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Mercury-in-glass thermometer 1
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Closeup of a maximum thermometer. The break
in the column of mercury is visible.
The mercury-in-glass or mercury thermometer was invented by
German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714. It consists of a
bulb containing mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter;
the volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the
bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature; the
small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column a relatively
long way up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with
nitrogen or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial
vacuum.
In order to calibrate the thermometer, the bulb is made to reach thermal equilibrium with a temperature standard such
as an ice/water mixture, and then with another standard such as water/vapour, and the tube is divided into regular
intervals between the fixed points. In principle thermometers made of different material (e.g., coloured alcohol)
might be expected to give different intermediate readings due to different expansion properties; in practice thesubstances used are chosen to have reasonably linear expansion characteristics as a function of true thermodynamic
temperature and so give similar results.
History
Christin's "Thermometer of Lyon" (1743).
The thermometer was used by the originators of the
Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.
Anders Celsius, a Swedish scientist, devised the Celsius
scale, which was described in his publication the origin of
the Celsius temperature scale in 1742.
Celsius used two fixed points in his scale: the temperature
of melting ice and the temperature of boiling water. This
wasn't a new idea, since Isaac Newton was already
working on something similar. The distinction of Celsius
was to use the condition of melting and not that of
freezing. The experiments for reaching a good calibration
of his thermometer lasted for 2 winters. By performing the
same experiment over and over again, he discovered that
ice always melted at the same calibration mark on the
thermometer. He found a similar fixed point in the
calibration of boiling water to water vapour (when this is
done to high precision, a variation will be seen with
atmospheric pressure; Celsius noted this). At the moment
that he removed the thermometer from the vapour, the
mercury level climbed slightly. This was related to the
rapid cooling (and contraction) of the glass.
When Celsius decided to use his own temperature scale, he originally defined his scale "upside-down", i.e. he chose
to
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anders_Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATerm%C3%B3metro_de_Lyon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury_%28element%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMaximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG7/27/2019 mercury in glass thermometer.pdf
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Mercury-in-glass thermometer 2
A large mercury in glass thermometer.
set the boiling point of pure water at 0 C (212 F) and the freezing point at
100 C (32 F).[1] One year later Frenchman Jean-Pierre Christin proposed to
invert the scale with the freezing point at 0 C (32 F) and the boiling point at
100 C (212 F).[2] He named it Centigrade (100 grades).
Finally, Celsius proposed a method of calibrating a thermometer:
1.1. Place the cylinder of the thermometer in melting ice made of pure water
and mark the point where the fluid in the thermometer stabilises. This
point is the freeze/thaw point of water.
2.2. In the same manner mark the point where the fluid stabilises when the
thermometer is placed in boiling water vapour.
3.3. Divide the length between the two marks into 100 equal parts.
These points are adequate for approximate calibration but both vary with
atmospheric pressure. Nowadays, the triple point of water is used instead of
the freezing point (the triple point occurs at 273.16 kelvins (K), 0.01 C).
Before the discovery of the true thermodynamic temperature, the thermometer defined the temperature;
thermometers made with different materials would define different temperature scales (a coloured alcohol
thermometer would give a slightly different reading than a mercury thermometer at, say half-scale). In practice
several materials gave very similar temperatures to each other and, when discovered, to the thermodynamic
temperature.
Maximum thermometer
A medical mercury-in-glass maximum thermometer
showing the temperature of 38.7 C.
A special kind of mercury-in-glass thermometer, called a
maximum thermometer, works by having a constriction in the
neck close to the bulb. As the temperature rises the mercury is
pushed up through the constriction by the force of expansion.
When the temperature falls the column of mercury breaks at the
constriction and cannot return to the bulb thus remaining
stationary in the tube. The observer can then read the maximum
temperature over the set period of time. To reset the thermometer
it must be swung sharply. This design is used in the traditional
type of medical thermometer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_thermometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AClinical_thermometer_38.7.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centigradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Christinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AQuicksilvertermometer_Osaby.JPG7/27/2019 mercury in glass thermometer.pdf
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Mercury-in-glass thermometer 3
Maximum minimum thermometer
A maximum minimum thermometer, also known as Six's thermometer, is a thermometer which registers the
maximum and minimum temperatures reached over a period of time, typically 24 hours. The original design contains
mercury, but solely as a way to indicate the position of a column of alcohol whose expansion indicates the
temperature; it is not a thermometer operated by the expansion of mercury; mercury-free versions are available.
Physical properties
Mercury cannot be used below the temperature at which it becomes solid, -38.83 C (-37.89 F). If the thermometer
contains nitrogen, the gas may flow down into the column when the mercury solidifies and be trapped there when the
temperature rises, making the thermometer unusable until returned to the factory for reconditioning. To avoid this,
some weather services require that all mercury-in-glass thermometers be brought indoors when the temperature falls
to -37 C (-34.6 F). To measure lower meteorological temperatures, a thermometer containing a mercury-thallium
alloy which does not solidify until the temperature drops to -61.1 C (-78 F) may be used.
