as for the metalbuilding structure.

There are new load maps in the code for wind load,snow load, and seismic loads. The wind load maps arebased on 3-second gust wind loads, unlike the maps in

the old codes that were based on sustained windspeeds. This means that the code specified wind speedfor the whole country will be higher than before. Also,unlike some earlier codes, it is necessary to specifywind exposure categories and enclosure classifications.

The ground snow load maps in the new code are basedon more recently accumulated data, but for most partsof the country the starting snow load values have notchanged that much. However, there are new unbal-anced snow load equations which drastically increasethe roof snow load, especially for snow loads of 20 psfand greater.

The seismic provisions of the new code reflect the latestresearch for earthquake loads. The new seismic mapsmeasure "Spectral Response Acceleration" for 0.2 and1.0 seconds. This is a completely new approach to thisproblem. The IBC seismic equations and maps result insubstantially higher imposed loads.

Because of all these changes, you must make sure touse the new load maps whenever you are using the IBCcodes. Over time, many areas have responded tounusual storms by increasing the base load to guardagainst future collapses. Many of the wind and snowload provisions of the new code were written inresponse to such events.

The snow provisions in the new code, for instance, mayresult in unbalanced loads more than twice the basicroof snow load, even with no high-low conditions. Theminimum wind speed on the maps is now 85 mph, inlieu of the old 70 mph minimum that has been effect foryears.

Because of these changes, make sure to determine thevalues for the wind, snow, and seismic loads for aproject only from the new maps.

It is expected that the majority of state and local juris-dictions will adopt this code during the next few years.It is very important for each of our Builders to be in closecontact with the local building officials to know when thenew building code is going to be enforced.

Codes are complicated and cover many phases of con-struction and differ from community to community. It isnecessary that you become familiar with the codes thatare applicable in your area. It is also advisable to dis-cuss the code official's interpretation of the codes.Interpretations of these codes can vary from official toofficial. You must be able to propose buildings to cus-tomers that meet all the requirements. Since yourcustomer may never have been involved in a construc-tion project before, he/she will depend on you to supplymaterial that meets the codes and loads in his area.

Lesson 1



Steel DesignBecause of the many properties and characteristics ofsteel, many factors must be considered when designingboth individual members and completed structures. Twoorganizations have published manuals that provide dataand standards on which to base calculations for thedesign of steel:

AISC - The American Institute ofSteel Construction was originatedby steel fabricators and is generallyconcerned with hot rolled shapesand plates.

AISI - The American Iron and SteelInstitute was originated by steel pro-ducers and is concerned withcold-formed steel structural mem-bers.

Mesco's products, where applicable, are designed inaccordance with AISI and AISC specifications. This is amark of sound design and engineering practices, andcontributes to the high quality of our products. It is alsoa sales feature that should not be overlooked.

Mesco is an AISC certified MB Category manufacturer.This certification is obtained by passing annual audits ofboth manufacturing and design practice by an inde-pendent engineering firm. The audits check for soundengineering practice, proper application of pertinentbuilding codes, and procurement of high quality mate-rial. The material must meet the required specificationsand proper fabrication technique, especially in thewelding of structural components. It assures the cus-tomer that his building is of the highest quality andmeets all applicable national standards.

Other professional affiliations of Mesco:

Founding Member of the LightGauge Structural Institute (LGSI)

ICBO (International Conference ofBuilding Officials) certified

Canadian Welding Bureau certified

Mesco is also a member of the Metal BuildingManufacturers Association.

Minimum Loading StandardsOur buildings are available for different loading require-ments in different geographical locations. In ourcontinuing efforts to assure customers of high structuralintegrity, we screen incoming orders for design vari-ances, which could present problems.

With the MPact Pricing Software and special estimates,the primary responsibility of using the correct codes andloads is the responsibility of the Builder. A Builder isresponsible for knowing and using the correct codesand loads for their local area. Any deviation from rec-ommended loading by Mesco is the responsibility of theBuilder. A local code requirement of greater magnituderequested by the Builder, of course, will take prece-dence. The U.S.A. Snow Load map is undefined incertain Western States and other mountainous areas.Therefore, the Builder will determine the minimumcounty load at the time of entering the order.

Assuming a clear loading deficiency exists, we willinform the Builder of the problem and suggest appro-priate corrective action. We will not accept an orderwhen the Builder has specified design loads less thanthose indicated in the minimum load tables.

ConclusionRemember, nothing being presented should be con-strued as an intention to train you to become anengineer. The materials presented, including technicalportions, are merely fundamental and will provide back-ground and basic training for improving your job skilllevel.

CWB

CERTIFIED

Lesson 1


Lesson 1 Self Test

Lesson One: Self-Test

1. Our ancestors' first effort to construct a man-made shelter probably resulted in?A. An ArchB. A Metal BuildingC. A Lean-ToD. A Conventional Stick HouseE. None of the Above

2. A building should have many desirable characteristics, such as a good appearance, long life, flexi-bility of use, and economy, but its basic requirement must be one of protection.A. TrueB. False

3. The introduction of what materials inaugurated many new possibilities for the construction industry?A. ThrustsB. Steel and Reinforced ConcreteC. ClearspansD. Post and Beam

4. A load is simply a force that is exerted upon a structure or one of its members. Prime examples ofdifferent loads that can affect a metal building are: live, auxiliary, collateral, seismic, snow, anddead.A. TrueB. False

5. The primary advantage of steel is:A. AvailabilityB. WorkabilityC. DurabilityD. AppearanceE. Strength

6. The primary disadvantage of steel is:A. Steel RustsB. BulkC. WeightD. Steel will not burnE. None of the Above

7. A seismic load is defined as the lateral load acting in any transverse direction on a structural systemdue to the action of a hurricane.A. TrueB. False

8. The early Romans perfected the arch for spanning large areas without posts and beams. Whatstructural system is closely related to the arch?A. Post and BeamB. PurlinsC. GirtsD. Rigid FrameE. None of the Above

9. Red Iron refers to what?A. WoodB. Metal SheetingC. SteelD. Zinc E. Aluminum

10. When you take an eraser in both hands and bend it downward, the eraser experiences this.A. Tension OnlyB. Compression OnlyC. Shear Force OnlyD. Both Tension and Compression

11. The code SBC generally covers the Gulf Coast states and is prominent in the Southern Region.A. TrueB. False

12. Mesco's products, where applicable, are designed in accordance with AISI and AISC specifications.A. TrueB. False

Lesson 1 Self Test


The building system consists of primary framing mem-bers, secondary framing members, roof system, wallsystem, and accessories.

The prime objective of the building system is to providea quality structure. Our buildings are available in arange of configurations - from the small, standard struc-tures to maximum performance structures with creativearchitectural refinements to satisfy the spectrum of theowner's requirements. The variety of building configura-tions and sizes offers many solutions to fulfill needs ofthe commercial, community, and industrial markets.

Standard versus Non-StandardYou will hear the word standard used many times in ourbusiness. It is misunderstood more than any otherword. Certainly any manufacturer who designs and pro-duces parts that must fit together to provide acompleted product has a definite direction or "stan-dard", which is the base of normal application of theproduct. Consequently, standard items are consideredto be those that are commonly manufactured on theproduction line and those that are purchased by cus-tomers.

However, if a situation arises involving something that is"nonstandard", it is still possible and practical to meetthat need in many cases. Our engineers believe nothingis impossible but variation from a standard often meansextra work, expense, and time. Sometimes this is negli-gible, but at other times it might be quite involved.

Usually, the information we present is on standard prod-ucts. Slight modifications of a product can be made tomeet the specifications needed by the customer.Builders handle some variations by fieldwork. In otherinstances, we will make the modifications at the factory.It is important to note that any variation from the stan-dard might have a serious effect on the design (loading,strength, etc.). Only qualified individuals should makethese variations and modifications.

Pricing and Design ProgramsPricing a building manually can be time consuming, notto mention the designing phase. Mesco strives to makeit as easy for the Builder as possible. Mesco BuildingSolutions offers a computer pricing software program toour Builders, MPact.

This tool offers guidance in designing our buildings

within the limits of what Mesco defines as "standard".Any building that cannot be designed and priced byMPact or Express must be sent into the main office for"Special Estimating" by our highly qualified staff of esti-mators. When a building is designed and priced by"Special Estimating", the project can possibly take onthe quality of "nonstandard".

The MPact software program is one of the most inno-vative design and estimating packages to be introducedto the metal building systems marketplace. MPact isflexible and user friendly, allowing the Builder to seekthe most efficient design in order to achieve the mostcompetitive price. MPact is the primary pricing tool usedby our authorized Builders and our sales staff.Approximately 90% of the building systems priced in themarket can be successfully designed and priced withinMPact. MPact is available for purchase by an author-ized Builder. To utilize MPact the Builder must attend anMPact Training Seminar. The seminar not only trainsthe Builder in how to operate MPact in the Windowsenvironment; it also spends a great deal of timeenhancing the Builder's product knowledge.

Express is used to price our smaller building systems.Using combinations of optional building widths, lengths,and eave heights along with a wide range of acces-sories, unique and functional building layouts can bedesigned and priced. The building systems are smallclean box buildings that are pre-engineered, with a four-week delivery time frame. The Express program isuser-friendly, window based, and available to author-ized Express Builders. The program not only designsand prices these smaller buildings, but also produceselevation drawings and anchor bolt drawings that aBuilder can print in his office. The quickest route toproject completion is the Express Building. Owners gettheir buildings faster, and completion and occupancyoccurs sooner. A satisfied owner is the result of thespeed and quality produced by this Express BuildingSystem.

Mesco continues to expand and refine both the MPactand Express programs to help its Builders deal with theever-changing metal building market. Any authorizedBuilder interested in purchasing the MPact or Expressprograms should contact his District Manager.

Lesson 2


Lesson Two: The Building System


Primary Framing SystemPrimary framing furnishes the main support of abuilding. A bearing frame (post and beam) and a mainframe (rigid frame) are examples of primary framing. Inthis text, we will not only be talking about the mainframe as a primary framing system, but also about sec-ondary framing members, and bracing that join with themain frames to make up a complete structural system.

Roof SlopeRoof-Slope is defined as the tangent of the angle that aroof surface makes with the horizontal, usuallyexpressed in units of vertical rise to 12 units of hori-zontal run.

The roof slope of a building is expressed as ¹⁄₂:12, 1:12,4:12, etc. A 1:12 roof-slope rises 1 inch in every 12inches measured horizontally from the side of thebuilding across its width to the peak of the building.

Problem: If a 60' wide gable symmetrical buildingis 12'-0" at the eave and has a 1:12 roof slope,what is the height at the peak.

Solution: ¹⁄₂ building width (30) x unit rise (1) =inches of rise (30")Inches of Rise (30") + Eave Height (12'-0") =peak height (14'-6")

The Main FrameThe main frame (rigid frame) is the primary structuralmember of the building system. The main frame con-sists of columns and rafters. Columns are used in avertical position on a building to transfer loads frommain roof beams, trusses, or rafters to the foundations.Rafters are the main beams supporting the roof system.

Strictly speaking, a main frame is structurally stablebecause of the rigidity of its connections. The mainframe members are connected in such a manner as tomake the entire frame act as a single unit. Two commontypes of connections used to connect major parts of amain frame are diagonal and perpendicular.

Knee/Haunch Area of Main FrameThe knee/haunch is that area of the eave where thecolumn connects to the roof rafter. The knee/haunchties the members together rigidly and converts theminto a single unit to carry all loads, vertical or lateral.

Notice that in the area of the knee/haunch, the mainframe (rigid frame) is deepest in section, which makes itthe strongest area of the frame.

This is required primarily because of the vertical loadconsiderations, but at the same time it enables theframe to offer lateral strength. What does this mean? Itmeans that the strength designed into the frame for ver-tical loads is also available to carry lateral loads, whichmight be caused by high winds, earthquake shock, etc.

Because the inside flange of the knee is in compres-sion, a resulting thrust is produced at the inside corner,which is upward and outward. Stiffeners are used tocounteract the resistant thrust. Stiffeners are usuallyextended to the outside flanges and also serve to stiffenthe entire web. The haunch connection also serves asa stiffener. Main frames may be considered as arches intheir action, in that they produced a transverse thrust attheir base or a tendency to kick outward. Under certainloading conditions, however, an inward thrust might beproduced at the base. Main frames belong to a generalclass called continuous structures because the actionand stress travel throughout the entire structure, sinceall joints are fixed in a structural sense. Because of this,engineers must analyze an entire main frame as a com-plete unit in itself, and not as an assembly of separatemembers.

Visualize a big hand grasping the roof rafter of a singlemain frame at the peak. The hand is alternately pushingdown and pulling up on the frame. Since the member is

STIFFENER

STIFFENER

STIFFENER

HAUNCHPLATE

WEB

FLANGEFLANGE

PERPENDICULAR CONNECTION

COLUMN

RAFTER

STIFFENER

WEB

FLANGE

HAUNCHPLATE

STIFFENER

FLANGE

DIAGONAL CONNECTION

RAFTERCOLUMN

Lesson 2

a continuous structure, it is easy to see that the base ofthe two columns will tend to kick outward or inward,depending on the type of load being exerted.

These thrusts, however, are easily counteracted by aproperly designed concrete foundation. We have usedthe expression "easily counteracted " purposelybecause a qualified engineer can design an adequatefoundation using the reaction charts supplied by themanufacturer. There are many buildings, both over-designed and under-designed, in use today that haveimproper foundations simply because the persondesigning the foundation was either unqualified or didnot refer to the reactions furnished by the manufacturer.

The building drawings include reaction charts with var-ious loading conditions for standard main frames. TheMPact pricing program produces preliminary mainframecolumn reactions as well. Make these charts availableto your architects and engineers so that foundations willbe priced properly and economically.

Main frames are normally connected to the foundationby using the appropriate anchor bolts in a configurationthat is described as a pinned condition. This means thatthe loads transmitted to the foundation are verticalloads and transverse loads.

Endwall FramesAssume a building is 100' long, consisting of four 25'bays as shown above.

The main frames indicated by MF in the drawing abovesupport a roof area of two half bays. The endwallframes indicated by EW, however, only support onehalf-bay of roof load.

From this you can readily see that the endwall framesneed not be as strong as the main frames. It is for thisreason that in addition to expandable main frame end-walls, we offer lighter non-expandable mainframeendwalls, or even lighter bearing frame endwalls,depending on your customer's requirements.

MAIN FRAME

BEARING FRAME

COLUMN

RAFTER

COLUMNSOR

POSTS

BEAM

COLUMNSOR

POSTS

COLUMNSOR

POSTS

FULLBAY

HALFBAY

FULLBAY

FULLBAY

HALFBAY

25' 25' 25' 25'EW MF

100'

MF MF EW

EW = EndwallMF = Main Frame

ANCHORBOLTS

VERTICALLOAD HORIZONTAL

LOAD

ANCHOR BOLT CONNECTION

Lesson 2



The expandable main frame endwall is designed tosupport two half bays of roof load and can support anadditional half bay in the future. The non-expandablemain frame is designed to support one half bay of roofload and cannot support an additional half bay in thefuture. Main frame endwalls do not require any bracingand clear the endwall bays for large framed openings oropen wall conditions.

Secondary Framing MembersSecondary framing members are those members thatjoin the primary framing members together to formbuilding bays and provide the means of supporting andattaching the walls and roof. Secondary framing mem-bers are:

• Eave Struts

• Purlins

• Girts

• Bracing

Eave StrutsThe eave strut is a roughly cee-shaped cold-formedmember and is located as illustrated below. Cold-forming is the process of using press brakes or rollingmills to shape steel into desired cross sections at roomtemperature.

The eave strut provides an attachment and bearingpoints for the end of the roof sheets and wall sheets.Eave struts are available in nominal depths of 8", 10", or12" to match the purlin depth. Eave struts are pre-punched at the factory for bolting to the main frames.

PurlinsA purlin is a secondary framing member that serves tosupport roof panels and transfer the roof loads to therafters.

The purlin is zee shaped as shown below. Purlins areavailable in 8", 10", or 12", depth, and are available indifferent gauges of steel 16, 14, 13, or 12 to meet var-ious loading conditions.

The continuous purlin is a zee shaped cold-formedmember 8", 10", or 12", depth with a 50 degree outer lipto facilitate nesting. The purlins are lapped at each inte-rior frame with the lap varying from 8" to 60" dependingupon the conditions. Continuous purlins take into con-sideration the design advantage of continuous beams.The economy is based on using them on multiple bayswhere the overlapped splice of the purlin, continuousover the rafter, assists in supporting the load of the adja-cent bay.

CONTINUOUS PURLIN

RAFTER

PURLIN

MAIN FRAME

CLIP

EAVE STRUT

EAVE STRUT

Lesson 2

GirtsGirts are secondary framing members that run horizon-tally between main frame columns and between endwallcolumns. They are zee shaped members like purlins,also available in depths of 8", 10", or 12", and gaugesof 16, 14, 13, or 12.

Standard girt spacing is the first girt at 7'-4" above finishfloor and a maximum of 6' there after. This standardspacing fits doors, etc., utilizing optimal design. Otherspacing is available to satisfy design criteria. A low girtoption is available on request at 3'-6", which stiffens thewall section, and is standard in high wind conditions.Girts and purlins are pre-painted at the factory. Mescowelds all girt attaching clips to the frames for easier andquicker erection.

Bypass girts attach to the shop welded clip on the out-side flange of the columns creating a more efficientdesign. The girt is lapped at each frame and at the firstinterior frame from the endwall. Bypass girts are used totake into consideration the design advantages of con-tinuous beams spanning from bay to bay.

Flush girts attach to the web of the columns, with the girtface in the same plane as the column face. Which pro-vides greater interior clearance.

In addition to playing an important roll in the structuralstability of the complete building system, girts alsoserve the important means of providing the framing forthe attachment of wall covering.

BracingIn addition to main frames, endwall frames, eave struts,girts, and purlins, the building system must have ade-quate bracing to make the system stable in a lengthwisedirection. Bracing systems transfer wind loads fromendwalls and sidewalls to the foundation. Wind bracingsystems must include two types:

1. Longitudinal bracing, for wind on the endwall.

2. Transverse bracing, for wind on the building side-wall.

Requirements for bracing systems described on thesepages are based on the specifications of applicablecodes.

A variety of methods are available for providing bracingfor wind on the building endwall. Bracing systems of thistype serve a secondary purpose of squaring thebuilding. In addition to the standard method - diaphragmaction, alternatives include X-bracing (cable or rod),fixed base columns, portal frames, and wind bentsattached to column When bracing must occur in bayswhere doors or other accessories are required, fixedbased columns or portal frames should be used.

MAIN FRAME COLUMNOR

ENDWALL COLUMN

FACTORY WELDEDGIRT CLIP

FLUSH GIRT

MAIN FRAMEOR ENDWALLCOLUMN

BYPASS GIRT

COLUMN

GIRT

GIRT

Lesson 2



Bracing Methods:

Diaphragm Action

Diaphragm action utilizes the diaphragm resistance ofthe wall panels to transmit lateral wind or seismic forcesto the foundation. Diaphragm action utilizes undisturbedsheeting, floor to roofline, and assumes all wall panelsare installed correctly.

X-Bracing

When diaphragm action of the panels is inadequate ornot allowed, the first alternative is to provide cable orrod bracing between columns. X-Bracing transfers lon-gitudinal forces to the foundation.

Fixed Base Columns

If the openings in the wall are such that they do notallow for the use of X-Bracing, then fixed base columnsmay be used. A fixed base column is a column with spe-cial base plate condition, which allows wind load to betransferred to the foundation. Therefore, fixed base

columns will induce a moment to the foundation, thusrequiring a special foundation design.

Portal Frame

If neither X-Bracing nor fixed base columns are accept-able, a portal frame (wind bent) can be used. A portalframe is an I-shaped section of built up material con-sisting of two columns and a rafter, running parallel tothe sidewall, and attached to the web of the sidewallcolumns. As a standard the portal frame usually doesnot induce a moment to the foundation.

Brace to Interior Main FrameA method of bracing used for an open bearing frameendwall is to provide bracing in the roof of the end bay.In this case, the lateral forces on the endwall are trans-ferred to the first interior main frame. The main frame isthen designed to resist this additional lateral force.

Portal

Fixed Base

CABLE BRACE

EYE BOLT

HEX NUT

FLAT

WASHER

HILLSIDE

WASHER

WEB OF FRAME

BRACE GRIP

CABLE BRACE TO

FRAME CONNECTION

X-BracingCable or Rod

Lesson 2


Flange Braces or Purlin BracingFlange braces are structural members that attachpurlins, girts, and eave struts to primary structuralmembers (columns or rafters). Purlin bracing is anangle connecting the bottom flange of adjoining purlinsto prevent purlin roll.

Flange braces are used to prevent the main frame fromtwisting or buckling laterally under the load. They are anessential structural part and must be installed properlyat all locations. Flange braces can also be very usefulas an erection aid to align the purlins and eave struts foreasier and lower cost roof installation.

Structural PaintAll primary framing members are factory cleaned toremove loose dirt, grease, mill scale, etc. They are thenpainted with a red oxide primer. The purpose of thisprimer is to provide temporary protection of the steelmembers during transportation and erection. Touch upmay be required after erection. Red oxide primer also

provides a surface that is chemical and corrosionresistant. Therefore, it is not necessary to put an addi-tional finish coat of paint on the framing members.However, if it is desired, finish paint may be applied overthe red oxide in the field. However, consult with thepaint supplier for the compatibility and proper prepara-tion of steel before the application of any finish paint. Itis also recommended that a test patch of the finish paintshould be applied to test for compatibility.

Secondary framing members are pre-painted by a com-pany specializing in coating of metal products with abaked on red primer. Due to the special coatingrequired for roll forming these members, they can bedifficult to repaint.

Galvanized SteelFor over 140 years, galvanizing has had a proven his-tory of commercial success as a method of corrosionprotection in a myriad of applications. Galvanizing canbe found in almost every major application and industrywhere iron or steel is used. The utilities, chemicalprocess, pulp and paper, automotive, agricultural, andtransportation industries, to name just a few, have his-torically made extensive use of galvanizing for corrosioncontrol.

All of Mesco's buildings are also available in galvanizedsteel as a special option. Two types of galvanized mate-rial are used:

• Hot Dip Galvanizing

• Pre-Galvanized

Hot dip galvanizing is the process of applying a zinccoating to fabricated iron or steel material by immersingthe material in a bath consisting primarily of molten zinc.Mesco sends the fabricated material, such as, primaryand secondary framing members, to the galvanizers.

Pre-Galvanized material is used for secondary mem-bers only. The pre-galvanized material used is of 55grade and adheres to ASTM A653 specifications. Thecoil of pre-galvanized material is delivered to Mescoand then the pre-galvanized secondary members arefabricated.

ConclusionThis section has introduced you to the very basicbuilding parts, which make up the primary and sec-ondary framing. Bracing, structural paint, andGalvanized steel have also been covered. From thisyou should feel comfortable knowing what makes up abuilding system.

PURLIN

RAFTER

FLANGE BRACE

BRACE TO INTERIOR MAIN FRAME

Lesson 2

Lesson Two: Self-Test

1. Secondary framing members include purlins, girts, eave struts, bracing, and main frames.A. TrueB. False

2. The major parts of a main frame are:A. WebB. FlangeC. Haunch PlateD. StiffenerE. All of the Above

3. What is the rise of the gable peak from the eave line of a 120' wide building with a 1¹⁄₂ on 12-roofslope?A. 8'B. 10'¹⁄₂"C. 100D. 7'-6"

4. Main frame endwalls do require additional bracingA. TrueB. False

5. Which endwall is designed to support a future expansion?A. Bearing FrameB. Post and BeamC. Full Load Main FrameD. Half Load Main FrameE. None of the Above

6. Purlins and Girts are zee shaped, available in depths of 8", 10", or 12", and are available in gaugesof 16, 14, 13, or 12.A. TrueB. False

7. As a standard Mesco's first girt is located at?A. 6'B. 7'C. 8'-4"D. 7'-4"E. 3'-6"

8. Which girt type has the girt face in the same plane as the column face and provides greater interiorclearance?A. BypassB. FlushC. Staggered

9. All primary framing members are painted with red oxide primer and can have a finish paint appliedin the field. However, secondary framing members are pre painted by the supplier with a baked onred primer and can be very difficult to repaint in the field.A. TrueB. False

Lesson 2 Self Test



Lesson 2 Self Test

10. Transverse bracing on an endwall can use which of the following methods?A. Diaphragm ActionB. X-BracingC. Fixed Based ColumnsD. Portal FramesE. All of the Above

11. Bracing systems transfer wind loads from endwalls and sidewalls to the foundation. There are twotypes of wind bracing systems (1) longitudinal bracing or wind on the sidewall, and (2) transversebracing for wind on the endwallA. TrueB. False

12. What part of the main frame is at the eave where the column connects to the roof rafter and ties therafter and the column together rigidly?A. Base PlateB. Knee or HaunchC. StiffenerD. WebE. None of the Above

13. Fixed base columns are usually less expensive than portal frames, but increase the cost of thefoundation.A. TrueB. False


There are many varieties of buildings that are con-structed for specific needs and uses. This lesson willdiscuss a few of the different types of buildings forgaining general knowledge and understanding.Clearspan, modular, lean-to, Long Bay, and conven-tional structural steel buildings are covered. Some ofthese types of buildings can be used separately ortogether. Whatever requirements or needs the cus-tomer has, it is important to be familiar with types ofbuildings.

Clearspan BuildingsClearspan buildings allow for the maximum use of inte-rior space, which is particularly important inmanufacturing plants, warehouses, offices, and retailstores where uninterrupted space is required. Size flex-ibility also pays off outside where optimum land use isan equally important consideration.

Virtually every symmetrical, unsymmetrical, and singleslope building size and shape is possible as a standardproduct. Inside the clearspan building you have almosttotal flexibility in determining the height, width, and roofslope you want: building widths from 20' - 150'; eaveheights from 10' - 30'; and roof slopes from ¹⁄₄:12 to4:12. Building widths of 80' or less are available with theoption of straight columns instead of tapered columns.

Lean-tos are available for future expansion or additionalspace. A lean-to can be designed to match the eaveheight and roof slopes of the clearspan building if thebuilding was originally designed to take on the loadingof an additional lean-to load. Lean-tos are available inwidths from 8' - 60', eave heights from 8' - 30', and roofslopes from ¹⁄₄:12 to 4:12.

