Mercer. Ethiopic grammar : with chrestomathy and glossary. 1920

8/4/2019 Mercer. Ethiopic grammar : with chrestomathy and glossary. 1920.

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THE LIBRARYTHE INSTITUTE OF MEDIAEVAL STUDIESTORONTOPRESENTED BY

Rev. A.A. Yaschalde, G.S.B.


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ETHIOPIC GRAMMARWITH

CHRESTOMATHY AND GLOSSARYBY

SAMUEL A. B. MERCERPH.D., D.D.

PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT IN THE WESTERNTHEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHICAGO

RECTOR OF THE SOCIETY OF ORIENTAL RESEARCHAND EDITOR OF ITS JOURNAL

EDITOR OF THE ANGLICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW

OXFORDAT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1920


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\aos3OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORKTORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAYHUMPHREY MILFORD

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY


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PREFACEIn French and in German, each, there is an excellent beginner's

book for the study of EthiopicChaine, Grammaire Ethiopienne,and Praetorius, Aethiopische Grammatik. In English there is nosuch book. Crichton's translation of Bezold's edition of Dillmann'sgreat work on Ethiopic Grammar has no reading exercises, andis hopeless for a beginner, although an indispensable referencebook for the advanced student. The present book is an attemptto fill this gap for English-speaking students, for there is no reasonwhy they should be compelled to learn Ethiopic through themedium of a foreign language.

Years of experience in teaching Semitic languages have taughtthe author that ' there is no royal road ' to these tongues, and thequickest and most efficient way to acquire a reading knowledgeof them is to begin by memorizing the skeleton of the language.With this in view, therefore, Ethiopic grammar has been presentedin skeleton. Nevertheless, some parts of the skeleton are lessimportant than others; for example, sections 16-27 need onlybe very carefully read, and the paradigms of weak verbs, sections58-94, need only be diligently compared with those of the strongverb. But the strong verb, sections 37-57, must be thoroughlyand absolutely committed 10 memory, as well as the contentsof sections 2-14. All vocabularies must also be thoroughlymemorized. Sections 95-96 and 107-108 should be most care-fully studied, as also sections 97-106. All prepositions, adverbs,conjunctions, and interjections should be committed to memory.The sections on Syntax, 11 7-1 34, should be carefully workedthrough, and the examples and exercises diligently read. All thisbeing done, the student need have no fear of tackling the longer

A 2


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4 PREFACEreading exercises in the Chrestomathy. When the whole bookhas been completed, the student will be ready to begin advancedwork. He should then procure A. Dillman, Chrestomathia Aethio-pica, T. O. Weigel, Lipsiae, 1866, and work through it frombeginning to end. After that he ought to be ready for independentwork in Ethiopic. Then his chief tools, in addition to texts ormanuscripts, will be: A.Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, second editionby Carl Bezold, translated by James A. Crichton, Williams andNorgate, London, 1907; and A. Dillmann, Lexicon LinguaeAethiopicae cum Indice Latino, T. 0. Weigel, Lipsiae, 1865.The Glossary here appended contains every word necessary for

the translation of the exercises in the Grammar and Syntax andof those in the Chrestomathy.The author's object has been to make this book as brief and

concise as possible. He warns students against thinking that theycan acquire an adequate knowledge of Ethiopic without muchmemory-work. If the above directions are followed, the authorfeels that the object for which this book has been prepared willbe attainednamely, to add to the number of English-speakingstudents interested in the study of Ethiopic.

This preface would be incomplete without a sincere word ofthanks to those workers in the Clarendon Press, who, by their careand trained accuracy, have contributed much to the accomplishmentof this task.

SAMUEL A. B. MERCER.Hibbard Egyptian Library,

Western Theological Seminary,Chicago.

May 10, 19 19.


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CONTENTSGRAMMAR

SECTIONS PAGEI. Introduction ....... 7

2-IO. Alphabet...... 9I I. Reduplication of Consonants 1412. Reading of e '4*3- Syllable ...... 1514. Tone ..... 1615. Reading ..... 17

16-20. Vowel Modifications . . 1721-27. Consonant Modifications . 1928-36. Pronouns .... 2T37-57- Strong Verbs .... 2758-61. Intransitive Verbs 3762-67. Four-and-more-radical Verbs 3868-71. Double Medial Verbs 4072-75- Initial Guttural Verbs 4376-79. Medial Guttural Verbs 4580-83. Final Guttural Verbs - 4784-86. Initial Weak Verbs . - 5o87-89. Medial Weak Verbs . - 5290-92. Final Weak Verbs . 5393-94- Irregular and Doubly Weak Verbs 5795-96. The verb with Suffixes 6097-101. Nouns ..... . 62102-103. Participles .... . 67

104-106. Adjectives .... . 69107-108. Nominal Suffixes (Attachment) . 73

~?J7oZ5

.


