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Slide 2 Messana Slide 3 Evolution Movie Clip Slide 4 SECTION #1B: Unicellular: Singlecell; 1 cell Ex: Bacteria Multicellular: 2 or more cells Ex: Algae Mammals: Slide 5 Mass Extinction When a large # of species DIE out suddenly 2 Major Ones: 1) Permian- 250 million yrs ago (end of Paleozoic Era) 90% of OCEAN LIFE died out .the LARGEST MASS EXTINCTION!! 2) Cretaceous - 65 million yrs ago (end of Mesozoic Era) Dinosaurs became extinct Slide 6 Section #2: BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Process through which SPECIES CHANGE over time due to a CHANGE IN GENETIC MATERIAL that is passed through GENERATIONS. Slide 7 Theory of Evolution 1st Life with David Slide 8 EARLY IDEAS: LAMARCK: (p 18B) French Animals ACQUIRED traits during their lifetime and passed them on to their OFFSPRING EX: DARWIN: (p 19B) British NATURAL SELECTION members of a species that are BEST SUITED to the ENVIRONMENT (nature) will survive & reproduce. SURVIVAL of the FITTEST! 4 principles to support EX: Beaks of Finches (Galapagos Islands) Slide 9 Slide 10 Charles darwin Slide 11 Slide 12 Voyage of Beagle Dates: February 12th, 1831 Captain: Charles Darwin Ship: H.M.S. Beagle Destination: Voyage around the world. Findings: evidence to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about how life changes over time Slide 13 Vogage route Slide 14 DARWINS 4 PRINCIPLES OVERPRODUCTION: When plants or animals REPRODUCE, it makes MORE OFFSPRING than actually survive & reproduce EX: fish & turtle eggs Slide 15 Overproduction Slide 16 VARIATION There are NATURALLY occurring differences in TRAITS due to different GENETIC MATERIALS or due to MUTATIONS-this is the PHENOTYPE of the organism (HOW it LOOKS on the outside) Variations get passed on EX: BROWN vs BLUE eyes Slide 17 MORE VARIATION EX: NEMO had a short fin NO 2 zebras have the same STRIPE pattern Slide 18 Slide 19 DARWINS PRINCIPLES (CONT.) ADAPTATION: INHERITED TRAIT that gives an organism an Advantage in its environment over other members. EX: Move faster (cheetah); blend in (lions); camouflage (chameleon); shape of tail fin (fish) SELECTION: Organisms with an ADAPTATION will SURVIVE & REPRODUCE and PASS ON the ADAPTATION SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST! Slide 20 ADAPTATION Inherited trait that gives an organism an ADVANTAGE in its particular environment over other members of the group EX: - Fish with curved tail swim faster (speed) - White fur rabbits blend in to snow better in arctic climates (camouflage) - Birds with stronger beaks can get food better (feeding) - Bears can hibernate when their food source is scarce - Beetle with horns can fight off beetle without horns (defense) Slide 21 Adaptation Activity Will YOU survive????? I Will Survive! Slide 22 Slide 23 Human who wants 2 fly Problem: NO wings!!! Slide 24 Plane..with wings.. Slide 25 Adaptation: non winged human jumps from winged vehicle And FLIES WHOOP WHOOP!! Slide 26 SPECIATION & ISOLATION Evolution of a NEW SPECIES from an old species, due to ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE SPECIATION is due to ISOLATION!!! A1A2 2 populations of SAME SPECIES separated; cant reproduce; differing mutations occur; each evolves 2 DIFFERENT SPECIES ISOLATION causes SPECIATION Slide 27 Evidence for Evolution: 1) Fossil Record 2) Biological Evidence: A.)Homologous Structures = similar structure with different function, means common ancestry (Ex: forelimbs) B.)Analogous Structures = similar function, but not from common ancestor C)Vestigial Organ = organ or structure used in an ancestor, still present but not used in the evolved organism (Ex: leg bones in whales, appendix in humans) Slide 28 Homologous Structures Slide 29 Vestigial Organs Slide 30 Evidence of Evolution: Fossils Fossils show change in a single species over time or similarities between species Evolution of the Modern Horse Slide 31 Evidence of Evolution: Comparative Anatomy Analogous Structures different anatomical structure but similar function that arise from common environmental demands Slide 32 Human Vestigial Organs Slide 33 3)GENETIC/DEVELOPMENTAL EVIDENCE A) Similarities in embryology B)Matching gene/DNA sequences Slide 34 Evidence of Evolution: Molecular Biology Molecular Biology - the genetic structure of an organism The key to understanding how traits are passed from one generation to the next is DNA analysis Scientists can tell how closely related organisms are by studying their DNA There does not have that much of a difference in a gene sequence to be a different organism! Slide 35 Evidence of Evolution: Embryology Embryology shows similar developmental stages amongst different species Slide 36 Similarities in Embryos Slide 37 Slide 38 Humans Speeding Up Evolution Slide 39 Phenotypes Slide 40 Homologous/Vestigial Structures Slide 41 Example of Evolution So how do animals and plants adapt to their environment over time? Elephant Adaptation Video- shows how evolution of the Earth affects the evolution of a species http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAss etId=0B5B292A-983E-4327-A27D- B647383BF293&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Slide 42 Slide 43 Which Brings Us Back To Natural Selection Or Survival of the Fittest What does Survival of the Fittest really mean? In the next few scenarios,describethe phenotype that would most likely be selected to survive Slide 44 Slide 45 Survival of the Fittest Scenario 1: Drought - There has been a drought and all of the grass has dries up and dies first, but the leaves on bushes and trees are slower to diewho survives the longest? A. Animals with short legs but long necks B. Animals with long legs, but short necks C. Animals with both long legs and long necks D. Animals with both short legs and short necks Slide 46 Slide 47 Survival of the Fittest Scenario 2: Predator is Approaching - A predator is approaching the herd, but is not hunting yetwho will know sooner and therefore have a better chance to escape? Slide 48 Slide 49 Survival of the Fittest Scenario 3: Predator Fight - A predator has arrived. It is too late to run away or hide, the animals must fight off the predatorwho has the best chance at fighting? Slide 50 Slide 51 Survival of the Fittest Scenario 4: Blizzard - The weather becomes very cold. There is a blizzard and the land is covered in snowwho survives? Slide 52 Slide 53 Survival of the Fittest Scenario 5: Volcanic Eruption - There has been a volcanic eruption. Lava flows down the mountain onto the plains and kills anything in its pathwho will make it?