Note: All stated limitations and parameters are thosestandards imposed by MPact. Wider widths and greaterroof slopes are available upon request.

LEAN-TOSTRAIGHT COLUMNS

LIMITED TO 60' WIDE OR LESS

SINGLE SLOPE CLEARSPANWITH STRAIGHT COLUMNS

LIMITED TO 80' WIDE OR LESS

SINGLE SLOPE CLEARSPANWITH TAPERED COLUMNS

AVAILABLE UP TO 150' WIDE1/4 : 12 THROUGH 4:12 ROOF SLOPE

CLEARSPAN WITH STRAIGHT COLUMNSLIMITED TO 80' WIDE OR LESS

CLEARSPAN WITH TAPERED COLUMNSAVAILABLE UP TO 150' WIDE

1/4 : 12 THRUOUGH 4:12 ROOF SLOPE

Lesson 3

Lesson Three: Building Types

Modular BuildingsA modular building (with interior columns) is speciallydesigned for large buildings such as manufacturingplants, warehouses, truck terminals, and retail stores.Interior columns are either built up 'H' columns or pipecolumns. 'H' columns are mandatory in a building with atop running crane. Modular buildings combine theproven practicality of a rigid frame with almost unlimitedsize flexibility.

With a building that is 100' wide or less, the building canbe designed with both clearspan frames and modularframes. This could serve the benefit of having a portionof the building with an unobstructed floor area whilemaintaining the cost savings of a modular building.

Modular buildings are also possible in any symmetrical,unsymmetrical, and single slope building size andshape as a standard product offering. Inside the mod-ular building there is almost total flexibility indetermining the height, width, and roof slope is wanted:building widths from 40' - 500'; eave heights from 10' -30'; roof slopes from ¹⁄₄:12 to 4:12; and interior modulespacing from 20' to 100'. Modules are defined as thespace between interior columns. MPact is limited to 8interior modules but more modules are available onrequest. Building widths of 40' - 80' are available withthe option of straight columns instead of taperedcolumns. Lean-tos are also available for future expan-sion or additional space if the original main structurehad been designed to support the additional load of alean-to.

Lean-toThe lean-to is ideally suited to give that extra spaceneeded alongside the building. The lean-to ties in at orbelow the eave of the building and can provide a varietyof uses, from just a covered area to a completelyenclosed addition to your building. A lean-to structurehas only one slope and depends upon another structurefor partial support. A lean-to can be located at eave orbelow eave of the supporting structure.

A lean-to is limited to 60' wide as standard and only hasa straight column at the low side and a rafter. The rafterattaches to the supporting structure's column.Therefore, it is imperative that the bay spacing of alean-to equals the bay spacing of the supporting struc-ture.

Endwall guidelines for Lean-tos:1. A lean-to with a bearing frame endwall may be

attached to buildings having a bearing frame, anexpandable main frame, or a non-expandablemain frame endwall.

TIE-IN GIRT

SHEETING ANGLE(IF SHEETED BELOW)

LEAN-TOPURLIN

LEAN-TORAFTER

LEAN-TO BRACKET(AT BY-PASS GIRTS ONLY)

MAIN FRAME

LEAN-TO CONNECTION

SINGLE SLOPE MODULAR BUILDINGWITH 1 INTERIOR COLUMN (2 MODULES)

MODULAR BUILDING WITH 2 INTERIOR COLUMNS(3 MODULES)

MODULAR BUILDING WITH 1 INTERIOR COLUMN(2 MODULES)

Lesson 3



2. When the lean-to does not extend the full length ofthe main building and begins or ends at an interiormain frame, the bearing frame endwall is the stan-dard condition but also could be a main frameendwall if necessary.

3. If an expandable or non-expandable main frameendwall is used on both the lean-to and the mainbuilding the endwall may be completely open.

Endwall TypesEndwalls are available in three basic types:

• Expandable Main Frame

• Non-Expandable Main Frame

• Bearing Frame

Expandable Main FramesThe expandable main frame endwall is a combination ofthe standard main frame with endwall columns. Theendwall columns do not support the rafter but serve onlyas columns for attachment of endwall girts and transmitthe wind load into the foundation and structural frame.

The expandable main frame's largest advantage is thatit provides for easy expansion. Since it is a main frameit will carry the design load of a full bay, and it canremain in-place if the building is expanded.

Non-Expandable Main FramesThe non-expandable main frame endwall is still a mainframe with endwall columns, but cannot be used forfuture expansion. The non-expandable frame can onlycarry the design load of one half bay.

Both the Expandable and Non-Expandable main frameendwalls provide for more flexibility and ease in locatinglarge framed openings or entrance doors. Locate theopenings by simply adjusting the endwall columnsspacing. Also, the main frame endwalls do not requireany form of bracing, therefore, X-bracing or portalframes will not interfere with large openings.

Bearing FramesA bearing frame (post and beam endwall) is our stan-dard endwall condition. The endwall columns aregenerally made of cee channel and at times can beback to back cee channel. The bearing frame isdesigned to support only one half bay of roof load, andcannot be used to expand the building in the future.

The endwall columns support the channel rafter and

also serve as columns for attachment of the endwallgirts and transmit wind load into the foundation andstructural system. Bearing Frame Endwalls also requirea form of bracing, whether it be X-bracing, portalframes, or diaphragm action.

The use of a bearing frame endwall is a matter ofeconomy. You will usually find the prices of the bearingframe endwalls to be less than one half the cost of theexpandable main frame endwalls.

Endwall Cost ConsiderationsIt is important to recognize that the different types ofendwalls can be interchanged to offer advantages inspecific applications.

The expandable clearspan main frame endwall can pro-vide an entirely open endwall up to 150' wide. Thiscould be the answer to a covered truck dock across theend of the building; or, total flexibility in placement offramed openings.

It is also possible to interchange the interior modularmain frames comprised of different modular spacing.For example:

The 120' wide building could have 3 - 40' wide modulesor 2 - 60' wide modules. By interchanging some 60'module frames within the structural system we canretain the lower cost of the interior columns yet providelarger unobstructed areas.

Also, using the 3 - 40' modular main frame endwall inplace of the 2 - 60' module spacing, you would be ableto place an overhead door in the center of the endwallwithout difficulty.

Many times the ability to interchange frames and end-walls can bring about cost reductions, which will amountto several thousands of dollars. These can be veryimportant savings if you are working against competi-tion or a low budget. Keep in mind the largest benefit ofour MPact Pricing/Design software is that you canprocess your project several different ways to arrive atthe most economical price without dedicating a lot oftime or hassle.

Long Bay® System BuildingsAlmost from the beginning of pre-engineered metalbuildings, designers and customers alike wanted topush the limits of spans, heights, and loads. Expandingsidewall bay spacing was one of the first limitationschallenged. Bays over 25' feet were pushed to 30' andlater 35'-40' with the beefed up traditional "Z" or "C" sec-tion roof purlins (secondary framing). For bay spacing

Lesson 3

greater than 40' the only available option was to out-source bar joists and substitute them for purlins. Thisoften added costs and delays to projects and deliveries.In the summer of 1999 Mesco introduced the Long Bay®

System with it's open web purlin; such an innovativeproduct that a patent is registered.

The open web purlin (OWP) or Long Bay® System(LBS) allows sidewall bay spacing to be stretched to 60feet. The cold-rolled virtual square tube design is light,strong and straight and features bolted or welded con-nections (to frames) and self-drilling fastenerattachments for roofing. The most efficient design ofLBS's buildings are modular frame buildings with a50'x50' grid.

Long Bay® System buildings are easily adapted to tilt-wall, concrete block, or conventional metal wallsystems. Single-ply, built-up, or Double-Lok® roofingsystems compatible with LBS offer customers completeflexibility when planning new facilities.

The LBS open web purlin is fabricated of 12-16 gaugesteel and custom designed web depths from 12" to 36",primed gray or red. Galvanizing is also an option.

MPact is used in the "Quotation Request" mode for cus-tomer information, loads, codes, etc. that are necessaryto assist and facilitate a manual estimate. Because ofthe large size of these projects custom engineering andestimating is required.

Cost efficient usage of the LBS is often but not limitedto large warehouses, distribution centers, and manufac-turing buildings. High roof slopes, large clearspans,unusual shape, and small specialty buildings usuallyare not the most efficient use of the system.

These building types will make up a major product linefor you and your company, and will undoubtedly be agood part of your sales revenue. Our product line is wellestablished in the market place and recognized for itsquality, low cost, quick and easy erection, versatility,and adaptability.

Conventional Steel StructuresMesco Building Solutions has formed the SteelStructures division, which specializes in structural proj-ects and special construction needs. While the terms

Lesson 3



"structural steel" and "structural quality steel" are incommon usage, there has never been a precise defini-tion of these terms. In general, structural steel is definedas a hot-rolled member that is formed while still in a "redhot" state by pushing it through rolls that define theshape. Cold-forming for structural sections uses cold-state material in a sheet or strip of uniform thicknessand feeds it continuously through successive pairs ofrolls. The main difference between hot-rolled and cold-formed members is that hot-rolled are significantlythicker. The process that is used to manufacture amember for a building depends on the requirementsand specifications for the building.

Buildings that people see and use everyday are usuallypre-engineered or conventional buildings. The commondenominator utilized in the construction of these build-ings is steel. The concepts of these two types ofbuildings are quite similar in their overall function, butare built-up of different pieces and components. A pre-engineered building is usually designed by the metalbuilding manufacturer (such as Mesco BuildingSystems), based on codes and loads given by theowner, architect, engineer, state, county or city. Thesteel that is utilized in the construction is mostly made-up of plate and cold-form materials. A conventionalbuilding is pre-designed and pre-defined by an engineerthat has been carefully appointed by the architect orowner for specific needs for that building. The membersthat have been selected in the construction of this typeof building are usually hot-rolled materials, such as wideflanges, pipes, tube steel, angles, and plates. Joists andtruss girders are also commonly utilized with conven-tional structural steel structures.

ConclusionThis section covered the different types of buildingsyour manufacturer has to offer in its standard productline. Clearspan buildings allow for the maximum use ofinterior space, where the modular buildings use interiorcolumns to expand the standard width from 150' to 500'.Both the clearspan and modular buildings are offered inthe gable symmetrical (a ridged double sloped buildingin which the ridge is in the center of the building), thegable unsymmetrical (a ridged double sloped building inwhich the ridge is off-center), and the single slope (asloping roof in one plane). When extra space is neededalong the side of a building, a clearspan or modularbuilding can be designed to support a lean-to.

Mesco Building Solutions offers many different types ofbuildings as its standard product line. The product lineis well established in the market place and is recog-nized for its quality, low cost, versatility, adaptability, andquick and easy erection. Being familiar with the stan-dard product line will provide easy solutions thatconform to customer's needs or requirements. Whethera pre-engineered metal building or a conventional struc-tural steel building, Mesco Building Solutions has thesolution.

Lesson 3


Lesson 3 Self Test

Lesson Three: Self-Test

1. What type of building allows for the maximum use of uninterrupted interior space?A. Modular BuildingB. A building with Interior ColumnsC. Lean-toD. Clearspan BuildingE. None of the Above

2. Clearspan buildings with tapered columns are limited to 180' as a standard.A. TrueB. False

3. A modular building with 3 interior columns will have how many modules?A. 1B. 3C. 2D. 5E. 4

4. The most economical endwall is a (this question is not considering the width of the building, endwallcolumn spacing, or the loads of the building)?A. Expandable Main FrameB. Bearing FrameC. Non-Expandable Main Frame

5. Which type of building is not a self-supporting structure?A. Single SlopeB. Gable UnsymmetricalC. Gable SymmetricalD. Lean-to

6. When a lean-to does not extend the full length of the main building and begins or ends at an interiormain frame, a bearing frame endwall is the standard condition on the lean-to. However, a mainframe endwall could be used if necessary.A. TrueB. False

7. Is it imperative that the bay spacing of a lean-to equals the bay spacing of the supporting structure?A. YesB. No

8. Long Bay buildings refer to:A. Large clearspan structuresB. Unobstructed craneway buildingsC. Lengthening sidewall bay spacingD. Increasing interior module spacing

9. The best roof framing system for 50' sidewall bay spacing on a metal building is:A. 10"-12" Zee purlins 12 gaugeB. Mesco's Long Bay® SystemC. Bar joists

10. When utilizing Mesco's Long Bay® System, which roof option is available?A. EPDMB. Awaplan single-plyC. Gravel ballasted built-upD. Machine seamed standing seamE. All of the above

11. Long Bay® System open web purlins are available gray, red primed and galvanized.A. TrueB. False

12. An octagonal clearspan church sanctuary with a 12:12 roof slope is a good candidate for LBS.A. TrueB. False

13. What process is used to manufacture structural steel members?A. Pressure pressingB. Cold-formingC. Hot-rollingD. Pressure rollingE. A & CF. B & CG. None

Lesson 3 Self Test


Sam, a builder salesperson, and his neighbor, Joe,were driving out of town one weekend. Leaving the out-skirts of a medium-sized town, they drove past arecently completed building, a very attractive retailstorefront.

"That's one of our buildings. I sold that job." Samproudly pointed out.

Joe was a little perplexed as he asked, "That's a metalbuilding?"

"That is a metal building," Sam replied.

Joe thought for a minute and then said, "I knew you soldmetal buildings, of course, but I didn't know you builtanything like the one we just passed. I guess I hadsomething else in mind."

"You mean, like 'tin' sheds?" asked Sam.

Joe laughed before his next remark. "Well, now that youmention it, I guess that is what I had in mind."

Sam settled back in his seat. "You know, Joe, mostpeople have the same reaction. And it is true that thereare quite a few tin sheds around the country, especiallythe ones built years ago. Originally, metal buildingswere used primarily as utility or backyard structures.Many are still used this way, of course, but new andbetter material, plus advanced design and fabricationhave introduced a modern way to build which hasbecome increasingly popular in many other buildingmarkets."

As Sam continued to talk about his work, and aboutsome of the buildings he had sold, one more personbecame acquainted with today's modern way to build.

This particular scenario is not necessarily a true story,but the situation it describes is. If you have not yet hada similar experience, you will. Every day, more andmore uninformed individuals are surprised to learn thatmany of the most attractive and functional buildingsaround them are basically factory engineered, fabri-cated metal structures and components. Why? It issimply because most individuals still visualize any metalbuilding as a utility or backyard shelter made of plaincorrugated metal sheets. Furthermore, they believe thatbuildings used for commercial, community, or industrialpurposes must have massive walls to support the roofand keep out heat and cold.

Unfortunately, many potential building prospects maynever give serious thought to contracting builders of

pre-engineered metal buildings because of these tradi-tional beliefs. Those prospects who do often base theirmotives on a misconception that this is the cheapestway to build.

Your job as a salesperson involves enlightening peopleabout the modern way to build. One excellent way tobegin is to point out the pre-engineered buildings in usein your area, as Sam did for Joe. This will help assurefront yard status for your building products and services.

Performance of Covering SystemsThe basic structural system of a building is designed toresist forces imposed on it, such as live, dead, and windloads. In addition, the covering system of roof and wallsprovide a skin, which protects the building and its con-tents against the elements: rain, snow, ice, wind, heat,and cold.

Although the resistant and protective features of thesetwo systems are of vital importance, the casualobserver obtains his/her first and most lasting impres-sion of the building from its appearance, andappearance is an important function of any building'scomplete covering system of roof and walls. (The term"walls" includes both endwalls and sidewalls.)

When evaluating a completed building, we tend to con-sider the roof primarily in terms of protection, and thewalls in terms of appearance. However, a successfulcovering system must possess other, less obvious, butequally important features.

10 Important Features of a Covering SystemAttractive in APPEARANCEOffers PROTECTION from the elementsPossesses STRUCTURAL STABILITYWithstands EXPANSION and CONTRACTIONInsulates against HEAT and COLDControls MOISTURE condensationOffers resistance to SOUND transmissionProtects against FIREECONOMICAL to own and maintainAllows EASY INSTALLATION of accessories

Obviously, each of these important individual functionsoffers potential benefits to the building owner. Althoughall may not be required on any specific job, each shouldbe considered to meet the customer's needs anddesires.

Lesson 4


Lesson Four: Introduction to Covering Systems


1. Appearance

Remember that most customers place a high valueon the appearance of a covering system. Whilethey usually direct most of their attention to thewalls, some take a critical look at the roof as well.

Appearance is particularly important in commercialand community installations, where the coveringsystem becomes the face of the building shown tothe public and the image that the occupant proj-ects. Consequently, you will find many sellingsituations where a great deal of time must bedevoted to the covering system, because appear-ance is the customer's principal concern.

2. Protection from the Elements

Water is potentially the source of more mainte-nance and repair problems than any other singlecause.

Whether in the form of snow, ice or wind-drivenrain, water can find and penetrate the smallestopenings in a roof or wall. Result: damage to abuilding's contents, discomfort for its inhabitantsand eventual deterioration of the building itself as aresult of rot, corrosion or saturated insulation.

The entire covering system - panels, fasteners,sealants, flashings, and other components - mustwork together to offer effective protection againstthe elements.

3. Structural Stability and Integrity

All components of a covering system must haveadequate strength and structural properties, sincethey are the first to offer resistance to loads andforces imposed on the building.

The roof must be able to support its own weight,plus live loads, such as snow, ice, auxiliary andcollateral loads, and be designed to resist wind.The wall system, on the other hand, must bestrong enough to resist predicted wind loads, winduplift, and abuse.

Traditionally, many walls were load bearing to sup-port other components. One example is a concreteblock wall used to support the roof. The manufac-turer's walls are designed as non-load bearingcurtain walls and are not required to support theroof.

4. Expansion and Contraction

A good covering system is designed to allow forexpansion and contraction of its components as areaction to temperature changes. In many parts ofthe United States, surface temperatures of building

components can range from 10 degrees belowzero to 140 degrees or more above it. Since coldcauses materials to contract, and heat causesthem to expand, good building designs must takethese factors into consideration. Concrete high-ways and steel bridges provide for movementcaused by expansion and contraction by means ofmovable joints at regular intervals. The joints actas safety valves and allow controlled movement inthe structure.

Well-designed masonry walls contain control jointsfor the same reason. However, if too few of themare used, or if they are improperly spaced, the wallwill invariably crack as a result of temperaturechanges. Such expansion and contraction cannotbe eliminated; it can only be provided for in thebuilding design with control joints and spandrelbeams.

5. Insulation against Heat and Cold

Thermal transmission is the technical term gener-ally used to describe heat flow. Roof and wallsystems must be able to effectively resist the flowof heat through them by possessing good insu-lating characteristics.

To put it quite simply, a successful covering systemmust do two things:

A. Keep natural heat inside the building duringwinter, and

B. Keep natural heat outside the building duringthe summer.

The total insulating value of the complete coveringsystem must be known in order to calculateheating and air conditioning requirement, and thisis often a key sales consideration.

6. Prevention of Moisture Condensation

Moisture condensation in a building can damageboth the structure and its contents by encouragingrot, mildew and rusting. Condensation can evenblister outside paints if the roof or wall does notcontain a barrier (such as a metal sheet) to preventmoisture penetration.

You are familiar, of course, with the formation ofcondensation on a glass of cold water or on a coldwindowpane. The same condition can occur on theinside of a building under similar conditions if it isnot well designed with respect to insulation,heating and ventilation.

The use to which a building is put may tend toencourage or discourage condensation. For

Lesson 4

example, a laundry establishment represents highmoisture occupancy, while a hardware ormachinery warehouse usually has much lowermoisture content in the air. But the important thingto remember is - water vapor is present in all build-ings.

Mesco covering systems incorporate some of thebest insulating materials available. They employefficient vapor barriers on the inside surface ofroofs and walls to retard vapor penetration, whichcould saturate insulation and impair its efficiency.

7. Resistance to Sound Transmission

Sound waves that strike a surface are partiallyreflected, partially absorbed and partially trans-mitted through its mass, depending upon the typeof surface and the properties of the materials.

8. Protection from Fire

Obviously, a desirable quality in a covering systemis its ability to prevent either the start or the spreadof a fire. Its properties in this respect can have animportant bearing on insurance rates for thebuilding. In addition, fire resistance of materialsgenerally must comply with local building codesand zoning laws. The fire protection classificationof construction materials is based on many factors,and the best source of information within your ter-ritory is that provided by local zoning and codeauthorities.

9. Economy of Ownership

A good covering system can be economically eval-uated in terms of a building's use and the valueplaced on it by the owner. Total cost of any system,however, must include both the initial cost and thelong range or ultimate costs involved in mainte-nance, repairs, heating and cooling. As asalesperson, you will want to lead your prospect'sattention away from price only considerations andtoward the many benefits of Mesco products andservices that add up to the lowest cost way tobuilding well.

10. Easy Installation of Accessories

The relative adaptability and workability of a cov-ering system for easy installation of suchaccessories as doors, windows and ventilators isoften an important consideration from the cus-tomer's point of view. A good covering system mustpossess enough flexibility to permit rapid installa-tion of accessories, as well as easy relocation if theoperations or use of the building should change.

These are the 10 performance factors of a good cov-

ering system, which the customer must consider interms of his/her own particular operation and the enduse of his/her building. It is imperative that you becomeas knowledgeable as you can about the covering sys-tems. Only in this way will you be able to provide yourcustomer with the best solution to his/her buildingproblem.

The Components of a CoveringSystemThe remainder of this lesson will be devoted to identi-fying and describing the components, which make up acovering system. This will enable you to becomefamiliar with the terms and specifications of variousMesco wall and roof systems to be presented later.

You may have wondered why we refer to the coveringas a system rather than simply walls and a roof. It is nat-ural to identify a particular wall or roof by naming thebasic material used in it. For example: a CMU, tilt-upwall, or metal roof.

However, such a description is not complete, sincemost walls and roofs must consist of insulation, fas-teners, sealants, trim and finish, in addition to the basicmaterial. Generally, the elements of a complete system,exclusive of accessories such as doors and windows,will include some or all of the following components:

• Structural Framing and Support

• Covering

• Insulation

• Joining and Fastening

• Trim and Flashing

Structural Framing and SupportA covering system obtains its support and strength fromeither or both of two sources:

1. The Structural Frame

2. Its own Stability and Rigidity.

Mesco roofs are supported by, and attached to, purlinsand eave struts. Mesco walls either hang on the struc-tural framework or rest on the foundation, or both, andattach to base angles, rake angles, girts and eavestruts.

The role of structural framing is absolutely necessary,but the strength of the covering material itself is equallyimportant. A properly designed covering system musthave sufficient strength and rigidity to resist forces and

Lesson 4



transmit applied loads to the structural system. Lightgauge metal covering materials are often fabricatedwith corrugations or ribs or simply breaks in a specificform or shape which will increase the strength, and alsoenhance the appearance of the panel.

The resulting form or shape of the metal sheet's cross-section is called configuration or panel profile. Shownbelow are three examples of Mesco's most commonwall panels, which are "PBR" panel, "PBA" panel, and"PBU" panel.

The configuration of a metal panel, when properlydesigned and fabricated can provide substantialincreases in structural strength. Strong configuration ofa metal panel is one of the major design factorsemployed in metal buildings. Mesco achieves manypanel profiles or configuration by roll-forming the panelfrom pre-painted coils.

Roll-forming is a continuous process performed on amachine consisting of a series of graduated metal rollsarranged in pairs, (one on the top and one on thebottom) called stands. Instead of inserting single sheetsof stock, metal may be fed through the rolls directly fromcoil stock, which may consist of hundreds of feet of con-tinuous materials. As it progresses through the series ofrolls, each succeeding roll takes a comparativelydeeper bite to form the panel.

The roll-forming machine shown above has a number ofstands, which enable gradual stages of forming. Eachforming stage should take only a slightly greater bitethan the preceding stage in order to produce panelswith precise tolerances and to avoid surface damage.The machine illustrated roll-forms the Mesco standard"PBR" panel. The panel is rolled from coil stock materialthat is Galvalume® Plus or has already been colorcoated. The coil stock material is also illustrated below.

CoveringThickness of material may be expressed in eitherinches or the decimal equivalent. Most of the time,

"PBA"

"PBU"

"PBR"

36"12" 1 1/4"

COLOR

1 1/8"36"

12"COLOR

36"6" 3/4"COLOR

Lesson 4

thickness is referred to as a gauge, which is a standardnumbering system to designate the thickness of mate-rials. 29 gauge material is our lightest or thinnest gaugeused only for liner. Most of our standard panels arerolled with 26 or 24 gauge material, where all standingseam panels are at a minimum of 24 gauge. The lowerthe gauge is the thicker the material.

FinishesMesco's panels are available in three different finishes.

• Galvalume® Plus

• Signature® 200

• Signature® 300

Galvalume® Plus

Recently a new development has introduced a newproduct called Galvalume® Plus. Galvalume® Plus is thetrade name for a patented sheet steel product having ahighly corrosion resistant coating of 55% aluminum -44% zinc alloy followed by a state-of-the-art polymericpassivation system. This newly developed passivationsystem is a two component package consisting of anacrylic-based polymer resin system and an inorganiccorrosion inhibitor.

Galvalume® Plus is excellent where corrosion resist-ance is required and can be used in high profileapplication like architectural panels and residentialroofing. Galvalume® Plus is also perfectly suited forstanding seam roofing applications.

The base metal is 26 or 24 gauge Galvalume® Plussteel. The base metal is pretreated and then primedwith a primer for superior adhesion and superior resist-ance to corrosion. The painted panels are available intwo finishes: Mesco's standard Signature® 200 orMesco's premium finish Signature® 300.

Signature® 200 and Signature® 300

Appearance is one of the most important features of acovering system, particularly the walls. Nothingenhances the appearance of a wall more than the colorfinish. In addition, the color finish of a building will oftenprovide added protection against normal weathering.After early metal buildings were established as goodutility buildings, people began to consider them for otheruses. Galvanized steel was often painted to provide amore pleasing appearance. This is certainly under-standable, since color plays such an important role inour lives. Even bare wood or concrete block is not a par-ticularly attractive material unless it has been given a

good color finish. In any event, the first painted metalbuildings were coated by a standard procedure ofapplying a good primer and then a good grade of com-mercial paint. Generally, paint consist of three basicingredients:

1. Pigment - this gives the paint its color.

2. The vehicle or carrier - this provides paint with flex-ibility and offers protection of the pigment.

3. Solvent - this assures a compatible joining of thepigment and vehicle and proper curing.

The wide selection and proportions possible with eachof these basic ingredients are reasons why you seesuch a great number of paints available for so many dif-ferent purposes.