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CONTENTSSECTIONS109-110. Prepositions111-112. Adverbs .1

13-1 1 4. Conjunctions

11 5- 1 16. Interjections

SYNTAX1 1 7-1 20. Nouns121-124. Verbs125-126. Simple Sentences127-T28. Interrogative Sentences

129. Copulative Clauses .Relative ClausesReciprocal Clauses .Optative ExpressionsModel Analysis and Translation

130-132.133-134-136.

CHRESTOMATHYGLOSSARY

PAGE74767778

7980828384858687889 T

104


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GRAM M A RINTRODUCTION

i. Some centuries before the Christian era, a Semitic peoplewho spoke a pure Semitic language, which they called Mi: 70"H' the tongue of the free ', migrated from Yemen in Arabia toAbyssinia in Africa. At Axum as a centre they founded a king-dom which, in the third century, was converted to Christianity.Their language, which we now call Ethiopic, remained the spokentongue till the beginning of the seventeenth century, when it wassuperseded by Tigre, Tigrina, and Amharic. Since then, how-ever, it has persisted as the language of the Church and ofliterature.The Ethiopic tongue is more closely related to Arabic than to

any other Semitic language, but its affinities to Assyrian andHebrew are also close.The majority of extant Ethiopic literature, with the exception

of some inscriptions, has been handed down in manuscript form,and is ecclesiastical in character, the chief being versions of thebooks of the Old and the New Testaments. There is a con-siderable amount of theological, poetical (religious), and liturgicalliterature, and some historical, chronological, legal, mathematical,and medical material.

Although the people of Europe first became interested in thelanguage and literature of Ethiopia as early as the -sixteenthcentury, very little was done until the time of Ludolfus who


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8 GRAMMARpublished a Grammatica Aethiopica in 1661, and a LexiconAethiopico-Latinum a few years later. Ludolfus may well be calledthe father of Ethiopic studies. An unfortunate lull followed hisefforts, and the study of Ethiopic was neglected until the time ofHupfeld in 1825. Since then such men as Tuch, Ewald, andespecially Dillmann, Praetorius, Bezold, Guidi, Chaine, and Littmannhave done good work.


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CHAPTER ITHE ALPHABET

2. The Ethiopic script, brought by the Semites from SouthArabia to Abyssinia, is very similar to that found on the Minao-Sabaic inscriptions.The alphabet or syllabaryfor each sign represents a syllable

consists of twenty-six signs written from left to right. Formerlythey were written from right to left like Hebrew, Aramaic, andArabic.

3 The consonants arranged according to the organs ofspeech are

1. Gutturals h V rt\ 12. Palatals 7 h * ?3. Dentals A 1* m4. Labials (l & & t5. Sibilants H f\ ft V 86. Nasals ao \7. Linguals A8. Semi-vowels W ?

4. Interchange among the consonants :H is often found instead of rt, v3 , or ft.ft ,, ,, 8.A &A ftA 8.


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10 GRAMMAR

Cfl

WOb* >w Srim HcurCi e I i s?- * & fr *

S


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ALPHABET 1T3 [V->rt I

o k) -$ tf CA) Y. n - ^ *-~ r n K. 1 a V* s ] CO*-4 *$ 3. s

i

^ -C S. Bs Os X* i- cH ^ L &tf N d ed J

d CJ aS 4H c32 / ^aj N >% bO Cu. Cfl rO- d CUa ro ** lO vo t 00 On O , , 1 M CO


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I 2 GRAMMAR 5. Vowels.

1. The vowels are a, e, a, I, ft, e, 0.2. The fundamental vowel is a, thus, ft is ba,3. Short e is like the vocal shewa in Hebrew, the shortest and

most colourless of vowrel sounds. It is to be pronounced like thefirst c in believe.

4. Short e represents the short sound of all vowels but a.

6. To render certain foreign sounds, several Amharic andTigre characters have been adopted. They are

a u i a e e Tran-scriptiona ft n n R, B P sh>T * % * * * tshr X ? 2 1 ? gnfi 7h Tl "ft % 1i * khw w u Tf 7 3f W K ? h: C W H ^f jZ * * ? s K djGEk at El tcK? * 3 * ? k% ^ $ V" hi 7. A special mode of pronunciation was developed in the

case of the four signs, 1 # h 7. A w-sound was introducedbetween the consonant and the leading vowel whenever theconsonant was to be pronounced with an #-sound or an z'-i-sound.For this purpose the following signs are used :


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ALPHABET 13//-containing Gutturals and Palatals

fe

- fin- A


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M

CHAPTER II11. Reduplication of Consonants.

i. The doubled consonant is written only once, nor has it anyexternal sign (as in Hebrew) to show that it is doubled. Theability to recognize a doubled consonant comes mainly throughpractice.

