MergedFile - 123.63.242.116123.63.242.116/Thanjavur/r55.pdf · total no.of households(as per2011 census) 45538 total no.of households(as per 2017) 54438 no.of households with toilets

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City Sanitation Plan Page 3

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CONTENTS

I. GENERAL INFORMATION

� City Sanitation Task Force

� Town Map

� Swachhata

� Approach And Methodology

� Components Of CSP

� National Urban Sanitation Policy

� City Sanitation Plan

� Need For CSP

� What Is CSP

� Why CSP

� City Profile

� General Profile

� Land Use

� City Map

� Ward Wise Households &Population

II. OPEN DEFECATION FREE

� Open Defecation Free City

� Pie Chart

� Profile

� Location Of Community/Public Toilet

� Map Showing Location Of Toilet

� Public Toilet/Free Urinal Image

� Individual Household Toilet Image

III. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

� Solid Waste Management

� Need For SWM

� The Objectives Of Project

� Demographics

� Municipal Administration

� Population Growth

� Projection Of Population and Generation of Solid Waste

� Details Of House Holds & Other Infrastructures

� The MSW Mandate

� Components And Status Of Compliance

� Quantification Of Solid Waste

� Characterization Of Solid Waste


� Solid Waste Management Completed Works

� Transportation &Equipments

� Biomethanation Plant

� Waste Pyramid

� Process Design For MSW Composting

Unit � Recovery Of Recycling

� Green Belt Development

� Solid Waste Management Improvement 2015-2016

IV. WATER SUPPLY

� City Salient Features

� Map Showing Water Supply Distribution

System � Schematic Diagram

� Existing & Proposed Water Supply

System � Amrut 2016-2017

V. UNDER GROUND DRAINAGE

SYSTEM � UGSS Details

� City Salient Features

� UGS Pumping Station

Details � STP

� Sludge Digester

� Amrut 2016-

2017

VI. OPEN DRAIN & STORM WATER

CHANNEL � Desilting Report

� Desilting Of Channels

Estimate � Length Of Drains

� Mosquito Control

VII. INFORMATION EDUCATION & COMMUNICATION

� Public Participation In SWM

� Decentralized Waste Management System

� Public Information,Education,Communication Programs(Iec)

� Capacity Building In Msw Management

� Safety And Precautions In Swm


GENERAL

INFORMATION


City Sanitation Task Force

• Special officer / Chairman / Councilors

• Corporation Commissioner

• City Health Officer

• Executive Engineer

• Assistant Executive Engineer / Assistant Enginner

• Sanitary Officers

• Sanitary Inspectors

• Sanitary Supervisors

• NGO / Voluntary Organization / SHGS

• Stake holders

• Sanitation Private Agency

• Sanitary Workers



Methodology For CSP:


• City Sanitation Mainly based on the five basic

amenities illustrated in the diagram Shown below.


Approach and Methodology


COMPONENTS OF CSP

Water Supply

• Sewage

• Storm water drainage

• Solid Waste Management

• Information, Education and Communication

• Environment

• Open defection free


National Urban sanitation Policy (NUSP)

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has been

formulated by Government of India with a vision to provide

appropriate Sanitation facilities in all cities/towns. State have

to prepare State Sanitation Strategies and cities/towns are

required to prepare city Sanitation Plans (CSPs) as per NUSP

guidelines,so as to improve health and environmental

outcomes. The CSP is a vision document on sanitation with 20

to 25 years horizon with short term town level action plans

for five years to achieve sanitation goals. CSP envisages

achieving the following outputs

� Open Defecation free status. � Elimination of manual Scavenging and safety of

sanitry workers. � Prepare disposal of rain water and storm water

drainage. � Recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-

potable applications. � Solid waste fully collected and safely disposed of

scientifically. � Serving the unserved with basic minimum services. � Measures for improved public health and

environmental standards.


CITY SANITATION PLAN

• Open defecation free town

• Providing individual households toilets to all households in the city

• Maintenance of Community / Public Toilets in a hygenic manner

• Providing protected water supply to all households in the town.

• Safe disposal of sewage water in UGD scheme.

• Providing UGD connection to all households / Commercial / Public & Private institutions.

• Drainage and storm water drainage to be strengthened and well maintenance of the same.

• 100% door to door Segregated Garbage Collection.

• Bulk waste garbage generators to dispose bio waste.

• Municipal solid waste to be collected and disposed scientifically.

• Reclamation of existing dumpsite.

• Dry recyclable waste are to be collected once in a week.

• Recyclable waste are to be sold to the recyclers and the amount disbursed among sanitary workers concerned.

• Garbage free Kumbakonam to be achieved.

• Providing safety equipments to all sanitary workers.

• Setting up of MCC centers so that all bio waste are disposed at the site.

• Capacity building / Training programs for all staff.


• Medical camp / Eye camp to be organized at periodical

intervals.

• Providing Medical facilities to all citizens in the town.

Need for CSP

• To achieve the goal of universal sanitation

• To develop access to safe and hygienic sanitation facility and

arrangements (individual or community toilets) to all urban

population so that no one defecates in the open

• To develop adequate availability and 100 percent upkeep and

management of public sanitation facilities in all urban areas like

commercial areas, offices, institution and service centres etc.

• To ensure scientific collection, treatment and safe disposal and

establish appropriate and feasible technology of disposal system

for human excreta & liquid waste from all sanitation facilities

and establish appropriate system of operation & maintenance of

the disposal system.


What is CSP?

The CSP is a vision document on Sanitation with 20 to 25

years horizon with short term town level action plans for 3-5

years to achieve sanitation goals as per above stated objections.

Broad areas to be covered in CSP are:

• Awareness generation

• Sanitary choices and Technical options

• Operation & Maintenance and service Delivery system

• Institutional Responsibilities

• Reaching the un-served and poor households

• Legal and Regulatory Institutional Responsibilities

• Planning and Financing

• Capacity Building & Training

• Implementation Management

• Monitoring & Evaluation and supervision

• City Reward Schemes.


WHY CSP

• Facilitate vision on a long term perspective.

• Sanitation aspect should be approached to ensure

effectiveness

• Long term vision on transion to a 100% sanitized city.

• To understand the cost and user charges implications.

• Ensure proper assessment of codex and investment

phasing

• Awareness and sensitization of community.


CITY PROFILE Particulars Description

Name of the Corporation Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation

District Thanjavur

Year of Establishment 14-02-2014

Population (As per 2011 census)

222619

Population as on 2013 229619

Floating Population 30,000

No. of sanitary divisions 14

No. of Wards 51

No of Household 52750

No. of slums 66

No of Slaughter Houses 1

No of Markets 9

No of commercial establishments(small shops)

2995

No of Hotels 316

Waste generation per day 121 MT

Waste collection per day 110 MT

Collection efficiency 91%

Per capita waste generation 450 gms/capita/day

Coverage door-to-door collection of waste

6% (In 5 wards)


LAND USE

S. No. Category Area in sq.km

1 Residential 20.13

2 Commercial 1.11

3 Industrial 0.83

4 Educational 1.08

5 Public and Semi Public 3.20

6 Agricultural 9.96

Total Developed Area 36.31 sq.km


City map


Ward Wise HouseHold &Mid year 2017

Population

S. No Ward No. Population

1 1 4117

2 2 5929

3 3 5660

4 4 5758

5 5 4858

6 6 6034

7 7 4653

8 8 1955

9 9 5792

10 10 4875

11 11 5897

12 12 4256

13 13 2682

14 14 4547

15 15 2555

16 16 3732

17 17 3433

18 23 3020

19 24 2782

20 25 2243

21 26 3561

22 22 4101

23 27 2259

24 28 2667

25 29 4129

26 30 5432

27 31 4134

28 32 5968

29 33 2388

30 34 3600

31 44 8708

32 35 2605

33 42 4683

34 43 2867

35 45 5621

36 20 6132

37 21 4945


38 36 6102

39 37 4569

40 38 4282

41 39 6001

42 40 5502

43 41 5267

44 46 6149

45 47 2874

46 48 3080

47 49 4064

48 50 2795

49 51 7367

50 18 3443

51 19 4133

Total 224206


OPEN DEFECATION

FREE CITY


Open Defecation Free Awareness :


HOUSE HOLD TOILET

The diagram below explains the households with Toilets

(92%)

o Households using Community Toilets(8%).

92%

8%

Household with Toilets

Household using

Community Toilets


PROFILE

INDICATORS NO.S PERCENTAGE

TOTAL POPULATION(AS MID YEAR 2017)

224206

TOTAL NO.OF HOUSEHOLDS(AS PER2011 CENSUS)

45538

TOTAL NO.OF HOUSEHOLDS(AS PER 2017)

54438

NO.OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH TOILETS

50269

92%

NO.OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH OUT TOILETS

4169

8%

NO.OF TO BE COVERED UNDER IHHL

1862

NO.OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH OUT LAND

2388

POPULATION USING HOUSE HOLD TOILETS

201076

POPULATION NOT USING PUBLIC TOILETS

201076

PUBLIC & COMMUNITY

70

PUBLIC&COMMUNITY TOILETS USABLE

195

PUBLIC&COMMUNITY TOILETS NON USABLE

0


SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Technical cum Transaction Advisory for Preparation of Draft DPR for Integrated Municipal

Solid Waste Management for Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation.

28



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Municipal Solid Waste Management in Thanjavur -

Overview

The management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has become one of the essential obligatory

functions of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India. Most of the urban areas in the country face

difficulty in managing solid waste, due to poor financial conditions and this lead to problems of

health, sanitation and environmental degradation. Awareness among the Public is also not good

enough, The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) under

Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India (GoI) has published a Manual on

MSW Management (CPHEEO Manual) as a guideline so as to assist the ULBs and private agencies to

implement best waste management practices. Honourable Supreme Court of India ordered the GoI

and State Governments to enforce the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 notified by

the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), GoI with spirit immediately. Hence, it is

mandatory for the ULBs to manage the MSW generated within its limits.

Thanjavur is administered by a municipal corporation covering an area of 36.33 km2 (14.03 sq mi)

and had a population of 222,619 in 2011. Thanjavur is one of the fastest developing cities in the

State of Tamil Nadu. Being an emerging city, there is inadequacy in physical and social

infrastructure facilities. Realizing the inadequate facility for Municipal Solid Waste, Thanjavur City

Municipal Corporation (TCMC) has taken up initiatives to improve the existing system of managing

the MSW through several schemes. Accordingly, the TCMC has appointed M/s InfraEn (India) Pvt.

Ltd. for “Preparing Detailed Project Reports for an Integrated Municipal Solid Waste System for

Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation”.

Objective

The objectives of the proposed consultancy assignment are as follows:

i. To study & analyze the existing Solid Waste Management System, review the

various problems faced and to review the material available with the Corporation.



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ii. To prepare a Detailed Project Report for improving the existing Solid Waste

Management practice in Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation & incorporate the

viable suggestions & prepare bid documents etc,

iii. To prepare the tender documents and carry out Bid process Management

including supporting evaluation and selection of contractors / operators.

Scope of Work

The scope of work covers the service area covering Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation limits and

shall include:

i. Population Estimates based on the census data using appropriate projection techniques.

ii. Estimation of the MSW generation within the corporation limits.

iii. Study of current practices in the primary Collection and Transportation of MSW.

iv. Study of current practices in the secondary collection and transportation of MSW.

v. Study of the existing waste processing and disposal practices.

vi. Suggestions and recommendations for improving the collection and

transportation as well as processing and disposal of MSW generated in the

Corporation.

vii. Detailed financial analysis on the proposed improvements in the solid waste

management practices.

viii. Proposed implementation models for the project (s) as suggested in the DPR.

ix. Transaction advisory services for the various projects as approved by the state

government including submission of tender documents and bid process

management.



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TOWN PROFILE

Introduction

Thanjavur, formerly Tanjore, is a citin the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an

important center of South Indian religion, art, and architecture. Most of the Great Living Chola

Temples, which are UNESCO World Heritage Monuments, are located in and around Thanjavur. The

foremost among these, the Brihadeeswara Temple, is located in the centre of the city. Thanjavur is

also home to Tanjore painting, a painting style unique to the region. Thanjavur is administered by a

municipal corporation covering an area of 36.33 km2 (14.03 sq mi) and had a population of

222,619 in 2011.

Exhibit 1: Location Map of Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation



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Exhibit 2: Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation Profile

Particulars Description

Name of the Corporation Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation

District Thanjavur

Year of Establishment 14-02-2014

Population (As per 2011 census) 222619

Population as on 2013 229619

Floating Population 30,000

No. of sanitary divisions 14

No. of Wards 51

No of Household 52750

No. of slums 66

No of Slaughter Houses 1

No of Markets 9

No of commercial establishments(small shops) 2995

No of Hotels 316





Coverage door-to-door collection of waste 6% (In 5 wards)

Source: Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation

Government of Tamil Nadu announced for upgrade of Thanjavur Special Grade Municipality to City

Municipal Corporation of Thanjavur. Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation is a civic body that

governs Thanjavur city, India. This corporation consists of 51 wards and the legislative body is

headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson and 49 councilors who



33

represent each wards in the city. This will be upgraded to Mayor and Deputy-Mayor in near future.

Scholars believe the name Thanjavur is derived from Tanjan, a legendary demon in Hindu

mythology. While the early history of Thanjavur remains unclear, the city first rose to prominence

during the reign of Medieval Cholas when it served as the capital of the empire. After the fall of

Cholas, the city was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks,

Thanjavur Nayaks, Thanjavur Marathas and the British Empire. It has been a part of independent

India since 1947.

History

Thanjavur, formerly Tanjore is a city which is the headquarters of the Thanjavur District in the

south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Scholars believe the name Thanjavur is derived from Tanjan, a

legendary demon in Hindu mythology. While the early history of Thanjavur remains unclear, the

city first rose to prominence during the reign of Medieval Cholas when it served as the capital of the

empire. After the fall of Cholas, the city was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas, Vijayanagar

Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks, Thanjavur Marathas and the British Empire. It has

been a part of independent India since 1947.

Thanjavur is an important centre of South Indian religion, art, and architecture. Most of the Great

Living Chola Temples, which are UNESCO World Heritage Monuments, are located in and around

Thanjavur.

The foremost among these, the Brihadeeswara Temple, is located in the centre of the city.

Thanjavur is also home to Tanjore painting, a painting style unique to the region. The city is an

important agricultural centre located in the Cauvery Delta and is known as the "Rice bowl of Tamil

Nadu".



34

Location

Thanjavur, located at 10° 45‟ N latitude and 79° 8‟ E longitude is at a distance of 350 km from

Chennai, the state headquarter in the western direction. The river Vennar on the north and Trichy

Chennai Railway enclose the major part of the city. The newly extended area of the city lies on the

south-west side of the railway line.

The city is bounded by revenue villages viz., Akkama Thottam, Manakkarambai, Palliya Agrharam

and Ramapuram at the north, Kurungalur, Gudalur, Kodikalur, Kadakadabbhai, Ayushahib Thottam

at the south and Ramanthapuram Meleveli, Vellur groups at the West. The city spreads over an area

of 36.31 sq.km and the Local Planning Area containing Villages extends over 109.41 sq.km.