Typical color finishes do not bond very well to metals,especially Galvalume® Plus steel is limited because ofthe corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is necessary toapply a primer to insure adequate adhesion of thesystem to the metal substrate and to obtain optimumcorrosion resistance.

To capitalize and insure a quality product, in 1998 NCIBuilding Systems purchased several coil-coating plantsstrategically located throughout the United States.These coil-coating plants use an innovative process ofoven-baking the finish on the coils.

Coil stock goes through an exacting pre-cleaning andpretreatment process to insure proper adhesion of theSignature® 200 or Signature® 300 finish, uniformity ofthickness, and flexibility for forming purposes. The fol-lowing is a typical process:

1. Coil stock starts by receiving a hot alkaline deter-gent wash, under pressure, to remove oil and otherresidues.

2. Material is rinsed thoroughly.

3. A pretreatment coating system is applied.

4. The primer is roller coated on both sides.

5. Polymer coat is oven-baked.

6. Final color finish is applied by roller coating toassure a uniform film of finish to the exterior sur-face and polyester baked to the interior surface.

7. Finishes are oven-baked.

A warranty is a very important sales tool. Almost asimportant as the warranty itself is the exacting means ofjudging whether or not the finish falls within the limita-tions of the warranty. A standard 20-year finish warrantyis available on all of our panels against peeling, blis-

Lesson 4



tering, cracking, fading, and chalking. This warrantycovers cost of labor and material to repair, replace, orrepaint material proved to be defective under the termsof the warranty. If you have never seen or heard of the20-year finish warranty ask your District Manager tosupply you with a copy.

Signature® 200 is Mesco's standard modified sili-conized polyester paint system. Most of Mesco's panelsare available in the standard color offerings. Signature®

200 offers optimum exterior protection and resistance tochemical corrosion and ultraviolet radiation. Thiscoating also offers excellent chalk, fade and mar resist-ance.

Signature® 300 is Mesco's premium fluorocarbon paintsystem. Signature® 300 coating is formulated withKynar 500® /Hylar 5000® polyvinyulidene fluoride resinand modified with a proprietary resin for toughness.This long-life finish offers the ultimate in color retention,film flexibility and durability.

FiberglassAnother material available for use in the light transmit-ting panel is high strength translucent glass fiberreinforced polyester. The light transmitting panelsmatch the standard panel profiles and are ¹⁄₁₆" thick,weigh 8 ounces per square foot, and are white with agranitized top surface. Mesco's light transmitting panelsare available in both insulated and uninsulated panelswith a UL 90 Wind Uplift rating. Insulated light transmit-ting panels are available in "PBR" panel and StandingSeam Panel profiles only.

The benefits of the use of light transmitting panels areobvious:

• As light transmitting panels, the need for artificiallight is reduced and electrical cost lowered.

• As decorative panels, the appearance of abuilding is enhanced.

InsulationIt was mentioned earlier that one of the most importantjobs a covering system must perform is to retain heatinside a building during winter, and keep heat outside inthe summer. Heat flow cannot be stopped but it can beslowed considerably by using heat-reflective materialsor colors, materials that are poor heat conductors, or bytrapping still air. Therefore, a good insulation may havea reflective surface exposed to heat, plus many smallcells or pockets to trap and hold air as still as possible.This explains why most good insulating materials aremade of light, fluffy substances like fiberglass, organicfibers, cotton, cork or foamed plastics. Mesco does not

manufacturer insulation, but the MPact program doeshave the capability of pricing insulation within a buildingquote. The insulation is the standard white vinyl backingin the thickness of 3", 4", or 6". However, it is good prac-tice to work with a local insulation buyer in your area.

Joining and FasteningAll the elements or parts that go together to make up acomplete wall or roof system must join and fastentogether in such a manner to assure pleasing appear-ance, good protection, and low maintenance.

Laps and JointsLapping, tongue and groove, or snap down or mechan-ical seaming can be used to join the panel edges of twopanels that are set side by side.

MECHANICALLY SEAMED

MECHANICALLY SEAMING PROCESS

SNAP DOWN SEAM

SNAP DOWN PROCESS

TONGUE AND GROOVE

LAP JOINT

Lesson 4

EndlapWhen two panels are to be joined together end to end,the intersection is identified as an endlap or end-jointcondition.The following illustration shows how thepanels should be installed with back-up plates. Alsoshown is the sequence of installing the fasteners forendlap panels.

Joining is particularly important when weather protec-tion is being considered. Roof panels must always bejoined so that the upper panel laps over the lower panel

an adequate distance, which is a 3" minimum overlap.Wall panels may also be lapped with the upper panelover the lower, although this is not a common practice.Wall panels are cut to run continuously from floor toroofline. The standard maximum length panel is 50'.However, longer panels are available upon request.

Since sidelap and end-lap conditions occur in most cov-ering systems, they deserve a substantial amount ofattention both in design and in selection of materials todo a specific job. It is important to note that the fewerthe joints in any covering system, the less chance forproblems of weather tightness to arise. Thus, the widerthe panel, the fewer the sidelap conditions and thelonger the panel, the fewer the end-lap conditions.Mesco's standard practice of roll forming from coil sheetstock has made it possible to reduce substantially thenumber of endlaps and sidelaps in the total coveringsystem.

SealantsRegardless of the joining and fastening method used ina covering system, a sealer, or sealant, is invariablyused to provide added protection and weather tight-ness. Three basic types of sealants are:

Tube Sealant: such as mastic from a caulking gun.

Tape Sealant: Tri-Bead - often referred to as mastictape. It is used at the eave, outside closures, endlaps,and trim connections.

Minor Rib - used to fill voids at minor ribs of the panel atthe eave.

Factory Applied Sealant: a foam sealant that consists ofa glue and gas mixture that is factory injected into thefemale leg of the standing seam panels.

FastenersThe fastening or attaching of panels to structural mem-bers and to neighboring panels is of such primeimportance that they are emphasized frequently inselling situations. As the design and material of the cov-ering panels have improved throughout the years, sohave the methods of fastening.

Standard fasteners come in two (2) types and groups,various lengths and colors, and three (3) differentgrades. Using the correct fastener for the right job isvital. It is important to take into account the location,application, and circumstances when choosing the fas-tener that is best for the particular job.

The two (2) types of fasteners are self-tapping and self-drilling. The type that is used is determined by thepreference of the builder. The self-tapping screws

5

4

31 87 62

ALL LOCATIONSFASTENER # 1E

COMPLETE ENGAGEMENTOF BACK-UP PLATES

Lesson 4



require pre-drilling the panel/trim prior to applying thefasteners. This step is not necessary for the self-drilling.The self-drilling fastener combines a unique non-walking point with a drill bit shaped tip to provide quick,positive penetration of both metal panels and steelframing. The threads are engineered to maximize stripout and pull out values while avoiding over-drivingtorque.

Self-drilling fasteners should be used with unpunchedpanels and framing structural members. The self-drillersare now available in various sizes. Keep in mind thatpanel fasteners are used for two different purposes.One is for fastening the covering panel to the interme-diate structural members. The second purpose is forattaching panels to one another, such as side-to-side orend-to-end.

Panel screws are used for two (2) purposes. Dependingon the use of the fastener, all fasteners will fall into one(1) of two (2) groups -- member screws and stitchscrews.

Fasteners used in panel-to-steel, trim-to-steel, andsteel-to-steel applications are member screws.

Fasteners being used in panel-to-panel and trim-to-panel applications are stitch screws. The length of themember screws is primarily dependent on the thicknessof insulation used. Stitch screws are a standard length(³⁄₄" for self-tapping and ⁷⁄₈" for self-drilling.) Fastenersbeing used on colored panels or trim will match thecolor of the material, plain fasteners will be used onGalvalume® panels.

Fasteners come in three (3) grades. The grades applyto the material of which the fastener is constructed.

Again, the grade will be dependent on the specificneeds of the customer and the building. The threegrades are carbon steel or zinc capped head, which arealso known as Long Life, and stainless steel. Youshould always use a Long-Life fastener (Zinc Capped orStainless) when a finish warranty is desired.

Electric Seamer

Mesco's mechanically seamed standing seam roofpanel requires the use of an electric seamer.

Unlike the other fastening systems, this system securesthe panels side-by-side by seaming the panel edgestogether. A portable self-powered roll-forming machinecalled the electric seamer does this seaming.

The electric seamer works at close tolerances and foldsthe panel edges over twice creating a double standingseam, which is weather tight. This mechanically formedstanding seam fastening system is a revolution in themetal roof industry. With the electric seamer, the cost ofthe standing seam roof has been cut while its featureshave been saved.

Trim and FlashingThe final element of a good covering system is themethod of handling its edges. For example, there mustbe some method of joining and finishing so that the tran-sitions from wall panels to roof panels offer bothweather protection and good appearance.

Flashing is a word used to describe a material forjoining two components together to provide properweather tightness.

Trim on the other hand, generally refers to a material orpart used to finish out and cover a joint or juncture to

STITCH SCREW

MEMBER SCREW

Lesson 4

improve appearance.Gutter refers to a channel memberinstalled at the eave of the roof for the purpose of car-rying water from the roof to the drains or downspouts.

ConclusionThe purpose of this lesson was to encourage you tothink of a covering system as possessing several ele-

ments, all of which are very important to the completebuilding system. In presenting the various elements ofthe Mesco covering system, we have tried to acquaintyou with the terminology used in the metal buildingindustry. We have also tried to provide a brief descrip-tion of the products and methods associated with theMesco wall and roof systems.

Lesson 4


EAVE TRIM

GUTTER

RAKE TRIM

RIDGE FLASHING

DIE FORMED RIDGE

RAKE ANGLE

WALL PANEL

PEAK BOX

FLASHING, GUTTER, AND TRIM

NOTE: TRIM PROFILE MAY VARY

Lesson Four: Self-Test

1. Why do many potential building prospects never give serious consideration to a pre-engineeredmetal building?A. Traditional BeliefsB. MisconceptionsC. Lack of knowledge of Pre-engineered Metal BuildingsD. All of the Above

2. What are the two most obvious, but equally important, features of a covering system, (as stated inthis manual)?A. Structural Stability and Resistance to SoundB. Economical and Easy InstallationC. Appearance and ProtectionD. Control Moisture Condensation and Protect Against Fire

3. A properly designed covering system must have sufficient strength and rigidity to resist forces andtransmit applied loads to the structural system.A. TrueB. False

4. Mesco's panels are available in what finishes?A. Galvanized Steel, Signature® 200, and Galvalume® PlusB. Galvalume® Plus, Galvanized Steel, and Kynar®

C. Galvalume® Plus, Signature® 300, and Signature® 2005. Roll-Forming is a continuous process performed on a machine consisting of a series of graduated

metal rolls arranged in pairs, called stands.A. TrueB. False

6. An end-lap is when two panels join together end to end. Roof panels must always be joined so thatthe upper panel laps over the lower panel an adequate distance. What is the minimum overlap dis-tance?A. 4"B. 10"C. 5'D. 3"E. 8"

7. Self-drilling fasteners should be used with pre-punched panels and framing structural members.A. TrueB. False

8. When fastening a wall panel to a girt, it is considered?A. Roof Panel to PanelB. Wall Panel to PanelC. Roof Panel to StructureD. Wall Panel to Structure

Lesson 4 Self Test



Lesson 4 Self Test

9. What word is used to describe a material for joining two components together to provide properweather tightness?A. TrimB. GutterC. FlashingD. RakeE. None of the Above

10. A complete covering system consists of several elements, such as, structural framing, coveringmaterial, insulation, joining/fastening finishes, and trim/flashing.A. TrueB. False

11. Water vapor is present in all buildings.A. TrueB. False

12. A wall system attaches to which of the following?A. Base AnglesB. Rake AnglesC. GirtsD. Eave StrutsE. All of the Above


Lesson 5

Throughout history man has had to satisfy the basicneed of a "roof over his head" to shelter himself, hisfamily, and his possessions from cold, heat, rain, andsnow. At first, this protection from the elements wasvery simple, even crude in form; but as man becamemore and more civilized he demanded better and moreelaborate protection. Through succeeding centuries helearned many things about shielding himself from theelements. Through trial and error, he has sorted througha multitude of different materials, trying to find the idealcombination for roofing materials that were strong, butnot too heavy, and materials that were long-lasting andresistant to weathering, and materials that would notleak, blow away, or fall apart.

Today, we see many kinds of roofs and roofing mate-rials; wood shingle, plastic or composition shingles, tarpaper, tile, slate, built-up roofs, and various kinds ofmetal roofs. For our purposes we need only study thetypes most frequently used for nonresidential use: Built-Up Roofs, Single-Ply Roofs, and Metal Roofs.

The Built-Up RoofBuilt-up roofing is so called simply because it is a com-bination of layers of various materials built-up into acomposite covering from a base or roof deck. This typeof roof is particularly suitable for flat surfaces; and whenmade of good materials and properly installed, it mayprovide satisfactory protection from the elements formany types of commercial, community, and industrialbuildings.

It is difficult to present information of a general natureon built-up roofs because so many types are available.A comparison of any two built-up roofs must take intoconsideration the relative quality of materials and work-manship, as well as any differences in basic design.

Built-up roofing can be laid on decking made of wood,steel, gypsum, or concrete slab. Probably the mostcommon roof in use today is installed on steel decking,which is supported by a bar joist system. Bar joists areactually structural features and are not really pertinentto a study of built-up roofing. However, it is important tonote that they must be designed to span distances thatdo not exceed the steel roof deck design conditions forlive and dead loads. Steel roof decking is usually madeof 22 or 24 gauge steel and is fastened to the bar joistsby welds or screws. Although different applicators mightuse a variation of materials and procedures, here is oneexample of a built-up roof on a metal deck.

The first step involves the installation of rigid board roofinsulation with screws or nails through disks or plates.If a second layer of insulation is specified the joints arestaggered and a recommended adhesive or asphalticbitumen bonds the two layers together. Once in placethe insulation is mopped or strip coated in preparationfor the next layers.

METAL DECKADHESIVE

INSULATION BOARD

METAL DECK

Lesson Five: The Roof System

Next, several layers of roofing felt are laid betweenmopped-on layers of heavy bitumen. Roofing felt ismade of heavy paper or cloth, impregnated with water-proofing materials. Generally from 3 to 5 layers areapplied. The number of layers properly installed deter-mines the permanence of the roof system.

Finally, a protective-wearing surface of gravel, slag,marble chips, or a roof coating material is often spreadover the topcoat of tar. Shown is a cutaway view of thevarious layers, which make up a typical built-up roof.Built-up roofs represent an area of considerable com-petition, and you will find it beneficial to becomeknowledgeable on the various types and methods usedin your area.

Advantages of a Built-Up Roof1. Built-Up roofs accommodate roof penetrations with

relative ease.

2. Built-up roofs have enjoyed public acceptance formany years.

3. Built-up roofs are well adapted to the constructionof flat or very low pitch roofs

Disadvantages of a Built-Up Roof1. Due to ultra-violet breakdown, the life cycle

expectancy of this type of roof system is very lim-ited.

2. Maintenance is often necessary and expensive.Tars and asphalts gradually lose their natural oils,dry out and crack with exposure to the natural ele-ments.

3. The bonds or warranty on built-up roofs have manylimiting conditions.

4. They are not usually fire-safe.

5. Trouble spots and damage are not easily detecteduntil it is too late to correct them economically.

Single-Ply Roofing MembranesA new generation of roofing membranes has estab-lished itself along side the traditional built-up roofs.Made of synthetic elastomers, the new materials aregenerally provided in preformed sheets. The preformedsheets are delivered to the site in rolls. The rolls aresometimes large enough to cover an entire roof area,but most of the time; successive strips are placed adja-cent to one another and sealed where they overlap.

The ability of elastomeric to elongate, even in sub-freezing temperatures, may be their greatest asset asroofing membranes. Substrate movement, a by productof normal building movement, is accommodated byelastomeric roofing systems with its physical character-istics and installation techniques. Elastomeric roofingmembranes are in general single-layered, syntheticpolymer materials with elastic properties.

Types of Single-Ply RoofingMembranes:Neoprene: The first synthetic rubber. Neopreneexhibits good resistance to petroleum oils, solvents,heat and weathering.

EPDM: An elastomer synthesized from ethylene, propy-lene and a small proportion of a diene monomer. It has

TAR ANDGRAVEL

FELTS

METAL DECK

INSULATIONBOARD

TARFELTS

METAL DECK

INSULATIONBOARD

Lesson 5



good resistance to ozone and is inexpensive, and light-weight.

Thermoplastic MaterialsPVC (polyvinyl chloride): Through plasticizing andproper formulation, PVC materials can be obtainedwhich show elastomeric properties and ease of installa-tion.

ECB: This thermoplastic material is a mixture of eth-ylene, copolymer, bitumen, and anthracite micro-dust.The membrane resists aging and the effects of weath-ering, and can be repeatedly heat formed withoutdetriment to its original qualities.

PVC and EPDM currently dominate the preformedsheet market.

Methods of Erection Elastomeric RoofingMembranes Can Be Installed in One of ThreeWays:1. Loose Laid

2. Partially Adhered

3. Fully Adhered

Loose LaidThe loose laid system directly illustrates the principlebehind elastomeric membrane design: floating free, theroofing membrane expands to accommodate substratemovement at any part of the roof.

A typical loose laid system is held in place with ballast,preferably river bottom gravel. Insulation is placed

directly on the substrate without attachment. There is nobonding between the loose laid membrane and the sub-strate, except at the perimeter of the roof and at the roofpenetrations. These areas require careful design andinstallation. If the membrane consists of more than onesection, a sealing technique is applied to achieve aband at the laps. The ballast weight is typically specifiedbetween 5 and 10 pounds per square inch, dependingon the size and shape, and protects the membrane fromthe ultra violet rays of the sun and wind uplift.

Partially AdheredThe partially adhered is a modification of the loose laidsystem. The partially adhered system provides for arestricted amount of movement and partial bonding isachieved with the use of adhesive or with a combinationof adhesive and mechanical fasteners. If adhesive isthe bonding agent, it is applied in strips to allow for aspecified percentage of unbonded area. To separatesections of the membrane from the substrate, a bondbreaker such as masking tape is sometimes used.

If bonding with mechanical fasteners, generally nails orscrews with disks or plates, are installed on top of theinsulation and serve to attach the insulation to the roofdeck (substrate). The membrane is then bonded to thedisks or insulation board with the adhesive.

Fully AdheredThe fully adhered system bonds the entire membrane tosubstrate with an adhesive and often with mechanicalfasteners as well. The fully adhered system functionsvery much like a conventional built-up roof.

MECHANICALFASTENER

(NAIL OR SCREW)

METAL DECK

INSULATIONBOARD

ADHESIVE

SINGLE PLYMEMBRANE

BALLAST

SINGLE PLYMEMBRANE

METAL DECK

INSULATIONBOARD

Lesson 5

The decks (substrates) commonly used with elas-tomeric systems are rigid board insulation with metaldeck, concrete, and plywood.

SeamsThe integrity of elastomeric roofing systems is directlyrelated to the proper installation of seams. Two types ofseams are performed with elastomeric sheets, mostcommonly lap seams and very infrequently, butt seams.

Both sealants and sealing techniques must be compat-ible with the membrane materials. The following is a listof sealing methods and materials:

Adhesive is used with thermosetting materials such asneoprene and EPDM. The adhesive is usually applied

to both substrate and to the bottom surface of the mem-brane. The sheets bond directly to the substrate, andmechanical pressure is usually applied to assure bondstrength.

Heat welding is used with thermoplastic materials suchas PVC. A controlled source of heat melts the materialuntil it welds itself together.

Solvent welding is again used with materials such asPVC and is a technique interchangeable with heatwelding. The material becomes soluble in solventcement and the seams are fused together. Immediatelyafterward mechanical pressure should be applied toachieve proper bond strength.

Other methods are utilized with other materials, but themethods just described are primarily used.

Advantages of Single-Ply Membranes1. Economical Installation

2. Roof Penetrations are Easily Accommodated

3. Expansion and Contraction

4. Lightweight

Disadvantages of Single-Ply Membranes1. Short Life Cycle (Ultra-Violet Breakdown)

2. Dependency Upon Workmanship

3. Susceptible to Foot Traffic Punctures

4. High Cost of Material

6. Material is Combustible

Metal RoofsEven though we have frequently pointed to metal build-ings as the "modern way to build", it is interesting toobserve that metals have long been recognized as thebest roofing materials.

In order to obtain the many advantages offered by metalat a reasonable price, today's building owner can nowturn to roof panels made of either aluminum, aluminum-zinc alloy coated steel, or aluminum clad steel; all ofwhich are available at relatively economical prices.

Originally, metal sheets used for roofing were flat and itwas necessary to join them by either welding or sol-dering, or to introduce lap seams and joints. To facilitatethis type of installation, it became a common practice tocrimp or flange the edges of the panels. Later, in orderto provide panels with greater strength, the metal sheetwas formed so as to have ribs or corrugations.

LAP SEAM

ADHESIVE

SINGLE PLYMEMBRANE

METAL DECK

INSULATIONBOARD

Lesson 5



The illustration below represents an early application ofthis principle of the continuous corrugated panel.Although largely replaced by more appealing configura-tions, it is still available through our components divisionand is known as the "C" and "D" panel. The "D" panelhas the extra purlin bearing leg for roof application.

Standard Screw Down Roof PanelTo help achieve just the look you want in your newbuilding, we have a selection of attractive, long-life, low-maintenance panel systems.

The deep-ribbed "PBR" panel is ideal for roof and wallapplications. It provides an even-shadowed lookdesigned for commercial and industrial applications.

"PBR" Panel

Description: This purlin bearing leg panel is used forthe roof, deep ribs create an even-shadowed appear-ance. The area between the ribs is reinforced.

Gauge: 26 and 24

Length: 45' maximum is standard but longer lengthsavailable by special request.

Fasteners: Standard coated, zinc- aluminum casthead, or stainless steel head screw.

Dimensions: 36" coverage x 1¹⁄₄" deep.

Finish: Galvalume® Plus and Commercial - IndustrialSeries.

Usage: Roof or wall panel applications. As a roofpanel the "PBR" panel offers the extra purlin bearingleg and offers more leakage protection.

Limitations: Not designed for coverage over bar joist.Not designed to be used as rigid secondary. Five footon center purlin spacing.

Features and Benefits of the "PBR" Panel:1. 36" coverage allows ease of installation.

2. Die formed ridge saves time on installation.

3. The panel is available from all plants allowing lowfreight to any location.

4. Start installation at either end; therefore, allowsflexible installation.

5. The economical profile is cost effective.

6. Finish Warranty available. The panel has a 20-yearlife span when used with long life fasteners.

7. Wind Uplift Rating. The panel qualifies under sev-eral UL90 construction numbers.

8. Profile light transmitting panels are available forthe "PBR" Panel.

9. Extra Purlin Bearing Leg ensures flush fit for bettersidelap connections, and fewer leaks.

"PBR" Roof Panel InstallationIt is recommended that both sides of the ridge of abuilding be sheeted simultaneously. This will keep theinsulation covered for the maximum amount of time,and the panel ribs can be kept in proper alignment forthe ridge panel or cap. As the sheeting progresses,check for proper coverage. See illustration for panelsheeting sequence.

Ridge Panel/CapThe ridge of the building is the horizontal line formed byopposing sloping sides of a roof running parallel withthe building length. The ridge is covered by a transitionof the roofing material, often called a Ridge Panel orRidge Cap. When a ridge panel matches the configura-tion of the roof panel, it is called a die formed ridgepanel.

2

121011

147

8 5 3

69

1514

13

36" Coverage12"

"PBR" Panel

1" 4"³⁄₄" 4"

1 1/

4"

12" 12"

3¹⁄₂" 1³⁄₈"³⁄₁₆"

COLOR

Lesson 5

Die formed ridge panels are to be installed as each sideof the roof is sheeted. This aids in keeping both sides ofthe roof aligned. See illustration for clarification.

Standing Seam Roof Panel SystemsMesco offers four different Standing Seam Roof PanelSystems:

• Ultra-Dek®

• Double-Lok®

• BattenLok®

• SuperLok®

The screw down roof is obviously the most economicalchoice for a roofing system. However, at times a roofmay require a standing seam panel system, especially,on a building with a roof slope of ¹⁄₂:12 or less. Overallbenefits and selling points of a standing seam roofsystem are:

1. Unique Floating Clip

The standing seam system is designed to copewith the forces of expansion and contraction with aunique floating steel clip that allows the roof panelsto move freely up and down the roof slope. Thefloating clip is also self-centering, insuring thermalexpansion capability in either direction.

2. Virtually Leak Proof

The Standing Seam Systems are virtually leak

proof, since the only penetration made in the roofduring installation is in the eave panel, which islocated outside the building shell. Standing Seameliminates penetrations elsewhere in the roof,which are the major causes of leaks.

3. Ideal Retrofit Roof System

Standing Seam systems are ideal for new buildingroofs, and as a replacement roof for older buildingshaving either a metal or built-up roof. In somecases standing seam panels can be installedwithout interrupting normal business operations.When retrofitting with standing seam, buildingowners also have the opportunity to install addi-tional insulation that can result in significantly lowerheating and cooling costs.

4. Energy Efficient/Lower Operating Costs

Standing Seam roof systems easily accommodateinsulation material to provide a building that ishighly energy efficient. When special insulationrequirements occur, thermal barrier materials areavailable for use over the purlins in order to effec-tively reduce heat transfer and maintain thethermal integrity of the roof system.

Properly installed, a building with a standing seamroof system can mean lower initial heating andcooling equipment costs, as well as lower fuelcosts over the life of the structure.

5. Technical Support

Mesco's technical staff supports the needs ofarchitects, contractors and owners by providingdetailed product specification information andengineering or design assistance. The standingseam roof systems are designed to meet the ever-changing AISI specifications and other industrycodes. This technical support ensures that eachroof is right for each building.

6. Longevity of Materials

To ensure long life, all standing seam roof systemsare formed from 24 gauge Galvalume® Plus, analuminum-zinc alloy coating applied to the steelsubstrate by the hot-dip process in accordancewith ASTM A-792.