2. Reduplication always appears as the result of the assimilationor contraction of consonants, e. g. (\(\([ sassala from AvAA, i&nadda for \&&.

3. The second radical of the intensive of all verbs is doubled,e. g. #TA kattdld.

4. The doubling of a consonant can only be heard when it isfollowed by a vowel, e. g. V(l is pronounced fid, but V(l is pro-nounced lebbd.

5. The following are some common words where reduplicationoccurs: XA, M, >v(D, Xm>, IK, X&, T#, fh*P. 12. The Reading of e.

1 Its reading is similar to that of shewa in Hebrew.2. If it is accented or if it comes before reduplication it is always

vocal, e. g. (D'trf iveetft, (DlKQ? ivdlebbu.3. Without accent and reduplication :

a. In the first syllable of a word it is always vocal, e. g.W1 lib.

b. At the end of a word it is usually silent, e. g. fodrV lellt,except when it belongs to a palatal with a guttural, a semi-vowel,or a guttural, e. g. "WV^ huelkue, (i&a* badive, lMlX keb'e ; orwhen it must form an open syllable, e. g. (DX^H waemse.


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READING OF E 15c. In the middle of a word

(1) It is silent after a vocal e, e.g. a^At" wesla.(2) It is vocal after a silent et e. g. ^^(t tekteli.(3) Two successive e's cannot be silent except at the endof a word, e. g. thdtl^ hdrdst.

4. In foreign words the foreign pronunciation is followed so faras possible.

13. The Syllable.1. Every syllable must have a vowel or a diphthong, e.g. \h ; ft.2. An open syllable ends in a vowel, e. g. H.3. A closed syllable ends in a consonant, e. g. IF*}.4. A long or a short vowel may stand in an open syllable.5. A long or a short vowel may stand in a closed syllable.6. The beginning of a syllable :

a. Every syllable must begin with a consonant. In laterpronunciation, however, (D* and J& constituted a syllable by them-selves, and were pronounced u and t\ e.g. a*rt\" ulfid, J&7*flCIgaber.

b. No syllable begins with two consonants. Whenever twoconsonants come together at the beginning of a syllable, the firsttakes a short e, e. g. 7ftC gebdr. In later pronunciation, however,the e was not heard, e. g. ffi'H* fnol.

7. The end of a syllable :a. A syllable may end in a vowel or a consonant.

(1) Final vowels may be long or short, e.g. ^OV, *H.(2) If the syllable ends in a consonant, the vowel may be

long whether it has the tone or not, e. g. fiyD/lh'a??ilak, ^Thtn^ metkcmmu) or it may be short,IfiCtb gabareku.

b. A syllable may end in two consonants, but only at the endof a word. The vowel must be short, ^TCV. When, however,


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1 GRAMMARthe first of two final consonants is a semi-vowel or an aspirate-guttural, the vowel may be long, e. g. XP^&V, iVh^V. 14. The Tone.

1. The method of fixing the tone in Ethiopic can no longerbe exactly determined in detail, but the general rules are clear.

2. The tone depends upon the number of syllables or the natureof the vowels in a root word.

3. As a rule the tone rests upon one of the last three syllables,but it may be still further back, e. g. CidM barakata.

4. In most cases the tone avoids the ultima ; much oftener itrests on the antepenult, e. g. Ki^a&tl 'ant^mmusd ; but ofteneston the penult, e. g. hm> kamd.

5. Syllables with long vowels tend to attract the tone, *WPhedat.

6. A closed syllable with a short vowel attracts the tone, e. g.HCi ndgarnd.

7. Final short vowels, as a rule, even in a closed syllable, donot take the tone, e g. VIC hagdr ; there are, however, exceptions,e. g. IdC gebar.

8. Final long vowels pass the tone back to the penult, e. gjB.ftrt yebelu.

9. In verbs the tone almost always rests upon the penult,e. g. *JHfA kaiala, except in some cases where there is a pronominalsuffix, when it rests on the suffix, e. g. .C^MD*yekatelahu.

10. In nouns the tone is found on or as near as possible to thelast long syllable, e. g. thSli hadas.

11. Gutturals usually attract the tone when followed by a, e.g.hl\'t7vth 'aslamhara.

12. Monosyllabic words which are joined to stronger words asprefixes or suffixes do not receive the tone and do not alter theaccentuation of the word, e.g. (Uun> (= (\ + Y\av) bakama, +fAi


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THE TONE 17hdtalanl ; except in the case of the verbal suffixes If*}, hi, Ifr, andV, e. g. Jfc'f'MlFl yekafelahon (compare above, 9). Words endingin a long vowel, which does not have the accent, usually take thetone on the long vowel on taking one of the monosyllables, e. g.cn>J manu, m>J.ffD manuma.