Topography

The tributaries of river Cauvery, namely, the Grand Anaicut canal (Pudhaaru), Vadavaaru and

Vennaaru rivers flow through the city. Thanjavur is situated in the Cauvery delta, at a distance of

314 km (195 mi) south-west of Chennai and 56 km (35 mi) east of Tiruchirappalli. While the plains

immediately adjoining the Cauvery river have been under cultivation from time immemorial, most

of Thanjavur city and the surrounding areas lie in the "New Delta" – a dry, barren upland tract

which has been brought under irrigation during the early 19th century. To the south of Thanjavur

city, is the Vallam tableland, a small plateau interspersed at regular intervals by ridges of sandstone.

The nearest seaport is Nagapattinam which is 84 km (52 mi) east of Thanjavur. The nearest airport

is Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located at a distance of 56 km (35 mi). The city has an

elevation of 57 m (187 ft) above mean sea level. The total area of the city is 36.33 sq.km (14.03 sq

mi).

Land Use Pattern

The city land use has been classified under the following major classification based on Land Use

Survey by DTCP, 2008.



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Exhibit 3: Land-Use Break-Up

S. No. Category Area in sq.km

1 Residential 20.13

2 Commercial 1.11

3 Industrial 0.83

4 Educational 1.08

5 Public and Semi Public 3.20

6 Agricultural 9.96

Total Developed Area 36.31 sq.km

Source: Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation

Climate and Soil

The climate of Thanjavur is fairly healthy. The Period from November and February in Thanjavur is

pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights. By the close of February, the climate

becomes rather sultry and during March and April, the climate becomes hot reaching its peak by the

close of May or early June. The average temperatures range from 22.71°C in January to 33.46°C in

May and June.

The rainfall during South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of North-East monsoon.

North-East monsoon is beneficial to the district at large because of the heavy rainfall and the

Western Ghats feeding the river Cauvery. The average rainfall is 37 inches (940 mm), most of which

is contributed by the North-East monsoon.

The soil available in this area is mainly of red ferruginous type. They are as fertile as richer, which

comes in the next order, but irrigated crops are raised chiefly with the help of Grand Anicut canal.

This area has a gentle slope towards from west to east and devoid of hills.



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Exhibit 4: Climate data for Thanjavur

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average

high

°C 29.2 32 35 37.1 38.5 36.3 34.6 34 34 33 29.5 28.3 33.46

°F 84.6 89.6 95 98.8 101.3 97.3 94.3 93.2 93.2 91.4 85.1 82.9 92.23

Average

low

°C 18.2 19.2 21.3 24.8 26.3 26 25.1 24.6 24.1 22.9 20.8 19.2 22.71

°F 64.8 66.6 70.3 70.3 79.3 78.8 77.2 76.3 75.4 73.2 69.4 66.6 72.88

Precipitat

ion

mm 33 13 15 32 55 43 55 105 126 165 182 115 939

inches 1.3 0.5 0.6 1.3 2.2 1.7 2.2 4.1 5.0 6.5 7.2 4.5 37.0

Source: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

Transportation

The city is well connected by roads with the adjoining towns viz., Tiruchirapalli, Kumbakonam,

Thiruvarur, Mannargudi, and Pudukkottai, which fall in radius of about 50 km. Roadways are the

major means of transportation, while the city also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is

Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located 56 km (35 mi) away from the city. The nearest seaport

is Nagapattinam Port, which is 84 km (52 mi) away from Thanjavur.

Demography

According to 2011 census, Thanjavur had a population of 222,943 with a sex-ratio of 1,042 females

for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 19,860 were under the

age of six, constituting 10,237 males and 9,623 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

accounted for 9.22% and .21% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was

83.14%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. There were a total of 78,005 workers,

comprising 803 cultivators, 2,331 main agricultural labourers, 2,746 in house

hold industries, 65,211 other workers, 6,914 marginal workers, 110 marginal cultivators, 235

marginal agricultural labourers, 322 marginal workers in household industries and 6,247 other

marginal workers.



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Exhibit 5: Ward-wise Population Details

S. No Division Ward No. Population

1

1

1 4117

2 2 5929

3 3 5660

4 4 5758

5 5 4858

6

2

6 6034

7 7 4653

8 8 1955

9 9 5792

10 10 4875

11

3

11 5897

12 12 4256

13 13 2682

14 14 4547

15 15 2555

16

4

16 3732

17 17 3433

18 23 3020

19 24 2782

20 25 2243

21 26 3561

22 5

22 4101

23 27 2259

24 6

28 2667

25 29 4129

26 30 5432



38

27

7

31 4134

28 32 5968

29 33 2388

30 34 3600

31 44 8708

32

8

35 2605

33 42 4683

34 43 2867

35 45 5621

36 9

20 6132

37 21 4945

38 36 6102

39 10

37 4569

40 38 4282

41 11

39 6001

42 40 5502

43 41 5267

44

12

46 6149

45 47 2874

46 48 3080

47 49 4064

48 13

50 2795

49 51 7367

50 14

18 3443

51 19 4133

Total 224206



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Economy

The major occupation of the inhabitants of the city is tourism and service-oriented industry, while

the traditional occupation is agriculture. Thanjavur is known as the "Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu".The

total percentage of land fit for cultivation is 58%. There are three seasons for agriculture in

Thanjavur – Kuruvai (June to September), Samba (August to January) and Thaladi (September,

October to February, March). The total rice production has been maintained at 10.615 L.M.T and

7.077 L.M.T. Though agriculture is the main economic activity, only 7% of the population is

involved in it. There is a lot of agricultural related trading that forms the key economic activity in

the city.

Thanjavur is an important centre of silk weaving in Tamil Nadu. There were 200 silk weaving units

in the city in 1991 with around 80,000 people working in them. The city produces bell metal craft

like Thanjavur metal plates, bronze images bowls, napkins and powder boxes made of copper and

bronze. The city is a major manufacturer of pith works consisting of models of Hindu idols,

mosques, garlands and other bird figurines. Manufacture of musical instruments like veena,

tambura, violin, mrithamgam, thavil and kanjira is another economic activity in the city.



40

EXISTING STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Field Visit and Study

The existing system of waste management system was studied through field visits and verification

of details provided by the ULBs through consultation. This has been carried out for each stage of

present MSWM system which is detailed below.

During the field visits, the waste collection mechanism followed by the ULBs from door to door

collection to disposal at the dumping yard including the financial capabilities of the ULBs for

implementing waste management project have been carefully observed and further discussed with

the ULBs.

Data Collection

Prior to the field visit, preparatory work has been carried out for understanding the study area and

for easy collection of qualitative/quantitative data and information from corresponding

departments in TCMC. Data Collection Checklist was designed and considering the stated objective,

scope of the assignments and clear appreciation of the need for the project. The draft checklist of

various data collection mechanisms has been discussed with TCMC officials during the

commencement meeting.

As per the planning and preliminary work, the data collection format was presented to TCMC in the

presence of engineers and other officials. Primary data was collected through field visits,

interviewing officials and sanitary workers. Areas like residential areas, commercial areas, roads,

water bodies, markets, disposal sites, hospitals, industries etc. were also covered during the field

visits. Secondary data was collected by gathering information from records maintained by the

Medical Health Officer and Municipal Engineers. The available information and records maintained

by Corporation was compiled according to the in to the data formats. The data collection checklist

format is given as Annexure 1.



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Stakeholder Meeting

After the visit and discussions, further stake holder meetings were conducted in the presence of

Medical Health Officer and Assistant Engineer to discuss the issues on existing practices of MSWM

system. During the meeting, the discussions were also held regarding the need for primary and

secondary collection requirement including manpower requirements. The list of attendees

attended during stake holder meeting is given in Annexure 2.

Exhibit 6: Stakeholder Meeting at MHO Cabin



42

Survey of Primary and Secondary Collection and Transportation System

Annexure 4 & 5 shows the survey report for Primary and secondary collection and transportation

system.

Waste Characterization Studies

It is essential to know about the information on the nature of wastes, its composition, physical and

chemical characteristics and the quantities generated for the better planning of a mechanized

MSWM system. Waste composition data is a useful primarily steps to find out whether materials

recovery, composting, or waste to energy techniques might be an economic disposal option.

Sampling program of selected towns was determined based on the size of population and spatial

locations. A reputed laboratory was appointed for conducting the waste characterization studies

(physical and chemical analysis). The composition and sampling procedure based on the CPHEEO

Manual was followed.

Method of Sample Collection for Physical and Chemical Analysis

Major collection sites are identified which are covering a larger size of population when collecting

samples of MSW. Based on the type of area such as residential, commercial, industrial, market, slum

etc. sampling points are distributed uniformly all over the study area. The sampling points are

further classified based on economic status of population such as high, middle and low income

group. About 10 kgs of MSW is collected from ten points from outside and inside of the solid waste

heap. The total quantity of 100 kg of waste so collected is thoroughly mixed and then segregated

physically for Physical composition.

Then the same technique is followed for further analysis for chemical study and then reduced by

method of quartering till a sample of such a size is obtained which can be handled in the laboratory.

The sample so obtained is subjected to physical analysis, determination of moisture and then the

sample is processed for further chemical analysis. Samples collected for physical and chemical

analysis are double bagged in plastic bags sealed and sent to the laboratory for



43

analysis, each sample being in the range 10 to 12 kgs. The Annexure 3 shows the photograph for

conducting the sampling programme for physical and chemical composition studies.

TCMC Organization Structure

The SWM and City Sanitation department has about 457 employees. The department is headed by a

Medical Health Officer (MHO) who reports to the Municipal Engineer (ME), who further reports to

the Commissioner (City). The Sanitary Inspector (SI), assisted by Sanitary Supervisor (SS) and their

staff manages street sweeping and primary collection work. The entire area of TCMC is divided into

51 administrative wards. For operational convenience, these wards are divided in 14 zones.

Exhibit 7: Staffing Details in SWM Department

S. No. Designation Norms* Permanent staff available

1 Medical Health Officer 1 1

2 Sanitary Inspector 20 13

3 Sanitary Supervisor 25 19**

4 Sanitary Works 660 417

5 Drivers - 7

Total 707 457

* based on CPHEEO manual;

** As per latest survey, recruited one SS in 1st Division

The work at the zonal level is managed by a Sanitary Inspector while a Sanitary Supervisor (SS)

handles the work at the ward level. The SI is responsible for maintaining of cleanliness on roads

and daily collection of refuse from ward areas. He takes instructions from the MHO for technical

matters and from the Ward Officer on administrative matters.

Commissioner

Medical Health Officer

SI

Div. 1

SI

Div. 2

SI

Div. 3 SI

Div. 4

SI

Div. 5

SI

Div. 6

SI

Div. 7

SI

Div. 8

SI

Div. 9

SI

Div. 10 & 11

SI SI SI

Div. 12 Div. 13 Div. 14

SS SS SS SS SS SS SS

SS SS SS SS

SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS

Technical cum Transaction Advisory for Preparation of Draft DPR for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management for Thanjavur City

Municipal Corporation.

Exhibit 8: Present Organization Structure

Sanitary Workers: 417 Nos.; Drivers: 7 Nos.

23

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Waste Quantification

The quantity of MSW generated depends on a number of factors such as food habits, standard of

living, degree of commercial activities and seasons. Data on quantity variation and generation are

useful in planning for collection and disposal systems. Indian cities now generate eight times more

MSW than they did in 1947 because of increasing urbanization and changing life styles.

The rate of increase of MSW generated per capita is estimated at 1 to 1.33% annually. MSW

generation rates in small towns are lower than those of metro cities, and the per capita generation

rate of MSW in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/ day. Average per-capita generation of municipal

solid waste as per the CPHEEO Manual is indicated in Exhibit

Exhibit 9: Average Per-Capita Solid waste Generation in Indian Cities

Population Range (Million) Kg/capita/day

< 0.10 0.21

0.1 – 0.15 0.21

0.5 - 1.0 0.25

1.0 - 2.0 0.27

2.0 - 5.0 0.35

> 5.0 0.50

> 5.0 in metros 0.60

Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSWM May 2000

3.3.1 Source of Waste Generation in TCMC

As per data collection checklist and survey, it is estimated that every day 121 MT of garbage is

generated in the Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation. The major sources of domestic waste

include households, marriage halls, markets and commercial establishment. The collection

efficiency of MSW is 91% and waste collection per day is 110 MT.

25

Exhibit 10: Source of Waste Generation in TCMC

S. No. Type of Waste Generator Quantity in MT

1 Residential Waste 88.00

2 Commercial Waste 10.00

3 Slaughter Waste 3.00

4 Market, Hotel, Restaurant and Marriage Hall Waste 20.00

Total 121.00





Source: TCMC and Survey done by InfraEn

3.3 Waste Composition and

Characterization Study

As compared to the western countries, MSW differs greatly with regard to the composition and

hazardous nature, in India. MSW contains compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable peels,

food waste), recyclables (paper, plastic, glass, metals, etc.), and inerts.

MSW composition at generation sources and collection points, determined on a wet weight basis,

consists mainly of a large organic fraction (40–60%), ash and fine earth (30–40%), paper (3–6%)

and plastic, glass and metals (each less than 1%).

The C/N ratio ranges between 20 and 30, and the lower calorific value ranges between 800 and

1000 kcal/kg. Based on the characterization study conducted in various Indian cities by National

Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) during, the physical and chemical

characterization of Municipal solid waste is following the below Exhibit.

26

Exhibit 11: Physical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities

Population

Range (in

million)

Number

of Cities

Surveyed

Percent Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

Paper

Rubber,

Leather &

Synthetics

Glass

Metals

Total

compostable

matter

Inert

Total

0.1 - 0.5 12 2.91 0.78 0.56 0.33 44.57 43.59 100

0.5 - 1.0 15 2.95 0.73 0.35 0.32 40.04 48.38 100

1.0 - 2.0 9 4.71 0.71 0.46 0.49 38.95 44.57 100

2.0 - 5.0 3 3.18 0.48 0.48 0.59 56.67 49.07 100

> 5.0 4 6.43 0.28 0.94 0.80 30.48 53.90 100

All values are calculated on net weight basis

Source: Manual on Solid Waste Management, NEERI, 1996

Exhibit 12: Chemical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities

Population

Range (in

million)

Moisture

Organic

Matter

Chemical Characteristics

Nitrogen

as Total

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

as P2O5

Potassium as

K2O

C/N

Ratio

Calorific

value in

kcal/kg

0.1 - 0.5 25.81 37.09 0.71 0.63 0.83 30.94 1009.89

0.5 - 1.0 19.52 25.19 0.66 0.56 0.69 21.13 900.61

1.0 - 2.0 26.98 26.98 0.64 0.82 0.72 23.68 980.05

2.0 - 5.0 21.03 25.60 0.56 0.69 0.78 22.45 907.18

> 5.0 38.72 39.07 0.56 0.52 0.52 30.11 800.70

All values, except moisture, are on dry weight basis

Source: Manual on Solid Waste Management, NEERI, 1996

3.3.1 Result of Physical Composition Study

The result of physical composition study for MSW in Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation is given in

following exhibit.