When a painted finish is desired, Mesco offers theirsuperior Signature® 300 fluorocarbon paintcoating, formulated with 70% polyvinyulidene fluo-ride resins. Mesco stands behind Signature® 300painted panels with a comprehensive optional war-ranty assuring protection for up to twenty yearsagainst blistering, peeling, cracking, chipping,excessive color fade and chalk.

ROOFFASTENERS

DIE FORMEDRIDGE

TAPESEALANT

RIDGE PURLINSTAPE SEALANT

Lesson 5



7. System Quality and Performance

Mesco systems and products are manufactured infacilities that are Category MB quality certified bythe American Institute of Steel Construction. Thestanding seam roof systems eliminate the need forthrough fasteners by interlocking panel edges at araised seam, utilizing a factory applied sealant.This, in conjunction with the floating action of theconcealed clip assembly, is the basis of the supe-rior performance of Mesco's standing seam roofsystems. Combined with weather tight construc-tion, excellent materials and overall strength thesequalities result in a versatile, efficient and mainte-nance free roof system with a lasting appearanceand structural integrity.

Ultra-Dek® and Double-Lok®

Panel Size: 24" wide, 3" high standing seam

Configuration: The female leg is suitable to acceptthe other male leg and form a locking assembly orseam.

Gauge: 24 gauge structural quality aluminum alloycoated. Minimum yield stress of 50,000 psi. 22 gaugeavailable upon request but not a standard offering.

Length: Recommended 55'-0" maximum.

Substrate: Galvalume® Plus

Standard Colors: Architectural Series

Warranty: 20-year available

Sealant: Factory applied mastic

Insulation: Can accept up to 6" of fiberglass and 1"rigid thermal blocks

Wind Uplift: UL90 rated - tested in accordance withASTM E283 and E331 for water penetration and airinfiltration. FM class 1 rated as well.

Endlaps: Prepunched endlaps ensure proper place-ment of fasteners. Mastic is applied between panelsand secured with #¹⁄₄ - 14 x 1 1/4" self-tapping fas-teners through the panels and into the backup plate toform a compression joint.


Light Transmitting Panels: Optional insulated ornon-insulated

Ultra-Dek®

Usage: New and retrofit applications

Limitations: Recommended for roof slopes of ¹⁄₄:12or greater. When using the fixed clip we recommendfor double slope buildings 200' wide or less, and singleslope buildings 100' wide or less. (May vary uponextreme weather conditions).

Features and Benefits of Ultra-Dek®:

1. No panel penetration is required inside the buildingenvelope other than at the endlaps connected by acompression joint, which seals out the elements.

2. Panel side laps arrive at the job site containing fac-tory-applied sealant, which contributes to thesystem's weather tight construction.

3. Optional weather tightness warranty that assuresthat the roof system will remain weather tight forextended service life.

4. May be factory notched at both ends, allowing forfield installation to commence or finish from eitherend of the building.

5. Endlaps have a 16 gauge backup plate with pre-punched holes allowing for a solid connection atendlaps and proper fastener spacing.

6. High or low clips accommodate a variety of insula-tion systems, with up to 1" thermal spacers at thepurlin.

7. UL 90 rated for lower insurance costs.

8. Does not use the mechanically seamed system.This panel interlocks when snapped together;therefore, there is no need for seaming equipment,allowing ease of installation.

9. Economical standing seam roof panel.

24"

3"

19³⁄₈"

SNAP DOWN SEAM

SNAP DOWN ENGAGEMENT

COLOR

Lesson 5

Double-Lok®

Usage: New and retrofit applications.

Limitations: Recommended for roof slopes of ¹⁄₄:12or greater. When using the fixed clip we recommendfor double slope buildings 200' wide or less and singleslope buildings 100' wide or less (May vary uponextreme weather conditions). Oil canning is not areason for rejection.

Features and Benefits of Double-Lok®:

1. No panel penetration is required over the buildingenvelope other than at the end laps, which areconnected by a compression joint, which is spe-cially designed to seal out the elements.

2. Panel side laps arrive at the job site containing afactory pre-applied sealant, which contributes tothe system's weather tight construction.

3. Optional product and weather tightness warranty isavailable, contributing to additional customer con-fidence.

4. May be factory notched at both ends allowing forfield installation to commence or finish from eitherend of building or on both sides simultaneously

5. Endlaps have a 16 gauge backup plate with pre-punched holes allowing for a solid connection atendlaps and proper fastener spacing.

6. High or low clips can accommodate a variety ofinsulation systems, including 1" thermal spacers atthe purlins.

7. UL 90 rated for lower insurance costs on FactoryMutual class 1-rated projects.

8. 80% less exposed fasteners than traditional sidelap panels and all fasteners are long life allowingfor increased weather tightness.

9. Panels available in low-gloss Kynar® paint with a20-year finish warranty, which minimizes appear-ance of oil canning.

10. The side lap has been tested for air infiltration andwater penetration under ASTM E283 and E331methods. Minimal air infiltration and water penetra-tion and acceptability among specifiers.

BattenLok® - Architectural StandingSeam Panel

Panel Size: 16 inches wide, 2 inch high standingseam

Gauge: 24 gauge, 22 gauge available on request butnot standard


Substrate: Galvalume® Plus

Standard Colors: Architectural Series

Warranty: 20-year available

Sealant: Factory applied

Insulation: Can accept up to 6 inches blanket fiber-glass and 1 inch rigid board thermal blocks

Seamed: Roof is mechanically seamed in the field

Wind Uplift: UL 90 rated

Concealed Clips: A choice of concealed fasteningclips is available for this panel system including ULrated clips. These clips hold the panel firmly in placewithout unsightly exposed fasteners. Each clip systemoffers the ability to accommodate thermal movement.

Ideal Retrofit Roof SystemUsage: This panel is a structural panel that spans upto five feet on purlins, or can be used as an architec-tural panel over a solid deck. This flat panel isdesigned with striations to minimize oil canning. It isdesigned to meet the ever-changing AISI specificationand other industry codes.

Limitations: Recommended for roof slopes of ¹⁄₂:12or greater. Oil canning is not a reason for rejection.

2"

16"

¹⁄₁₆" COLOR

MECHANICALLY SEAMED

MECHANICALLY SEAMING ENGAGEMENT

24"

3"

19³⁄₈"

COLOR

Lesson 5



Advantages of BattenLok®:1. Aesthetically pleasing architectural design with

vertical ribbed seams, which are easily customflashed.

2. A great product for hip and valley, and turndownmansard application. The panels can be turneddown over the eaves to form a wall panel appear-ance.

3. A feature of the BattenLok® is that the sidelaps aremechanically seamed with an electric seamer for asure lock.

4. This system features easy to handle 16" widepanels with over 50 years of service in the market-place. The proven durability and performance ofthe BattenLok® panel, with the factory-installedmastic and swaged endlaps, ensures weathertightness.

5. BattenLok® is a structural panel that spans up tofive feet on purlins, or can be used as an architec-tural panel on plywood and felt substrate.

6. BattenLok® is a flat panel with vertical ribs creatingno voids, therefore, no eave closure plugs arerequired

7. BattenLok® is designed to meet the ever-changingAISI specifications and other industry codes

8. The natural forces of expansion and contractioncan cause roof leaks. The BattenLok® system isinstalled using special clip assemblies that allowfor roof movement. This system is designed tohandle thermal shock; therefore, it won't crack,blister, absorb moisture or require painting,patching, or caulking usually needed with ordinarynonmetal roof system.

Battenlok® Panel Used in a Retrofit RoofApplication

SuperLok®

Description: The SuperLok® standing seam roofsystem blends the aesthetics of an architectural panelwith the strength of a structural panel. This panel hasearned uplift ratings that are the highest in the industryfor standing seam roofs, assuring the reliability of per-formance. This panel is Factory Mutual approved tosatisfy stringent code requirements and is ICBOapproved.

Gauge: 22 and 24 (Minimum quantity may berequired)

Finish: Galvalume® Plus and Architectural Series

16"

2" ¹⁄₁₆" COLOR

Lesson 5


Fasteners: Concealed fastening system. A choice ofconcealed fastening clips is available for this panelsystem including UL rated clips. These clips hold thepanels firmly in place without unsightly exposed fas-teners. Each clip system offers the ability toaccommodate thermal movement.

Dimensions: 12", or 16" wide and 2" high

Usage: SuperLok® is a field-seamed panel that com-bines a slim rib with exceptional uplift resistance. Thispanel has been designed to withstand the most rig-orous conditions. This system was designed to beinstalled over open framing, ⁵⁄₈" plywood, or a com-posite roof assembly may be used as alternatesubstructures.

Limitations: Minimum recommended slope: ¹⁄₂ on 12.

Features and Benefits of SuperLok®:1. Can be installed over purlins and bar joists.

2. Factory notched for endlaps allowing ease ofinstallation.

3. Clip allows 2" panel movement allowing for expan-sion and contraction.

4. Sealant factory applied for less field labor andlonger life.

5. Weather tightness warranty available

6. System qualifies for UL 90 wind uplift ratings underfour types of construction including open framing,composite, and solid deck methods.

7. Metal Closures for longevity

8. Machine seamed which meets stringent coderequirements, such as, Factory Mutual

Oil CanningBattenLok® and SuperLok® panels have striated sur-faces to meet the demand of any design challenge.While Mesco has recognized and responded to thisrequirement we have a responsibility to point out that awide and perfectly flat appearance is not possible. Insome wide products, panel distortion, called oil canning,will occur and tolerance and/or additional supportbehind the panel may be more visible under certainlighting conditions. Minimizing foot traffic during andafter installation can eliminate the need for additionalsupport behind panel faces.

Roof ProtectionBy studying the details of various roof systems you willacquire basic product knowledge that makes youfamiliar with the specifications, types of material, fas-tening systems, options and applications of our differentmetal roof systems. The objective is to provide yourcustomer with the best possible roof protection, equalwith his/her needs and his/her budget.

One of the most important functions of a building is tokeep out the elements: rain, ice, snow, and wind.

Built-up roofs can, of course, be quite satisfactory, butorganic materials must eventually decay; therefore, it isnecessary to establish a budget for periodic mainte-nance to assure the lasting weather tightness of built-uproofs. On the other hand, many building systems man-ufacturers make roofs of materials such as coatedgalvanized steel, aluminum, copper, aluminum coatedand aluminum zinc alloy. Inorganic materials take afirmer stand against the elements.

Even an inorganic roof that is weather tight at the timeof construction may cause the owner inconvenienceand costly maintenance if the original design failed toconsider the effects of wind uplift and expansion andcontraction.

Wind UpliftWhen the wind blows over the roof of a building, suctionis created. Similar to the airfoil effect on the wing of anairplane, this exerts an upward pull, or wind uplift, onthe roof. Therefore, the stronger the wind, the strongerthe upward force wanting to separate the roof from itssupporting framework.

A key design factor in combating wind uplift is themethod of fastening the roof to the structure. Greatlydue to superior fastening design implemented byMesco, all of the roof systems have withstood andpassed the rigorous testing required to meetUnderwriters Laboratories Class 90 wind uplift ratingsand the Code of Engineers Guide Specification CEGS-07416.

Lesson 5



Expansion and ContractionEvery roof moves due to expansion and contraction.Unlike the forces of wind uplift, you cannot resist theforces of expansion and contraction without impairingthe weather tightness of your roof. Therefore, your roofmust be designed to allow for that movement.

The most common damage that results from expansionor contraction of a building is cracked pavement.Leaving expansion joints between stretches of pave-ment is the most recognized solution for prevention ofthis damage.

Both Mesco's screw down and standing seam roof sys-tems allow for roof movement transversely (across thewidth of the building) and longitudinally (along thelength of the building).

The screw down roof system allow for the transversemovement by the panel corrugation, while the naturalroll of the purlin handles the movement in the othertransverse direction. When the roof contracts due to thecold, the purlins have a natural tendency to roll towardthe ridge. When the roof expands due to the heat, thepurlins have a natural tendency to roll away from theridge. The forces of expansion and contraction wouldcause fasteners to be loosened, requiring annual main-tenance if Mesco did not allow for the transversemovement.

The standing seams roof systems allow for transversemovement in a much different fashion. The transversemovement in one direction is again handled by panelcorrugation, and the movement in the other direction isaccomplished with a floating clip, which joins the panels

to the purlins without the need of any holes through thepanel's roof surface. The floating clip allows the roof tomove transversely 2" in each direction, accommodatingfor the expansion and contraction imposed on the roof.

However, with a standing seam roof, the purlins have abracing system of knock-in-bridging to reduce the nat-ural roll of the purlins. The standing seam roof clip isattached to the purlins via self-drilling fasteners, and theclip is attached to the panel leg. The knock-in-bridginghelps the purlin system to be more rigid. If the purlinswere to move the standing seam roof system would notresist wind uplift or live load forces and the clips wouldnot stay fastened correctly.

When a building length gets over 600 feet, it may benecessary to also accommodate for longitudinal move-ment. Expansion and contraction of a buildings roofsystem causes lengthwise movement. Mesco mayaccommodate for longitudinal movement with anexpansion joint and transition trim. An expansion joint isbasically an extra slotted clip attached to the purlins,allowing the purlins to move in the longitudinal direction.If longitudinal movement is not accommodated for thesidelap of the panel system, it may have the tendencyto tear apart.

1 X 1 X 14 GA ANGLE

#12 X 1" S.D.S.W/O WASHER

PEAK PURLINEAVE STRUT

BEND LEG OVERINSTALL BRIDGING EAVE TO PEAK

FLOATING CLIP SYSTEM

LOW FLOATING CLIP3 3/8" HIGH

HIGH FLOATING CLIP4 3/8" HIGH

Lesson 5


All roofs are subjected to these different forces ofnature; wind uplift, transverse movement and longitu-dinal movement due to expansion and contraction, liveload, or snow load. The optimum roof system is one thatis designed and constructed so that it is anchoredsecurely to the building (to support wind or live load).However, the roof system should be able to move in anytransverse or longitudinal direction (to allow for thetransverse and longitudinal pushing and pulling ofexpansion and contraction). It should also maintain thecomplete weather tight integrity of the roof. Few built-upor traditional roofs can do that. Mesco has unique andpatented roof systems that are designed and tested towithstand these forces.

Retrofit Roofing SolutionsA significant market for the Mesco Builder organizationhas become available utilizing the Retro-R®,BattenLok®, Ultra-Dek®, and Double-Lok® roof systemsas not only a re-roofing solution, for both built-up and

metal roofs, but also a new roof solution for ordinaryconstruction.

Built-up Roof being Retrofitted with Standing SeamRoof System and added insulation.

Completed Retrofit using Standing Seam RoofSystem.

Re-roofing has often been thought of as a last resort.Only after a present roof has been patched, repaired,resealed and repaired again, will a customer considerinstalling a new roof on his/her present building.

Retro-R® Panel

Description: Retro-R®, the patented retrofit roofsystem is the fastest and most economical solution toyour re-roofing dilemma. This one-step setup isdesigned for easy installation over your existing metalroof. Retro-R® is cost effective with savings up to 50%over other roofing solutions. And because it is so easyto install, Retro-R® will not interrupt the normal courseof your business. Retro-R® is available in a widevariety of colors or with a Galvalume® Plus finish. LetRetro-R® save the day, by saving time and money.

Gauge: 29

Finish: Galvalume® Plus, and Commercial IndustrialSeries

36" NET COVERAGE

12"

2¹⁄₈"2"1¹⁄₂"

¹¹⁄₁

₆"

12"12"

2"

COLOR

TRANSVERSEEXPANSION JOINTTRIM

TRANSVERSEEXPANSION JOINT

EXPANSION SIDE

FIXED SIDE

STANDING SEAMROOF PANEL


INSIDE METALCLOSURE

OUTSIDEMETALCLOSURE

(4)1/2"X 1 1/2" BOLTS


LONGITUDINALEXPANSION JOINT

LONGITUDINALEXPANSIONJOINT TRIM

(2) 1/2" X 1 1/2" BOLTSWITH (2) NUTS

EXPANSION SIDE FIXED SIDE

Lesson 5


Fasteners: The manufacturer recommends a "Longlife fastener". The manufacturer does not recommendself-drilling fasteners.

Advantages of Retrofit Roof Systems:1. Get rid of leaks for the long term. Compared to tra-

ditional roofing systems, Retrofit roofs providesuperior weather tightness, effectively draining rainand snow. Unlike flat built-up roofs, Retrofit roofsystems are sloped, so water doesn't stand. Theyalso drain to the building's exterior, furtherdecreasing the chance of leaks. In certain environ-ments, the life cycle of a Retrofit roof system canextend 40 years or more when properly main-tained.

2. Save on Maintenance. Materials in built-up roofsexpand and contract at different rates during tem-perature changes, causing cracking, flaking andshrinking. Retrofit roof systems expand and con-tract at the same rate, minimizing damage. Theyalso resist corrosion thanks to the aluminum-zincalloy coating.

3. Save on Energy Bills. When installed correctly withthe proper insulation, Retrofit roof systems canlower climate control costs, saving more money.

4. Fast, easy installation. Because the Retrofit roofsystems simply cover your existing built-up roof,installation is fast, convenient and economical.There is no need to interrupt daily business activi-ties, and in some cases, can be installed with noon-site modification.

5. Update Building's Exterior. With a Retrofit roofsystem, you can enhance an outdated roof, orsimply dress up the building's appearance, quicklyand easily. Retrofit roof systems feature innovativedesign details and adapt to facades and light trans-mitting panels.

Fact is, even the best built-up roofs can leak, but aretrofit metal roofing system substantially lowerschances of roof failure due to atmospheric conditions.With proper installation, these durable, weather tightroofs can provide years of trouble-free protection. Theygo up over the existing roof so there's no troublesomematerial tear-off or costly interruption of daily opera-tions. What's more, a Retrofit system is an economicalway to enhance the facility's exterior.

Sales ApproachBecause the roof is that portion of a building that protectsoccupants and contents from the elements, you and yourcustomer should give it the most critical consideration. It is

for this reason that Mesco has devoted a considerableamount of time and money in the research, testing anddesign of roof systems. The challenge to you is twofold:

1. Develop thorough product knowledge of all the roofsystems you have to offer, and those offered byyour competition. Our components company,MBCI, has even more roof systems to offer thanpreviously mentioned. For example:

• LokSeam®

• QwikLok®

• FlexLoc®

Contact your local Components District Managerfor additional panel offerings.

2. Make sure your customer knows the value of goodroof protection, particularly, through wind uplift andthe forces of expansion and contraction.

Of course, almost every product feature andservice that you have to offer can be an importantconsideration in a buying decision, but in mostselling situations we find that a good roof presen-tation is a key to successful sales.

ConclusionThe purpose for this lesson was to enhance yourawareness of the different types of traditional roof sys-tems, such as built-up roofs, and single-ply membraneroofs, but more importantly enhance your knowledge ofthe different type of metal roofs that Mesco has to offer:

• Screw Down Roof Systems

• "PBR" Panel

• Standing Seam Roof Systems

• Ultra-Dek®

• Double-Lok®

• BattenLok®

• SuperLok®

• Retrofit Systems

• Retro-R®

The features and benefits of each roof panel, and thesales advantages of each system are to help aid you inselling the various different products Mesco has to offer.Finally, we covered the benefit of a newly emergingmarket for Retrofit roof systems utilizing our standingseam roof systems to solve your customer's problemsof an old, leaky, run down traditional roof.

Lesson 5


Lesson 5 Self Test

Lesson Five: Self-Test

1. Which type of roof is not used in nonresidential construction?A. Wood or Composition ShinglesB. Single-Ply RoofsC. Built-UpD. Metal

2. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of a Built-Up Roof?A. Built-Up Roof is not Fire-SafeB. Initial investment is generally reasonable unless a tear-off is requiredC. Maintenance is frequent and expensiveD. Trouble spots are hard to detect

3. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of a Single -Ply Membrane?A. Lack of Design CriteriaB. Dependency upon WorkmanshipC. Burns EasilyD. LightweightE. High Cost of Material

4. A built-up roof professionally installed is the most durable, reliable and maintenance free roof avail-able today.A. TrueB. False

5. Which of the following is not a feature of Mesco's "PBR" panel?A. 36" CoverageB. Trimless RidgeC. Cost EffectiveD. Not Weather tightE. Extra purlin Bearing Leg

6. This roof panel interlocks when snapped together eliminating the need for seaming equipment.A. Double-Lok®

B. "PBR"C. Ultra-Dek®

D. BattenLok®

E. None of the Above7. This roof panel is a structural panel that spans up to five feet on purlins, or can be used as an archi-

tectural panel over a solid deck.A. Double-Lok®

B. "PBR"C. Ultra-Dek®

D. BattenLok®

E. None of the Above8. Every roof moves due to expansion and contraction. Mesco accommodates that movement by

panel corrugation, natural purlin roll, floating clips, and expansion joints.A. TrueB. False

9. Wind uplift is when the wind blows over the roof of a building creating suction. This upward forcewants to separate the roof from its supporting framework. Therefore, all of Mesco's roof systemshave withstood and passed the rigorous testing required to meet Underwriters Laboratories Class90 Wind uplift ratings.A. TrueB. False

10. A standing seam roof has a bracing system called knock-in-bridging. What is knock-in-bridging'sfunction?A. Elevate Wind UpliftB. Control ExpansionC. Control ContractionD. Reduce the Natural Roll of the PurlinsE. None of the Above

11. Which of Mesco's roof systems is perfect to cover an existing built-up roof?A. Screw Down RoofB. Standing Seam RoofC. Retrofit RoofD. All of the AboveE. B and C only

12. The ridge of the building is the horizontal line formed by opposing sloping sides of a roof runningparallel with the building width.A. TrueB. False

Lesson 5 Self Test


Most buildings erected today are designed with somedegree of aesthetic appeal, whether a contemporaryoffice or a more traditional warehouse located in aheavy industrial area. Durable, functional and econom-ical structures are still very important, but the customersare demanding more. They want their buildings to beaesthetically appealing as well.

It has become a must to offer a striking design andvisual appeal to sell any types or style of building intoday's market. Descriptive words such as, eye-catching, modern, attractive, elegant, and beautiful,appeal to the prospective customer. The increasingtrend toward a more sophisticated design is one of thegreatest advantages in the marketing of a metal buildingsystem. The aesthetic design of a building becomes anintegral part of every sales proposal offered to a cus-tomer. As a Mesco authorized builder you can offer themost complete selection of the one product that con-tributes most to the visual appearance of a building, theexterior walls.

While the roof provides overhead protection from theweather, and steel framing provides the supportingframework, neither contributes as much to exteriorappeal as the wall system.

Types of WallsThe types of wall materials available today are practi-cally unlimited. They can range from wood, brick andblock, tilt up panels to metal panels. From the viewpointof building construction, walls are divided into two majorgroups: load-bearing wall construction and skeleton-frame construction.

Load-Bearing Wall ConstructionLoad-bearing wall construction has been the method ofstructural design employed since the earliest days ofthe Roman Empire. In Lesson One: The History of MetalBuildings, the thick walls of masonry used in the ArchDesign employ the same principle as that applied towall construction in today's common practice of load-bearing wall construction. The walls support their ownweight plus the remaining load of the building.

In this method, roof beams and bar joists rest upon theexterior walls, which, in turn, transmit the loads to thefoundations. It is evident that walls must be of sufficientstrength to carry resultant loads as well as their ownweight. Consequently, as height of buildings increase

the required thickness of walls and the weights broughtupon the foundations become excessive and uneco-nomical. And although this type of wall construction isstill in use today, a more modern and functional systemhas been introduced, called the curtain wall and framesystem.

Curtain Wall and Frame SystemCurtain wall and frame construction is a popular way tobuild for commercial occupants. Not only can it be moreeconomical, but also the unlimited selection of exteriormaterials provides superior wall systems that are diffi-cult to surpass. Lighter weight and more economicalwalls offer better insulating efficiency as well. Greaterflexibility in material and color selection is available.And, in most instances, curtain walls are faster andeasier to erect.

Mesco Wall SystemsAll of the Mesco wall systems are curtain wall and frameclassification. Because wall panels play such an impor-tant role in the visual aesthetics of a building, it simplymakes good marketing sense to offer the customer abroad selection of wall systems to chose from, so thatyou can best meet his/her needs and desires. Althoughappearance is very important, it is usually not the onlyobjective. Performance and budgetary constraints mustalso be important considerations.

Selecting the right wall system to meet the needs for aspecific building solution, and at the same time satisfyboth the personal wishes and business sense of thecustomer is not an easy job.

It will call for a careful study and analysis of your cus-tomer's business, the building's end use, and what thecustomer considers to be attractive and functional in awall system. One way to make this easier is to acquirea good knowledge of the various wall systems you haveavailable to offer your customer. The remainder of thislesson will be dedicated to introducing the different

Lesson 6


Lesson Six: The Wall System


Mesco wall panels and the sales features and benefitsof each panel.

Also keep in mind that a wall system consists of morethan just the basic covering panel. A complete wallsystem must take these various components into con-sideration:

• Structural framing support

• Basic covering material

• Insulation

• Joining and fastening

• Exterior & Interior finishes

• Trim, fascia, and flashing

If the wall is to be insulated, standard white vinyl blanketinsulation in thickness of 3", 4", and 6" is often used. Itis field installed by sandwiching the roll insulationbetween the girts and the covering panels. See the illus-tration below. The tabs of adjoining insulation rolls arefolded and stapled to assure good vapor barrier.

Wall AccessoriesWall accessories are also a very integral and importantselling point when a customer is considering a wallsystem. All of Mesco's wall systems are available withthe following wall accessories:

• Personnel Walk Doors

• Overhead Door Framed Openings

• Aluminum Horizontal Slide Windows

• Aluminum Narrow Lite Accent Windows

• Louvers

• Slide Doors

• Light Transmitting Wall Panels (wall lights)

All of these accessories are covered in Lesson Seven:Metal Building Accessories. Study the sizes and otherspecifications of these accessories. Learn to associatethem with the wall system, because accessories areoften a requirement and a necessary part of the totalwall system.

Liner panel and interior wall partitions are also availableutilizing the Mesco wall systems. Liner panel is oftenused for an interior application to protect blanket insula-tion in areas of high traffic where other abuse resistantinterior finishes are not provided. Interior wall partitionsare often used to section off a particular part of abuilding for office space or other uses. Mention of theliner panel and partitions are necessary here, to realizethat they are part of the entire wall system. See LessonSeven: Metal Building Accessories for further explana-tion and illustration.