13. There are many irregularities in the tone in Ethiopic, e.g.00$ damana, but M4 katala. 15. Read'.

1. Reduplication of consonants : tn>flrt: MiCftT: 0^7: ^9?:Xij*: *fc7B : j&Â : ,fcfr: hen*: â: (D^&j^Jk Rî2. Reading of?: a>2V(h *lm: ft^h: t^SA; M:M/h ry: ^^^: (DW7i flfta*: yrtT": fcÂ; Tfltfrr:

Htfr-: 'MM*:3. The Syllable : IP: 7-: 4^: 0: Fi^; h^li M\cn>i


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1 GRAMMAR2. The vowel a is changed to a before gutturals with I in all

verbs with final gutturals ; in some causative reflexive forms ofverbs, whose first consonant is a guttural; and in most substantiveswith a guttural. Examples : ^^RX becomes 7%X } tft'thya1becomes ?fl^XyDl, rh*fl instead of fh-fl.

3. The vowel e is lengthened to I before some gutturals, e. g.CX? imperf. jLZoh.. 17. Change of Quality.

1. The vowel a changes to e before a guttural with e in nounsas well as verbs. This is especially true when the guttural is thesecond radical, e.g. dfch changes to 07fh, and J&Aftft tojE.vX?l. Prefixes to initial gutturals, however, remain unchanged,e. g. hX7c.

2. The vowel a changes to e before a final guttural with a,e. g. m>v?i from (fl>({h. The same change occurs before theenclitic h. e. g. S^chd^h for 9(titti.

3. In the imperfect of all intensive forms a is changed to e,e. g. **&.

4. With the exception of the personal prefixes of the reflexivepassive, e changes to a before a primal or medial guttural with a,e.g. ?*J-7 for je.1^7, rtU$ for MJ*. After the negative A.,e or a is found before the guttural with a, e.g. hS^AV or

5. In the fern, of adjectives of the form HrV, 1 changes to a,e. g. rhft, fern. ihSli.

6. The vowels and i change to e when they are followed bytwo e s, e. g. 7ft-C, fern. 7-flCt, X7RX, fern. X7UX*.

7. When the vowels 1 and z? meet their semi-vowels ? and D,the following changes take place1 ? and u CD become e ? and 2 CD, e. g. M\ ya*t for ^(U.^.


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VOWEL MODIFICATIONS 198. When in the same word two consecutive syllables contain i,

the I of the first syllable is changed to e, e.g. 4'1'Mli. becomes

9. Other vocal changes will be understood as they are met within the treatment of the different parts of speech.

18. Crasis.When the final vowel of a word meets with an initial vowel of

a suffix, the following are the chief changes which take place1. e becomes a, e.g. /rfl^, plural Ktitftl.2. e becomes a, e. g. 7*flC, ace. 7*fl.3. J becomes e, e. g. T^V., ace. W.

19. Contraction of a vowel and semi-vowel.1. d + (D = 0, e.g. f^X for ffDfl>."/X.2. e + ah = u, e.g. J&f.y for fria)?".3. a + JE. = e, e.g. "2i for m>jRi.4. , +j& = J, e.g. J&^T for je.y^T.

20.Disjunction, or reducing to their former condition

vowels formed by contraction.1. 3 = rt + aK e.g. 70, plural '/(VPt.2. e = e + fl>} e.g. y^fl,, plural 9t[Mr\\3. ?? = e + a*, e.g. X+rt*, 2. per. impf. ^TA'fi.4. * = e+&, e.g. *ift


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20 GRAMMAR2, t as a verbal prefix is assimilated to the dentals A, m,

e.g. Jfc.ft> for frtVAlr.3. The dental becomes H" when the latter comes after the dental,

e. g. (Dft^ for &([ from A.^. 22. Contraction.

In verbs where the first of the two contracting consonants islike the second and has a e, e. g. i$* for Jjfc?.

23. Accommodation to render pronouns more easy.1. i for av before labials : XlftJ&i for fc^Ofci.2. *H followed by ^ becomes A: -Mlffr for 'WVHt ; in like

manner T after ft becomes SV.3. The prefix h changes to ? after the negative h.; hSZiT^C

for KXhFC4. Other accommodation or permutations are variously found,

e. g. h is permuted to V or ; or to rh or *i ; 7, fl, or 41to rh, *f, 0, or U ; rh, ., or t to rh, ., or f ; H to rt or ft ;ft to (D, L, m, ., or 1* ; cn> or } to ft or C ; ft to or A ; and to h, U, 0, H, A, or ..

24. Suppression.1 and 1* are suppressed before sibilants without compensation,

e. g. H>hC for ,e*H>hC2. In verbs of initial (D, in subjunctive and all nouns derived

therefrom, the W is lost, e. g. ^VjB^* from cDftjE..3. In verbs of medial (D, the CD is suppressed, e. g. M for

/ilajcn>.4. Personal suffixes which begin with V lose it.5. (D and ?, in substantives derived from roots with final weal:

letters, are suppressed, e. g. (h7 for rt\9(D\ f|y for ftyJ&.