Phase outAs of 2012 many mercury-in-glass thermometers are used in meteorology; however, they were becoming
increasingly rare for other uses, as many countries banned them for medical use due to the toxicity of mercury. Some
manufacturers use galinstan, a liquid alloy of gallium, indium, and tin, as a replacement for mercury.
Map of the countries of the European Union that banned mercury-in-glass thermometers
according to Directive 2007/51/EC as of 28 July 2012. Countries in blue have made legal
bans on the issue, countries in gray are of unknown status at the present, and countries in
red declared that said "Member State does not consider national execution measures
necessary."[3]
The typical "fever thermometer"
contains between 0.5 to 3 g (.3 to 1.7
dr) of elemental mercury.[4][5]
Swallowing this amount of mercury
would, it is said, pose little danger but
the inhaling of the vapour could lead to
health problems.[6]
List of countries with
regulations or
recommendations on mercury
thermometers
Argentina
In February 2009 the Argentine Health
Ministry instructed by resolution
139/09 that all health centres and
hospitals should buy mercury-free
thermometers and blood pressure
meters and called on dentists, medical
technicians, and environmental health
specialists to start eliminating this
toxin.[7] As of 2011 mercury
thermometers were still on sale to the
public at pharmacies.
AustraliaAustria
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_technicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_technicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dentisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_pressure_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_pressure_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine_Health_Ministryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine_Health_Ministryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avoirdupoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEU_mercury_thermometer_ban_-_28_July_2012.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galinstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degree_Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degree_Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximum_minimum_thermometer7/27/2019 mercury in glass thermometer.pdf
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Mercury-in-glass thermometer 4
There was a voluntary take back action for thermometers containing mercury based on the Federal Waste
Management Plan 2006 and carried out in close cooperation between the Austrian Chamber of Pharmacists
(sterreichische Apothekerkammer), the Federal Ministry of Environment, a private waste disposer, a producer of
electronic thermometers and a pharmaceutical distributor. The disposal company supplied each pharmacy
(approximately 1,200) with a collection bin and covered the cost of disposal. The pharmaceutical distributor covered
the logistical costs for the distribution of the thermometers. The pharmacies accepted a refund of only 0.50 Euro per
thermometer for handling (which is far below their normal margin). The supplier provided the thermometers at a
reduced price. The Federal Ministry supported each sold thermometer (covering about 30% of the direct costs) and
advertised the project. During the collection period consumers could bring in a mercury thermometer and buy an
electronic thermometer for a subsidised price of 1 Euro. Between October 2007 and January 2008 about 465,000
electronic thermometers were sold and about one million mercury thermometers (containing about 1 tonne mercury)
were collected.[8]
Philippines
By the Philippines Department of Healths Administrative Order 2008-0221, all mercury equipment from hospitals,
including mercury-in-glass thermometers, will be phased out in the Philippines by September 28, 2010. Even before
the order was released, 50 hospitals have already banned mercury from their establishments. Among these fiftyhospitals, the Philippine Heart Center was the first one to do so. San Juan de Dios Hospital, Philippine Children s
Medical Center, San Lazaro Hospital, Ospital ng Muntinlupa, Lung Center of the Philippines, the National Kidney
and Transplant Institute, Manila Adventist Medical Center and Las Pias Hospital also made steps to ban the toxic
chemical. The country was the first one to make a step to ban mercury from its health care system in Southeast
Asia.[9][10]
United Kingdom
Since European Union directive 2007/51/EC came into force on 3 April 2009 the UK Health Protection Agency
(HPA) reported that mercury thermometers could no longer be sold to the general public. Shops holding stocks of
unsold thermometers had to withdraw them from sale; mercury thermometers purchased before this date could be
used without legal implications. The purpose of these restrictions is to protect the environment and public health by
decreasing the amount of mercury waste released.[11] The HPA had in 2007 released a guide to dealing with small
spills of mercury.[12]
United States of America
In the United States both the American Academy of Pediatrics[13] and the United States Environmental Protection
Agency[14] recommend that alternative thermometers be used in the home.[13]
References
[1] "Anders Celsius 17011744" (http://www.astro.uu. se/history/Celsius_eng.html).Astronomical Observatory: History. Uppsala
University. .
[2] Smith, Jacqueline (2009). "Appendix I: Chronology" (http://books. google. com/books?id=lAfa1orgvwQC& pg=PA246). The Facts on File
Dictionary of Weather and Climate. Infobase Publishing. pp. 246. ISBN 978-1-4381-0951-0. . "1743 Jean-Pierre Christin inverts the fixed
points on Celsius' scale, to produce the scale used today."
[3] "National Provisions communicated by the Member States concerning: Directive 2007/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 25 September 2007 amending Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing of certain measuring devices
containing mercury" (http://eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:72007L0051:EN:NOT#FIELD_CZ). EUR-Lex.
72007L0051. .
[4] "Thermometers and Thermostats: Fever Thermometers" (http://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default. asp?lang=En&
n=AFE7D1A3-1#Fever).Mercury and the Environment: Products that Contain Mercury. Environment Canada. 2010-06-03. .