Panel Types

"PBR" Panel

Description: This panel is used both for the roof andsidewalls; the "PBR" Panel's deep ribs create aneven-shadowed appearance. The area between themajor ribs is reinforced with minor ribs. The "PBR"panel is one of the most economical wall covering sys-tems.

Gauge: 29, 26, 24 and 22.

Length: 45' maximum is standard but longer lengthsavailable by special request.


Dimensions: 36" coverage x 1¹⁄₄" deep.


Usage: Roof, wall, liner, mansard, and soffit panelapplications.

36"12" 1¹⁄₄"

"PBR" Panel

COLOR

ARCHITECTURALWALL PANEL

WOOD BLOCKFOR INSTALLATIONSUPPORT ONLY

BLANKETINSULATION

Lesson 6

"PBR" Panel Features and Benefits:1. 36" Coverage for ease of erection.

2. Manufactured at all plants for low freight to anylocation.

3. Start installation at either end for flexible erection.

4. Economical profile that is cost effective.

5. Finish Warranty - 20-year life when used with longlife fasteners.

6. The panel provides diaphragm capabilities and girtstability in metal building construction.

7. Profile wall lights are available for the "PBR" Panel.

8. The panel can be reverse rolled putting the paintfinish on the under side for installation as a wallpanel.

"PBA" Panel

Description: The Architectural "PBA" Panel for side-walls produces a decorative smooth shadow linecreating a distinctive architectural effect with semi-concealed fasteners. Ribs are 1¹⁄₈" deep and majorcorrugations spaced 12" on center. The net coverageof panel is 3'-0".

Gauge: 26 and 24.

Length: Maximum recommended 45'-0". Longerlengths available on special order.

Fasteners: Various, depending on application.


Dimensions: 36" wide by 1¹⁄₈" deep.

Usage: Wall panel, liner panel, soffit panel, mansardpanel face, and back sheet.

Limitations: Installation may be difficult with verythick insulation.

"PBA" Panel Features and Benefits:1. Semi-concealed fastener panel for attractive archi-

tectural application.

2. The striations reduce oil canning, textured appear-ance.

3. Available in the standard Signature® 200, which isa silicone polyester color offered with a standard20-year warranty.

4. Single continuous panel to sill until panel exceeds40'-0 length for attractive application with no endlaps, and ease of installation.

5. Signature® 300 premium finish optional for a finishwith 20-year warranty, ultimate resistance to colorchange and chalk.

6. Embossed texture available, embossing the metalreduces glare and the potential for oil canning.

7. Fire rating, the panel carries a UL "Class A" firerating.

"PBU" Panel

Description: This utility panel with ribs 6" on centersis especially useful for liners, partitions, soffits, etc.,because of its shallower ³⁄₄" deep ribs and relativeease of installation.

Gauge: 29, 26, 24, and 22.

Finish: Galvalume® Plus and Commercial IndustrialSeries (29, 24, and 22 Ga. available in Polar Whiteand Galvalume® Plus).

Length: Maximum recommended 40'-0". Longerlengths available on special order.

Usage: Wall panel, liner panel, soffit panel, mansardpanel face, and back sheet.

"PBU" Panel Features and Benefits:1. Signature® 200 has 20-year warranty.

2. Reverse rolled profile that places color on thereverse side of the panel yields a flat profileappearance with fasteners recessed in flutes.

3. Fire rating, the panel carries a UL "Class A" firerating.

4. Single continuous panel eave to sill until panelexceeds 40'-0" length causing an attractive

"PBU" Panel

36"6" ³⁄₄"COLOR

"PBA" Panel

36"12" 1¹⁄₈"

COLOR

Lesson 6



appearance with no end laps, and ease of installa-tion.

5. Signature® 300 optional finish that offers the pre-mium paint finish with 20-year warranty, ultimateresistance to color changes and chalks.

6. Face fastener that yields diaphragm capabilitiesand girt stability.

7. Embossed texture optional, embossing the metalreduces glare and the potential for oil canning.

8. Optional Perforated condition for ventilation oracoustical applications.

NuWall™

Description: NuWall™ combines the ease of installa-tion in both new and retrofit applications with apleasing aesthetic appeal. The shadow lines createdwith the NuWall™ panel will enhance any structure'sappearance. Installation of panels is performed com-pletely outside with no disruption of the workplace onthe inside.

Gauge: 22, 24, and 26 (All gauges have a minimumquantity required)

Finish: Galvalume® Plus and Architectural Series.


Fasteners: Concealed fastening system. The panel isattached to the structure with self-drilling fasteners onone side of the panel only. No clips are required. Theadjoining panel simply snaps into the previous panel,concealing the fasteners from view.

Dimensions: 12" wide 2¹⁄₂" high.

Usage: NuWall™ is ideal for both new and retrofitapplications. In retrofit applications, the NuWall™panel can be installed over an existing "PBR" or "M"panel wall. This saves both labor and material. Otherpanel profiles and other forms of construction mayrequire the use of sub-girts.

Flat Panels - Artisan Series

Description: The simplicity of the Artisan Seriespanel is its best design feature. Uniform dimensionsand clean appearance allow the designer to plan mod-ules, eliminate complicated pieces, and follow wallcurvatures.

Gauge: 26, 24, and 22 (26 and 22 Ga. may requireminimum quantity).

Finish: Galvalume® Plus and Polar White (Smooth orEmbossed Texture with or without stiffener breaks),Commercial - Industrial Series.

Length: Maximum recommended 20'-0" Rules ofThumb for Artisan Panel Lengths:

Up to 4'-0" Long Use L12, L10, or L84'-0" to 10'-0" Long Use L8 Only

Fasteners: Concealed fastening system ArtisanSeries panels use the Positive fastening method andare attached directly to the substructure. The fasteneris concealed behind the flush face.

Dimensions: 8", 10", and 12" wide by 1" high.

Usage: The Artisan panels are used for soffits andinterior liners.

Artisan Series Limitations:1. The panel provides no diaphragm action due to the

concealed fastener design. Installation over thickor reinforced blanket insulation may induce oil can-ning. The product is designed for application overrigid framing.

2. The product is susceptible to oil canning andshould be sold in the heaviest gauge, embossedand with grooves when possible.

3. Not recommended for external wall application.

12"1"

L12

4" 4" 4"1"

L12 with beads

Artisan Series

COLOR

COLOR

1¹⁄₂"

2¹⁄₂"

12"

NuWall™

COLOR

Lesson 6

Artisan Series Features and Benefits:1. Factory applied sidelap sealant for watertight con-

nection.

2. The panel sidelap has passed tests for air infiltra-tion and water penetration per ASTM E283 andE331 test procedures.

3. The panels qualify for 1, 1¹⁄₂, and 2 hour UL fire rat-ings when installed under certain compositeconstruction methods. This provides possiblelower insurance costs, and meets code require-ments.

4. Perforation available for ventilation or acousticalapplications.

5. The panel is available in the rock wall option, whichis an aggregate coating for aesthetic applications.

6. Structural integrity due to panel depth and gaugeavailability, large spanning conditions are avail-able.

7. Finish warranties available, a 20-year warranty isavailable for Galvalume® Plus and a 20-year war-ranty is available for Signature® 300.

ShadowRib™

Description: ShadowRib™ combines aesthetics,economics, and function to bring definition to metalstructures. ShadowRib™ is a proven performer and aversatile tool to the designer.

Gauge: 24 and 22 (22 Ga. minimum quantity may berequired).

Finish: Galvalume® Plus and Architectural Series.

Length: Maximum recommended 40'-0".

Fasteners: Concealed fastening system. Panels maybe secured to the structure from outside the buildingwith the ShadowRib™ concealed clip, or from inside

the building with an expansion fastener. Both are pos-itive fastening methods that create secure interlockbetween panel and structure.

Dimensions: 16" wide by 3" high.

Usage: The ShadowRib™ panel can be used forwalls, fascias, and equipment screens. Apply thepanel over light gauge framing, purlins, girts, structuralsteel, and joists. In many instances, the panel canspan from floor to ceiling without interior support,making it ready to apply a variety of insulationmethods into the 3" cavity.

IPS - Insulated Panel Division of NCI

IPS's Company HistoryNCI Building Systems, L.P. acquired Insulated PanelSystems (IPS) in February 1997. IPS manufactures acomplete line of insulated panels for both wall and roofapplications at the plant located in Stafford, Texas. IPSserves both the new and retrofit construction market.

These products have undergone careful research anddevelopment. Testing consists of thermal resistance, airleakage, water penetration, strength, wind uplift, ignitionproperties, surface burning, room fire test, roof deck firetest, and roof covering fire test.

Exclusively from Insulated Panel Systems is the "SSP"roof panel. The "SSP" panels are ideal for temperaturecontrolled roof systems and can be snapped togetherwith IPS's patented Versalok™ sidelaps then mechani-cally seamed. IPS's "EWP" Wall Panels, "ESP" WallPanels, and the "IPP" Partition Panel system are allthermally efficient, affordable, aesthetically pleasingproducts. All of the wall panels are available with ourRockwall™ system. The Rockwall™ process bonds realstone aggregate to steel panels, combining the advan-tages of steel with the durability and beauty of stoneaggregate.

ShadowRib™

1¹⁄₂"

5¹⁄₂"

16"

3"COLOR

Lesson 6



Insulated "EWP" Wall Panel

Description: "EWP" panels offer contemporarystyling in an easily installed panel that is manufacturedin the thickness of 2" or 4". "EWP" uses a joint withconcealed fasteners. The ribbed profile gives thebuilding a strong vertical accent that is ideal for metalbuilding applications. Both exterior and interior metalskins have stucco embossed pre-painted finish. Thepanel is designed to module on 36" width.

Gauge: 22, 24, and 26 (22 Ga. minimum orderrequired).

Finish: Both faces are stucco embossed, Rockwall™Stone-Coated, silicone polyester, and fluorocarbonpolymer, See IPS Color Chart.

Length: Max 48'-0".

Fasteners: Concealed with clips at side joints.

Dimensions: Width: 36"; Thickness: 2", 2¹⁄₂", 3", and4".

Usage: Contemporary look and vertical linear profileallow maximum use of shadows and flat surfaces tocreate a custom wall effect.

Limitations: Load/span tables for wind loads areavailable upon request.

Insulated "EWP" Features and Benefits:1. Foam thickness of 2", 2¹⁄₂", 3", and 4" that provides

excellent insulating properties providing R-valuesfrom 17.2 to 30.6.

2. Complete Load/Span tables available allowingdesigner to make proper use of panel span capa-bilities.

3. Excellent test results for air leakage and waterpenetration through panel joint that confirmsweather tightness in compliance with specifica-tions.

4. Good Surface burning characteristics, whichcomply with model building codes for, foam plas-tics.

5. Concealed fasteners with clips, which provides acontemporary alternative to exposed fasteners.

6. Vertical indented ribs at 6" centers which utilizes

maximum use of shadows and flat surfaces forstrong vertical accents.

Insulated "ESP" Wall Panel

Description: This architecturally pleasing panel isideal for commercial applications. Low profile exteriorstructure and offset lap joint with concealed fastenersgive "ESP" panels an attractive appearance for ver-tical applications. The panel is designed to module on36" width.

Gauge: 22, 24, and 26 (22 Ga. minimum orderrequired).

Finish: Surfaces are stucco embossed, Rockwall™Stone-Coated, silicone polyester, and fluorocarbonpolymer, See IPS Color Chart.

Length: Max 48'-0".

Fasteners: Concealed with clips at side joints.

Dimensions: Width: 36"; Thickness: 2", 2¹⁄₂", 3", and4".

Usage: "ESP" is an architecturally pleasing econom-ical insulated wall system.

Limitations: Load/span tables for wind loads areavailable upon request.

Insulated "ESP" Features and Benefits:1. Foam thickness of 2", 2¹⁄₂", 3", and 4" for excellent

insulating properties providing R-values from 17.2to 30.6.

2. Complete Load/Span tables available, allowsdesigner to make proper use of panel span capa-bilities.

3. Excellent test results for air leakage and waterpenetration through panel joint confirming weathertightness in compliance with specifications.

4. Good Surface burning characteristics comply withmodel building codes for foam plastics.

5. Concealed fasteners with clips provide a contem-porary alternative to exposed fasteners.

6. Lightly striated design gives a flat appearance formost architectural and commercial applications.

Lesson 6

Insulated "IPP" Liner Panel

Description: Attractive flat embossed profile pro-duced in thickness of 2" to 4". "IPP" utilizes aconcealed fastener joint that retains the high thermalproperties built into all IPS insulated panels. Easy tomaintain finishes that adds to the appearance of yourbuilding. It is designed to module on 36" centers andhas an USDA approved finish as a standard coating.

Gauge: 22, 24, and 26 both faces (22 Ga. minimumorder required).

Finish: Both faces are stucco embossed, Rockwall™Stone-Coated, Signature® 200, and Royal K- 70®. SeeIPS Color Chart.

Length: Max 48'-0".

Fasteners: Concealed with clips. Concealed fastenerinstallation hardware includes steel clips and screws.

Dimensions: 36" Wide by 2", 2¹⁄₂", 3", and 4" thick.

Usage: Interior partitions and ceilings - Can also beused as an exterior wall panel.

Limitations: Butyl side-joint sealant is field installed.

Insulated "IPP" Features and Benefits1. Foam thickness of 2", 2¹⁄₂", 3", and 4" for excellent




4. Good surface burning characteristics complyingwith model building codes for foam plastics.


6. Use of symmetrical mesa embossed surfaces onboth sides creates uniformity in finish and colorthroughout the building's interior.

7. 48'-0" maximum length which allows for contin-

uous uninterrupted partition walls capable of with-standing most interior design loads (5 psf).

8. Instant interior partition that is energy efficient.

9. Offset lap joint that retains high thermal properties.

Insulated Rockwall™ Stone-CoatedTecFoam Walls

Description: All of IPS's wall panels are available withthe Rockwall™ Finish system. IPS Rockwall™ givesyou the advantage of steel wall panel constructionwith the durable beauty of stone aggregate. TheRockwall™ process bonds real stone aggregate tosteel panels with a super adhesive system. A clearsealer gives the finished panel a crisp glazed appear-ance.

Gauges: 24 and 26.

Finishes: Sand Rock, and Granite Rock.

Length: Max 20' Fasteners: Concealed with clips.

Dimensions: Width: 36"; Thickness: 2"- 4".

Usage: The Rockwall™ finish is available on all IPSpanel profiles:

"RWP" Roof/Wall Panel"EWP" Wall Panel"ESP" Wall Panel"IPP" Partition Panel

Limitations: For wall applications only.

IPS Rockwall™ Features and Benefits:1. Foam thickness of 2", 2¹⁄₂", 3", and 4" for excellent




4. Good Surface burning characteristics that complywith model building codes for foam plastics.

Lesson 6




Concrete Wall Systems

General InformationThe concrete wall systems listed in this lesson are agroup of economical wall systems that have been care-fully selected and designed to be compatible with theMesco Building Systems.

The walls are constructed from components that aremanufactured by universally accepted constructionmethods. The general categories of concrete wallsdescribed are tilt-up and precast.

Tilt-up wall systems include load-bearing panels, non-load-bearing panels and wainscot panels.

Precast wall systems may be load-bearing or non-load-bearing and include flat panels, flat panels with spandrelbeams, single-tee panels, double-tee panels, and wain-scot panels.

Components used for each wall system include panels,joints, flashing and connections.

The buildings illustrated are typical of many being con-structed in modern industrial parks. They demonstratethe use of precast flat wall panels with spandrel beams,tilt-up wall panels and precast tee panels.

Tilt-Up Wall ComponentsTilt-up wall components can be defined as those built bythe general contractor on the job-site using temporarycasting facilities. They are usually wide, flat panels thatspan from grade to roof. The walls may be load-bearingor non-load-bearing and may act as shear walls to resistwind and seismic forces.

Common thicknesses of tilt-up concrete walls are 5¹⁄₂",6", 7¹⁄₂", and 8". Typically panels are 20, 25, or 30 feet

wide. Panel heights are determined by building heightsand frequently range up to 40 feet.

ConcreteConcrete for tilt-up walls is often designed to have aminimum ultimate strength of 3,000 psi at 28 days. Itshould be delivered to casting bed (a form used to pourconcrete into to obtain a desired form) with a slump (thecorrect mixture of water and concrete to obtain adesired strength) of 3 to 4 inches.

CuringCuring of job-built panels is limited to the use of curingagents and membranes.

The panel designer furnishes reinforcing steel specifi-cations. Reinforcing is placed at mid-depth of panel.The amount of reinforcing that is required for tempera-ture and shrinkage is usually adequate for normal panelloading. Extra reinforcing is installed around openingsand at lifting inserts.

InsertsInserts are installed in panels, prior to pouring concrete,as necessary for the lifting operation and attachment tostructure. Number and location of lifting inserts may bedetermined by the manufacturers of these items or bythe contractor in association with a structural engineer.

Tilt-Up Construction PlanningAlong with the decision to use tilt-up construction, theconstruction procedure should be established. Planningshould involve everyone who will be associated withplacing the walls. This includes those responsible forforming, placing concrete and reinforcing steel, fin-ishing, erecting wall panels and erecting structural steel.The planning should consider the layout of the site andbuilding and proper access should be provided.Particular attention should be given to providing oper-ating room for concrete trucks and erecting cranes.

Lesson 6

The entire construction procedure should be organizedto proceed in an orderly sequence. During space-plan-ning of the job site, it is often helpful to use scaledmodel cutouts of wall panels and equipment on a printof the building floor plan.

Tilt-Up walls are the most commonly used ConcreteWall System in the erection of Mesco Building System'sprojects.

Precast Wall ComponentsA subcontractor usually supplies precast wall compo-nents. They are manufactured off-site using permanentcasting facilities and transported to the job-site. Severalprecast wall systems are flat panels, flat panels com-bined with spandrel beams, double-tee or single-teepanels and wainscot panels.

Some precast wall systems are designed to be load-bearing. With appropriate design, economy may beachieved by replacing the perimeter steel framing withthe precast wall system.

Panel SizesThickness and configuration determine precast prod-ucts available in the contractor's area. Typical flatpanels are 4 to 6 inches thick and are 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10feet in width. Typical flange thickness of tees range from2 to 3 inches and flange widths are 4, 6, 8, or 10 feet inwidth. Length of all wall components is determined bybuilding heights and precaster's capability.

ConcreteConcrete for walls is usually a high strength, typically4,000 to 6,000 psi. Vibration of casting beds increasesconcrete density.

CuringCuring of precast panels can be accomplished bymeans of curing agents and membranes. However,

steam curing is widely used and is most effective.

ReinforcementThe type of reinforcing steel used varies widely with theprecaster. Pre-stressing is usually provided. Pre-stressis the process to introduce internal stresses into (as astructural beam) to counteract the stresses that willresult from applied load (as in incorporating cablesunder tension in concrete).

InsertsInserts or other lifting devices are used to lift panelsfrom lifting beds. Top edge inserts are often used toerect panels. Type of inserts and methods of liftingpanels will vary among different precasters.

The details shown apply equally to precast panels aswell as tilt-up panels. Use of precast wall panels oftenrequires the utilization of a precast concrete subcon-tractor in the builder's area. The type of wall panels orsections used on a project depends on the types com-monly manufactured and supplied by the localsubcontractor. Double-tees, single-tees, or flat panelsmay not be available in all areas.

Erecting precast panels is done after the primary struc-ture has been erected, which is just opposite of thetilt-up procedure.

Performance Characteristics of Tilt-Up and Precast Wall SystemsThe performance characteristics of precast and tilt-upconcrete wall systems are outstanding in many impor-tant areas.

Economic ConsiderationsThe cost of concrete wall systems is low in comparisonto masonry walls of similar or equal performance.

In many cases, tilt-up wall panels are the most costeffective of the concrete wall systems. Load-bearing tilt-up walls, which are designed to replace the perimetersteel columns and girders, provide the greatest costsavings.

In some areas of the United States, standard precastsingle-tees or double-tees are used for wall panels andare competitively priced.

Off-site precast flat panels are available in many areasof the country and use existing all-weather manufac-turing facilities and local precaster experience andtechniques. A high degree of quality control plus addi-

Lesson 6



tional handling, loading and transportation requirementswill usually result in higher in-place panel costs in com-parison to job-built tilt-up panels.

Thermal PropertiesThermal properties of an uninsulated concrete wallsystem are adequate for buildings in some areas of theUnited States. The U-value for a 5¹⁄₂" thick wall is .064.If additional insulation or interior finish is required, rigidor batt insulation and gypsum board can provide a U-value of 0.16 and 0.05, respectively.

Fire ResistanceConcrete wall systems offer fire resistance in a rangefrom incombustible for precast tees to 4 hour separationfor a 7¹⁄₂" thick flat panel. Low insurance premiums areassured for the owner.

Weather ResistanceThe stubborn resistance of concrete to all kinds ofweathering is well known. Properly constructed con-crete panels will provide a lifetime of service even in themost severe climates.

MaintenanceConcrete wall systems with natural finishes and longlife, all-weather sealants provide many years of mainte-nance free service.

DurabilityConcrete wall systems are highly resistant to damageresulting from physical contact. They withstand the hardday-to day usage present in many warehouses andoffer excellent security against theft and vandalism.

Sound TransmissionConcrete wall panels offer very good resistance tosound transmission. The resistance is in proportion tothe wall thickness. Sound transmission class variesfrom 44 decibels for a 4" thick wall to 54 decibels for a7¹⁄₂" thick wall. These values exceed normal soundtransmission requirements for most types of buildings.

Appearance OptionsConcrete wall panels can be manufactured with appear-ance options related to specific project requirements.Where maximum economy is essential, the panels maybe left with a smooth trowel or textured concrete finish.

If a special color is important, the wall panels canreceive special paint or other applied finishes.

The use of exposed aggregates combined with naturaland colored cement result in an unlimited number of fin-ishes and appearance options.

The market opportunities for Mesco Wall Systems aresimilar in many respects to those corresponding roofsystems. However, the availability of multiple differentwall panels from Mesco, MBCI, and IPS offers evengreater flexibility.

The exact choice of the wall system that you decide topresent to your customer will probably not be madeduring the initial stages of the sale. The requirements ofthe specific job, the individual customer, and the exactselling or competitive situation will greatly affect the finalselection.

Only you and your customer can determine the correctbuilding solution and selection of wall materials.

It would not be possible or practical to include a long listof competitors who make products similar to the wallsystems that have just been presented. The flexibility ofMesco's complete series of wall systems provides youwith a great market potential to out class your competi-tors. So far, no competitor has been able to offer acomparable selection of walls. With the combination ofMesco, MBCI, and IPS we have the capabilities ofoffering our builders the advantage of a single sourcesupplier with the widest range of product offering in themetal building industry. Generally, you really do have agreat opportunity to sell smarter than your competitors.

ConclusionProduct knowledge is essential and you must continu-ally keep up to date on Mesco's current product offeringand new products that develop. The more familiar youbecome with what you are selling, the easier it will be foryou to point out customer benefits. This will help yousell smarter and better.

Lesson 6


Lesson 6 Self Test

Lesson Six: Self-Test

1. Which of the following systems contribute the most to exterior appeal?A. Roof SystemB. Primary FramingC. Wall SystemD. Secondary FramingE. Both A and C

2. Which of the following is not a wall accessory?A. Walk DoorB. Framed OpeningC. WindowD. Light Transmitting PanelE. Louver

3. Which of Mesco's panels can be used as a roof or wall application?A. "PBA" PanelB. "PBR" PanelC. "PBU" PanelD. Max-Span PanelE. Both B and C

4. The Architectural "PBA" panel for walls produces a decorative smooth shadow line creating a dis-tinctive architectural effect with semi-concealed fasteners.A. TrueB. False

5. Which type of wall classification does the Mesco wall systems fall into?A. Load-Bearing Wall ConstructionB. WoodC. BrickD. Curtain Wall and Frame System

6. Which panel, when reversed rolled, offers a flat profile appearance with fasteners recessing in theflutes?A. "PBA" PanelB. "PBR" PanelC. Flat Panel/Artisan SeriesD. "PBU" Panel

7. IPS's Rockwall™ process bonds real stone aggregate to steel panels, combining the advantages ofsteel with the durability and beauty of stone aggregate. All of IPS's wall panels are available withthe Rockwall™ system.A. TrueB. False

8. Concrete wall systems, such as tilt-up and precast wall systems, are not compatible with a MescoBuilding System.A. TrueB. False


In addition to frame, wall, and roof systems, there areother components of a metal building system generallyreferred to as accessories. These include roof ventila-tors, light transmitting panels, interior liner panels,louvers, wall lights, wall openings, windows, pedestriandoors, overhead doors, fascias, mansards, canopies,and trim in general. Any numbers of these items arerequired to complete a metal building system. Theseindividual components are also manufactured as inte-gral units for the metal building system. When installed,they will be compatible in both design and appearancewith the wall and roof systems that they penetrate.

Roof VentilatorsA roof vent is defined as an accessory, used on the roofthat allows the air to pass through. Gravity ridge roofventilators are manufactured from Galvalume® steel,and maybe painted white. The ventilator body is madeof 26 gauge steel and the skirt matches the roof slope.Chain operated dampers are furnished when specified.Standard operators include cable, pulleys, cableclamps, and eyebolts. Three continuous vents may beoperated from each operator. Each non-continuous ventrequires an operator.

Ventilators are equipped with standard bird screens andriveted end caps. Ridge ventilators are 10' long andhave 12" throat. Ultra-vents are 1'-11" long with a 12"throat. 20" and 24" round ventilators are also available.

Light Transmitting PanelA "light transmitting panel" is a plastic roof panelinstalled to admit light. The acrylic modified, UV stabi-lized, SBS, light transmitting panels are high strengthtranslucent panels that are made of glass fiber rein-forced polyester. The high strength translucent panelsmatch standard panel profiles, are ¹⁄₁₆" thick, weigh 8ounces per square foot, and are white with a granitizedtop surface. Insulated light transmitting panels are alsoavailable.

Light transmitting panels are installed using the sameprocedures as a steel panel. Care should be takenwhen installing fasteners in the light transmitting panelsto avoid cracking the material. Pre-drill ¹⁄₄" diameter fas-tener clearance holes in the overlapping sidelap andendlap.

Do not under any circumstance step or walk on surfaceof light transmitting panel. If foot traffic is necessaryover light transmitting panel, use walk boards that areproperly supported by building purlins.