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CONSONANT MODIFICATIONS 216. In collective nouns beginning with hi, the h is always

suppressed, e. g. WtOhC from h1h>Ch. 25. Addition.

1. Whenever words ending in u or l receive certain suffixes,the vowels u and i are converted into their corresponding semi-consonants, (D or ?, e. g. (\dXlV for O^Jt-V.

2. Additions are made in broken plurals of adjectives andsubstantives, e. g. MA, plural tl4aKr.26.Metathesis occurs only in certain isolated cases, especially

in foreign words, e.g. (fl>*({)\ for ^o^OX from DA which, in turn,is derived from (\cD-h.27. Explain thefollowing changes'.

A


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22 GRAMMAR

Pluralm. c. f.

i pers. 1AI 1 2 pers. KYVao*" hWl*

(Xo^VF 4 on3 pers. nom. \ _ _ t

ahkfV

i. The third pers. pronoun also means that.2. The third pers. singular with "H or Tffr expresses this very

or that very ; and with H means even he who.3. / however is expressed by K\t\.4. The e in *}rh} is unusual for a.5. The personal pronoun can be used as a copular in a sentence

with a nominal predicate.

29. Suffixed Personal Pronouns.Singular

m. c. f.1 pers. % (nominal) i (verbal)2 pers. h h.3 pers. V* Y

Pluralm. c. f.

\1(JD* Xi\ITao* in

1. The forms Xiav4, \{\, XPao4 , Ifl are always accented.2. The suffixes of the third person may refer to the subject ofthe clause, making a reflexive, e. g. te*lrfor himself.

1 fiehnd.we'ttomu.

2 anttmmu,7 ivPeton.

3 dnttn. etnuntu. 5 cmdntu.


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PRONOUNS 3

i.

Emphatic Personal Pronouns.Nominative (I myself, &c).

Singuhzr Plurali pers. AA.? 1 (or2 pers. m. AAll

f. AAil

AM) AAim. AAAia1*f. AAAil

3 pers. m. AAJJ*f. AA-y

m. ([(Ufa**f. AA.lT*

2. Accusative {me myself, &c). -i pers. YlSV2 pers. m. Jl.Ph

f. KK3 pers. m. WO*

f. *L.ey

Genitive and possessive (of me myself, &c).a. PTz'//j /fo masculine RJi.

i pers. RM 8 aM2 pers. m. Rfth RMW*

f. Rftfc HJHfl3 pers. m. Rfttf* tUMf


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24 GRAMMARWith the plural XAA.

Singular Plurali pers. XATi? 1 XCthi2 pers. in. \t\Jft\ hCLhXiav*

f. "kCthh. XATifcl3 pers. m. XtlhV* XCLhlTa*

f. XCUiY hCthin31-The Reflexive Pronoun is indicated by the use of the

word CXft 2 head, with the suffix appended, e.g. H*A (^ &'//*/)CXft himself\ (hH(Di; ChCh he himself hath saved us. The word}


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PRONOUNS 252. That.

a. Firstform:Singular

m.nom. Hh* 1ace. "Hh

f.

Xlth- 2Mtfc and Xlth-

. Second form:nom. -HlTO 4 XWlt 2ace. TIK-t Xl^ht

"Hht

Pluralm. f.

c.XVH-F or XMlVXMrt or XSVht

33. Relative Pronouns.Singular Plural

m. f. c.H KiY XA 7

1. H may be used for the f. singular and for the m. and f. plural.2. H is also used to express thai which or what.3. Whatsoever is rendered by HH.4. H like *H is usually prefixed or affixed to the word next to it.

34. Interrogative Pronouns.1. Who? What?

nom.ace.

m.Singular

f. n,Pluralc.

XA; ffoj. and m>J

1 zeku.6 tntd. 7

2 tntiku.hid. l

3 fflikii1 mannu.

4 zekiW/i. 5 //-9 mint.


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26 GRAMMAR2. Which?

c. c.nom. ftjB. 1 hf*ace. fi? fi.P1*

i. GH. what? is also used for the neuter, and is almost alwaysjoined to the succeeding word.

2. These interrogatives are used both in direct and in indirectquestions, and are often strengthened by an enclitic particle,especially J..

3. The noun l\^i prominence, size, is used as a pronoun tomean how much? hoiv great? 35. Indefinite Pronouns and Pronominals.

1. The relative pronoun H is also used in an indefinite way.2. The interrogative tn>J is also used as an indefinite, usually

with the enclitic X, and, in a negative sense, with the negative ?L,e.g. &CTDJ.Z, or the negative (Dh., e.g. WhsmWt.3. The interrogative yW is used in a similar manner, usually

with the enclitic i. It is used negatively with (D&.4. The interrogative /tjE. is also sometimes used indefinitely.5. The indefinite is also rendered by 0: H, and its negative by

ft&O; H6. Ith. entirety, totality, is used pronominally with suffixes H*rt*,

H"4, &c, and signifies all, every, the whole of. The suffix, as a rule,is governed by the gender and number of the noun referred to.