Exhibit 13: Result of Physical Composition Study

Sampling Date: 09.09.2014

27

Sampling Location: Sreenivasapuram Dumpsite

Weight of the Sample: 111.5 kg

28

S. No. Components Weight in kg Composition in %

1 Food Waste 10 8.97

2 Leaf Waste 60 53.81

3 Plastic Bottle & Others 0.5 0.45

4 Plastic Covers 10 8.97

5 Paper 5 4.48

6 Rubber 0.5 0.45

7 Glass 1.5 1.35

8 Metal 0.5 0.45

9 Cloths 13 11.66

10 Thermocoal 0.5 0.45

11 Wood 1 0.90

12 Inert 7 6.28

13 Bio-Medical waste 2 1.79

Total 111.5 100

Exhibit 14: Graphical Result of Physical Composition Study

29

Source Segregation

It is observed that the source segregation is not practiced in the TCMC due to lack of awareness.

Primary Collection System

Existing system of MSW collection is performed by the TCMC with the help of Pushcarts. Waste

collected through this equipment is then transferred to compactor and dumper placer bins for

secondary collection and onward transportation. About 121 MT of waste is collected on a daily

basis.

Presently, collection is managed by a combination of municipal sanitary workers. An assortment of

vehicles has been deployed by TCMC for primary collection. Nearly 219 Push Carts (Capacity – 100

kg/unit) are utilized for the aforementioned purpose. There are 156 compactor bins and 20

dumper placer bins placed at specific collection points.

Sanitary workers sweep the streets and collect garbage in heaps and transfer the same into bins

provided for the purpose. Dual Dumper Placer vehicles and Compactors are then used to convey the

garbage from the collection point to the disposal site.

Exhibit 15: Summary of Primary Collection System

S. No. Division No. Ward No. Door to Door Bins

Push Carts Compactor Dumper Placer

1

1

1 3 0 0

2 2 5 0 2

3 3 3 1 0

4 4 3 0 2

5 5 3 0 1

6

2

6 7 1 2

7 7 6 1 2

8 8 2 2 1

9 9 5 3 0

10 10 5 0 0

11 3 11 3 3 0

30

12 12 2 3 0

13 13 4 1 0

14 14 3 4 0

15 15 3 1 0

16

4

16 2 0 0

17 17 2 0 0

18 23 2 6 0

19 24 2 0 0

20 25 3 6 0

21 26 4 13 0

22 5

22 5 14 0

23 27 4 7 2

24 6

28 4 0 0

25 29 5 6 0

26 30 5 3 0

27

7

31 3 6 0

28 32 4 2 0

29 33 4 4 0

30 34 3 2 0

31 44 8 5 0

32

8

35 4 7 0

33 42 7 2 0

34 43 2 0 0

35 45 4 1 1

36 9

20 9 4 2

37 21 7 0 1

38 36 6 4 2

39 10

37 3 5 0

40 38 4 3 0

41 11

39 9 5 0

42 40 8 5 0

43 41 5 8 0

44

12

46 4 7 0

45 47 2 1 0

46 48 2 0 0

47 49 2 5 0

48 13

50 7 7 0

49 51 15 12 2

50 14 18 9 3 0

31

51 19 7 0 0

Total 233 173 20

Secondary Collection and Transportation

System

The main objective of transportation is to clear waste from the city and dispose it off at the disposal

site. It is the responsibility of the local body to ensure the city is maintained in a hygienic manner by

transporting the wastes from the collection and temporary storage points to the waste processing

and disposal facility with the help of transportation fleet. The movement of wastes from the

households, street sweepings, etc. to the temporary storage collection points is the collective

responsibility of the Sanitary Workers and the citizens of the city. Transportation of waste involves

the following activities:

• Movement of vehicles to the various temporary storage points;

• Manual loading of wastes using baskets and other lifting tools;

• Lifting of wastes from the open yards on the way to the disposal site; and • Transportation to the disposal site.

Exhibit 16: Summary of Secondary Collection and Transportation System

S. No.

Particulars

Available

Vehicles in

Nos.

Volumetric

Capacity in

MTPD

Nos. of

Trips per

day

Quantity

Collected per

day in MT

1 Mini Auto 12 0.50 3 18.00

2 Mini Tipper Lorry 3 1.00 3 9.00

3 Tractor-Trailers 2 1.50 3 9.00

4 Tipper Lorry 6 1.50 4 36.00

5 Tractor 6 1.50 2 9.00

6 Dumper Placers 4 1.00 2 8.00

7 Compactor Trucks 1 7.00 3 21.00

8 JCB 1

Total 121 MT

32

Presently, 12 Mini Auto, 3 Mini Tipper, 2 Tractor Trailer, 6 Tipper Lorry, 2 private Tractors, 1

compactor and 4 dumper placer are utilized for collection and transfer of waste to the collection for

onward transportation and disposal. Transportation of waste from the collection points to the final

disposal site at Srinivasapuram is managed by 28 ULB owned vehicles. The ULB manages to collect

and transport approximately 121 MT of waste to the disposal site, based on varying number of trips

assigned and undertaken by these vehicles.

Processing and Disposal of MSW

Solid wastes collected from various locations in the city is disposed off by open dumping at the

Sreenivasapuram site, located at 20th ward in 9th division with an average 1.5 km distance from city

centre over an extent of approximately 20.11 acres. The existing dumping ground has been

reportedly used by Madurai Corporation for over 20 years. At present, Thanjavur City Municipal

Corporation do not have waste processing facility at the disposal site.

Exhibit 17: Sreenivasapuram Disposal Site

33

Exhibit 18: Details of Disposal Site

Location of the site Srinivasapuram

Total area of disposal Site 20.11 acres

Average distance to disposal site from city

centre 1.5 km

In which ward does it fall under Ward No. 20 and Division No. 9

Whether the land is owned by ULB Yes

Mode of Treatment and Disposal Open dumping

Facilities available in Sreenivasapuram

Dumpsite

The lists of facilities available in Sreenivasapuram dumpsite are as follows:

S. No. List of Facilities S. No. Available Machineries and

Vehicles

1 Curing Shed 1 RDF Machine

2 Bio-Methanation Plant – 5 TPD 2 Plastic Shredding Machine

3 Plastic Shredding Shed 3 Weigh Bridge

4 Toilets

5 Security Shed

6 Overhead Tank

7 Vehicle Washing Shed

8 DG Room

9 Storage Shed – 3 Nos.

10 Weigh Bridge Room

11 Office Room

12 Compound wall

13 Green Belt

Exhibit 19: Available

Exhibit 19: Available Facilities in Disposal Site

34

Facilities in Disposal Site

35

LEGAL COMPLIANCE

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Definitions

In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,

• "Environment" includes water, air and land and the inter- relationship which exists

among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures,

plants, micro- organism and property;

• "Environmental pollutant" means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in

such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to environment;

• "Environmental pollution" means the presence in the environment of any

environmental pollutant;

• "Handling", in relation to any substance, means the manufacture, processing,

treatment, package, storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion,

offering for sale, transfer or the like of such substance;

• "Hazardous substance" means any substance or preparation which, by reason of its

chemical or physico-chemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm to

human beings, other living creatures, plant, micro-organism, property or the

environment;

• "Occupier", in relation to any factory or premises, means a person who has, control

over the affairs of the factory or the premises and includes in relation to any

substance, the person in possession of the substance;

• "Prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this act.

Rules to regulate environmental pollution

The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules in respect of all or

any of the matters referred to in section. In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the

foregoing power, such rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely,

36

• The standards of quality of air, water or soil for various areas and purposes;

• The maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental

pollutants (including noise) for different areas;

• The procedures and safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances;

• The prohibition and restrictions on the handling of hazardous substances in

different areas;

• The prohibition and restriction on the location of industries and the carrying on

process and operations in different areas;

• The procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause

environmental pollution and for providing for remedial measures for such

accidents.

The ULB has to obtain the consent &Authorization of the SPCB to install and operate the facility. The

ULB shall ensure no hazardous waste or bio-medical waste are collected and disposed along the

MSW. It shall communicate to such units to perform as per the concerned rules in consultation with

SPCB.

Ministry of Environment and Forests

(MoEF)

In view of the growing importance of environmental affairs, the GOI set up a Department of

Environment in November 1980 under the portfolio of the Prime Minister. The Department, later

renamed as the MoEF plays a pivotal role in environmental management for sustained development

and for all environmental matters in the country. The major responsibilities of MoEF include:

• Environmental resource conservation and protection, including environmental

impact assessment of developmental projects;

• Co-ordination with the other ministries and agencies, voluntary organizations and

professional bodies on environmental action plans;

• Policy-planning

37

• Promotion of research and development, manpower planning and training and

creation of environmental awareness;

• Liaison & coordination with international agencies involved in environmental

matters. Developmental project

proponents are also required to submit Environmental

Impact Statements/Assessments to establish that preventive measures are

planned by installing adequate pollution control and monitoring equipment, and that

effluent discharged into the environment will not exceed permissible levels. The MoEF

appraises these statements/assessments and approves the project from the environmental

angle. The respective State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) is to give a No Objection

Certificate (NOC).

Central and State Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is directly responsible for pollution control throughout

the national territory. In addition to the control of air, noise and water pollution it is also

responsible for ensuring effective control on disposal of hazardous wastes and storage and handling

of hazardous chemicals and substances. Additionally, with the enactment of air and water pollution

laws, states have set-up their own Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to monitor industrial emissions

and effluents and to approve the operation of new industries after careful scrutiny. The functions of

the SPCBs include:

• The planning of comprehensive state programs for the prevention and control of

air and water pollution and to ensure the implementation thereof;

• Inspection of control equipment, industrial plants, etc.;

• Establishing norms in consultation with the Central Board and having regard to

national air quality standards, gaseous emission standards from industrial plants,

automobiles, etc. Different emission standards may be laid down for different

industrial plants, having regard to the quantity and composition of emissions into

the atmosphere from such plants and the general pollution levels in the area;

• Advising the State Government on siting of new polluting industry

38

Prescriptive: Constitutional Guarantees

• Article 48-A of the Constitution: This directive principle states that the State shall

endeavor to protect and improve the natural environment

• Article 51-A of the Constitution: This fundamental duty states that it is the duty of

every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment.

Legislations

Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981: This law addresses the prevention and control of

air pollution.

Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989: This law addresses handling of hazardous

substances that fall under specified schedules. Projects envisaged by the proposed Fund may not

require handling of specified substances.

Policies

National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, 1992.

Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992

Competent Regulatory Agencies

Pollution Control Boards: In certain cases like “consent to discharge” under pollution laws, the State

Pollution Control Board need to give clearances and approvals.

State/ Central Ministry of Environment and Forests: State/Central MoEF is responsible for issue of

environmental clearances under EIA Notification, 2006. In respect of construction projects, State

Govt. is the authority for issue of environmental clearances.

World Bank/ Other Multilateral Agencies: The World Bank and other Multilateral Agencies would

ensure compliance with their Operational Directives (OD) in case of projects funded by them and

those needs to be complied with.

39

Municipal Solid Waste Management

Rules, 2000 and Compliance Status

Under the Notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests

number S.O. 783(E), dated, the 27th September, 1999 in the Gazettes of India, Part II, Section 3, sub-

section (B) the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 shall apply to

every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation,

processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.

Management of MSW

Any MSW generated in a city or a town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the

compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in Schedule – II [See Rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)]

Management of Municipal Solid Wastes]. Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or

combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill.

Following criteria shall be adopted, namely: -

• The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermin-composting,

anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for

stabilization of wastes. It shall be ensured that compost or any other end product

shall comply with standards as specified in Schedule –IV;

• Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling.

Incineration with or without energy recovery including pelletisation can also be

used for processing wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of

a facility wishing to use other state-of-the- art technologies shall approach the

Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid down before applying for

grant of authorization.

The ULB has to comply with the above Rules. The compliance of MSW Rules from primary collection

to disposal stage are analysed and observations are presented in the table below

40

Exhibit 20: Compliance of MSW Rules

S.

No

Parameters

[as per Schedule –

II [see rules 6(1)

and (3), 7(1)] of

MSW (M&H) Rules,2000]

Compliance criteria

[as per Schedule – II [see rules 6(1) and (3),

7(1)] of MSW (M&H) rules,2000]

ULBs’ Compliance

1. Collection of

municipal solid

wastes

Littering of municipal solid waste shall be

prohibited in cities, towns and in urban areas

notified by the State Governments. To prohibit

littering and facilitate compliance, the

following steps shall be taken by the municipal

authority, namely: -

Organizing house-to-house collection of

municipal solid wastes through any of the

methods, like community bin collection

(central bin), house-to-house collection,

collection on regular pre-informed timings and

scheduling by using bell ringing of musical

vehicle (without exceeding permissible noise

levels);

Devising collection of waste from slums and

squatter areas or localities including hotels,

restaurants, office complexes and commercial

areas;

Wastes from slaughter houses, meat and fish

markets, fruits and vegetable markets, which

are biodegradable in nature, shall be managed

to make use of such wastes;

Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall

not be mixed with municipal solid wastes and

such wastes shall follow the rules separately

specified for the purpose;

Collected waste from residential and other

areas shall be transferred to community bin by

hand-driven containerized carts or other small

vehicles;

Door to door

collection is carried

out only in part of the

town.

The waste is dumped

on road side by the

generators and partly

in to road side opens

bins.

Exclusive bio-medical

waste management

system is not

effectively in

Operation.

Construction waste

are collected and

disposed in low lying

areas

Compound wall is put

up for the dump site.

However, access to

stray dogs and

animals in to dump

site is not ruled out.

Bins are open without

lids and littering

cannot be avoided

unless desired bins are

procured and put in

41

S.

No

Parameters


II [see rules 6(1)

and (3), 7(1)] of


Compliance criteria



ULBs’ Compliance

Horticultural and construction or demolition

wastes or debris shall be separately collected

and disposed off following proper norms.

Similarly, wastes generated at dairies shall be

regulated in accordance with the State laws;

Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt;

Stray animals shall not be allowed to move

around waste storage facilities or at any other

place in the city or town and shall be managed

in accordance with the State laws.

The municipal authority shall notify waste

collection schedule and the likely method to be

adopted for public benefit in a city or town.

It shall be the responsibility of generator of

wastes to avoid littering and ensure delivery of

wastes in accordance with the collection and

segregation system to be notified by the

municipal authority as per para 1(2) of this

Schedule.

place.

2. Segregation of

municipal solid

wastes

In order to encourage the citizens, municipal

authority shall organize awareness

programmes for segregation of wastes and

shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated

materials.

The municipal authority shall undertake phased

programme to ensure community participation

in waste segregation. For this purpose, regular

meetings at quarterly intervals shall be

arranged by the municipal authorities with

representatives of local resident welfare

associations and non-governmental

Segregation is not

done at source due to

absence of multiple

bins.