Panels are installed in sequence that correspondswith 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

DOWN HILL

UPHILL

2

3

5

4

1

SHEETING

DIRECTION

BIRDSCREEN

END CAPSKIRT

ROOFPANEL

PEAKPANEL

OUTSIDE CLOSUREWITH TAPE SEALER

10'-0" CONTINUOUSVENT

Lesson 7

Lesson Seven: Metal Building Accessories

Liner PanelLiner panel is a metal panel attached to the insideflange of the girts or the purlins. The liner panel is usedwhen it is desirable to protect the field installed insula-tion and improve inside appearance. Mesco's panelsthat are available as liner panel are as follows:

• "PBA" Panel

• "PBR" Panel

• Artisan Series

LouversLouvers are an opening provided with fixed oradjustable slanted fins to allow for the flow of air.Mesco's louver frames are of 18 gauge galvanized steelframe, painted to match the wall color with 20 gaugeblades, and are self-framing and self-flashing. The lou-vers can come with fixed or adjustable blades. Standardsizes are as follows:

2'-0" x 2'-0" 3'-0" x 2'-0"3'-0" x 3'-0" 4'-0" x 3'-0"3'-0" x 4'-0" 4'-0" x 4'-0"5'-0" x 4'-0"

WindowsWindows are openings in the wall of a building for theadmission of light and air. The standard windows avail-able through Mesco are horizontal slide units; with a millstandard finish with bronze painted finish as an avail-able option. The windows are furnished with complete

hardware, half screen, and the glass is available in aclear or bronze tint. The windows are self-framing andself-flashing to the wall panels. Mesco's windows arecertified by Architectural Aluminum ManufacturersAssociation for the performance requirements ofANSI/AAMA. The aluminum horizontal slide windowsare available in the following sizes:

3'-0" x 3'-0" 4'-0"x 3'-0"4'-0"x 4'-0" 6'-0"x 3'-0"

Mesco also has a fixed 2'-0" x 7'-0" slim line windowavailable. This narrow, fixed window is perfect for anoffice environment to admit natural light.

BASEMEMBER

WALLPANEL

WINDOW

GIRT

GIRT

INSIDE CLOSURE

BASE ANGLE

JAMB ANGLE

SILL ANGLE

TAPESEALER

WALLPANEL

INSIDE CLOSURE

JAMBANGLE

REMOVABLESCREEN

Lesson 7



Walk DoorsWalk doors are doors used by personnel for access toand exit from a building. Standard personnel doors aremanufactured from 20 gauge galvanized steel with anembossed finish in white or bronze prime coat. Thedoors are flush and have vertical mechanical inter-locking seams, which join both hinge and lock edges.The doors are provided with top and bottom inverted 16gauge galvanized steel channels spot-welded within thedoor. The door is reinforced, stiffened and sound dead-ened with impregnated kraft honey comb corecompletely filling the inside faces of the door and lami-nated to the inside faces of the panels. All doors areavailable with applicable hardware, such as panic hard-ware, mortice lockset, standard lever lockset, weatherstrip, closures, or keyed alike. The doors can be allmetal, half glass, or narrow lite and available in sizes,3'-0" x 7'-0", 4'-0" x 7'-0", or 6'-0" x 7'-0" (2 - 3 x 7 leaves,with one or both active). Glazing is by others.

The doorframes are of 16 gauge galvanized steel, pre-painted white with 8" standard jamb depth andconstructed for non-hand installation. The frames areprovided with head and jamb flashing, optional weatherstrip, 1¹⁄₂ pair of 4¹⁄₂" x 4¹⁄₂" hinges, and reversible strikeplate.

Walk Door Framing System

The threshold of the door is aluminum and supplied withflat head screws and expansion shields for attachmentto a masonry floor.

Framed Openings/Overhead DoorOpeningsFramed openings consist of framing members andflashing which surround an opening for accessoriessuch as windows, louvers, fans, and roll up doors.Overhead door framing is designed to resist applicablewind loads and consists of channel jambs with a struc-tural header at the top of the opening. 26 gaugegalvanized steel flashings, color coordinated with wallcolor is provided to conceal panel edges around theopening.

EAVE STRUT

JAMB

GIRT

OPENING WIDTH

JAMB

HEADERCOLUMN

TAMP-INS

TAPESEALER

BASE ANGLE

THRESHOLD

DOOR JAMB

DOOR FRAME

WALK DOOR ANGLE (WDA)USED FOR BRACING

BASEANGLE

GIRT

GIRT

Lesson 7

Open Wall ConditionsMesco offers a wide range of wall panels for use on ametal building; see the section on wall systems.However, there are many good reasons for using othertypes of materials in combination with metal panels orby themselves to meet client's needs and/or desires.When a metal building is opened for collateral materialit is considered an open wall condition. A few commoncollateral materials are masonry, glass, wood, and con-crete or any combination of these. Mesco hasdeveloped details for the integration of these materialsinto the building system. Refer to the following details.

Typical Open Wall Conditions

Deduct Panels Only

FINISHED FLOOR

HE

IGH

T

Open For Glass

FINISHED FLOOR

HE

IGH

T

Tilt-Up (Spandrel Beam Optional) - Open for collateral material with a spandrel beam. Collateral materials are tilt-up walls or concrete block walls (CMU). The spandrel beam is designed to provide for support of collateral material that weighs 62.5 #psf, which is equivalent to 5" tilt-up or 8" hollow CMU.

FINISHED FLOOR

NAILERBY BUILDER

SPANDREL(OPTIONAL)

HE

IGH

T

Masonry - Open for masonry wall.

FINISHED FLOOR

HE

IGH

T

Remain Open - Open to remain open for passage or to the outside elements.

FINISHED FLOOR

HE

IGH

T

Lesson 7



CanopiesThe function of the canopy is to provide shelter to areasthat require open access. Loading docks are primeexamples of such open areas where a "roof overhead"is put to good use. Not only do canopies protect mer-chandise and supplies as they are loaded and unloadedbut shelter and shade the crews during work opera-tions.

A canopy over a doorway or walkway is especiallyappreciated during rain, sleet, or snowstorms, whenpeople enter or leave a building.

Mesco offers three types of standard canopies on thesidewall-eave follow the roof, below eave, and boxfollow the roof.

Refer to the following details. As a standard minimumcanopy projection is 1' and maximum projection is 15'.Any canopy over 6' projection will utilize acantileverbeam, see details below.

Examples of Canopies

PROJECTION

Box Follow The Roof

ELE

VATI

ON

Below Eave

PROJECTION

121

ELE

VATI

ON

PROJECTION

Eave Follow The Roof(Projection Over 6'-0")

PROJECTION

Eave Follow The Roof

Lesson 7

Mansards/FacadesThe function of a mansard or facade is twofold, to pro-vide shelter for walkways, door entrances or areas thatrequire open access, and to provide custom designedappearance for impressive buildings. Whether they arelarge or small buildings, the addition of a mansard orfacade can add a great deal of "eye appeal" to an oth-erwise plain structure.

A mansard or facade is defined as an architectural treat-ment, partially covering a wall, usually concealing theeave and/or the rake of a building. A mansard is asloped architectural treatment, whereas, the facade isvertical. A mansard or facade can be located on thesidewall, the endwall, or both. As a standardmansards/facades are limited to 1'6" minimum projec-tion, 6' maximum projection, and a maximum height of9'. Refer to the following details for more information.

Sidewall and EndwallMansard/FacadeThe combination of the sidewall and endwallmansards/facades is a very simple installation. Thiscondition utilizes basically the same beams, purlinextensions and other secondary structural members asin the separate mansards/facades. The main differenceis in the pieces to form the corner, which joins the side-wall to endwall members.The mansards/facades, since they are most often usedto enhance the appearance of the building, are avail-able with soffit panels and closure trims so themansards/facades are "finished out", no unsightly rediron or exposed structural shapes.

SO

FF

IT E

LEV

AT

ION

PROJECTION

2'-0

" M

INIM

UM

HE

IGH

T3'

-0" M

INIM

UM

Facade - Sidewall Elevation

Simple Eave Trim ShownTrim Type and Style MayVary

PROJECTION

SO

FF

IT E

LEV

AT

ION

HE

IGH

T

Facade - Endwall Elevation

3'-0

" MIN

IMU

M

2'-0

"M

INIM

UM

Mansard - Sidewall Elevation

3

12

Simple Eave Trim ShownTrim Type and Style MayVary

Mansard - Endwall Elevation

PROJECTION

SO

FFIT

ELE

VATI

ON

HE

IGH

T

3'-0

MIN

IMU

M

6"M

INIM

UM

AT P

EA

K

3

12

Lesson 7



Examples of Mansards/Facades

When to Sell Mansards/FacadesThe sale of a mansard/facade system is dependentupon the market opportunities for the sale of the mainbuilding. There are many items, however, when themansard/facade broadens the acceptability of theproduct line and creates sales, which might otherwisebe lost. Markets such as Sales and Service,Commercial Offices, Retail Stores, and RecreationalBuildings are typical situations where appearance and"image" literally demand the use of distinctivemansards/facades.

ConclusionIt is to be understood that the lesson covering acces-sories of a metal building is just an introduction to theaccessories available on a Mesco building. This lessondid cover the most common accessories used in themarket today. Accessories can have a common usesuch as doors and windows or accessories can be usedto "dress-up" the appearance of a metal building. Metal

buildings have come a long way since their introductionto the market. It is very common to not even know thata metal building is a rigid metal structure, with all theaccessories and auxiliary materials available toenhance and hide metal framing members.

Lesson 7


Lesson 7 Self Test

Lesson Seven: Self-Test

1. A mansard or facade is defined as an architectural treatment, partially covering a wall, usually con-cealing the eave and/or the rake of a building.A. TrueB. False

2. A standard roof vent operator does not include?A. CableB. PulleysC. Cable ClampsD. HandleE. Eye Bolts

3. Liner panel is a metal panel attached to the inside flange of the girts.A. TrueB. False

4. Which of the following is not a standard window size offered by Mesco?A. 3' x 3'B. 4' x 3'C. 4' x 6'D. 6' x 3'E. 2' x 7'

5. All of Mesco's windows and louvers are self-framing.A. TrueB. False

6. Which of the following is not a standard door size offered by Mesco?A. 7' x 4'B. 3' x 7'C. 4' x 7'D. 6' x 7'

7. Overhead door framing is designed to resist applicable wind loads and consists of channel jambswith a structural header at the bottom of the opening.A. TrueB. False

8. Which standard open wall condition would be used to open a building into another building?A. Open for MasonryB. Open for Collateral MaterialC. Open for GlassD. Open to Remain OpenE. None of the Above

9. Any canopy with the projection of over 6' will be designed with a cantilever beam.A. TrueB. False

10. Which canopy has a face panel?A. Below EaveB. Box Follow the RoofC. Eave Follow the RoofD. All of the Above

11. When using a mansard/facade unsightly red iron or exposed structural shapes are visible.A. TrueB. False

Lesson 7 Self Test


Most of the emphasis in Introduction to Metal Buildingsthus far has been on the presentation of product infor-mation. Knowledge of Mesco products is probably thesingle most important job objective of any Builder whois truly interested in becoming an effective building con-sultant.

An area that is particularly useful in building sales effec-tiveness is product application and construction.Knowledge of construction is essential for theBuildership so that it can convert the customer's needsand desires into building plans and specifications thatcan, in turn, be interpreted into preliminary buildingcosts. This information is an important part of almostevery building proposal. Apart from the fact that knowl-edge of construction better equips you to convert needsand desires into building solutions, it also helps youunderstand plans and specifications. A factor that isequally important is that customers judge you on yourknowledge of buildings and the building industry.Obviously, the better equipped you are to answer thecustomer's questions and solve his/her building prob-lems, the easier it will be to eliminate competition. Theresult? Better use of your time to help the customerreach a favorable buying decision sooner.

Two distinct working groups perform the actual con-

struction of most buildings: The General Contractor andSubcontractors.

General contractors can be organized in two differentformats: Bid or Design Build. For the purpose of overalldiscussion general contractors will do both bid anddesign build work.

The bidding general contractor bids on the total buildingproject, with the use of relatively complete plans andspecifications, usually prepared by an architect or engi-neer who has been retained by the owner, and arrivesat the total selling price. If he/she receives the contract,he/she then awards bids to subcontractors who haveagreed to perform their duties within a designated time,and of course, within the contract price.

The general contractor is responsible for overall coordi-nation of the project, from clearing of the land toinstalling the lock on the front door, readying thebuilding for occupancy. When a contractor has this fullresponsibility, many refer to it as a "turn key project".

Most building projects will have one or more specialtybuilders, or subcontractors, who perform part of thework. Following is a list of duties generally handled bysubcontractors:

1. Removal of existing obstacles

2. Grading and excavation

3. Masonry

4. Electrical work

5. Heating and air conditioning

6. Plumbing

7. Finished floors, ceilings, etc.

8. Paving and landscaping

The general contractor usually does concrete and car-pentry work. However, on some jobs, thesubcontractors perform this portion of the job.

Lesson 8


Lesson Eight: Project Planning and Construction

NOTICE OF SAFETY DISCLAIMER: This manual is intended as an instruction aid in the assembly of metal build-ings and components. The Introduction to Metal Buildings manual is not being offered nor should it be construedas a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of the metal building assembly and safety issues. Neither MescoBuilding Solutions, NCI Building Systems, or any of their affiliated entities intend the presentation of this manualas an exhaustive study of all safety issues involved in the assembly of metal buildings, and expressly disclaim anyliability therefore. Prior to beginning any construction project, a builder should familiarize himself with all applicablemetal building assembly installation and erection procedure as well as all applicable safety laws and regulations.


The extent to which subcontractors are used on con-struction projects depends on the nature of the job, andon the size and organization of the general contractor incharge. While a contractor on the construction projectmight serve as a subcontractor, on another job he/shemight function as the general contractor.

The role that subcontractors play in the Mesco BuilderSystem of construction depends on the organization ofthe Buildership, as well as the nature of the project.Some builder organizations subcontract all grading andexcavation, concrete work for the foundation and thefloor, and collateral masonry work, while others areequipped to handle virtually all functions except thosenormally handled by specialty trades, such as plumbing,heating, and electrical work. It is possible that two iden-tical projects will utilize subcontractors to a differentdegree due to job scheduling.

For example, your Buildership may be equipped to con-struct foundations on one job, but it is determinedbeforehand that this same kind of work on anotherproject must be awarded to a subcontractor in order tomeet the project completion date. There are no set rulesgoverning where and how often subcontractors are uti-lized.

The information presented in this lesson will not makeyou a construction expert. However, if you becomefamiliar with the terminology and methods outlined, andperiodically visit buildings during various stages of con-struction, you will be surprised how quickly you developa good knowledge of the construction procedures.

Pre-Construction PreparationOne of the first prerequisites before actual constructionbegins is the thorough inspection of the conditions ofthe proposed building site. This is usually done well inadvance of the final planning stage since site conditionsaffect the total costs that are to be included in the pro-posal.

Site Considerations

HistoryThe previous use of the land may not appear to be amajor consideration, as it will not affect the size or typeof proposed building. However, it may determinewhether or not you want to build on that particular siteat all.

Suppose you have the knowledge of an undergroundstream located directly beneath the proposed buildinglocation, or you discover that the site was previouslyused for the local city dump. These are not normal con-

ditions, but similar scenarios do exist. A Builder doesnot want to run into any surprises that will cause extramonetary investment or physical labor to complete theproject.

Building Codes

Most cities and towns of any size have institutedbuilding codes that protect the public against injury tolife and property. The types of construction, quality ofmaterials, floor loads, allowable stresses and manyother requirements relating to buildings are covered bythese codes. A building department or a local buildingofficial generally administers codes, which examinesand approves plans of proposed buildings. These offi-cials will visit buildings during construction to make surethe buildings are being constructed according to thedrawings the officials or the building department previ-ously approved.

Codes vary widely in their requirements, from city tocity, and county to county. It is important to becomefamiliar with the various codes and regulations enforcedin your specific market area.

A Builder is responsible for knowing and using the cor-rect codes and loads for their local area. Any deviationfrom recommended loading by Metallic is the responsi-bility of the Builder.

ZonesZoning should always be considered before the siteselection is final.

Zoning ordinances regulate the size and use of build-ings and the use of land. There are four types of zonesgenerally recognized throughout a city:

• Residential

• Business

• Industrial

• Unrestricted

Lesson 8

Business zones are areas incorporated within reason-able walking distances of residential areas formarketing and shopping. Industrial zones are areasgenerally near waterways, railroads and other trans-portation connections for manufacturing andcommercial use. Outlying districts are zoned in thesame manner to maintain them for present or futureuse. Each city or county has different zoning laws;therefore, it is essential to become familiar with thezoning laws in your specific market area.

RestrictionsRestrictions of a building site (as defined by codes andzones) must be considered before final plans of abuilding are completed, since they can affect the sizeand type of structure. Examples of typical restrictionsmay be:

• Buildings, as a rule, are not permitted to coverthe entire lot. Uncovered spaces, such as courts,yards, etc., must be provided so that light and airare available to the occupants. This, of course,limits the square footage of possible floor space.

• Buildings also are restricted as to permissibleheight. Depending on the zone, taller buildings canbe erected if portions of a building are set back acertain distance from the street.

• Off-street parking requirements are another fre-quent restriction.

• Availability of access to the building site canoften be a safety restriction. The site might belocated adjacent to a proposed interstate-highwaysystem which, when built, would limit convenientaccess to the property.

Building restrictions vary considerably from one com-munity to another. A working knowledge of zoning lawsand building codes will help you better serve yourmarket area.

UtilitiesOne of the first steps in the preparation of the site isconsideration of the utility connections: water main,sewer, gas main, telephone, and electrical service lines.Water, sewer, and gas mains are generally located ineasements parallel to property lines or adjacent streets.Occasionally, they are located beneath streets or on theother side of the street from the site that require boringor tunneling for access.

Permits are often required to connect to the main sewerline, water, and gas line. Inspections are required, andin some cases, "tap" fees are charged to connect.

Telephone and electrical lines provide more convenientconnections since they are usually exposed above theground. However, more and more telephone and elec-trical cables are being installed underground as well.Some zones even require all cables to be buried.Excavation should never be attempted without notifyingthe local utility coordinating group to verify existingutility locations.

Electrical subcontractors take care of all necessarywiring, but they do not make connections to the mainline. This is performed by the local power and light com-pany, which inspects the electrical work before makingthe final hook up. In most metropolitan areas, electricalwork is also subject to inspection by the local buildingofficial or department.

The telephone company usually handles telephoneconnections. The general contractor handles conduitswithin the floor or wall system.

The exact location of service lines should always beconsidered, since utility companies charge on the basisof "distance from the nearest source" (power line, watermain, and so on) to the buildings. This, of course,affects the total cost of the project.

SoilIt is essential to know the soil's characteristics beforebuilding construction begins. Is it hard or soft? Is the soilcomposed of rock, boulders, gravel, sand, or clay?What are the specific sizes of the composition? Opentest pits, loading box and platform, and test borings arethree types of soil tests used to determine soil compo-sition. These tests establish the bearing value of thesoil, which in turn determines the amount of weight thesoil will support.

Firms specializing in this service, such as testing labo-ratories normally perform testing.

It is not necessary that you know how to perform thesetests, but you should become familiar with soil condi-tions in your area, and realize their importance to thetotal project. Many cities have established presumptivebearing capacities, which determine the maximumallowable loads that are placed on building sites. Soiltests are usually performed prior to foundation andpaving design.

Site PreparationPrior to the actual construction of the building, the firststep is the preparation of the site. The land is surveyedto establish the exact boundary of the plot. In thissurvey, the building is also located and the desiredgrade level is staked out.

Lesson 8



The exact elevation of the building, and the grade level,are established by the use of a surveyor's instrumentcalled a level. The elevations are usually set in relationto the top of the road or nearby buildings.

The land is then cleared of all obstructions, such astrees or boulders, which interfere with the constructionproject. If it is necessary to remove any existing build-ings, a wrecking or demolition contractor performs thiswork prior to the rough grading or rough leveling of theland.

GradingRough grading is leveling the site to conform to thedesigned building and site elevations. This is usuallycalled the subgrade. The rich top layer is removed andsaved to be spread over the area later.

After the site has been leveled, the exact location of thebuilding is marked. With the use of a transit and a meas-uring tape, the corners are located and staked outaccording to the plans.

Excavation and FillExcavation is digging out or hollowing the land to pre-pare it for the necessary footings and foundations of thestructure. There are two general types of excavationperformed on most construction projects:

1. General excavation - The bulk of the earth androck is removed to prepare for the footings andfoundation walls of the structure. An amount suffi-cient for back filling and final grading should beretained.

2. Minor excavation - Pick and shovel are used fortrimming up trenches and footings prior to theactual pouring of concrete. In some cases smallmachines may be utilized to handle minor excava-tion work.

Fill or back fill might also be required in order to achievethe necessary grade level. Filling is simply adding earthand rocks where void places exist. In cases where theslope of the land is abrupt, it maybe necessary to buildwalls to support this fill. When back filling the soil mustbe well compacted or packed solidly in order to insureagainst future settlement.

DrainageThroughout the site preparation, excavations should bekept dry. Whenever ground water is present, it shouldbe removed from the site, either by draining into pre-pared pits, or by pumping out the water. Some sitelocations might even require the placement of wellpoints, where pipes are put into the ground to drain

water from various locations. However, regulationsshould be checked before any drainage system isinstalled. This should be a part of any good site plan. Alot of foresight is necessary in considering drainagesystems. It might prevent future problems and extraexpense.

Concrete Work

Concrete presents a substantial part of most buildingprojects, regardless of the size. Like almost any othermaterial, it can give good service for years, or be asource of real problems, depending on the ingredientsand care used in proportioning and placing it.

The two essential requirements of quality concrete arestrength and durability. A proper balance between thesetwo characteristics is necessary in order to get a good,strong foundation. In order to achieve this balance, foursteps must be properly completed:

1. Selection of materials

2. Proportioning of materials

3. Placing and finishing of concrete

4. Curing of concrete

Selection of MaterialsThe materials used in making concrete are water,aggregates (sand and gravel), portland cement, andadmixtures.

There are several types of portland cement available fordifferent types of jobs. However, we are mainly con-cerned with the normal Type I portland cement, as it isthe one most commonly used on construction of foun-dation and floors.

Together with the water, aggregate and cement, addi-tional elements are sometimes required in the concreteto help make it react differently. These elements arecalled admixtures. One such admixture is used to accel-

Lesson 8

erate the rate of early strength gain so that forms can beremoved earlier. This reduces the time it usually takesbefore concrete can be finished, also known as theappropriate curing time.

In addition, there are other ingredients, which can beadded, such as air infiltrating agents used for roadwork,where the concrete must be resistant to salts andfreezing. Retarders are sometimes used during hotweather so that concrete may be moved from the mixerto its final position before the initial set takes place.

Proportioning of MaterialsQuality concrete inherently possesses high compres-sive strength. If a tensile strength is desired, steelreinforcing bars must be embedded in the concrete toresist this tension. Tensile strength is the resistance tostretching or drawing out of the concrete. The mostimportant, single consideration in obtaining the desiredstrength of concrete lies in the proper proportioning ofthe materials.

The compressive strength is usually defined in terms ofso many pounds per square inch in 28 days, which isthe norm for concrete to reach its designed strength. Atypical batch of concrete with a specified strength of3,000 psi at 28 days would have approximately theseproportions:

• Cement . . . . . . . . . .94 pounds

• Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 pounds

• Coarse Aggregate . .360 pounds

• Water . . . . . . . . . . . .5¹⁄₂ gallons

Practically all concrete is machine mixed in a rotatingdrum cylinder, either in a "Ready-Mix" truck, or a similarmixer on the job site.

Placing and Finishing of Concrete

No element in the entire cycle of quality concrete pro-duction requires a more careful consideration than thefinal operation of placing and finishing. Placing and fin-ishing are both dependent on workmanship, so here,care and skill are especially important.

Forms hold the concrete in place until it has hardened.They are usually constructed of wood or metal, andmust be rigid enough to support the weight of the con-crete without deformation or appreciable deflection, andshould be tight enough to prevent the seepage of water.The concrete is deposited uniformly in order to preventsegregation of the aggregates and to make certain thereinforcing steel is completely covered without voids.Concrete is conveyed from the mixer to the forms bymeans of barrows, by inclined chutes, or is pumped.Normally, the concrete is vibrated by an electric orpneumatic vibrator or spaced to assure well, uniformcoverage, and to prevent honeycombing from occur-ring. In placing concrete in deep layers, a gradualincrease in water content in the top layers usuallyresults from the increased pressure on the lower por-tion. This excess water is called Latinate, and should beremoved before further finishing, because it produceslower strength concrete in the upper levels if permittedto remain.

When pouring concrete floor slabs, the surface isscreeded prior to finishing. Screeding is the process ofstriking off the excess concrete to bring the top surfaceto proper contour and elevation. A template is movedback and forth on the forms, with a sawing motion, toforce concrete into the low areas.

After the foundation or floor is roughly leveled, the sur-face is ready to be finished. Wood or metal floats areused initially to compact the concrete, forcing the largeraggregates below the surface. Steel trowels are thenused to obtain a smooth surface and to compact it for ahard finish. If there are areas exposed to outdoorusage, such as walks or driveways, a broom finish isrecommended. The broom finish is simply taking abroom and wiping it across the concrete. This roughensthe surface for a friction grip, so that the concrete is notslippery when wet.

Curing of ConcreteConcrete hardens because of the chemical reactionbetween portland cement and water. This process con-tinues as long as temperatures are favorable andmoisture is present.

The quality of concrete, or the strength of the concrete,is dependent on the temperature and moisture condi-tions in which it cures. In addition, its resistance toabrasive action is also increased by these same ele-

Lesson 8



ments in curing.

While it is important that the amount of water used inmixing be controlled so that the consistency is as nearlynormal as practical. It is just as important that concreteis not allowed to dry out too soon or it will reach strengthless than 50% of its potential.

Temperature has a considerable effect on the rate ofhardening. In the past, you could not pour concreteduring the winter season because the water in the mix-ture would freeze and prevent the proper setting. Butnow, construction operations may continue throughoutthe year. The most favorable conditions are between 50and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. However, good curing tem-peratures may range below 50º F and even below 32ºF, if the concrete is properly protected from cold airduring the first 72 hours after being placed.