7. The numeral /irh?* one, is used as an indefinite to meana certain one, each one..

8. The adjective *ivX is used as an indefinite to mean other.9. The conjunction hff is used with H and *H, e.g. HhffD'H,

to mean such. It is also compounded with "HW (htn>; "HTF) orwith a pronominal suffix (h*7??).

1 ayg.


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PRONOUNS 2710. The noun QrhlT^ solitude, is combined with suffixes to

express the idea a/one, e. g. (\th tt!V^ I alone.11. The nouns fcflA, *flXA., and X7A> are used as indefinite

pronouns, one, certain, and any one respectively.12. The noun cn>ml measure, standing alone, or with "H or

"HW, expresses the idea so great. When it stands alone it alsomeans how great, how much.36. Read and translate

lX*rl; o*Xt; A1A: Xt; X^lf: a^X-rrn*XtnxTfc jBXts Alt; fil*


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28 GRAMMAR2. Each stent has three forms to express : (i) the simple act,

e. g. M*A he killed'; (2) intensity, e. g. H*A (doubled i") /$


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2 9

CHAPTER VI 40. Simple Stem.

Simple Form 1Perfect

Singular Plural3 - #1*A #tA*3* #tA* #1*12 m.


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30 GRAMMAR 41. Intensive For711.Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundive#Trt W& #*&


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STRONG VERBS 3iImperfect

Singular Plural3 m - SVrk} g^to3f- ^*^^v .etftl2 m. ^*t^ rH'tA*2 f. ?$*& .f+M1 c.


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32 GRAMMAR 47. Read and translate

hbttri tetfc fifrtl: t&: A


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STRONG VERBS 33Imperative

Singular Plural2 m. I^HMl 1 t*t(V2 f. t#m t#tn

Infinitive Gerundivet*tA 2 tttfr 3

49. Intensive Form.Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundivet*trt Mt& *4"MV t*1*& t


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34

52.

CHAPTER IXCausative-Reflexive.Simple Form.

PerfectSingular Plural

3 m - an-HptA ftftt&tto3f- *nt*t


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STRONCx VERBS 35Infinitivk GerundiveSingular Plural

an-rfctA" 1 M-rfctA02

53. Intensive Form.Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive GerundiveAft-H'tA i*fit**& $K\$W hh-f^V^i Ant*tft fifrH'tft 54. Frequentative Form.hh-rp-ra .ent^sv sitf^vh hti-tW'h fifltH*ft> hft-rptfr

1. The conjugation of the Intensive and Frequentative formsfollows the Simple form.

55. Read and translatefift-HwVh aft-rt^'to /ifrrtPttaK Afrrt'tto hh-vb-rto

hti-VPttr: *ftfH*&; JftT&tV&i Sh-ttthi AfttOTA: .efcHtfrfcJPftt**Ai ^frrt^rt-: /ifttHr&: hMttfc hM^d: ;MltM-fcfftmtihi ftft-teh-fl: /ift1*rth.n: ISflrt^fj Vfll+^rft: Afttt7CftfltlttlC: jrtw&rfr SMLKyw 56.The Intensive and Frequentative have each a variant form.They are 4tA and H*


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CHAPTER X 57. Synopsis of the Strong Verb.

I. Root.2. Swip/e 2. Intensive 3 . Frequent

Perfect *tA #*a aImperfect #*& **& h-&Subjunctive frt& ,#*& *>*&Imperative $*& #*av ^tavInfinitive #*& *tft ^tftGerundive


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STRONG VERBS 37IV. Causative-Reflexive.i. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect fiAtfrtA Mlt+tA fiAtH*AImperfect jPft-H^ jpnt'fet^ .eAtH^Subjunctive .pa-h^ jpnt*^ .PAt^frkImperative /ifi-rt'tsv an**** &AtH-avInfinitive fift-H^ft* ftfrf'H'fr' ^nt^tAGerundive Afit^tft Aflt*tft fiAt^tA

CHAPTER XI 58. The Intransitive Verbs.

Simple Form.Perfect

Singular Plural3 m - A-nA 1 A-flfr3f- A^iAt A

ImperfectAAA*

3 m - J&A-OA 2, &cSubjunctive

3 m - j&avaA 3 je.&QA3* *&nA &&M2 m. tium ifhaCb2 f. *&qa. t&aA1 c. &&AA t^QA

1 labsa. 2 yclabes. 3 yelbds


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38 GRAMMARImperative

Singular Plural2 m. &ai\ l had*2 f. &a(i banInfinitive Gerundrtan 2 (l}i aif\&{\xiav*2 f. m^-fift. m>l^^ih'j

1 #&& 2 $to. :; /


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FOUR-AND-MORE-RADICAL VERBS 39Imperfect

3 m - JBiid^Î ^.ffoKC-n*3f- âvitf-a j&crDjêa2 m. ^m^-fl *Vm>i,-ft2 f. VnDfj&a VaoâI C.