42

S.

No

Parameters


II [see rules 6(1)

and (3), 7(1)] of


Compliance criteria



ULBs’ Compliance

organizations.

3. Storage of municipal

solid wastes

Municipal authorities shall establish and

maintain storage facilities in such a manner, as

they do not create unhygienic and unsanitary

conditions around it. Following criteria shall be

taken into account while establishing and

maintaining storage facilities, namely: -

Provision of waste

bins inadequate

Storage facilities shall be created and

established by taking into account quantities of

waste generation in a given area and the

population densities. A storage facility shall be

so placed that it is accessible to users;

Storage facilities to be set up by municipal

authorities or any other agency shall be so

designed that wastes stored are not exposed to

open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically

acceptable and user-friendly;

Storage facilities or „bins‟ shall have „easy to

operate‟ design for handling, transfer and

transportation of waste. Bins for storage of bio-

degradable wastes shall be painted green, those

for storage of recyclable wastes shall be

printed white and those for storage of other

wastes shall be printed black;

Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited.

If unavoidable due to constraints, manual

handling shall be carried out under proper

precaution with due care for safety of workers.

4. Transportation of

municipal solid

wastes

Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall

be covered. Waste should not be visible to

public, nor exposed to open environment

preventing their scattering. The following

The waste collection

vehicles are covered.

The ULB has to

deploy dedicated

43

S.

No

Parameters


II [see rules 6(1)

and (3), 7(1)] of


Compliance criteria



ULBs’ Compliance

criteria shall be met, namely:- dumper placer

The storage facilities set up by municipal vehicles to achieve the

authorities shall be daily attended for clearing requirements.

of wastes. The bins or containers wherever

placed shall be emptied before they start

overflowing;

Transportation vehicles shall be so designed

that multiple handling of wastes, prior to final

disposal, is avoided.

5. Processing of

municipal solid

wastes

Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable

technology or combination of such

technologies to make use of wastes to

minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria

shall be adopted, namely:-

The biodegradable wastes shall be processed

by composting, vermin composting, anaerobic

digestion or any other appropriate biological

processing for stabilization of wastes. It shall

be ensured that compost or any other end

product shall comply with standards as

specified in Schedule-IV;

No scientific method

of biodegradable

waste processing/

disposal adopted.

Open dumping is the

prevalent practice.

Mixed waste containing recoverable resources

shall follow the route of recycling. Incineration

with or without energy recovery including

pollicisation can also be used for processing

wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or

the operator of a facility wishing to use other

state-of-the-art technologies shall approach the

Central Pollution Control Board to get the

standards laid down before applying for grant

of authorization.

6. Disposal of

municipal solid

wastes

Land filling shall be restricted to non-

biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that

are not suitable either for recycling or for

biological processing. Land filling shall also be

No scientific mode of

disposal.

Waste is just dumped

44

S.

No

Parameters


II [see rules 6(1)

and (3), 7(1)] of


Compliance criteria



ULBs’ Compliance

carried out for residues of waste processing

facilities as well as pre-processing rejects from

waste processing facilities. Land filling of

mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same

is found unsuitable for waste processing.

Under unavoidable circumstances or until

installation of alternate facilities, land filling

shall be done following proper norms. Landfill

sites shall meet the specifications as given in

Schedule –III.

in dumping yard.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Notification, 2006

The notification classifies the Common Municipal Solid Waste Project as falling under Schedule B

which requires Prior Environmental Clearance (EC). The approval has to be obtained from the State

Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) before taking up any construction activity.

The agencies responsibilities and the time frame has been shown in the below table.

45

Exhibit 21: Environmental Clearance - Responsibilities of Agencies

Sl. No.

Agency Responsibilities Time Frame

(in Months)

1 ULB ULB has to appoint the accredited consultant to prepare the EIA report.

1 month

2

EIA Consultant

(i) Obtain the feasibility report/DPR and assist the ULB in seeking Terms of Reference from SEIAA.

1 month

(ii) Conduct the baseline studies for a season as directed by the SEIAA.

4 months

(iii) Prepare the Draft EIA Report and submit for public consultation

3 months

(iv) Assist the client in conducting public consultation document and obtain the minutes

(v) Revise the EIA report according to minutes of the 1 month public consultation and assist the client in seeking the EC

from SEIAA.

3 SEIAA (i)Shall call for presentation and issue/reject environmental clearance.

2 months

4

SPCB

Shall issue the consent to establish on receipt of EC 1 month

Consent to operate on receipt of compliance report from ULB/Operator

NA*

Total Time Frame 13 months

* On completion of installation and satisfying the easy and concerned conditions.

Policy Guidelines

Information and Policy guidelines for MSWM regarding administration, enforcement, waste

processing concession, hospital waste, handling of legal matters are found essential for day-to- day

management.

1) National Policy

2) State Policy

3) MSW Rules Notification

4) Central and State PCB Guidelines

5) World Health Organization Guidelines

46

As per the Constitution of India, MSWM is a state subject and it is the primary responsibility of state

governments to ensure that appropriate solid waste management practices are introduced in all the

cities and towns in the state. The role of GOI is broadly to formulate policy guidelines and provide

technical assistance to the states/cities whenever needed. It also assists the state governments and

local bodies in human resource development and acts as an intermediary in mobilizing external

assistance for implementation of solid waste management projects.

Though MSWM is a State subject, it is basically a municipal function and as such ULBs are directly

responsible for performing this important activity. The 74th amendment of the constitution also

envisages the ULBs to shoulder this responsibility. The ULBs in the country

are, therefore, responsible and required to plan, design, operate, and maintain the MSWM System in

their respective cities/towns.

Though MSWM is an obligatory function of the ULBs, this service has been poorly performed by

most of them resulting in problems of public health, sanitation, and environmental degradation.

With rapid pace of urbanization, the situation is becoming more and more critical day-by-day.

Infrastructure development is not in a position to keep pace with population growth owing to poor

financial health of most of the urban local bodies. Lack of financial resources, institutional weakness,

improper choice of technology, lack of public participation in solid waste management, non-

involvement of private sector, etc., have made the service far from satisfactory. There is, therefore, a

need to handle this problem in a concerted manner and adopt strategies to tackle all aspects of

waste management scientifically involving private sector wherever necessary and possible. A policy

framework is, therefore, necessary to guide and support the ULBs in the country for managing the

solid waste scientifically and cost effectively.

Recommendations based on 12th and 13th

Finance Commission Report

12th and 13th Finance Commission endorses additional funds for community development projects.

For the newly formed States, Chhattisgarh is one of the newly formed State starving for funds to

enhance the basic requirements such as roads, water supply, street lights, slum development etc.

The ULB has to comply as per the Honourable Supreme Court of India direction in implementing the

47

MSW Rules. 12th &13th Finance Commission provides allotment to enhance the quality of

environment and basic infra-structure requirements. The Government of Chhattisgarh shall demand

additional funds from Government of India for the implementation MSWM Projects in addition to

grant extended from CPHEEO, Department of Urban Affairs.

Revenue generated through property tax, which is the main source of revenue for ULBs in the state

is found to be negligible compared to expenses. The ULB has to spend a large amount on

the garbage management in the form of salaries and consumables. Due to the inadequate

infrastructure development, the ULBs are not able to recover the property tax as desired.

In view of the above, the Finance Commission may extend more funds for the development of

infrastructure facilities for MSWM similar to other infrastructure facilities like roads and water

supply to ensure better environmental and health status exclusively for the newly formed states for

sustainable developments.

48

PROPOSED MSWM SYSTEM

Population Projection

Population projection is one of the important aspects of planning or designing any urban

infrastructure. There are several methods by which population projections can be done. Some

methods are ad-hoc method while some are iterative methods. The various factors affecting

population projection are:

• Birth rates, death rates and migration trends

• Plans and Policies of the Government

• Infrastructure facilities such as housing, water supply, roads

• Employment providing potential

• Natural as well as man- made hazards

Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development has published a Manual on Municipal Solid

Waste Management which documents methods of population projection that are widely used in

planning of solid waste management. Following methods have been outlined in the manual.

• Arithmetic Progression Method

• Geometric Progression Method

• Varying Increment Method

5.1.1 Design Population

Population in the TCMC without any omission will be considered for design of the project.

Population growth trend can be better understood by studying the available Census population

data in the Past. Population of TCMC for the period 1921 to 2011 is given in following exhibit.

49

Exhibit 22: Population Details

Year

Population

Increment /

Decade [X]

Incremental

Increase [Y]

% Increment /

Decade [Z]

1921 59,913 -- -- --

1931 66,889 6,976 1.12 --

1941 68,702 1,813 1.03 -5,163

1951 100,680 31,978 1.47 30,165

1961 111,099 10,419 1.10 -21,559

1971 140,547 29,448 1.27 19,029

1981 184,015 43,468 1.31 14,020

1991 202,013 17,998 1.10 -25,470

2001 215,725 13,712 1.07 -4,286

2011 222,943 7,218 1.03 -6,494

Mean (decadal) 18,114 1.16 30

Mean (annual) 1,811 1.01 0.30

Source: Collected from TCMC and Census data

Exhibit 23: Population Projection

Year

Population as

per census

Projected Population Population

considered

(Avg. of AP,

GP& II)

Arithmetic

Progression

method

Geometric

Progression

method

Incremental

Increase

method

1971 140,547

1981 184,015

1991 202,013

2001 215,725

2011 222,943

50

2014 228,377 232,925 228,379 229,894

2016 232,000 239,827 232,005 234,611

2021 241,057 257,989 241,074 246,707

2026 250,115 277,527 250,151 259,264

2031 259,172 298,545 259,235 272,317

2036 268,229 321,155 268,327 285,904

2041 277,286 345,476 277,427 300,063

2046 286,344 371,640 286,534 314,839

Waste Projection

As waste generation is a factor of population, lifestyles and level of urbanization, the quantification

process has been linked with population multiplied by the waste generation factor of the urban

area. The factor of waste generation in turn has been calculated by monitoring „total waste

generation‟ to the population of the city at a given time (total waste generation/ population). A

factor of 0.526 kg/capita/day has been considered for TCMC based on survey.

Exhibit 24: Waste Quantification for various years (2014-2040)

S. No. Year Population Total Waste Generation for

(TPD)

1 2014 228,377 121.92

2 2016 232,000 126.63

3 2021 241,057 142.05

4 2026 250,115 159.24

5 2031 259,172 178.41

6 2036 268,229 199.81

7 2041 277,286 223.69

8 2046 286,344 250.37

51

Proposed Primary Collection System

Modus operandi

The modus operandi for primary collection of waste should be based on following:

• Minimize manual handling of waste and gradually eliminate manual handling.

• Waste from market areas, hotels, restaurants area, institutional areas, commercial

complexes should be lifted every day and transported more frequently.

Primary Collection of wastes from society / complexes

There are very few private societies/ complexes and multi storied buildings in the TCMC. The

municipality should make it mandatory for associations of these societies and complexes to have

their own sweepers and maintain community bins in their premises. They should be advised to

store their organic (wet) and inorganic (dry) waste separately. While selecting the placement

location of such bins the society bearer should consult with municipality sanitary staff to ensure

that the bin or container is easily accessible and convenient to empty.

The resident welfare associations of societies or residential complexes may ask to deliver their

waste to the waste collector designated by the municipality only. The municipality should identify

such societies and direct them to engage private contractors.

Collection of wastes from Slums

There are about 66 slum areas spread all over TCMC. In case of slum areas, it is not possible to have

door-to-door collection. However, the slum dwellers should be advised to store their waste in

plastic bag or small containers. The bio-degradable plastic bags are available and the municipality

can supply these plastic bags to slum dwellers for storage of their waste. The waste may be

collected from slums using bell-mounted tri-cycle. The sweeper will travel across the main lanes of

the slum area and invite residents to deposit their waste in the bins placed in tri- cycle.

52

Wherever, it is not feasible to collect waste by tri-cycle due to non-availability of access roads and

very high level of congestion, the community may be asked to deliver their waste to the waste

collector designated by the municipality. The municipality may even engage a private contractor for

collection of such waste. Performance certification by a “Slum (local level) Committee” may be

insisted upon in such cases.

As present waste management conditions are not satisfactory in slum pockets, it is recommended

that implementation of waste management system should be started from slum areas.

Collection of segregated, recyclable/ non-biodegradable wastes from household

Recyclable and segregated non-biodegradable wastes, which are inert in nature, should not be

reaching waste processing and disposal facility. Therefore, there is no point in making efforts in

collection of this waste by TCMC.

In fact, municipality should recognize traders and waste recyclers and notify their details to the

general public. There are traders/recyclers already available in the TCMC. They collect recyclable

wastes from municipality.

Collection of waste from shops & establishments

For collection of recyclable waste from shops and establishments, waste collectors (rag pickers)

may be organized. Working arrangements should be made such that it is suitable to shops and

establishment. It is preferable, if the waste is collected in the evening by the waste collectors as by

evening the shop keepers might have collected waste, which they would not like to store through

night.

In case, the shops and restaurants are producing wet and dry wastes, they should be asked to store

waste in two separate bins. The recyclable waste can be collected by the waste collector and wet

waste can be collected by the sweeper once in a day. The material received by the waste collectors

directly from shops and establishments would give them a better return. The waste

53

would be dry and not soiled and would fetch a good price in the market. This will work as an

incentive for them to continue door to door collection.

As an alternative, the associations of shops and restaurants should be persuaded to organise

privatized waste collection and waste collectors in their market.

Collection of Bio medical waste

The Bio-medical Waste (Management& Handling) Rules, 1998 have been notified by the Ministry of

Environment & Forest, which prescribe methods for handling, storage, collection and treatment of

bio-medical wastes. As per the Rules, the hospital occupier is entirely responsible for waste

handling and the municipality is required to lift only non-biomedical (general) waste and treated

bio-medical waste from hospital premises. These wastes may be transferred to the waste

processing and disposal site.

Presently, the IMA is collecting the bio-medical waste and burying the same at the identified

dumping site. It is recommended to identify a site and develop into a comprehensive facility for

treatment and disposal of bio-medical wastes of TCMC and nearby towns.

Collection of hotels and restaurants waste

The TCMC should impress upon the association of hotels and restaurants to organize primary

storage and collection of wastes themselves. They should collect dry and wet wastes separately and

make their own arrangements for storage and develop system for primary collection of wastes.

They can implement this either by contracting private agency working in the area of waste

management.

In case municipality is required to help for primary collection, help may be extended on full- cost-

recovery basis by the municipality. Charges for the collection of hotel waste may be decided

depending upon the quantity and type (dry/wet) of waste to be picked up from the hotels and

restaurants and frequency of collection. It is very much apparent that once municipality starts

imposing charges, the association of hotels may prefer to have their own arrangements, as

54

discussed with some hoteliers in TCMC. However, it is recommended that cost recovery system

should be discussed with the associations of hotels and restaurants and it should be decided

mutually by arriving at general agreement.

Collection of vegetable & fruits, meat and fish markets

The primary collection of waste from vegetable, fruit, meat & fish market is totally privatized and

the waste is collected daily. Municipality should continue to ensure that the contractor collects the

wastes regularly.