With suitable precautions, concrete can be placedduring cold weather and have the same qualities asconcrete cured during the summer months.

Foundations

The actual construction of a building must obviouslybegin with the laying of the foundation, a necessarybase for any structure. Because all ground, regardlessof the bearing value of the soil, has a tendency to move,the building must be built on a good, strong foundationthat is designed for the anticipated loads.

The old saying, "a building is only as strong as its foun-dation" is still just as true today as it was years agowhen someone coined that phrase. While materials andmethods are much improved, faulty foundations remaina paramount source of trouble for some building con-struction. Leaky basements, cracking walls, and settlingfloors are typical trouble spots. And once they exist,they can present some of the most difficult problems tosolve.

Foundations are actually broken down into two classifi-cations:

1. Walls

2. Footings

A foundation wall means any wall with a major portionlocated below the grade level. The wall serves as abase support for other walls and columns. A footing is astructural unit used to distribute building loads to thebearing materials.

Foundations used for rigid frame buildings are consid-erably different from those normally required forconventional structures with load-bearing walls. Thechoice of foundation is determined in part by the basicloads, which need to be resisted.

Foundations for metal buildings are usually not subjectto extremely heavy vertical loads; however; they arerequired to withstand transverse loads of considerablemagnitude. Transverse loads tend to push out the foun-dation, and if not adequately provided for, they couldcause failure not only of the foundation, but also of themain structural framing members. These loads areresisted by two methods:

1. Use of steel tie-bars. The reinforcing bars are con-nected to anchor bolts, providing a continuous tiebetween the column bases.

A spread tie, or hairpin, which transfers the loadfrom the column anchor bolts to the welded wirefabric (used in floor slab) is used where the trans-verse loads are not large. Basically, it utilizes thesame design principle as the tie-bars.

2. Increasing size of footing. Increasing the size ofthe footing helps counteract the force exerted bytransverse loads, thus preventing the movement ofthe foundation. This method is usually the mostexpensive.

The type of foundation depends upon the geographicallocation of the building, topography of land, frame loadsimposed on foundation, local building code restrictionsand architectural considerations. Generally, there arethree types of foundations used with our building sys-tems:

1. Floating Slabs. Floating slabs consist of a concreteslab, monolithically poured with a continuous

FLOATING SLAB

Lesson 8

grade beam. The grade beam is either spreaddirectly under the column or reinforced along thebottom to carry the vertical column loads.

2. Pier, Footing, and Grade Beam consist of a squareor rectangular footing and a grade beam wall. Adrilled pier may be utilized in lieu of the square orrectangular footing. Piers and footings carry mostof the vertical loads.

FloorsA floating slab, or slab on grade, is the general type offloor system often used with metal buildings. It is eitherpoured monolithically with the foundation wall, orpoured after the foundation wall is in place. In bothcases, the concrete slab encases steel serving as rein-forcement. This steel reinforcing reduces the crackingof the floor and helps control expansion and contraction.

Where there are additional concentrated-load require-ments standard reinforcing bars are often necessary.

Many floor slabs are constructed with a vapor barrier toprevent passage of moisture from the soil through theconcrete. The most common barrier used is a polyeth-ylene sheet material. This is placed on top of a gravel orsand base, with the concrete being poured directly overthe material.

The type of floor system required and the thickness offloor depend on what loads are anticipated. Theaverage of these floor loads is uniformly distributed. Anyconcentrated load, such as machinery or storage racks,and any moving load, such as forklift trucks, must be

considered in order to establish the floor design.

Many local building codes establish minimum floor-design loads for various end uses.

Another consideration in the floor design is the type ofjoints used. A construction joint is simply a joint requiredwhere construction begins and ends, from one day'spour to the next.

An expansion or control joint is used where the floorslab abuts a wall or where a steel column or pier passesthrough the floor. It is used to control the contractionthat will occur, by merely forcing the crack to occur at apredetermined point. Actually, an expansion joint in aconcrete foundation might better be classified as a con-traction joint because during the curing process, theconcrete shrinks in volume approximately the sameamount that would normally result from a 100 degreedrop in temperature.

If the finished concrete floor is to be sealed, hardened,or waterproofed. Chemicals or additives are oftenapplied during the final finishing or soon after curing toachieve the results desired.

Pre-ErectionIn the pre-erection phase, there are several things thatare necessary to consider: access to the site, assuringsufficient workspace requirements at the site, avail-ability of required utilities, a comprehensive safetyawareness program, and a familiarity with the erectiondrawings.

The vehicle transporting your building parts must gainaccess to the building site from the adjacent highway orroad. Such access should be studied and prepared inadvance of arrival. All obstructions, overhead and oth-erwise, must be removed and the access routegraveled or planked if the soil will not sustain the heavywheel loads.

Inspect to insure that there is enough room to physicallyperform the tasks required to erect the building.Application of sheeting and trim can be expensive whenthere is not sufficient working space because of theproximity of adjacent buildings or other obstructions.

The availability of any required utilities should also beconsidered in advance. Take careful note of any over-head electric lines or other utilities to avoid hazards anddamage (notify your utility company when necessary).

Develop a comprehensive safety awareness program inadvance to familiarize the work force with the uniqueconditions of the site, and the building materials, alongwith the appropriate "Safe Work" practices that will be

LOAD BEARINGFOUNDATION WALL

Lesson 8


utilized.

Finally, before erection of the building can commence,you and your crew must familiarize yourselves with theerection drawings furnished with every Mesco building.

Each plan is specially prepared for each individualbuilding and should be strictly adhered to.

Erection of the BuildingThe next stage in the construction process of a Mescobuilding is the erection of the structural and coveringsystems. We will merely discuss the general steps inthis process. One of the best ways to become familiarwith this phase is to visit an actual construction jobwithin your local area. Select a building that is conve-niently located so that you can make several visitsthroughout the construction phases. If it is fairly small,most of the erection of the structural members, roof andwalls can be completed in a relatively few days.

Unloading and Layout of MaterialPre-planning of the unloading operations is an impor-tant part of the erection procedure. This involvescareful, safe and orderly storage of all materials.Detailed planning is required at the job site wherestorage space is restricted. Here, a planned separationof materials in the order of erection process is neces-sary to minimize the costly double handling of materials.While set procedures are not possible in all cases, spe-cial attention should be given to the following items:

1. Location of carrier vehicle during unloading.Unload material near their usage points to mini-mize lifting, travel, and rehandling during buildingassembly.

2. Prepare necessary ramp for truck. The edges ofthe concrete slab should be protected to minimizethe danger of chipping or cracking from truck trafficif the materials are to be laid out on the slab. Oneimportant safety consideration is the fact thatmaterials stored on the slab may subject theworkers to possible injury from falling objects.

3. Schedule lifting equipment. The manufacturer nei-ther supplies lifting equipment nor labor to unloadthe truck. The type and size of lifting equipment isdetermined by the size of the building and the siteconditions. The weight and size of the largest pieceof structural steel is to be lifted as high as it has tobe lifted and the distance of the lift from the posi-tion of the crane all impact the selection of thecrane or other lifting equipment. Length of boom,capacity and maneuverability of lifting equipmentwill determine its location for both unloading and

erection.

Use the same lifting equipment to unload and erectstructural parts of the building if possible.Combining the unloading process with the buildingerection usually minimizes lifting equipment costs.As soon as the truck is unloaded, the lifting equip-ment should start erecting the columns and raisingthe assembled rafters into position.

4. CONSIDERATION OF OVERHEAD ELECTRICWIRES. OVERHEAD POWER LINES ARE ACONTINUING SOURCE OF DANGER.EXTREME CARE MUST BE USED IN LOCATINGAND USING LIFTING EQUIPMENT TO AVOIDCONTACT WITH POWER LINES.

5. Schedule crew. Depending on the crew size, valu-able time can generally be gained if the supervisorplans and watches ahead instead of getting tied upwith a particular unloading chore.

6. Check Shipment. When shipments are received inthe field, two inspections are necessary:

a. When items, boxes, crates, bundles or other largecomponents are received and unloaded for thecarrier, they should be checked off from thepacking list. If during the inspection, damages, orshortages of items are found a report should befiled with the carrier immediately at the site. Whendamages are evident from the exterior of con-tainers, they should be opened and inspectedthoroughly at the time of receiving shipments.

b. When bundles, crates, cartons, boxes, etc. areopened following delivery, another check must beperformed to determine the quantity received andtheir condition. If during this inspection damages orshortages of items are found upon opening thecrates or cartons, a written claim should be sent tothe carrier no later than fourteen days afterdelivery. If a shortage is discovered within a con-tainer, then a written notice should be mailed orfaxed to the manufacturer at the same time theclaim is sent to the carrier. Unless these two impor-tant inspections are made and any reports orclaims are filed immediately, settlements becomevery difficult and usually all parties suffer the loss.

Location of Building PartsColumns and rafters are usually unloaded near theirrespective installed positions on blocking on the slab inposition for easy makeup.

Endwalls are usually laid out at each end of slab withthe columns near respective anchor bolts.

Lesson 8


Hardware packages should be located centrally, usuallyalong one sidewall near the center of the building. Thiswill minimize walking distances to other parts of the slabarea.

Purlins and girts, depending on the number of bundles,are usually stored near the sidewalls clear of the otherpackages or parts.

Sheet packages are usually located along one or bothsidewalls off the ground and sloping to one end toencourage drainage in case of rain.

Accessories are usually unloaded on a corner of theslab or off the slab near one end of the building to keepthem as much out of the way as possible from the activearea during steel erection.

Storing Materials

Structural Framing MembersAs previously emphasized, a great amount of time andtrouble can be saved if the building parts are unloadedat the building site according to a prearranged stagingplan. Proper location and handling of components willeliminate unnecessary handling.

Blocking under the columns and rafters protect thesplice plates and the slab from damage during theunloading process. It also facilitates the placing ofslings or cables around the members for later lifting andallows members to be bolted together into subassem-blies while on the ground.

If water is allowed to remain for extended periods inbundles of primed parts such as girts, purlins, etc., thepigment will fade and the paint will gradually softenreducing its bond to the steel. Therefore, upon receipt of

a job, all bundles of primed parts should be stored at anangle to allow any trapped water to drain away andpermit air circulation for drying. Puddles of water shouldnot be allowed to collect and remain on columns orrafters for the same reason.

Wall and Roof Panels

Mesco's wall and roof panels including color coatedGalvalume® and galvanized, provide excellent serviceunder widely varied conditions. All unloading and erec-tion personnel should fully understand that these panelsare quality merchandise, which merits cautious care inhandling and storing.

Under no circumstances should panels be handledroughly. Packages of sheets should be lifted off thetruck with extreme care taken to insure that no damageoccurs to ends of the sheets or to side ribs. Please notethe designated "pick points" to prevent crimpingdamage during lifting of bundles. The packages shouldbe stored off the ground sufficiently high to allow air cir-culation underneath the packages. One end of thepackage should always be elevated to encouragedrainage in case of rain.

All stacked metal panels are subject, to some degree, tolocalized discoloration or stain when water is trappedbetween their closely nested surfaces. Mesco exercisesextreme caution during fabricating and shipping opera-tions to insure that all panel stock is kept dry. However,due to climatic conditions, water formed by condensa-tion of humid air can become trapped between stackedsheets. Water can also be trapped between the stackedsheets when exposed to rain. This discoloration causedby trapped moisture is often called wet storage stain.

Use wood blocking to elevate and slope the panels in amanner that will allow moisture to drain. Wood blockingplaced between bundles will provide additional air cir-culation. Cover the stacked bundles with a tarp orplastic cover leaving enough opening at the bottom forair to circulate.

DRAINAGE

ELEVATE

TARP

AIR CIRCULATION

NOTE: Piece marks are stenciledon primary structural members,1'-0" from end.

XXXX

Lesson 8



Metal Building ErectionResponsible personnel, experienced in rigging andhandling light steel members in a safe manner shouldcomplete the layout, assembly, and erection of themetal building. Improper handling can easily result ininjury, delays and unexpected added costs. This is par-ticularly true when raising assembled rafters for widebuildings.

Mesco Building Solutions includes a Installation Manualwith each job. In addition, these manuals may be pur-chased from Mesco's Sales Department. TheInstallation Manual is a guide for the erection processand reflects the techniques in use in the metal buildingindustry believed to be most representative of gooderection practices. The erector should always useproven and safe erection methods. Knowledge ofand adherence to OSHA and other local codes orlaws governing jobsite safety is critical, and is theresponsibility of the erector. If any questions ariseregarding erection questions on a specific building, theerector should contact Mesco's Customer ServiceDepartment.

Tips to Keep Erection Costs DownMinimum costs should be obtained when the followingconditions are met during the erection of a Mescobuilding:

1. When safety practices are discussed and initiatedin advance of any work procedure.

2. When the overall work of erecting the building isdivided into individual jobs, and when each job isassigned to teams of workers consisting of two toseven workers each, with three to five workerteams preferred.

3. When individual workers are properly trained andinstructed in advance as to what they are to do andthe safe way to do it. This eliminates time wastedwhile waiting to be told what to do next.

4. When building parts are properly laid out accordingto advanced planning so as to avoid lost time inrepetitive handling or in searching for specificitems.

5. When as many parts as can be safely raised in asingle lift are bolted together in subassemblies onthe ground where assembly work is faster andsafer, thereby, requiring fewer lifts and fewer con-nections to be made in the air.

6. When erection of the steel framework starts at oneend and continues bay by bay to the other end of

the building.

7. When the first bay is completed, the individualframes are erected and tied together by skeletonor lead purlins and the fill-in purlins are installedafter the costly lifting equipment has beenreleased.

8. When the proper tools and equipment are avail-able in sufficient quantity and in good/safe workingcondition.

ConclusionThe basics of metal building erection, from the primarystructures to the secondary structures, have been cov-ered in this workbook. We have briefly encapsulated thebasic sequence of events from construction site plan-ning through erecting a Mesco Building System. Manyother phases, such as mechanical, electrical, interiorfinishing and landscaping need to be done to finish andcomplete most projects. Although there are many otherevents, procedures, and essentials that are involved inthe erection of a metal building, the brief overviewIntroduction to Metal Buildings provides will benefit notonly Builders but also their employees with knowledgeto better serve the customer.

Lesson 8


Lesson 8 Self Test

Lesson Eight: Self-Test

1. Which one of the following is the Builders usually offer the owner design service by his/her staffarchitects an/or engineers?A. Bid General ContractorB. Bid SubcontractorC. Design Build General ContractorD. Design Build SubcontractorE. None of the Above

2. Which of the following is not a pre-construction site consideration?A. Laying the FoundationB. Building CodesC. Previous use of LandD. Building Site RestrictionsE. Utility Connections

3. To which load is a foundation extremely subjected?A. SnowB. CollateralC. VerticalD. TransverseE. None of the Above

4. During the Pre-Installation stage it is necessary to develop a comprehensive safety awareness pro-gram in advance to familiarize the work force with the unique conditions of the site, and the buildingmaterials, along with the appropriate "Safe Work" practice that will be utilized during erection.A. TrueB. False

5. What are the two essential requirements of quality concrete?A. Cement and SandB. Coarse Aggregate and WaterC. Strength and DurabilityD. Placement and Curing

6. Which of the following is not a common location of building parts during unloading, layout, andstorage of material?A. Purlins and Girts near the sidewallsB. Central location of Hardware PackagesC. Endwalls are laid out at each end of the slabD. Accessories are unloaded in the center of the slabE. None of the Above

7. What are 3 criteria that handling and storing panels should meet?A. Handle carefullyB. Stored elevated off the ground.C. One end of the panels be elevated higher than the other end to promote drainage.D. B and CE. A and BF. All of the Above

8. Safety issues should be discussed and initiated in advance of any work procedures.A. TrueB. False

Glossary: Terminology Commonly Used in the MetalBuilding Industry

Basic Terms and DescriptionsAccessory: A building product which supplements a basic solid panel building such as a door, window, lighttransmitting panel, roof vent, etc.

Agricultural Building: A structure designed and constructed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, live-stock or other agricultural products. Such structures should not include: spaces meant for habitation or to beoccupied, spaces in which agricultural products are processed, treated, or the possibility of being as a place ofoccupancy by the general public.

Aluminum Coated Steel: Steel coated with aluminum for corrosion resistance.

Anchor Bolts: Bolts used to anchor members to a foundation or other support.

Anchor Bolt Plan: A plan view drawing showing the diameter, location and projection of all anchor bolts for thecomponents of the Metal Building System and may show column reactions (magnitude and direction). The max-imum base plate dimensions may also be shown.

Approval Drawings: A set of drawings that may include framing plans, elevations and sections through thebuilding for approval of the builder.

ASD: Allowable Stress Design.

Assembly: A group of mutually dependent and compatible components or subassemblies of components.

Astragal: a closure between the two leaves of a double swing or double slide door.

Automatic Crane: A crane which when activated operates through a preset series of cycles.

Auxiliary Crane Girder: A girder arranged parallel to the main girder for supporting the platform, motor base,operator's cab, control panels, etc., to reduce the torsional forces that such a load would otherwise impose onthe main crane girder.

Axial Force: A force tending to elongate or shorten a member

Bar Joist: A name commonly used for Open Web Steel Joists

Base Angle: An angle secured to a wall or foundation used to attach the bottom of the wall paneling.

Base Plate: A plate attached to the bottom of a column, which rests on a foundation or other support, usuallysecured by anchor bolts.

Base Tube: See "Cast in Place Base"

Bay: The space between the main frames measured normal to the frame

Beam: A member, usually horizontal, that is subjected to bending loads. Three types are simple, continuous, andcantilever.

Beam and Column: A Structural system consisting of a series of rafter beams supported by columns. Often usedas the end fame of a building.

Bearing End Frame: See "Beam and Column"

Glossary



Glossary

Bearing Plate: A steel plate that is set on the top of a masonry support on which a beam or purlin can rest

Bent: See "Main Frame".

Bill of Materials: A list that enumerates by part number or description each piece of material or assembly to beshipped. Also called tally sheet or shipping list.

Bird Screen: Wire mesh used to prevent birds from entering the building through ventilators and louvers.

Blind Rivet: A small headed pin with expandable shank for joining light gauge metal. Typically it is used to attachflashing, gutters, etc.

Box Girder: Girders, trucks or other members of rectangular cross section enclosed on four sides.

Bracing: Rods, angles or cables used in the plane of the roof and walls to transfer loads, such as wind, seismicand crane thrusts to the foundation

Bracket: A structural support projecting from a structural member. Examples are canopy brackets, lean-tobrackets, and crane runway brackets,

Bridge (Crane): That part of an overhead crane consisting of girders, trucks, end ties, walkway and drive mech-anism that carries the trolley and travels in a direction parallel to the runway

Bridge Crane: A load lifting system consisting of a hoist, which moves laterally on a beam, girder or bridge whichin turn moves longitudinally on a runway made of beams and rails

Bridging: Bracing or systems of bracing used between structural members

British Thermal Unit (BTU): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1degree Fahrenheit.

Builder: A party who, as a routine part of his/her business, buys Metal Building Systems from a manufacturer forthe purpose of resale.

Building: A structure forming an open, partially enclosed, or enclosed space constructed by a planned processof combining materials, components, and subsystems to meet specific conditions of use.

Building Aisle: A space defined by the length of the building and the space between building columns.

Building Code: Regulations established by a recognized agency describing design loads, procedures and con-struction details for structures usually applying to a designated political jurisdiction (city, county, state, etc.).

Built-Up Roofing: A roof covering made up of alternating layers of tar and materials made of asphalt.

Built-Up Section: A structural member, usually an "I" shaped section, made from individual flat plates weldedtogether.

Bumper: An energy-absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of itspermitted travel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come into contact.

Butt Plate: The end plate of a structural member usually used to rest against a like plate of another member informing a connection. Sometimes called a splice plate or bolted end plate.

Bypass Girt: A wall framing system where the girts are mounted on the outside of the columns.

"C" Section: A member in the shape of a block "C" formed from steel sheet, that may be used either singularlyor back to back.

Cab-Operated Crane: A crane controlled by an operator in a cab supported on the bridge or trolley.

Camber: Curvature of a flexural member in the plane of its web before loading.

Canopy: A projecting roof system that is supported and restrained at one end only.

Cantilever Beam: A beam supported only at one end with the other end free to move.

Capillary Action: That action which causes movement of liquids when in contact with two adjacent surfacessuch as panel sidelaps.

Cap Plate: A plate located at the top of a column or end of a beam for capping the exposed end of the member.

Capacity (Crane): The maximum load (usually stated in tons) that a crane is designed to support.

Cast In Place Base: A continuous member imbedded in the edge of the foundation to which the wall panels areattached.

Caulk: To seal and make weather-tight joints, seams, or voids by filling with a waterproofing compound or mate-rial.

Chalking: When the paint finish on panels has a white powder film due to over exposure.

Channel, Hot Rolled: A member formed while in a semi-molten state at the steel mill to shape having standarddimensions and properties.

Cladding: The exterior metal roof and wall paneling of a Metal Building System. See also "Covering."

Clip: A plate or angle used to fasten two or more members together.

Closure Strip: A strip, formed to the contour of ribbed panels and used to close openings created by ribbedpanels joining other components, either made of resilient material or metal.

CMU: Concrete Masonry Unit. Generally, used to construct masonry walls

Cold Forming: The process of using press brakes or rolling mills to shape steel into desired cross sections atroom temperature.

Collateral Loads: The weight of additional permanent materials required by the contract, other than the BuildingSystem, such as sprinklers, mechanical and electrical systems, partitions and ceilings.

Column: A main member used in a vertical position on a building to transfer loads from main roof beams, trusses,or rafters to the foundations.

Component: A part used in a Metal Building System. See also "Components and Cladding".

Components and Cladding: Members which include girts, joists, purlins, studs, wall and roof panels, fasteners,end wall columns and endwall rafters of bearing end frames, roof overhang beams, canopy beams, and masonrywalls that do not act as shear walls.

Concealed Clip: A hold down clip used with a wall or roof panel system to connect the panel to the supportingstructure without exposing the fasteners on the exterior surface.

Connection: The means of attachment of one structural member to another.

Continuity: The terminology given to a structural system denoting the transfer of loads and stresses frommember to member allowing the members to act as a single unit.

Continuous Beam: A beam having three or more supports.

Covering: The exterior metal roof and wall paneling of a Metal Building System.

Crane: A machine designed to move material by means of a hoist.

Crane Aisle: That portion of a building aisle in which a crane operates, defined by the crane span and the unin-terrupted length of crane runway.

Crane Girder: The principal horizontal beams of the crane bridge that supports the trolley and is supported bythe end tracks.

Crane Rail: A track supporting and guiding the wheels of a top-running bridge crane or trolley system.

Glossary



Glossary

Crane Runway Beam: The member that supports a crane rail and is supported by columns or rafters dependingon the type of crane system. On underhung bridge cranes, the runway beam also acts as the crane rail.

Crane Span: The horizontal distance center-to-center of runway beams.

Crane Stop: A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device normally is attached to a fixed struc-ture and normally does not have energy-absorbing ability.

Crane Support Column: A separate column that supports the runway beam of a top-running crane.

Curb: A raised edge on a concrete floor slab or in the roof for accessories.

Curtain Wall: Perimeter wall panels that carry only their own weight and wind load.

Damper: A baffle used to open or close the throat of ventilators. They can be operated manually or by motors.

Dead Loads: The dead load of a building is the weight of all permanent construction, such as floor, roof, framing,and covering members.

Design Professional: Any Architect or Engineer.

Diagonal Bracing: See "Bracing".

Diaphragm Action: The resistance to racking generally offered by the covering system, fasteners, and sec-ondary framing. Distortion of the overall roof, floor, or wall shape.

Door Guide: An angle or channel used to stabilize or keep plumb a sliding or rolling door during its operation.

Downspout: A conduit used to carry water from the gutter of a building.

Drift (Sidesway): Transverse displacement at the top of a vertical element due to lateral loads. Drift should notbe confused with Deflection.

Drift (Snow): The snow accumulation at a height discontinuity.

Drift Pin: A tapered pin used during erection to align holes in steel members to be connected by bolting.

Eave: The line along the sidewall formed by the intersection of the planes of the roof and wall.

Eave Canopy: A projecting roof system on the sidewall whose overhanging edge is supported at the building.

Eave Gutter: See "Gutter".

Eave Height: The vertical dimension from finished floor to the top of the eave strut.

Eave Strut: A structural member located at the eave of a building that supports roof and wall paneling.

Edge Strip: The surface area of a building at the edges of the roof and corners of the walls where the wind loadson components and cladding are greater than at other areas of the building.

Effective Wind Area: The area used to determine the wind coefficient. The effective wind area may be greaterthan or equal to the tributary area.

Elastic Design: A design concept utilizing the a property of materials allowing for non-permanent shape distor-tion under a specified range of loading.

Electric Operated Crane: A crane in which the bridge, hoist or trolley is operated by electric power.

Electric Overhead Traveling Crane: An electrically-operated machine for lifting, lowering and transportingloads, consisting of a movable bridge carrying a fixed or movable hoisting mechanism and traveling on an over-head runway structure.

End Approach: The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway, between the outer-most extremities ofthe crane and the centerline of the hook.

End Bay: The bays adjacent to the endwalls of a building. Usually the distance from the endwall to the first inte-rior main frame measured normal to the endwall.

End Frame: A frame located at the endwall of a building that supports the loads from a portion of the end bay.

End Post: See "Endwall Column".

End Stop: A device attached to a crane runway or rail to provide a safety stop at the end of a runway.

End Truck: The unit consisting of truck frame, wheels, bearings, axles, etc., which supports the bridge girders.

Endwall: An exterior wall that is parallel to the interior main frames of the building.

Endwall Column: A vertical member located at the endwall of a building that supports the girts. In post and beamendwall frames, endwall columns also support the rafter.

Endwall Overhang: See "Purlin Extension".

End Zone: The surface area of a building along the roof at the endwall and at the corners of walls. (see EdgeStrip)

Engineer/Architect of Record: The engineer or architect who is responsible for the overall design of the buildingproject. The manufacturer's engineer is not the Engineer of Record.

Installation: The on-site assembling of fabricated Metal Building System components to form a completed struc-ture.

Erection Bracing: Materials used by erectors to stabilize the building system during erection, also typicallyreferred to as temporary bracing.