SubjunctiveIffDj^^l

3 m - je.cni'Le.fl (nf\&0t3f- tofPlwi ^m>iâ2 m. tcnil^fl tcroi^ft-2 f tr/Dl^n. ;rm>i^-oI C.

ImperativeIcnil^^l

2 m. (TD^-a CTDl^-ft-2 f. cn>ie-a rroieaInfinitive Gerundivemoero (n>1fl

63. Causative.Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundivehavim (n>\&>a faol&n hcW};4[ ha*\*i%(i 64. Reflexive-Passive.tODl^Q &raol&a âvÂti tm> if^-0 too JÔ taolÔ 65. Causative-Reflexive.

Perfect Imperfect SubjunctiveAfttia i'fitm)^^ ^fttai>*i^--n

Imperative Infinitive GerundiveKftraDl&a ftfltcrolÔ AntciDl^ri


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40 GRAMMARi. All these stems, as well as the different parts of the derived

forms, are conjugated regularly.2. The Simple stem has an additional form, ftSPPACl; so have

the Reflexive-Passive, *fcn>.Cfl, and the Causative-Reflexive,

3. The Reflexive-Passive has in addition a second or weakerform with prefixed Ki, namely, K\aif\&(\.

66. Strong Verbs of Five Radicals.Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive GerundiveflÂfrA* 1 f&Mhto SAtiPkb hAMM> h(ftM h&(toM>

67. Read and translatem>KO; m>Tn : cn>l.fl; ffDien-: ,la-: ^m>l^-ft

*\m>\&a; tl-flj aoÂ-mbi m>l^*flh1i m>lft-flPWQî t1n: ficn>ln : -ftn>?.&fl; .Prn>X.fl; &ttn>\$&frn'l.&n: tflDKfli AMwI.&Oa jPntoDl^'fl: Afltm1


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DOUBLE MEDIAL VERBS 4iImperfect

Singular Plurai1

3 m - HM }#. i-flO-, J&ffr z\&3 *i*M -Vf.e^ j&wia, *a &x2 m. *kmi **,, H-no-, tfft- t*&2 f. twia, **a *i tf-OO, tJO *w1 c. M


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4 2

7-

II. Causative.i. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect amn maa MaaImperfect JPHWI jpmm .ec*wiSubjunctive jpi-n-n jpj-n^n .ps-n-nImperative fti-n-n M>n>n Av-n-n

III. Reflexive-Passive.Perfect net, i-ma tinn t


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43

CHAPTER XIV7 Initial Guttural Verbs.

Simple Form. PerfectSingular Plural

3 m - hr>v hW$f. hyvft hW2 m. ftt/Dlh hao'ttiav*2 f. *% ha*\Xi\I C. ^OOlJ>

Imperfectkcmll

3 m - ?fiyi ?*yj.3f- tAyi Kh912 111. YhW Xh^'h2 f. Yhsr>i. tfty%I c.

i3

f- tX'i Xq2 m. *Xl IKW2 f. tXy^ ;rXyvI C. KXtn>l

ImperativelXtn>i

2 m. XffDl XODJ.2 f. Xm>t KavqInfinitive Gerundivefr^l h


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44 GRAMMAR73. Synopsis of the Initial Guttural Verbs.

I. Root.1. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect h9i **Imperfect M^l h,r>*iSubjunctive J&Xcn>** VhWImperative Xcn>*J hT**}

Perfect hXaviImperfect Sh9*TiSubjunctive Pk^Imperative fiXy1

II. Causative.

PerfectImperfectSubjunctiveImperative

III. Reflexive-Passive.

Who*}

Perfect

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

Subjunctive ^flt^T !Imperfect flitt^Imperative Afl^Xyl74. Vocabulary.

th(\ = to restore.

htlthaoi hft-fhODi^flt^y ! jpftt*^jpnt^yi fh-rwihimw hh-twi

}a = to unite.


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INITIAL GUTTURAL VERBS 4fl 7,v Read and translate :

je-XoDl: M^*-: \hT>*\\ \7U 1*7$.: Am^h-: iyc/^J.: tA^J-: *l*i: frn>lhcn>; A^.?: laC: Xm>^; thAlitVfh&fh: VW\C\ ?n4: Am>J; Xm>1: hr>*\- hXaoi: fhW.eX^I: J&WffDl; fifrHaoli tfrn>l: AfltAoDf: ^t^7Dl.ffltay1^: ftftt*7D,fc JiforX^::

CHAPTER XV 76. Medial Guttural Verbs.