Collection of garden wastes

Based on the size of garden and waste generation rate, frequency of collection of waste may be

worked out. It may be once or twice in a week. The frequency so worked out may be intimated to

the park authorities so that they can carry out work of pruning of trees and mowing of grass

accordingly. The community should inform the municipality officials for the work. However, the

wastes generated by the visitors like plastic cups, plates and other eatables may be collected on

daily basis. The garden authorities should be advised to store then separately in adequate size of

environment friendly waste containers depending upon the waste generation rate.

Collection of Wastes from marriage halls / community halls

At the marriage halls and community halls, wastes are generated occasionally and therefore they

require special arrangements for collection of waste. On every such occasion, the management of

marriage hall or community hall should pre-inform the municipality for collection of waste. The

cost of such collection could be built into the charges for utilizing such halls by the management of

these marriage and community halls. This service may be provided preferably through a contractor

or departmentally as the local bodies deem fit.

Collection of construction & demolition wastes

Construction and demolition debris does not require any processing and sanitary landfill disposal,

if they are inert in nature. However, dumping of this waste on the road side causes

55

public nuisance and blocks the road. The construction site owner should be made fully responsible

for the wastes generated by them at the site. Therefore, the construction site owner should give

undertaking to manage these wastes before starting any construction activity.

The TCMC should recover the cost, in case, it is required to take care of the wastes. Keeping this in

view, they should work out charges per tonne of construction and demolition waste towards

providing services for collection, transportation and disposal. The construction site owner should

be asked to deposit requisite advance amount to the municipality as per the prescribed rates. This

process may be inbuilt with permission seeking process for construction by the municipality.

The charges for collection, transportation and disposal of wastes should include penalty charges

also, in case the construction site owner fails to obtain necessary permission and does not deposit

advance amount.

The collection, transportation and disposal of wastes may be carried out using mini-trucks, tractors

and manpower.

In order to take care of wastes from minor civil works like repair or small construction works and

to facilitate disposal of small quantities of construction/demolition waste, containers/tractor

trailers may be placed in various parts of the city where waste producers may deposit small

quantities through private laborer, hand carts, tri-cycles etc. and such waste may be collected from

time to time before such containers/tractor trolleys start over flowing.

Dairy & cattle shed waste

Those dairies, cattle breeders and poultries having sheds within the city limits should be instructed

to take care of the wastes generated by them. They should be educated and advised to transfer the

waste produced by them daily into the TCMC bins. In case, they fail to do so, penalty charges may

be imposed on them depending upon the quantity of waste generated and they may be asked to

shift outside the city. They should not be allowed to stack the cow dung, grass or other stable

wastes within their premises or on the roadside.

56

Sweeping of street & public spaces

In order to prepare sweeping plan, the streets and public spaces should be classified as residential

streets, market areas, open spaces, streets having no residential areas or having more density of

habitation.

The TCMC should publish notification inviting general public to complain and bring it to the notice

of municipality in case their area is not cleared.

Substitution of sanitation workers

Sanitary services should not suffer due to absence of any sanitation worker. In order to assure this,

alternate arrangements must be made to ensure that all sanitary services are provided even when

any sanitary worker is on leave or absent.

Prevent burning of waste by sweepers and the public

Burning of waste causes hazardous/toxic gaseous pollutants and must be avoided. TCMC has

already banned open burning of waste. Occasional erring rag-pickers should be discouraged by

taking punitive measures to prevent open burning.

Tools to be given to sweepers

Adequate number and types of tools should be given to sweepers to execute efficient sweeping and

waste collection.

The tools may include long handled brooms, metal tray and metal plates etc.

Tricycles / Handcart

The available number of tri-cycles is not sufficient and required number has been assessed sanitary

division wise and indicated in division-wise management plan.

Norms of works

Clear cut and specific work norms need to be devised for sanitary workers, sweepers, sanitary

supervisors, sanitary inspectors and sanitary officers who are directly involved in SWM services.

The work norms can be devised depending upon local conditions. It is advisable to start the work

57

as early as possible in the morning so as to avoid interference with routine activities of the

residents.

The work norms should be such that they are applicable to individuals so as to allow measurement

of their work performance. The work norms for group of sanitary workers are never successful.

The work norms may also be in compliance with government policy and court orders.

Cleaning the slums

There are 66 slum clusters in the TCMC. It is not feasible to clean slums on daily basis. Also during

the visit to these slum areas, it was observed that slum residents were having complaints regarding

sanitary services in the slum.

In view of above, it is recommended that TCMC should pay special attention to lifting of garbage

from slum community bins and also associate slum residents in it‟s services. This will ensure

regular cleaning of slum areas.

Cleaning of surface drains

Cleaning of sewage drains is critical issue in TCMC. The TCMC has got sanitary workers specially for

cleaning drains. While preparing the work norms for sanitary workers, the length of drain to be

cleaned should also be fixed. The length of drain to be cleaned may vary based on the size of drain.

However, to start with 500 to 1000 meters of length for drain cleaning may be fixed on daily basis

depending upon size of drain. This does not mean that sanitary worker is required to clean every

bit of length allocated to him. Instead, he will walk along the drain and see for himself chocking etc

and clean it.

The sanitary workers involved in drain cleaning may be given tools like seamless handcarts and

shovels. It is also recommended to maintain separate roster for cleaning of drains.

58

Alternatives that can be considered

The town has already done away with the public dust bins system which is being managed very

efficiently. However, in order to meet any contingency or exigency, the mobile squad should be

strengthened to collect the incidental waste generation in the city.

Use of small vehicles for direct collection

The usage of auto-rikshaw for direct collection of waste from the city during day time is being

practiced presently, which may be continued. It is recommended that such system should be more

focused on the high waste generation areas like bus stand, commercial places etc.

Need of containers for hazardous domestic wastes

In order to store domestic hazardous wastes, separate special containers may be used. The

generators of such wastes may be asked to store hazardous wastes separately and deposit in

special containers meant for hazardous wastes in consultation with the municipality. The domestic

hazardous wastes may be disposed off in separate cells in sanitary landfill facilities. Such cells

should be necessarily lined with HDPE liners.

To improvise the present situation of primary collection system and inadequate tools and

equipments, the following list of requirements are essential given in exhibit. Annexure 4 provides

the list of primary collection equipment requirements given in divisional wise.

59

Exhibit 25: Requirement of Primary Collection Equipments

S. No. Particulars Capacity in

MT

Requirement in

Nos. Application

1 Tricycles 0.10 130 Residential

2

Compactor Bins

0.45

144

Residential - 80 Nos.,

Commercial - 30 Nos.,

Market Area-20 Nos.,

Hotel, Restaurants and

Marriage halls -10 Nos.,

Slaughter House - 4 Nos.

Proposed Secondary Collection and

Transportation System

In TCMC, the transportation of waste is only from the waste collection point to the waste processing

and disposal site. Following points need to be noted for transportation of wastes:

• There is no direct transportation of wastes from any other place than waste

collection points except for construction and demolition waste.

• The wastes from domestic, trade and institutional sources have to be shifted to the

waste collection points using push carts.

• There should not be any littering of solid wastes during the transportation.

• The transportation route should not be zig-zag as far as possible.

Routing of vehicle

The routing of transportation vehicles in TCMC is good, as can be observed from the routing and

time chart. There are not many alternatives for routing.

60

Type of vehicles to be used

A combination of vehicles ranging from push carts, tricycle, mini tipper lorries, tipper lorries and

compactors are used for transportation of wastes.

The waste has to be kept covered during the transportation to avoid littering on the road.

Bio medical wastes from hospitals, nursing homes, health care establishments

In order to transport bio-medical wastes, instructions contained in the Bio-medical Waste

(Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 should be followed. The waste should be transported in

secured manner in containers. The containers should be lined with stainless steel or aluminum.

In TCMC, the quantity of bio-medical wastes for transportation is small i.e. 180 kg per day (1.79 %)

and therefore one cubic meter container mounted on three wheeled chassis and fitted with tipping

arrangement should be used.

The bio-medical wastes should be transported to separate facility meant for treatment of bio-

medical wastes.

Transportation of wastes from hotels and restaurants

As recommended, the wastes from hotels and restaurants should be collected in bins.

The TCMC should lift wastes from these bins twice daily. The wastes may be transferred using

TATA Ace. The system of waste lifting from hotel and restaurants may be privatized on cost

recovery basis for the hotels and restaurants. This would ensure efficient waste collection and

transportation.

Transportation of wastes of construction and debris

Transportation of construction wastes and debris has to be done directly by mini tipper lorries

from the source of generation to point of disposal. These wastes should not be stored on the road

side, otherwise it will create public nuisance.

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Transportation of wastes from narrow lanes

The present practice of transportation of wastes from narrow lanes using push carts/tricycles

should be continued. As the lanes are quite narrow, it is not possible to use other vehicles in TCMC.

Workshop facility for vehicle maintenance

Presently, the workshop facilities are availed from outside based on contractual arrangement and

the same may be continued as discussed with the TCMC. However, the contractual arrangement

needs to be better organised for obtaining efficient and cost effective services. The selected and

interested sanitary workers should also be trained to carry out minor repairs in push carts, wheel

barrows, mini tipper lorries or tools used by them. The contractual arrangement of workshop

should be closely monitored by the MHO/ Engineer or Commissioner.

To improvise the present situation of secondary collection and transportation system and

inadequate vehicles, the following list of vehicles are essential given in exhibit. Annexure 5 provides

the list of secondary collection and transportation vehicles requirements given in TCMC.

Exhibit 26: Requirement of Secondary Collection and Transportation Vehicles

S. No. Particulars Requirement

in Nos.

Capacity in

MT No of Trips

Quantity in

MTPD*

1 Tata Ace 5 1 2 18

2 Tipper Lorry 2 6 2 7.5

3 Compactor 3 8 3 54

* Practically, can accommodate 75% of waste in vehicles

Proposed Processing Facility – Composting Technologies

MSW Rules 2000 requires that biodegradable wastes be processed by composting, vermi-

composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for the stabilization

of wastes. Composting is the best available method for processing the biodegradable waste as the

end products are usable for agriculture gardening and forestry.

62

Composting is a method of converting biodegradable waste into manure. Decomposition is a natural

process if controlled this process will result in formation of manure from waste. The manure

obtained can be used for the fortification of soil and optimizing its nutrient contents. The manure

can be used along with the fertilizers.

Composting can be carried out in two ways aerobically and an-aerobically. During aerobic

composting aerobic micro-organisms oxidize organic compounds to Carbon-di-oxide, Nitrite and

Nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a source of energy while nitrogen is recycled.

Due to exothermic reaction, temperature of the mass rises.

The aerobic method uses aerobic bacteria to work under suitable environment, i.e. moisture,

temperature, oxygen content and carbon/ nitrogen ratio of organic matter. This method normally

produces good quality compost containing nitrogen and sulphate, and does not cause the odour

problem. The finished compost can be used as an offset for fertilizers in the agriculture industry and

other related uses such as landscaping, green cover development, barren land reclamation etc.

During anaerobic process, microorganisms, while metabolizing the nutrients, break down the

organic compounds through a process of reduction and is operated under anaerobic environment,

and normally causes odour problems, such as, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. A very small

amount of energy is released during the process and the temperature of composting mass does not

raise much. The gases evolved are mainly methane and carbon-di-oxide. An anaerobic process is a

reduction process and the final product is subjected to some minor oxidation when applied to land.

This method uses longer time for acquiring mature to digest and gives lower quality of fertilizer.

Windrow method of composting is suitable aerobic composting process as it can accommodate

large volumes of diverse waste streams. Anything from garden waste, liquids, grease, animal by-

products (poultry, dairy waste) and municipal decomposable waste can be treated by windrows.

This method has resulted in high efficiency for MSW.

Technology Selection

As per the analysis of alternative technologies for waste processing and disposal as outlined and

considering pertinent factors such as regional setting, climatic conditions i.e. fairly long spell of dry

condition (8-9 months in a year), land availability and quantum of biodegradable waste generated,

aerobic composting was selected as the feasible option.

63

Alternatives such as vermi-composting and in-vessel composting are feasible only at a smaller scale

of operation for non-hazardous organic waste and are therefore not recommended for

implementation.

It is proposed to treat the biodegradable portion of the MSW biologically using aerobic windrow

composting while the recyclables shall be recovered and all inert material shall be sent to the

sanitary landfill.

Aerobic Composting Process

Composting is the biological degradation of organic materials under controlled aerobic conditions.

The process is used to stabilize organic bio-solids (a term used to describe organic biodegradable

matter derived from domestic waste) prior to their use as a soil amendment or mulch in

landscaping, horticulture, and agriculture. The final product of this treatment process is called

„fertilizer grade compost‟.

Composting of the waste in the formed windrows can be achieved in a period of approximately 6 to

8 weeks under controlled climatic and process conditions. The formed windrows require turning at

a specified frequency to ensure that the inner sections or core of the windrows do not turn

anaerobic which can actually be detrimental to the process. The machinery used to turn the

windrows shall be standard front-end loaders or specialized compost turners. Compost turners

generally are faster and do a better job of mixing than front-end loaders. Front-end loaders are less

expensive to purchase, and can also be used for unloading incoming waste and loading finished

product. Alternative method of turning includes drilling air holes, installing aeration pipes and

forcing airflow through the piles. Design of the proposed composting facility shall be performed

considering the following design criteria:

• Carbon : Nitrogen Value

• Oxygen availability &aeration

• Nutrient balance

• Particle size

• pH value

64

• Temperature

• Moisture control

The finished product is then extracted from the final pile, sieved to remove alien material and

prepared for packaging and distribution/ marketing.

Desirability of bagging equipment depends on the market (end-users) for the finished product. A

high-quality product suitable for home gardens is likely to be distributed or sold in small quantities,

and equipment for bagging the product may be necessary. However, a lower quality product used as

a soil amendment for the agriculture and landscaping sectors typically might be distributed in large

quantities (i.e., truckload), and bagging equipment may not be required. The figure above is a

representation of a typical windrow composting system.

Process Description – Aerobic Composting The incoming waste is received at the tipping floor. The tipping floor supervisor monitors the waste

for any non-conforming waste such as “hazardous waste”, “biomedical waste”, incinerable waste,

etc as prescribed in the MSW Rules, 2000. Foreign material that is unacceptable will be removed

and disposed in the sanitary landfill that is also proposed. Recyclable material, if any, shall be

recovered at this stage. The 100 mm trommel screening shall be performed through suitable

equipment suah as mechanical screeners. Bio-degradable waste prior to entering the windrow

platform shall also be shredded and ground to uniform size (10 – 15 mm dia. particle size).

The prepared waste shall be delivered to the windrow platform using suitable material handling

equipment. Windrows which are essentially semi-circular formations of the waste assay in the

specified dimension shall be prepared as shown. The constructed windrow pile should be formed as

a semi-circular cross-section allowing requisite interstitial clearance between each pile. This

clearance should be maintained for ease of access of equipment to the windrows. Once windrows

are initially formed and settled, a windrow will be turned used to aerate the piles. The turning may

be done for every 3 days initially and thereafter, based on monitoring results it may be turned

approximately once in a week.