Erection Drawings: Roof and wall erection (framing) drawings that identify individual components and acces-sories furnished by the manufacturer in sufficient detail to permit proper Erection of the Metal Building System.

Erector: A party who assembles or erects a Metal Building System.

Expansion Joint: A break or space in construction to allow for thermal expansion and contraction of the mate-rials used in the structure.

Exterior Framed: A wall framing system where the girts are mounted on the outside of the columns.

Fabrication: The manufacturing process performed in a plant to convert raw material into finished Metal BuildingSystem components. The main operations are cold forming, cutting, punching, welding, cleaning and painting.

Facade: An architectural treatment, partially covering a wall, usually concealing the eave and/or the rake of thebuilding.

Fading: Refers to the paint finish on panels becoming less vibrant of color.

Fascia: A decorative trim or panel projecting from the face of a wall.

Field: The job site, building site, or general marketing area.

Filler Strip: See "Closure Strip".

Film Laminated Coil: Coil metal that has a corrosion resistant film laminated to it prior to the forming operation.

Fixed Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip that does not allow the roof panel to move independ-ently of the roof substructure.

Fixed Base: A column base that is designed to resist rotation as well as transverse or vertical movement.

Flange: The projecting edge of a structural member ( e.g. the top and bottom horizontal projections of an I beam).

Flange Brace: A member used to provide lateral support to the flange of a structural member.

Flashing: The metal used to "trim" or cover the juncture of two planes of material.

Glossary



Glossary

Floating Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip that allows the roof panel to transversely move inde-pendently of the roof substructure. Also known as a "Sliding Clip" or "Slip Clip".

Floor Live Load: Those loads induced on the floor system by the use and occupancy of the building.

Flush Girts: A wall framing system where the outside flange of the girts and the columns are flush.

Footing: A pad or mat, usually of concrete, located under a column, wall or other structural member, that is usedto distribute the loads from that member into the supporting soil.

Foundation: The substructure, which supports a building or other structure.

Framed Opening: Framing members and flashing which surround an opening.

Framing Plans: See "Erection Drawings".

Gable: The triangular portion of the endwall from the level of the eave to the ridge of the roof.

Gable Overhang: See "Purlin Extension".

Gable Roof: A roof consisting of two sloping roof planes that form a ridge and form a gable at each end.

Galvanized: Steel coated with zinc for corrosion resistance.

Gantry Crane: A crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys isrigidly supported on one or more legs running on fixed rails or other run-way.

Girder: A main horizontal or near horizontal structural member that supports vertical loads. It may consist of sev-eral pieces.

Girt: A horizontal structural member that is attached to sidewall or endwall columns and supports paneling.

Glaze: The process of installing glass in windows and doors.

Glazing: Glass panes or paneling used in windows and doors.

Grade: The term used when referring to the ground elevation around a building.

Grade Beam: A concrete beam around the perimeter of a building.

Ground Snow Load: The probable weight of snow on the ground for a specified recurrence interval exclusiveof drifts or sliding snow.

Grout: A mixture of cement, sand and water used to fill cracks and cavities. Sometimes used under base platesor leveling plates to obtain uniform bearing surfaces.

Gusset Plate: A steel plate used to reinforce or connect structural elements.

Gutter: A light gauge metal member at an eave, valley or parapet designed to carry water from the roof to down-spouts or drains.

"H" Section: A steel member with a cross section in the shape of an "H".

Hair Pin: "V" shaped reinforcing steel used to transfer anchor bolt shear to the concrete floor mass.

Hand-Geared (Crane): A crane in which the bridge, hoist, or trolley is operated by the manual use of chain andgear without electric power.

Haunch: The deepened portion of a column or rafter designed to accommodate the higher bending moments atsuch points. (Usually occurs at the intersection of the column and the rafter.)

Header: The horizontal framing member located at the top of a framed opening.

High Strength Bolts: Any bolt made from steel having a tensile strength in excess of 100,000 pounds per squareinch.

High Strength Steel: Structural steel having a yield stress in excess of 36,000 pounds per square inch.

Hinged Base: See "Pinned Base".

Hip: The line formed at the intersection of two adjacent sloping planes of a roof.

Hip Roof: A roof that is formed by sloping planes from all four sides.

Hoist: A mechanical lifting device usually attached to a trolley that travels along a bridge, monorail, or jib crane.May be chain or electric operated.

Horizontal Guide Rollers: Wheels mounted near the ends of end trucks, which roll on the side of the rail torestrict lateral movement of the crane.

Hot-Rolled Shapes: Steel sections (angles, channels, "S" shapes, "W" shapes, etc.) which are formed by rollingmills while the steel is in a semi-molten state.

"I"-Beam: See "S" shape.

Ice Dam: A buildup of ice which forms a dam at the eave, contributing to an excessive build-up of snow on theroof.

Impact Load: A dynamic load resulting from the motion of machinery, elevators, craneways, vehicles, and othersimilar moving forces. See "Auxiliary Loads".

Impact Wrench: A power tool used to tighten nuts or bolts.

Importance Factor: A factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property.

Insulation: Any material used in building construction to reduce heat transfer.

Internal Pressure: Pressure inside a building.

Jack Beam: A beam used to support another beam, rafter or truss and eliminate a column support.

Jack Truss: A truss used to support another beam, rafter, or truss and eliminate a column support.

Jamb: The vertical framing members located at the sides of an opening.

Jib Crane: A cantilevered or suspended beam with hoist and trolley. This lifting device may pick up loads in allor part of a circle around the column to which it is attached.

Jig: A device used to hold pieces of material in a certain position during fabrication.

Joist: A light beam for supporting a floor or roof.

Kick-Out (Elbow) (Turn-Out): An extension attached to the bottom of a downspout to direct water away from awall.

Kip: A unit of measure equal to 1,000 pounds.

Knee: The connecting area of a column and rafter of a structural frame such as a rigid frame.

Knee Brace: A diagonal member at a column and rafter intersection designed to resist transverse loads.

Lean-to: A structure having only one slope and depending upon another structure for partial support.

Length: The dimension of the building measured perpendicular to the main framing from outside to outside ofendwall girts.

Leveling Plate: A steel plate used on top of a foundation or other support on which a structural column can rest.

Lift (Crane): Maximum safe vertical distance through which the hook, magnet, or bucket can move.

Lifting Devices (Crane): Buckets, magnets, grabs and other supplemental devices, the weight of which is to beconsidered part of the rated load, used for ease in handling certain types of loads.

Glossary



Glossary

Light Transmitting Panel: Panel used to admit light.

Liner Panel: A metal panel attached to the inside flange of the girts or inside of a wall panel.

Live Load: Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials, and (2)during the life of the structure by movable objects and do not include wind, snow, seismic, or dead loads. Alsosee "Roof or Floor Live Load".

Load Indicating Washers: A washer with dimples, which flatten when the high strength bolt is tightened. Thebolt tension can then be determined by the use of feeler gauges to determine the gap between the washer andthe bolt head.

Longitudinal: The direction parallel to the ridge or sidewall.

Longitudinal (Crane): Direction parallel to the crane runway beams.

Louver: An opening provided with fixed or movable slanted fins to allow flow of air.

Low Rise Building: A description of a class of buildings usually less than 60' eave height. Commonly, they aresingle story, but do not exceed 4 stories.

LRFD: Load and Resistance Factor Design.

Main Frame: An assemblage of rafters and columns that support the secondary framing members and transferloads directly to the foundation.

Main Wind Force Resisting System: A structural assembly that provides for the overall stability of the buildingand receives wind loads from more than one surface. Examples include shear walls, diaphragms, rigid frames,and space structures.

Manufacturer: A party who designs and fabricates a Metal Building System.

Manufacturer's Engineer: An engineer employed by a manufacturer who is in responsible charge of the struc-tural design of a Metal Building System fabricated by the manufacturer. The manufacturer's engineer is not theEngineer of Record.

Masonry: Anything constructed of materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, ceramic blocks, and concrete.

Mastic: See "Sealant".

Mean Roof Height: Average height of roof above ground.

Metal Building System: A complete integrated set of mutually dependent components and assemblies that forma building including primary and secondary framing, covering and accessories, and are manufactured to permitinspection on site prior to assembly or erection.

Mezzanine: An intermediate level between floor and ceiling occupying a partial area of the floor space.

Mill Duty Crane: Cranes with service classification E and F as defined by CMAA.

Moment: The tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point or axis.

Moment Connection: A connection designed to transfer moment as well as axial and shear forces between con-necting members.

Moment of Inertia: A physical property of a member, which helps define strength and deflection characteristics.

Monolithic Construction: A method of placing concrete grade beam and floor slab together to form the buildingfoundation without forming and placing each separately.

Monolithic Pour: The placing of concrete in a monolithic construction.

Monorail Crane: A crane that travels on a single runway beam, usually an "S" or "W" beam.

Multi-Gable Building: Buildings consisting of more than one gable across the width of the building.

Multi-Span Building: Buildings consisting of more than one span across the width of the building. Multiple gablebuildings and single gable buildings with interior columns are examples.

Multiple Girder Crane: A crane, which has two or more girders for supporting the lifted load.

Oil Canning: A waviness that may occur in flat areas of light gauge formed metal products. Structural integrity isnot normally affected by this inherent characteristic; therefore oil canning is only an aesthetic issue. Oil canningis not a cause for rejection of the material.

Open Web Steel Joists: Lightweight truss.

Order Documents: The documents normally required by the Manufacturer in the ordinary course of entering andprocessing an order.

Outrigger: See "Auxiliary Crane Girder".

Overhanging Beam: A simply supported beam that extends beyond its support.

Overhead Doors: See "Sectional Overhead Doors".

Panels: See "Cladding".

Panel Notch: A notch or block out formed along the outside edge of the floor slab to provide support for the wallpanels and serve as a closure along their bottom edge.

Pan Panel: A standing seam panel, which has vertical sides and has no space between the panels at the sidelaps.

Parapet: That portion of the vertical wall of a building that extends above the roofline.

Parts and Portions: See "Components and Cladding".

Peak: The uppermost point of a gable.

Peak Sign: A sign attached to the peak of the building at the endwall showing the building manufacturer.

Pendant-Operated Crane: Crane operated from a pendant control unit suspended from the crane.

Personnel Doors: doors used by personnel for access and exit from a building.

Pick Point: The belted part of panel bundles where the bundle is to be lifted.

Piece Mark: A number given to each separate part of the building for erection identification. Also called marknumber and part number.

Pier: A concrete structure designed to transfer vertical load from the base of a column to the footing.

Pig Spout: A sheet metal section designed to direct the flow of water out through the face of the gutter ratherthan through a downspout.

Pilaster: A reinforced or enlarged portion of a masonry wall to provide support for roof loads or lateral loads onthe wall.

Pinned Base: A column base that is designed to resist transverse and vertical movement, but not rotation.

Pin Connection: A connection designed to transfer axial and shear forces between connecting members, butnot moments.

Pitch: See "Roof Slope".

Plastic Design: A design concept based on multiplying the actual loads by a suitable load factor, and using theyield stress as the maximum stress in any member, and taking into consideration moment redistribution.

Plastic Panels: See "Light Transmitting Panels".

Glossary



Glossary

Ponding: 1) The gathering of water at low or irregular areas on a roof.

2) Progressive accumulation of water from deflection due to rain loads.

Pop Rivet: See "Blind Rivet".

Porosity: The measurement of openings in buildings, which allow air to enter during a windstorm.

Portal Frame: A rigid frame so designed that it offers rigidity and stability in its plane. It is generally used to resistlongitudinal loads where other bracing methods are not permitted.

Post: See "Column".

Post and Beam: A structural system consisting of a series of rafter beams supported by columns. Often usedas the end frame of a building.

Post-tensioning: A method of pre-stressing reinforced concrete in which tendons are tensioned after the con-crete has reached a specific strength.

Power Actuated Fastener: A device for fastening items by the utilization of a patented device that uses an explo-sive charge or compressed air to embed the pin in concrete or steel.

Pre-tensioning: A method of pre-stressing reinforced concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before theconcrete has been placed.

Pre-Painted Coil: Coil of metal, which has received a paint coating.

Press Brake: A machine used in cold-forming metal sheets or strips into desired sections.

Pre-stressed Concrete: Concrete in which internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution are introducedthat the tensile stresses resulting from the service loads are counteracted to a desired degree; in reinforced con-crete the pre-stress is commonly introduced by tensioning the tendons.

Primary Framing: See "Main Frame".

Prismatic Beam: A beam with a uniform cross section.

Public Assembly: A building or space where 300 or more persons may congregate in one area.

Purlin: A horizontal structural member that supports roof covering and carries loads to the primary framing mem-bers.

Purlin Extension: The projection of the roof beyond the plane of the endwall.

Rafter: The main beam supporting the roof system.

Rail (Crane): See "Crane Rail".

Rails (Door): The horizontal stiffening members of framed and paneled doors.

Rake: The intersection of the plane of the roof and the plane of the endwall.

Rake Angle: Angle fastened to purlins at rake for attachment of endwall panels.

Rake Trim: A flashing designed to close the opening between the roof and endwall panels.

Rated Capacity (Crane): The maximum load (usually in tons), which a crane is designed to support safely.

Reactions: The resisting forces at the column bases provided by foundations that hold a structure in equilibriumunder a given loading condition.

Reinforcing Steel: The steel placed in concrete as required to carry the tension, compression and shearstresses.

Remote-Operated Crane: A crane controlled by an operator not in a pulpit or in the cab attached to the craneby any method other than pendant or rope control.

Retrofit: The placing of new metal roof or wall systems over deteriorated roofs or walls.

Rib: The longitudinal raised profile of a panel that provides much of the panel's bending strength.

Ribbed Panel: A panel, which has ribs with sloping sides and forms a trapezoidal shaped void at the side lap.

Ridge: The horizontal line formed by opposing sloping sides of a roof running parallel with the building length.

Ridge Cap: A transition of the roofing materials along the ridge of a roof; sometimes called ridge roll or ridgeflashing.

Rigid Connection: See "Moment Connection".

Rigid Frame: A structural frame consisting of members joined together with moment connections so as to renderthe frame stable with respect to the design loads, without the need for bracing in its plane.

Rolling Doors: Doors that are supported at the bottom on wheels that run on a track.

Roll-Up Door: A door that opens by traveling vertically and is gathered into a roll suspended some distanceabove the floor.

Roof Covering: The exposed exterior roof surface consisting of metal panels.

Roof Live Load: Loads that are produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials, and(2) during the life of the structure by movable objects which do not include wind, snow, seismic or dead loads.

Roof Overhang: A roof extension beyond the endwall or sidewall of a building.

Roof Slope: The tangent of the angle that a roof surface makes with the horizontal, usually expressed in unitsof vertical rise to 12 units of horizontal run.

Roof Snow Load: The load induced by the weight of snow on the roof of the structure.

Runway Beam: See "Crane Runway Beam".

Runway Bracket: A bracket extending out form the column of a building frame, which supports the runway beamfor top-running cranes.

Runway Conductors: The main conductors mounted on or parallel to the runway, which supplies electric cur-rent to the crane.

"S" Shape: A hot rolled beam with narrow tapered flanges.

Sag Member: A tension member such as rods, straps or angles used to limit the deflection of a girt or purlin inthe direction of its weak axis.

Sandwich Panel: A panel used as covering consisting of an insulating core material with inner and outer metalskins.

Screw Down Roof System: A screw down roof system is one in which the roof panels are attached directly tothe roof substructure with fasteners that penetrate through the roof sheets and into the substructure.

Scupper: An opening in a gutter or parapet system, which prevents ponding.

Sealant: Any material that is used to seal cracks, joints or laps.

Secondary Framing: Members that carry loads from the building surface to the main framing. For example -purlins and girts.

Seaming Machine: A mechanical device that is used to close and seal the side seams of standing seam roofpanels.

Sectional Overhead Doors: Doors constructed in horizontally hinged sections. They are equipped with springs,tracks, counter balancers, and other hardware, which roll the sections into an overhead position clear of theopening.

Glossary



Glossary

Seismic Load: The lateral load acting in any direction on a structural system due the action of an earthquake.

Self-Drilling Screw: A fastener that combines the function of drilling and tapping.

Self-Tapping Screw: A fastener that taps its own threads in a predrilled hole.

Seller: A party who sells a Metal Building System with or without its erection or other fieldwork.

Shear: The force tending to make two contacting parts slide upon each other in opposite directions parallel totheir plane of contact.

Shear Diaphragm: See "Diaphragm Action".

Shim: A piece of steel used to level base plates or align columns or beams.

Shipping List: See "Bill of Materials".

Shop Primer Paint: The initial coat of primer paint applied in the shop. A temporary coating designed to protectthe steel during shipping and erection until the building exterior and interior finish coverings have been installed.This coating may or may not serve as a proper prime coat for other finishing paints.

Shot Pin: See "Power Actuated Fastener".

Side Lap Fastener: A fastener used to connect panels together above their length.

Sidesway: See "Drift (Sidesway)".

Sidewall: An exterior wall, which is perpendicular to the frames of a building system.

Sidewall Overhang: See "Eave Canopy".

Sill: The bottom horizontal framing member of a wall opening such as a window or louver.

Simple Connection: See "Pin Connection".

Simple Span: A term used in structural design to describe a beam support condition at two points which offersno resistance to rotation at the supports.

Single Slope: A sloping roof in one plane. The slope is from one sidewall to the opposite sidewall.

Siphon Break: A small groove to arrest the capillary action of two adjacent surfaces. (Anti- Capillary Groove).

Sister Column: See "Crane Support Column".

Slide Door: A single or double leaf door, which opens horizontally by means of sliding on an overhead trolley.

Sliding Clip: A standing seam roof system hold down clip, which allows the roof panel to thermally expandedindependently of the roof substructure.

Slope: See "Roof Slope".

Snow Drift: See "Drift (Snow)".

Snow Load: See "Roof Snow Load".

Snug Tight: The tightness of a bolt in a connection that exists when all plies in a joint are in firm contact.

Soffit: A material, which covers the underside of an overhang.

Soil Bearing Pressure: The load per unit area a structure will exert through its foundation on the soil.

Soldier Column: An intermediate column used to support secondary structural members; not part of a mainframe or beam and column system.

Spacer Strut (Crane): A type of assembly used to keep the end trucks of adjacent cranes on the same runwaybeams a minimum specified distance apart.

Span: The distance between two supports.

Specification (Metal Building System): A statement of a set of Metal Building System requirements describingthe loading conditions, design practices, materials and finishes.

Splice: A connection in a structural member.

Spreader Bar: Elongated bar with attached hooks and/or chains used from a crane to lift long sections of panels,or structural members such as rafters.

Spud Wrench: A tool used by erectors to line up holes and to make up bolted connections; a wrench with atapered handle.

Square: The term used for an area of 100 square feet.

Stainless Steel: An alloy of steel, which contains a high percentage of chromium to increase corrosion resist-ance. Also may contain nickel or copper.

Standing Seam: Side joints of roof panels that are arranged in a vertical position above the roofline.

Standing Seam Roof System: A roof system in which the side laps between the roof panels are arranged in avertical position above the roofline. The roof panel system is secured to the roof substructure by means of con-cealed hold down clips attached with screws to the substructure, except that through fasteners may be used atlimited locations such as at ends of panels and at roof penetrations.

Stiffener: A member used to strengthen a plate against lateral or local buckling.

Stiffener Lip: A short extension of material at an angle to the flange of cold formed structural members, whichadds strength to the member.

Stiles: The vertical side members of framed and paneled doors.

Stitch Screw: A fastener connecting panels together at the sidelap.

Straight Tread Wheels: Crane wheels with flat-machined treads and double flanges, which limit the lateralmovement of the crane.

Strain: The deformation per unit length measured in the direction of the stress caused by forces acting on amember. Not the same as deflection.

Stress: A measure of the load on a structural member in terms of force per unit area.

Strut: A member fitted into a framework, which resists axial compressive forces.

Stud: A vertical wall member to which exterior or interior covering or collateral material may be attached. May beeither load bearing or non-load bearing.

Suspension System: The system (rigid or flexible) used to suspend the runway beams of underhung or mono-rail cranes from the rafter of the building frames.

Sweep: The amount of deviation of straightness of a structural section measured perpendicular to the web of themember.

Tapered Members: A built up plate member consisting of flanges welded to a variable depth web.

Tapered Tread Wheels: End truck wheels with treads which are tapered; the large diameter being toward thecenter of the span.

Tensile Strength: The longitudinal pulling stress a material can bear without tearing apart.

Tension Forces: Forces acting on a member tending to elongate it.

Thermal Block: A spacer of low thermal conductance material that is installed between the purlin and roof insu-lation, to prevent energy loss.

Glossary



Glossary

Thermal Conductance, (C-Factor): The time rate of heat flow through unit area of a body induced by unit tem-perature difference between the body surfaces. Units are BTU / (Hour x ft 2 x degree F) [Imperial system] orWatts / (m 2 x degree C) [SI system]. See "Thermal Resistance".

Thermal Conductivity, (K-Factor): The time rate of heat flow through unit thickness of a flat slab of a homoge-nous material in the perpendicular direction to the slab surfaces induced by unit temperature gradient. Units forK are (BTU x in) / (hour x ft 2 x degree F) or BTU/ (hour x ft x degree F) [Imperial System] and Watts / (m x degreeC) [SI System]. See "Thermal Resistivity".

Thermal Resistance (R-Value): Under steady conditions, the mean temperature difference between two definedsurfaces of material or construction that induces unit heat flow through unit area. Note: Thermal resistance andthermal conductance are reciprocals. To obtain the U-Factor, overall thermal transmittance. R-Value for materialsand/or combinations of materials must first be evaluated. U-Factor is then the reciprocal of the sum of these indi-vidual R-Values.

Thermal Resistivity: Under steady conditions, the temperature difference between parallel surfaces of a slab(large enough so there is no lateral heat flow) of unit thickness that induces unit heat flow through unit area. Note:Thermal resistivity and thermal conductivity are reciprocals. Thermal resistivity is the R-Value of a material of unitthickness.

Thermal Transmittance (U-Factor): The time rate of heat flow per unit is under steady conditions from the fluidon the warm side of a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids.To obtain, first evaluate the R-Value and then compute its reciprocal.

Through-Fastened Roof System: A roof system in which the roof panels are attached directly to the roof sub-structure with fasteners, that penetrate through the roof sheets and into the substructure.

Through Ties: Reinforcing steel, usually in the concrete, extending from one column pier to the other columnpier, tying the two columns of a rigid frame together to resist thrust.

Thrust: The transverse component of a reaction usually at the column base.

Tie: A structural member that is loaded in tension.

Ton: 2,000 pounds.

Track: A metal way for wheeled components; specifically, one or more lines of ways, with fastenings, ties, etc.,for a crane way, monorail or slide door.

Translucent Panels: See "Light Transmitting Panels".

Transverse: The direction parallel to the main frames.

Tributary Area: The area directly supported by the structural member between contiguous supports.

Trim: The light gauge metal used in the finish of a building, especially around openings and at intersections ofsurfaces. Sometimes referred to as flashing.

Trolley (Crane): The unit carrying the hoisting mechanism.

Trolley Frame (Crane): The basic structure of the trolley on which are mounted the hoisting and traversingmechanisms.

Truss: A structure made up of three or more members, with each member designed to carry a tension or com-pression force. The entire structure in turn acts as a beam.

Turnout: See "Kick-Out".

Turn-of-the-Nut Method: A method for pre-tensioning high strength bolts. The nut is tightened an additionalamount from the Snug Tight position, corresponding to a few blows of an impact wrench or the full effort of a manusing an ordinary spud wrench. The amount of rotation required depends on the bolt diameter and length.

Twist Off Bolts: Bolts with a segment, which shears off at a predetermined torque during bolt tightening. Thesebolts utilized a specially designed wrench for proper installation.

Uplift: Wind load on a building, which causes a load in the upward direction.

Valley Gutter: A heavy gauge gutter used for multi-gabled buildings or between buildings.

Vapor Barrier: Material used to retard the flow of vapor or moisture to prevent condensation from forming on asurface.

Ventilator: A roof mounted accessory, which allows the air to pass through.

"W" Shape: A hot rolled I-shaped member with parallel flanges generally wider than "S" shapes.

Wainscot: Wall material, used in the lower portion of a wall that is different from the material in the rest of thewall.

Walk Door: See "Personnel Door".

Wall Covering: The exterior wall surface consisting of panels.

Web: That portion of a structural member between the flanges.

Web Stiffener: See "Stiffener".

Wheel Base: Distance from center-to center of the outermost crane wheels.

Wheel Load: The vertical forces without impact produced on a crane ok wheel bearing on a runway rail or sus-pended from a runway beam. Maximum wheel load occurs with the crane loaded at rated capacity and the trolleypositioned to provide maximum vertical force at one set of wheels.

Width: The dimension of the building measured parallel to the main framing from outside to outside of sidewallgirts.

Wind Bent: See "Portal Frame".

Wind Column: A vertical member designed to withstand transverse wind loads, usually in the endwall.

X-Bracing: Bracing system with members arranged diagonally in both directions to form an "X". See "Bracing".

"Z" Section: A member cold formed from steel sheet in the approximate shape of a "Z".

Zinc-Aluminum Coated: Steel coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminum to provide corrosion resistance.

Glossary



Answers to Lesson Self Tests

Answers to the Self-Tests

Lesson One1. C 7. B2. A 8. D3. B 9. C4. A 10. D5. E 11. A6. A 12. A

Lesson Two1. B 7. D 13. A2. E 8. B3. D 9. A4. B 10. E5. C 11. B6. A 12. B

Lesson Three1. D 7. A 13. C2. B 8. C3. E 9. B4. B 10. E5. D 11. A6. A 12. B

Lesson Four1. D 7. B2. C 8. D3. A 9. C4. C 10. A5. A 11. A6. D 12. E

Lesson Five1. A 7. D2. B 8. A3. D 9. A4. B 10. D5. B 11. E6. C 12. B

Lesson Six1. E 5. D2. D 6. D3. E 7. A4. A 8 B

Lesson Seven1. A 6. A 11. B2. D 7. B3. A 8. D4. C 9. B5. A 10. B

Lesson Eight1. C 5. C2. A 6. D3. D 7. F4. A 8. A

Answers to Lesson Self Tests


MESCO BUILDING SOLUTIONSP.O. Box 93629

Southlake, TX 76092800-556-3726