[5] "Mercury: Thermometers" (http://www.epa. gov/hg/thermometer-main. html). US Environmental Protection Agency. . "* oral/rectal/baby
thermometers, containing about 0.61 grams of mercury; and
* basal temperature thermometers, containing about 2.25 grams of mercury."[6] "Mercury and Human Health" (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/environ/merc_e. html).Healthy Living: It's Your Health: Environment.
Health Canada. 2009-03-02. .
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:72007L0051:EN:NOT#FIELD_CZhttp://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=AFE7D1A3-1#Feverhttp://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=AFE7D1A3-1#Feverhttp://www.epa.gov/hg/thermometer-main.htmlhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/environ/merc_e.htmlhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/environ/merc_e.htmlhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/environ/merc_e.htmlhttp://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/environ/merc_e.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/hg/thermometer-main.htmlhttp://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=AFE7D1A3-1#Feverhttp://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=AFE7D1A3-1#Feverhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:72007L0051:EN:NOT#FIELD_CZhttp://books.google.com/books?id=lAfa1orgvwQC&pg=PA246http://www.astro.uu.se/history/Celsius_eng.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Pediatricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manila_Adventist_Medical_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lung_Center_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_De_Dios_Educational_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Heart_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Health_%28Philippines%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Ministry_of_Environment7/27/2019 mercury in glass thermometer.pdf
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Mercury-in-glass thermometer 5
[7] Clarn newspaper, Argentina starts to say goodbye to mercury thermometers, 14/04/11 (http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/
Argentina-empieza-despedirse-termometros-mercurio_0_462553833. html) (Spanish)
[8] UNEP(DTIE)/Mercury/WG/1/INF/3 Draft Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Management of Mercury Waste, 2010 (http:/
/www.chem.unep. ch/mercury/storage/LAC_Docs/LAC_storage_RC_INF_5_SBC tech guidelines on ESM waste. doc)
[9] http:/ /zerowastepilipinas.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/01_faye-ferrer. pdf
[10] Salazar T (2008-09-13). "RP hospitals to phase out devices containing mercury" (http://showbizandstyle. inquirer. net/lifestyle/lifestyle/
view/20080913-160332/RP-hospitals-to-phase-out-devices-containing-mercury).Philippine Daily Inquirer. .
[11] UK Health Protection Agency Chemical Hazards and Poisons Report, from the Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division, January 2010 Issue16, p6: Does the Health Protection Agency website prevent harm from breakage of mercury thermometers? (http://www.hpa.org. uk/webc/
HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1263812796194)
[12] HPA: Mercury in residential settings: step-by-step guide to cleaning up spills. 2007, updated 6 August 2009 (http://www.hpa. org. uk/
webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733821650?p=1158313435037)
[13] Goldman LR, Shannon MW, Committee on Environmental Health (July 2001). "Technical report: mercury in the environment: implications
for pediatricians" (http://pediatrics.aappublications. org/content/108/1/197. full).Pediatrics108 (1): 197205.
doi:10.1542/peds.108.1.197. PMID 11433078. .
[14] "Things are Heating Up with Mercury in Thermometers" (http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb. nsf/content/heating. htm). Children's
Health Protection. US Environmental Protection Agency. .
External links
"guidelines for mercury spills removal" (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/index.htm). US Environmental
Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/index.htmhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/content/heating.htmhttp://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/1/197.fullhttp://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733821650?p=1158313435037http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733821650?p=1158313435037http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1263812796194http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1263812796194http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20080913-160332/RP-hospitals-to-phase-out-devices-containing-mercuryhttp://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20080913-160332/RP-hospitals-to-phase-out-devices-containing-mercuryhttp://zerowastepilipinas.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/01_faye-ferrer.pdfhttp://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/storage/LAC_Docs/LAC_storage_RC_INF_5_SBC%20tech%20guidelines%20on%20ESM%20waste.dochttp://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/storage/LAC_Docs/LAC_storage_RC_INF_5_SBC%20tech%20guidelines%20on%20ESM%20waste.dochttp://www.clarin.com/sociedad/Argentina-empieza-despedirse-termometros-mercurio_0_462553833.htmlhttp://www.clarin.com/sociedad/Argentina-empieza-despedirse-termometros-mercurio_0_462553833.html7/27/2019 mercury in glass thermometer.pdf
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Article Sources and Contributors 6
Article Sources and ContributorsMercury-in-glass thermometer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=521845730 Contributors: Alai, Andonic, Angrysockhop, Antandrus, Avoided, Bgag, Biglovinb, Black
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Williamhortner, Wj32, Youssefsan, Zuanzuanfuwa, , 191 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Maximum thermometer close up 2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maximum_thermometer_close_up_2.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors:
CambridgeBayWeather, Christophe.Finot, LimoWreck, Saperaud
File:Termmetro de Lyon.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Termmetro_de_Lyon.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: HeMaCh
File:Quicksilvertermometer Osaby.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Quicksilvertermometer_Osaby.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Pieter Kuiper
File:Clinical thermometer 38.7.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Menchi
File:EU mercury thermometer ban - 28 July 2012.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EU_mercury_thermometer_ban_-_28_July_2012.png License: Creative
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