65

Exhibit 27: Process Flow Diagram for 200 TPD Compost Processing Plant

66

The turning operations will not only aerate the pile but will also increase the surface area available

to microbes and accelerating the composting process. A reduction in pile size will also occur as a

result of initial turnings. The individual sections will be monitored to ensure a proper environment

for active composting to be maintained. Temperature, being the prime indicator of microbial

activity, should be monitored daily along the windrow using long stem digital thermometers. The

windrow or section of windrow will also be turned if the temperature varies from the thermophilic

range (45 °C - 60°C).

The optimum moisture content for composting is between 50-60%. Hence addition of moisture may

be necessitated if the moisture content of the incoming waste is low. Further during composting the

moisture content tends to reduce and necessary moisture can be similarly added during turning.

The moisture content will be checked periodically using the “squeeze test” (A handful of material

from within the windrow will be squeezed; if a few drops of water are generated the windrow can

be assumed to contain the proper range of moisture 40% to 60 %). Deviance from this range

requires turning of the windrow. On the other hand if there is more water than few drops, turning is

done to aerate and dry pile to prevent anaerobic conditions. The water requirement will be taken

from the runoff collection tank or by way of bore-well.

Eventually, through turning and mixing the windrow will be homogenized and will uniformly

degrade. Composting and curing will be judged complete when pile temperatures decrease to near

ambient and is moderate for 14 days.

On the 21st day, the formed windrow is broken down and passed through a dual trommel of 35 mm

and 14 mm mesh to remove oversize particles. The screened material is allowed to dry to remove

the moisture content and then fed into the 4 mm trommel. The +4 mm will be removed and kept

aside for disposal while -4mm which is the finished compost will be stored separately. The

recyclable fraction and plastic waste should be properly segregated and sold or given for recycling.

Only the compost rejects and inert waste should go to the landfill site.

67

Maintenance of the sediment basin (catch basin for storm water runoff) will prevent potential

ground and surface water problems. The catch basin will act as a reservoir for sediment and

rainwater runoff. Water in the basin can be used to supplement the moisture requirements of the

windrows. The catch basin should be monitored and if required sprayed for insect and vector

control. It is decided to have a windrow composting with the composting period of 45 days.

Exhibit 28: List of Machinery & Equipment Requirement

S. No. Equipment’s Qty Comments

1 Presorting section of 20 TPH capacity

I Feeder 1 No. For feeding material at controlled rate.

II Feed Conveyor 1 No. For conveying material to Screening.

II Trommel (Ø 100mm) 1 No. For screening.

III Accepts Conveyor 1 No. For conveying material to dumper.

IV Rejection conveyor 1 No. For removal of rejection and transfer it to

sorting belt.

V Reversible conveyor 1 No. For continuous plant operation .

2 Preparatory section of 10 TPH capacity

I Feeding conveyor 1 No. For feeding material to Trommel.

II Trommel - 35mm 1 No. For screening.

III Accepts - 35 Conveyor 1 No. For feeding material to next Trommel.

IV Reject - 35 Conveyor 1 No. For removal of rejection off-line.

V Trommel - 14mm 1 No. For screening.

VI Accepts – 14 Conveyor 1 No. For transfer of material to curing area.

VII Reject - 14 Conveyor 1 No. For removal of rejection off-line.

VIII Magnetic Separator 1 No. For removing ferrous metals.

3 Finishing section 5 – 7.5 TPH capacity

I Feeding Conveyor 1 No. For feeding material to Trommel..

II Trommel - 4mm 1 No. For screening.

68

S. No. Equipment’s Qty Comments

III Accepts - 4 Conveyor 1 No. For feeding material

IV Reject - 4 Conveyor 1 No. For removal of rejection off-line.

V Rejects stone conveyor 1 No. For removal of rejection off-line.

VI Destoner with dust

collection system

1 No. For separation of stone and removal of

impurities

VII Compost Conveyor 1 No. For final outcome material

VIII Reversible conveyor 1 No. For continuous plant operation .

IX Magnetic Separator 1 No. For removing ferrous metals.

4 Control Panel

I Electrical Control Panel 3 set Provide separately to each section

II

Connected Load

3 set

Presorting section: 60 HP, 3 Phase, 440 V

Preparatory section: 70 HP, 3 Phase, 440 V

Finishing section: 60 HP, 3 Phase, 440 V

Process Monitoring and Control

As a dynamic process, compost piles should be monitored to assess the need for turning and

moisture control. Monitoring and turning records have to be maintained to show that an approved

turning schedule was followed. Specific compost monitoring parameters include:

Moisture: The ingredients of a pile with adequate moisture will have the feel of a damp (but not

dripping wet) sponge. Excessive moisture conditions will be characterized by a saturated texture

and unpleasant odours inside the pile and leachate around its base. Corrective actions for excess

moisture include covering the pile with a tarp or specialized compost cover during wet weather

and/or turning the pile during dry weather to increase evaporation.

Temperature: Ideally, temperature should be measured with a digital or a dial-type (non- mercury)

compost thermometer with at least 40 cm long stem. Sustained temperatures of 50 to 60° C in the

pile interior are an indication of optimum decomposition and pathogen reduction. On the other

hand, temperatures above 70°C may indicate insufficient moisture. A compost pile

69

whose temperature never goes above 40°C may not have enough oxygen due to settling, may be too

wet, or conversely, too dry.

Odour and Physical Appearance: A well-managed active compost pile will shrink in height

quickly, and will have a slightly sweet, fermented aroma when opened. Conversely, a poorly

managed pile will not decrease substantially in height, may emit an unpleasant odour, and will likely

have weeds sprouting from its surface.

Advantages & Limitations

Composting of MSW is currently the most important biological route for recycling matter and

nutrients from the organic fraction of MSW. Full scale composting technology for (i) source

separated MSW and (ii) mechanically separated MSW (iii) mixed MSW is already commercially

available and in use, and its further application is limited by only by process economics and the

availability for markets for the composted MSW which include applications like use as manure, soil

conditioners for parks, gardens, agricultural lands, landfill cover, etc., depending uponnits

compostion / quality.

Advantages / Opportunities:

• Age old established concept for recycling of matter / nutrients to soil

• Simple and straight forward for adoption for source separated MSW

• Does not require large capital investment, compared to other waste treatment options

• Suitable for organic bio-degradable fraction of MSW, yard (or garden) waste /

waste containing high proportion of lignocellulosces materials, which do not

readily degrade under anaerobic conditions, waste from slaughterhouse and

diary waste

Limitations / Barriers

• Suitable for only organic biodegradable fraction of MSW, not very suitable for

wastes which may be too wet.

• Problems relating to the complexity of the raw waste, which need to be addressed.

70

• Emissions of environmental concern from open compost plants if not managed

properly.

• Operations get hampered during heavy rains for a few days at the open compost plants.

• Open compost plants if not managed well could emit bad odour and create fly menace.

• Risk of production of contaminated compost from MSW if entry of biomedical

waste, hazardous industrial waste and other toxic material is not restricted at the

compost plant site.

• The requirement of land is relatively more for open compost plants.

• In case of vermi-composting source segregation of organic biodegradable waste is

essential. Worms are likely to die if any toxic material enters the stream of

compostable matter. This also requires more land than microbial composting.

The quality of compost produced from source segregated organic waste is generally better than

that of compost produced from mechanically separated MSW and of that produced from mixed

MSW (without any separation). Grinding of MSW should be avoided as it can mask the presence of

hazardous material and make it impossible for their removal after the composting is done. In the

absence of wase segregation at source, there is possibility of the produced compost being

contaminated by heavy metals and toxic / hazardous substances etc. It is critical that compost so

produced be environmentally safe and if the compost is marketed for agriculture, it is ensured

through proper testing and certification that it is free from heavy metals, toxic materials, sharp

objects, glass, etc.

Design & Area Requirment

Design of the subject facility has been performed in accordance with the CPHEEO Manual and MSW

Rules 2000. Design calculation of the proposed facility is calculated in the below exhibit.

71

Exhibit 29: Area Requirement for Composting Facility

Assumption

Design Year 2021

Projected Waste TPD 130.00

Ultimate design adjustment 80%

Design Tonnage 104.00

Sq. M / Acre 4046.86

Density of waste T/m3 0.5

Daily Volume (Max. material) m3/day 208.00

Composting Period days 45.00

Height m 2.00

Base Width m 3.00

Top Width m 1.00

Number of Rows required (incl 1 as buffer) Nos 46.00

No of windrows in a column Nos 7.00

No of columns Nos 7.00

Minimum Clearance between Pads m 2.00

Free-board at pad-ends (4 m ea. side) m 4.00

Volume of waste m3/day 208.00

Length of windrow m 52.00

Length of windrow pad m 384.00

Width of windrow pad m 41.00

Windrow pad area m2 15744

Processing Shed area m2 360

Drain m2 233

Required area for processing facility m2 16337

Required area for processing facility acre 4.04

72

Proposed Disposal Facility – Sanitary

Landfill

MSW if dumped in open pollutes all environmental components. Waste pollutes air through gases,

dust, litter and bad odour. Water passing through the waste results in leachate with high COD,

heavy metals and salts content. Leachate generated contaminate ground water, runoff from

disposed waste will result in contamination of surface water. The disposed waste has aesthetic

negative impact on the surroundings.

The term „landfill‟ is used to describe a unit operation for final disposal of „MSW on land, designed

and constructed with the objective of minimum impact to the environment by incorporating eight

essential components as described by CPHEEO Manual, 2000. This term encompasses other terms

such as „secured landfill‟ and „engineered landfills‟ which are also sometimes applied to MSW

disposal units. The term „landfill‟ can be treated as synonymous to

„sanitary landfill‟ of MSW, only if the latter is designed on the principle of waste containment and is

characterized by the presence of a liner and leachate collection system to prevent ground water

contamination.

(a) Land filling will be done for the following types of waste:

(i) Comingled waste (mixed waste) not found suitable for waste processing;

(ii) Pre-processing and post-processing rejects from waste processing sites;

(iii) Non-hazardous waste not being processed or recycled.

(b) Land filling will usually not be done for the following waste streams in the MSW :

(i) Bio waste/garden waste;

(ii) Dry recyclables.

(c) Land filling of hazardous waste stream in the municipal waste will be done at a

hazardous waste landfill site; such a site will be identified by the State Government

and is likely to be operated by industries of a district/state. If such a landfill is not

available, municipal authorities will dispose the hazardous waste in a special

hazardous waste cell in the MSW landfill.

(d) Land filling of construction and demolition waste will be done in a separate landfill

where the waste can be stored and mined for future use in earthwork or road

projects. If such a landfill site is not available, the waste will be stored in a special cell

73

at a MSW landfill from where it can be mined for future use. Construction and

demolition waste can be used as a daily cover at MSW landfills; however only

minimum thickness of cover should be provided.

The essential components of landfill are:

(1) A liner system to protect leakage of liquids and gases to soil

(2) A leachate collection and control system for collection and extraction of leachate

from the landfill base

(3) A gas collection and treatment system for collecting gas from the top and its

utilization for energy recovery

(4) A final Cover to enhance water drainage and to support vegetation

(5) Environmental Monitoring System which periodically collects and analyse

samples from air, water, soil- gas and groundwater around the landfill site

(6) A closure and post closure plan listing measures to close and secure the landfill site

Landfill Design Requirements and Standards

(a) Earth Works

The design of the layout is made in such a way that all planed areas have sufficient inclination to

guarantee an unhindered run off of leachate and storm water. The design of the landfill has to be

prepared in such a manner, that the amount of cut and fills are finally in a balance. Required

cover material need to be considered and has to be made available. Filling and compacting must

be carried out in layers of up to 40 cm maximum.

(b) Base Sealing System

Basic Elements

The sealing system has to fulfil the guidelines and technical requirements as defined in the EIA and

in the MSW Rules, 2000.

Mineral Sealing Layer

The mineral sealing layer of 900mm depth will be installed in four layers of at least 225 mm

thickness each. A suitable binding material (suitable combination of coarse and fine particles)

should be used. This material must be installed during favourable weather conditions. The

74

following qualities are required:

• at least 10 mass-% of clay particles with a high adsorptive capacity,

• maximum 5 mass-% of organic substances and

• maximum 15 mass-% of carbonate.

A permeability of the mineral sealing layer of kf ≤ 1 x 10-9 m/s has to be ensured. For the material

and its installation the following requirements must be considered:

• homogenous material that has a homogenous water content and homogenous

incorporation of the material,

• proctor density (DPR) of each layer of DPR ≥ 95 %, and

• water content (w) must be higher than the proctor water content (WPR).

HDPE Geo-Membrane

The second sealing liner will be a High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane with a

minimum thickness of 2.0 mm. The geo-membrane can only be installed during favourable weather

conditions. For the constructing of the layer the following items have to be considered:

a) Welding of the HDPE layer is only possible if the sun does not shine directly on

the HDPE layer in summer time (danger of blistering),

b) Water is not allowed on the landfill base of the HDPE layer,

c) Before work starts the way of placing has to be defined in a plan,

d) The placed HDPE layer must be fixed (e. g. sandbags),

e) No equipment must drive on the welded HDPE layers (only the necessary

equipment for welding), and

f) Every welding seam has to be double checked (stability, density with under

pressure method, thickness, visual inspection).

Geo-Textile – Protection Layer

For protection of the HDPE layer, a geo-textile must be applied. A geo-textile material, which is

needle-punched and non-woven will be used as a protection layer. For incorporation of the layer,

the following items have to be considered:

a) Weight of geo-textile ≥ 2000 g/m²,

b) Proof of stamp pushing through force,

c) Proof of strip tensile strength,

75

d) Static proof, and

e) Proof of stability and resistance to sliding during building and final state.

Laying of the geo-textile is carried out after acceptance of the layers laying underneath. No vehicles

must drive on the geo-textile no equipment or machines should be stored on this layer. The position

of the layer must be secured by appropriate measures to prevent them from getting lifted up (e. g.

sand bags).

Drainage Layer

A drainage layer, consisting of gravel with a grain size of 16/32 mm will be applied to assist

drainage of leachate. Gravel will consist of uniform sizes and be washed to ensure a high

permeability. Perforated HDPE leachate collection pipes will be embedded in the drainage layer to

further assist leachate collection. Leachate will drain towards the leachate pond. The thickness of

the drainage layer will be at least 300 mm. The gravel has to fulfil the following quality standards:

a. Permeability kf≥ 1 x 10-3 m/s and b. maximum 20 mass-% of carbonate.

(c) Surface Sealing

System General

To avoid negative impact of the landfill body a surface sealing system has to be installed after the

filling of the landfill or parts of it (landfill cells) are completed. The sealing system has to fulfil the

guidelines and technical requirements as defined in the EIA and in the MSW Rules, 2000. The

surface sealing system has to fulfil the following requirements:

1) 300 mm compensation layer,

2) 600 mm mineral sealing layer (clay), kf< = 1 x 10-9 m/s

3) 150 mm drainage layer, kf≥ 1 x 10-2 m/s

4) 450 mm re-cultivation layer.

After reaching the highest level of each construction phase, as final cover, the surface sealing

system has to be placed on top of the waste body. The surface sealing system will be constructed

with a maximum slope of 33 % in the embankment area.

76

Compensation Layer

After completing the waste filling, the waste surface will be re-profiled according to the planned

inclination of the surface sealing system. Above the waste surface, the compensation layer made of

a homogenous non-binding material will be applied. The thickness of the layer will be 300 mm. The

layer will be the foundation for the mineral-sealing layer.

Mineral Sealing Layer

On top of the compensation layer a mineral sealing layer with a thickness of 600 mm (after

compaction) will be placed.

This layer will be incorporated in two layers of 300mm each (after compaction). The mineral

sealing layer of the surface has to fulfil the same quality standards as the mineral sealing layer of

the base.

Drainage Layer

The drainage layer consisting of gravel with a grain size of 16/32 mm will be used for discharging

the rainwater, which will infiltrate into the re-cultivation layer.

The thickness of the drainage layer will be at least 150 mm. The gravel has to fulfil the same quality

standards as described for the drainage layer of the base sealing system.

Re-cultivation Layer

The re-cultivation layer (topsoil) will be used for the final restoration of the site. The re- cultivation

layer will have a thickness of at least 450 mm.

Plants will be placed in accordance to the local flora as provided in the vicinity of the site. In order

to protect the sealing system, deep rooting plants must be avoided. The plants have to protect the

total sealing system against wind and water erosion and have to minimise rainwater infiltration.

Tests and Samples during Construction of the Sealing Systems

The tests and samples during construction of the sealing system need to be agreed with the

Contracting Authority but it is likely that they will include the following items.

77

Aptitude Test

The fundamental suitability (aptitude test) of the used materials provided for the mineral base and

surface sealing system must be proven before construction works start. The suitability tests of the

used mineral sealing material have to be approved by laboratory tests and a test field. The following

laboratory testing is required:

a) grain-size distribution

b) water content

c) consistency of material

d) water absorption of material

e) portion of organic materials

f) portion of carbonate

g) density

h) proctor density

i) water permeability

j) homogeneity

The suitability of the used drainage material has to be also approved by laboratory tests. The

following tests are required:

a) grain-size distribution

b) content of organic materials

c) content of carbonate

Test Field

Within a test field the suitability of the clay must be proven under the supposed site conditions.

These test fields are the basis for all conditions stipulated for later application by an independent

supervisor.

Construction starts with 4 layers of 225 mm each and includes all above mentioned laboratory tests

and examinations required for each layer by taking some samples. Visual tests have to be

performed by trial pits. The test fields have to be performed outside of the sealing areas. The results

from the test field (including the results of the laboratory tests) must be evaluated and documented

including the following statements with regard to the design of the mineral sealing system:

a) Compacting methods

78

b) Compacting equipment

c) Number of compacting transitions

d) Operation speed of compacting equipment

e) Thickness of un-compacted layers (before compaction)

f) Type of homogenisation

The test field must be at least 20 m in length, the minimum width must be 2 machine widths plus

the required ramps 1: 10 and the embankments 1: 5 as well as the distance of acceleration and

deceleration with driving tracks as wide as the equipment, which are arranged alongside. The test

fields should be located at the bottom and embankment area of the landfill. They should represent

the same slopes as landfill. After the mineral sealing material has been tested, the application of the

other sealing compounds, protection layer and drainage layer will be tested in the test field

accordingly. This will be done for the base sealing as well as for the surface sealing.

Quality Assurance during Construction Works

For the quality assurance during construction works the requirements are as follows:

a) The mineral sealing layers must be built under weather conditions which are in

compliance with required conditions (water content, degree of compression,

coefficient of permeability; example: no construction during heavy rain fall)

b) The top of each completed layer of the mineral sealing system must be dewatered

sufficiently. Shrinkage cracks must be avoided by taking technical measures.

c) Soil lumps which are bigger than 32 mm shall not be used for construction the

mineral sealing.

d) The sealing material must be homogenous and show regular placement water

content. The layers must achieve a homogenous sealing mass. The layers shall

overlap.

e) After completion of each compacted layer an acceptance test must be carried out

before starting the next layer.

f) During and after incorporation the following tests and checks must be carried out

especially for the mineral-sealing layer (for re-cultivation layer, drainage layer and

compensation layer the test has to be done similar):

79

(i) density

(ii) thickness of each layer

(iii) flatness of each layer

(iv) grain-size distribution

(v) water content

(vi) consistency of material

(vii) water absorption of material

(viii) proctor density

(ix) permeability

(x) content of organic parts & carbonate

These tests should be carried according a defined scheme. The laboratory test for the aptitude test

and the quality assurance during construction works have to be carried out by a qualified geo-

technical institute.

Design &Area Requirement

Based on the growth of population and the reduction of waste by recycling and treatment the

volume of waste to be taken to the landfill site has been calculated considering the following

assumptions:

• Waste generation as described

• 20% rejects to be landfilled in case of Compost Processing Plant

• Daily covering of waste (10% of waste volume)

• Specific weight of waste in average 0.85 t/m³

The rejects and inert materials from the processing plant shall be land filled at the engineered sanitary

landfill as per MSW Rules 2000.

Exhibit 30: Area Requirement for Sanitary Landfill

Assumptions

Density of Landfill Waste T/ m3 0.85 v h/3 (a2+axb+b2)

Height of cell m 5.00 b 4a

80

Slope to be maintained 0.25 a SQ.RT((3V)/13h))

Inflation Rate (base: 2014) % 5

Wastage % 10

Side cover etc. % 15

Phases I II III IV

Start Year 2016 2023 2030 2037

Till Year 2022 2029 2036 2046

Inflation Multiplier 1.10 1.55 2.18 3.07

Cum. Landfill waste till (TPD) 52,833.99 62,006.45 84,054.35 114,623.60

Cum. Landfill waste till (m3) 62,157.64 72,948.77 98,887.47 134,851.29

Bund + daily cover (10%) m3 6215.76 7294.88 9888.75 13485.13

Total Volume cum 68373.40 80243.64 108776.22 148336.42

Top Width m 39.72 43.03 50.10 58.51

Base Width m 158.89 172.13 200.41 234.03

Top area sq.m 1577.85 1851.78 2510.22 3423.15

Top area acre 0.3897 0.4574 0.6200 0.8455

Bottom area sq.m 25245.56 29628.42 40163.53 54770.37

Bottom area acre 6.2357 7.3182 9.9204 13.5283

Phases I II III IV

Liner area (115% of Bottom area)

sq.m 29032.40 34072.69 46188.06 62985.93

HDPE pipes (consider square landfill)

Leachate collection pipes

Base Width m 158.89 172.13 200.41 234.03

No of Main Pipes Nos. 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

Length of Main Pipes m 158.89 172.13 200.41 234.03

Spacing b/w lateral pipes m 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

Length of Lateral pipes m 79.44 86.06 100.20 117.02

No of Lateral pipes Nos. 33 36 42 48

Total No of lateral pipes Nos. 66 72 84 96

81

Surface water drainage layer

pipes

Length of Main pipes m 39.72 43.03 50.10 58.51

No of Main Pipes Nos. 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

Length of Lateral pipes m 19.86 21.52 25.05 29.25

Spacing b/w lateral pipes m 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50

No of Lateral pipes Nos. 17 19 22 25

Total No of lateral pipes Nos. 34 38 44 50

Length of Main Pipes m 993.05 1,075.81 1,252.55 1,462.69

Length of Lateral Pipes m 5,918.60 7,014.26 9,519.40 12,696.17

Filling Volume Calculations

Bund

Length m 636 689 802 936

Width m 2 2 2 2

Height m 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Bund Volume 636 689 802 936

Bottom Layer

Base Area m2 25246 29628 40164 54770

Height m 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Phases I II III IV

Bottom Layer Volume 25,245.56 29,628.42 40,163.53 54,770.37

Vegetation Layer

Top Area m2 1,577.85 1,851.78 2,510.22 3,423.15

Height m 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

Vegetation Layer Volume 473.35 555.53 753.07 1,026.94

Total Filling Volume m3 26,354.47 30,872.47 41,718.23 56,733.44

Particulars Unit Qty I Qty II Qty III Qty IV

Excavation Sq. m 25,245.56 29,628.42 40,163.53 54,770.37

Liner layers

Clay Liner Sq. m 36,725.98 43,101.95 58,427.89 79,677.20

82

HDPE Liner Sq. m 36,725.98 43,101.95 58,427.89 79,677.20

Non-woven Layer Sq. m 36,725.98 43,101.95 58,427.89 79,677.20

Geo Textile Layer Sq. m 36,725.98 43,101.95 58,427.89 79,677.20

HPDE Pipes - Main (75mm) m 993.05 1,075.81 1,252.55 1,462.69

HPDE Pipes - lateral (40mm) m 5,918.60 7,014.26 9,519.40 12,696.17

Filling for bund, Mineral layer and earth to be disposed

Sq. m 26,354.47 30,872.47 41,718.23 56,733.44

Leachate collection system LS 36,725.98 43,101.95 58,427.89 79,677.20


BIOMETHANATION PLANT

Salient features of the Bio Methanization Plant

• Modified UASB model bio-digester of 5 MT /day capacity comprising

of segregation room inlet cum recycle chamber.

• Anaerobic digester of 7.7 m dia and 6.7 m height, sludge holding

tank/engine control room, gas holding balloon.

• Electro mechanical items are Bio shredder, sorting table, pumps, bio

gas storage system, Bio gas blower with motor, pressurerised bio gas

tank, biological scrubber, bio gas engine of 40/50 KVA, flame arrestor,

bio gas flame with moisture trap.

Gas generation

Power generation

Organic fertilizer

= 300 M3 / day.

= 480 Kwh/day

= 175 Tons/annum


PROPOSED MSW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Refuse

Refusing is one of the newer ‘5R’s. Some people also call it pre-cycling. In

terms of smart waste management, this is the simple act of refusing the

excessive or unnecessary packaging. When shopping, it means saying "no

thanks" to a bag for small purchases that you can easily carry in your hands.

You can also refuse- choose to not buy - foods, beverages, or other products

in fancy, multilayer packaging that you will just have to throw into the trash

as soon as you open them.

Refuse the use of plastic carry bags, cups, disposables, thermocol. disposable

or single use products such as razors, eating utensils, plates, and cups.

Refuse the products which have more packaging materials. Do not buy products which may harm your environment. The alternative is to

use non-biodegradable products sparingly. .

For example: Cleaning products for floors etc. Cleaning products for dishes,

Polish.

Reduce

Reducing means producing less waste so that you throw away less trash and

garbage into landfills. Reducing is the most effective way to manage waste

and the place to begin whenever you can. A simple step at the grocery store:

Bring your own cloth or mesh bags, so you don't take either paper or plastic!

You have immediately reduced the bags you might throw into the trash

when you get home. How to remember your bags? Always keep them in the

car or right by the door.

Many items that we would normally throw out can be repaired, upgraded, or

reused. This is usually cheaper than buying a new one and saves the space of

disposing of the old one. These items include tires, shoes, home and office

furniture and equipment, lighting fixtures, lawnmowers, electronics, clothes,

and automotive parts.

Consider reupholstering, refinishing, or donating old furniture to be used

again.

Have large appliances repaired instead of buying new ones. Reuse


Reusing products prevents you from producing more

waste. For example

Reuse plastic bags, Newspaper also can be reused for packaging or

wrapping.

Donate unwanted clothing in good condition to charity shops. Clothes which

are worn out or in unsalable condition can be turned into wiping clothes.

Tins, glasses etc. can be used as storage containers for sugar, tea bags,

salt etc.

Reuse disposal crockery Reusing is pretty simple once you get into the habit, like writing a shopping

list on an opened envelope or the back of office paper rather than on a brand

new sheet. Plastic bags (both large white bags and clear produce bags) can be

reused several times before they are recycled.

Recycle

The process of transforming materials into secondary resources for

manufacturing new products is known as Recycling.

Waste recycling leads to less utilization of raw materials, saves on landfill

space, reduces the amount of energy required to manufacture new products.

In fact recycling can prevent the creation of waste at the source.

Prepare your recyclables according to the directions given by your recycling

provider. This will make it easier and less costly for them to continue

providing these services.

Dry waste consisting of cans, aluminium foils, plastics, metal, glass, and paper

could be recycled.

Turn “waste” into a new product. For example: Bottle caps can be used for making bags, chairs or tables.

Ring pulls from drink and food cans can be woven into form bags. Patches

of old cloth can be used for making cushions or teddies. Make earrings out

of newspaper. Roll the paper into the shape of pearls, and then paint and

varnish them.

Recover

Source separation: by keeping recyclables and organics waste separate at

source, i.e., at the point of generation facilitate reuse, recycling, and

composting to recover nutrient value from organic matter.

Home composting is best option to recover the nutrient at decentralized at

source itself.


Energy can be recovered from the Bio Methonisation Potential waste such as

food waste, vegetable and food waste and slaughter waste through Bio

Digseter. This can avoid the Green House Gas discharged in to atmosphere

responsible for Global Warming.

Simple way of recovering the vegetable waste and market waste in to

nitrogen enriched cow dung by feeding the cattle.


Recovery of Recycling

The recyclable waste will be collected separately with various methods and

sorted out in the mechanized sorting table according to the nature and sold.The

Municipality is also planning to buy another higher capacity plastic pulverizer for

plastic materials processing.

In plastic reprocessing after the types of plastic separated is a Mechanical

processing to run the plastic through the Pulverizer.

Pulverizer crushes the plastic into tiny shreds or granules. Plastic pulverizer

is the particular equipment for recycling disused insignificant materials in

producing and grinding heat-sensitivity plastic such as PVC.

The recovered shredded plastic will be used for laying plastic road as the

partial replacement of bitumen.

Baling machine will also be installed to bale rags as RDF.


Green belt Development

In order to nullify the effects emission of carbon do oxide during composting

process, it is planned to develop the green belt all-around the compost yard on

the periphery of the compound wall in two rows where is possible using thorn

less bamboo. Bamboo is the best practical atmospheric carbon absorbing plant. It

is the fastest and least expensive way to solve the problems of Carbon dioxide

emission and water pollution. It is proposed to plant Thorn less variety Bamboo

all around the compost plant as green belt and the plantation will be carried out

on completion of the construction of compound wall.

City Sanitation Plan

WATER SUPPLY


Presence status of Water supply 1. Population of the Town (2011) : 2,22,619 2. Area : 36.31 Sqm 3. No. of Wards : 51 4. Water supply Scheme : Colloren

• Source - Colloren

• Colloren Scheme 22.66 MLD

• BW Source - 7.39MLD

• Total - 30.05MLD

• - 135 LPCD

• Frequency of Water Supply 2 Hours ( Daily)

• Total length of pumping main line 9.00km

• Total length of Distribution line 334.70km

• Total No of Public Fountain 1110

6. Head Works ( Thirumanoor )

• Functioning Since - 1975

• No of Infiltration Well - 1 No ( 8m Dia & 15 m Depth)

• No of Motors – 2 No of 120 HP VT Motor – Parallel Pumping

• Present Stage of Water Discharged – 8450 LPM

• Hours of Pupming - 22.00 Hrs

• Total Quantity of Water Pumped – 24 MLD

7. Vennar Pumping Station

• No of Motors – 4 No of 125 HP VT Motor(SRVS),30HP(Karanthai), 120 HP( Extenstion ), 125

HP( OLD Vennar)

• Total Quantity of Water Pumped – 24 MLD

8. OHT

• No of O.H.T - 19 Nos

• No of Sumps - 5 Nos

• Total Storage - 115.23 LL

9. Power Pumps

• Total No of Power pumps - 142

• Quantity of water Drawn - 7.28 MLD

10. Mini Power Pumps

• Total No of Mini Power pumps - 219

• Quantity of water Drawn - 0.22 MLD

11. Present Stage

• Thirumanoor Head works - 20.00 MLD

• Bore Wells - Power Pumps - 7.28 MLD


• Bore Wells – Mini-Power Pumps - 0.22 MLD

• Toatl Quanity of water supplied - 27.50 MLD

Daily Supply 123.50 LPCD

12. Tariff Deposit (Rs) Monthly Charges ( Rs)

• Domestic 4000 75

• Non Domestic 6000 150

• Industrial 10000 225

13. Annual Income

• Water charges Annual Demand Income - 262.45 Lakhs

14. HSC

• Domestic 28021

• Non Domestic 1179

• Total 29200


UNDER GROUND

SEWERAGE SCHEME


CITY SALIENT FEATURES

Total Area : 36.31 Sq.km

Total Population (2011 Census ) : 222619

Total No of House holds : 54438

Total No of Council Wards : 51

UGSS fully Covered wards : 39

UGSS Partially Covered wards : 12

UGSS Uncovered wards : 0


UGSS SALIENT FEATURES

Sl.

No

Description

1 Name of Urban Local Body Thanjavur

2 Name of the State Tamil Nadu

3 Area of the town 36.31 Sqm

4 Population as per 2011 census 222619

5 Length of collection system 259.78 KM

6 No. of Pumping and Lift stations Pumping Station – 5

Lifting Station - 12

7 Type of Sewage Treatment Plant A.S.P

8 Quantity of Sewage in MLD 28.05 MLD

i Designed quantity 28.05 MLD

ii Quantity as on date 13.00 MLD

9 Area of STP in acre 42 Acre

10 Cost of Land used for STP Free of Cost

11 Capital cost incurred for establishment of STP 9 Crores

12 Power Consumption / per annum (for STP only) in

units

84827 Units

13 Cost incurred for Electrical power per annum Rs.4,66,551/-

14 Characteristics of sewage after treatment

i BOD 30 mg / Ltr

ii COD 42 mg / Ltr

iii TSS 30 mg / Ltr

iv pH 6.8

15 Cost of Operation and Maintenance (Private

Agency Maintenance) per annum

Rs.144.00 Lakhs/year

(As per agreement Value 2003)

16 Disposal to Samuthiram Eri


SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS

I- SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AT SAMUTHIRAM

ERI

STP COMPONENTS

SALIENT DETAILS

THANJAVUR UNDER GROUND SEWERAGE SCHEME

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Design Period : 30 years

Base Year : 2003

Intermediate Period : 15 years(2018)

Ultimate Period : 30 years(2033) 1) POPULATION

Population (2000) :

Population(2003) : 247000

Present Population(2008) : 280500

Intermediate Population(2018) : 335036

Ultimate Population(2033) : 446715

Percapita supply of water : 120 LPCD

Sewage contribution : 100LPCD

Quantity of sewage present (2003) 24.70 mld

Quantity of sewage present (2008) 28.05 mld

Quantity of sewage intermediate (2018) 33.50 mld

Quantity of sewage ultinate (2033) 44.67 mld

Peak factor : 2.25 2) FLOW DETAILS (IN LPM)

a)Average (Present) : 5213

(Intermediate) : 7819

(Ultimate) : 10425 b)Peak

(Present) : 11729


(Ultimate) : 23456 3) QUANTITY OF SEWAGE (IN MLD)

Present(2003) : 8.29


Present(2008) : 9.34

Intermediate(2018) : 11.26

Uiltimate(2033) : 15.01

4 INLET CHAMBER i)size :

ii)depth :

iii) Thickness of wall :

iv)Thickness of base slab :

5 SCREEN CHAMBER

i)size :

ii)depth :



6 GRIT CHAMBER

i)size :

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth :

vi)Detention Time :

7 FLOW MEASURING CHANNEL

i)size :

ii)depth :

iii) Thickness of wall


v)Storage Depth :

vi)Detention Time

8 DISTRIBUTION CHAMBER-1 :

i)size :

ii)depth



v)Storage Depth

vi)Detention Time :

9 DISTRIBUTION CHAMBER-2 :


i)size :

ii)depth :


iv)Thickness of base slab

v)Storage Depth

vi)Detention Time

10 PRIMARY CLARIFIER :

i)size :

ii)depth



v)Storage Depth

vi)Detention Time :

11 AERATOR :

i)size

ii)depth



v)Storage Depth

vi)Detention Time :

12 SECONDARY CLARIFIER :

i)size

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth

vi)Detention Time :

13 EFFLUENT CHANNEL :

i)size

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth :

vi)Detention Time :

14 PRIMARY SUMP

i)size

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth :

vi)Detention Time :

15 SECONDARY SUMP


i)size :

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth

vi)Detention Time

16 FILTRATE SUMP

i)size

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth :

vi)Detention Time :

17 BIO-DIGESTOR

i)size :

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth :

vi)Detention Time :

18 SLUDGE DRYING BED

i)size :

ii)depth :



v)Storage Depth :

vi)Detention Time

ZONE-I


Base Year : 2003


Ultimate Period : 30 years(2033)

Ward covered : 1 1 POPULATION

Population (2000) : 3775








Peak factor : 3 2 FLOW DETAILS (IN LPM)




(Present) : 810


(Ultimate) : 1620 3 QUANTITY OF SEWAGE (IN MLD)

Present(2003) : 0.43

Present(2008) : 0.49


Uiltimate(2033) : 0.78

4 LENGTH OF SEWERLINE : 4268m

5 NUMBER OF MANHOLES : 163 Nos

6 PUMPING MAIN

a)Size of main : 200mm CI

b)Length of main : 1180m

c)Designed for Ultimate peak flow : 1620 lpm

7 PUMPING STATION

a)SCREENWELL

i)size of well : 1.13mx2.34m

ii)depth of well : 5.92m

iii) Thickness of wall : 0.30m

iv)Thickness of base slab : 0.30m

v)Screen size : 0.415mx1.m-2Nos


b) GRITWELL





c)WETWELL

i)Diametre of well : 4.0m




v)Storage Depth : 1.31m

vi)Detention Time : 10 minutes

d)Valve Chamber size : 3.0mx2.75mx2.10m

e)PUMPSET

i)Type of Submersible : Submersible

ii) Make of pumpset : M/S Kishore Pumpset (pvt) Ltd

iii)Intermediate average

HP : 7.5

DUTY : 405 lpmx 21m

iv)Intermediate peak

HP : 15

DUTY : 810lpmx21m

f)Standbye Pumpset

HP : 7.5

DUTY : 405 lpmx 21m

g)GENERATOR

Capacity : 25KVA

Make : M/S Kirloskar pvt Ltd

h)TRANSFORMER : --------

i)Control room cum DG room : 4mx6mx4m

8 HOUSE SERVICE CONNECTION : 420 Nos


ZONE-II


Base Year : 2003



Ward covered : 2,3,4,5 1 POPULATION








Peak factor : 2.5 2 FLOW DETAILS (IN LPM)




(Present) : 2554


(Ultimate) : 6863

3 QUANTITY OF SEWAGE (IN MLD)

Present(2003) : 2.19

Present(2008) : 2.49



4 LENGTH OF SEWERLINE : 25507m

5 NUMBER OF MANHOLES : 1066 Nos

6 PUMPING MAIN

a)Size of main : 350mm PSC-6Ksc


c)Designed for Ultimate peak flow : 8483 lpm


7 PUMPING STATION

a)SCREENWELL





v)Screen size : 0.78mx1.0m-2Nos

b) GRITWELL





c)WETWELL






vi)Detention Time : 10 minutes


e)PUMPSET




HP : 35

DUTY : 2464 lpmx 24m


HP : 50

DUTY : 3696lpmx24m

f)Standbye Pumpset

HP : 35



g)GENERATOR

Capacity : 100KVA




8 HOUSE SERVICE CONNECTION : 2650 Nos

9 LIFTING STATIONS

1 at Krishnankoil

a)Lift well

Diametre of well : 3m

Depth of well : 9.66m

b)Pumping Main

Size of Main : 300mm CI

Length of Main : 90m

c)Pumpset details

HP : 5

Duty of pumpset : 917 lpm x 12m

2 at Kodiammankoil

a)Lift well

Diametre of well : 2.5m


b)Pumping Main



c)Pumpset details

HP : 10


3 at Sunganthidal

a)Lift manhole

Diametre : 1.2m

Depth : 5.44m

b)Pumping Main



c)Pumpset details

HP : 3


3 at kodikalur

a)Lift manhole

Diametre : 1.2m

Depth : 5.44m

b)Pumping Main




c)Pumpset details

HP : 3

Duty of pumpset : 405 lpm x 13 m

ZONE-III


Base Year : 2003



Ward covered : 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,26,27,28,29, 30,31,32,33,34&44(17Nos)

1) POPULATION












(Present) : 11750


(Ultimate) : 23498

3) QUANTITY OF SEWAGE (IN MLD)

Present(2003) : 8.32

Present(2008) : 9.49



Uiltimate(2033) : 15.04

4) LENGTH OF SEWERLINE : 43336m

5) NUMBER OF MANHOLES : 1841 Nos

6) PUMPING MAIN



c)Designed for Ultimate peak flow : 47434lpm

7) PUMPING STATION

a)SCREENWELL






b) GRITWELL





c)WETWELL






vi)Detention Time : 5minutes


e)PUMPSET





HP : 80



HP : 80-2Nos


f)Standbye Pumpset

HP : 80


g)GENERATOR

Capacity : 320KVA




8) HOUSE SERVICE CONNECTION : 10100 Nos

9 LIFTING

STATIONS

1 at Cholan Nagar

a)Lift Manhole

Diametre : 1.2m

Depth : 3.1m

b)Pumping Main

Size of Main : 100mm PVC


c)Pumpset details

HP : 5


ZONE-IV


Base Year : 2003



Ward covered : 6,7,8,16,17,18,19,20,21,23,24 & 25 (12Nos)

1) POPULATION













(Present) : 7726


(Ultimate) : 15453 3) QUANTITY OF SEWAGE (IN

MLD)

Present(2003) : 5.47

Present(2008) : 6.24





6) PUMPING MAIN




7) PUMPING STATION

a)SCREENWELL







b) GRITWELL





c)WETWELL








e)PUMPSET




HP : 30



HP : 60

DUTY : 6440lpmx 17m

f)Standbye Pumpset

HP : 30


g)GENERATOR

Capacity : 162.50KVA




8) HOUSE SERVICE CONNECTION : 6630 Nos

9 LIFT STATION

At Reddipalayam-1

a)Lift Manhole

Diametre : 1.20m

Depth :


b)Pumping Main :

Size of main :

Length of main :

c)Pumpset :

HP :

Duty :

At Reddipalayam-2 :

a)Lift Manhole :

Diametre :

Depth :

b)Pumping Main :

Size of main :

Length of main :

c)Pumpset :

HP :

Duty :

ZONE-V


Base Year : 2003



Ward covered : 22,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,45,46,47,48,49,50,51(17 Nos)

1)

POPULATION








Peak factor : 2.25 2)

FLOW DETAILS (IN LPM) a)Average

(Present) : 5213




(Present) : 11729


(Ultimate) : 23456 3)

QUANTITY OF SEWAGE (IN MLD)

Present(2003) : 8.29

Present(2008) : 9.34 Intermediate(2018)

: 11.26

Uiltimate(2033) : 15.01



6) PUMPING MAIN




7)

PUMPING STATION

a)SCREENWELL






b) GRITWELL





c)WETWELL









e)PUMPSET




HP : 75



HP : 100

DUTY : 9775lpmx 23m

f)Standbye Pumpset

HP : 75


g)GENERATOR

Capacity : 250 KVA




8)

HOUSE SERVICE CONNECTION : 10200 Nos

9 LIFTING

STATIONS

1 at Selvam Nagar

a)Lift well



b)Pumping Main

Size of Main : 500mm PSC

Length of Main : 1080 m

c)Pumpset details

HP : 50


2 at LIC Colony

a)Lift well




b)Pumping Main



c)Pumpset details

HP : 4


3 at Shivaji Nagar

a)Lift well



b)Pumping Main



c)Pumpset details

HP : 4


4 at Shathapillai Gate

a)Lift well


Depth of well : 8.81 m

b)Pumping Main



c)Pumpset details

HP : 4


5 at Gandhiji Road

a)Lift well


Depth of well : 4.59 m

b)Pumping Main



c)Pumpset details

HP : 4


6 at Pandian Nagar


a)Lift well


Depth of well :

b)Pumping Main

Size of Main : 350mm PSC


c)Pumpset details

HP : 20



SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Parameter

Unit

RAW SEWAGE TREATED EFFLUENT

Value

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Mg/l

220 30 or less

BOD Mg/l 236 20 or less

COD Mg/l 452 250 or less

Ammonia Nitrogen

( as N)

Mg/l

50 Less than or equal to

50 mg /l

Total Phosphorous

( as PO4)

Mg/l

5 5 or less

Total coliform

MPN/ 100 ml

107

Less than or equal to 1000 no /100ml

PH

-

6.20

Less than or equal to

5.5 to 9

Oil& Grease

Mg/I

Less than 1

Less than or equal to 5mg/lit.

COMMISSIONER & SPECIAL OFFICER THANJAVUR CITY MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Parameter UnitRAWSEWAGE TREATED EF'FLUENT

Value

Total SuspendedSolids (TSS) Mdl 220

30 or less

BOD Mgl 236 20 or less

COD Ms/l 452 250 or less

AmmoniaNitrogen

(asN)Me4 50

Less than or equal to

50 mg /lTotal Phosphorous

( as PO4)Mgl 5

5 or less

Total coliformI\,{PN/100ml

107

Less than or equal to1000 no /100m1

PH 6.20Less than or equal to

5.5 to 9

Oil& Grease Me/I Less than 1Less than or equal toSmglht.

AL CORPOMTION


Documents

MergedFile - 123.63.242.116123.63.242.116/Thanjavur/r55.pdf · total no.of households(as per2011 census) 45538 total no.of households(as per 2017) 54438 no.of households with toilets