Simple Form.Perfect

Singular Plural3 m - AM1 1 3f- A*h* (ihh2 m. AUtiti AhXlXiav*2 f. (MXiYi AMiM1 c.

Imperfect


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46 GRAMMARImperative

Singular Plural

2 m. AMl A/ifc2 f. AAh Afi*i

Infinitive GerundiveAA.il AA1*

77. Synopsis of the Medial Guttural Verbs.I. Root.

1. Simple 2. Intensive 3. FrequentativePerfectImperfectSubjunctiveImperative

A*h

Aftfc

je.A>X*i

AMiAX*iAX*iAXti

II. Causative.

PerfectImperfectSubjunctiveImperative ASvMi

AAA*!, A^Ahmtai

Ji4X*i

PerfectImperfectSubjunctiveImperative

III. Reflexive-Passive.

*AAhJ^-AAhtAM

tfti, t^Xh*Aft*itAAfc


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MEDIAL GUTTURAL VERBS 47IV. Causative-Reflexive,

i. Simple 2. IntensivePerfect ftfrttVMl, JifrMfthImperfect .Pftt&XhSubjunctive iTl1*^VXhImperative fift*fvXh

3. Frequentative

.ffrMXti

.eftttXtififttlXh

78. Vocabulary.9(hi* = to be merciful. (\h([ = to ask.

79. Read and translate :AMih: rtAW: AftMod; SvXfc: t&Xti; V&X*i: X&Xh

lAftti: *fcfth: J&AXrt': *ftft&i y/hti tyrhC: *yrhrh^: K7(hC; m>rh; ~i7fhCi rt/Lh: AftiV: Afth.: Aftt7dhCi aoth6\ -fifth: ftAfth: .P&Xh: &Xti: ftAt^Vfth: tAftfc.fAtlXti: AX*i: ftfttlXti; .PAtavXlr, -1rAftti::

CHAPTER XVI 80. Final Guttural Verbs.

Simple Form.Perfect

Singular Plural3 m. navh 1 nxdh3f- n^AV ax*2 m. a%fhh a^fhXiav*2 f archil azchxtt1 c. a%ch\h (Mfhl

] bas/uf.


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53/124

FINAL GUTTURAL YERUS 49II. Causative.

i. Simple 2. Intensive 3. FrequentativePerfect h*\%(h h(\K


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mfh: ftiSMi XOfrft: QSrhfi: OS/Wi: 087**: Q&r1*-OS/ft: *lfc-*i: tO^Th: ta3rh: tA&rh: /ift*n&^: iWiavhAftt-flJtth: .Pfltft^rh: AflfcrN .P-Ofr/ft: 08-*: fl,8vn: 413*a&r*: VA.: WX: tV&; l^Xha^: WXf: tWX: ip0hipC 1*: ^0: V"0: ^Cl::

CHAPTER XVII 84. Synopsis of the Initial Weak Verbs.

I. Root.t. Simpli 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect *QC h(D$>CInfinitive h(D*6>C hw&CGerundive h(D-6,C hwd>

1 *,luafara.


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INITIAL WEAK VERBS 51III. Reflexive-Passive.

r . Simple 2. Intensive 3. FrequentativePerfect -rwGt -Tmd.d. WLCImperfect A'(DLC &WLC ^VLCSubjunctive VXaLC V\'(DLC J&tT^CImperative XtDLC \GCi


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52

CHAPTER XVIII

Cp

87. Synopsis of the Medial Weak Verbs.I. Root .

1. Simple 2 . Intensive 3. FrequentatkPerfect frTD 1 tpwavImperfect &m*9* MahFSubjunctive je.*^ j&cfioj.yDImperative *y CpOJ.^Infinitive qxpjrv ^(gyuGerundive (p(pq c|j


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MEDIAL WEAK VERBS 53 88. Vocabulary.

f-ao to stand."lav = to place.


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54 GRAMMARII. Causative.

i. Simple 2. J7itensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect AtA AtA(D h?([(DImperfect .PtA- .P-fcA* ?toSubjunctive .PtA* JPtft* fptoImperative AtA* AtA wetInfinitive AtA.aj< AtA.CD K?(t(D

III. Reflexive-Passive.Perfect tA tAAa*Infinitive tAA.a> tAao* tAaa>Gerundive tAajp tAajp tiajp

IV. Causative-Reflexive.Perfect AAttAa) AAttAa* AAtMa)Imperfect .PAttA* .PAttA* .PAtÂ*Subjunctive .PAttA1 .PAttA- ÂtÂ'Imperative AAttA- AAttA- AAtÂ-Infinitive AAttA.a> AAttA.a>- AAtÂ.a*Gerundive AAttA.JP AAttA.JP AAtÂ.JP


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FINAL WEAK VERBS 55(6) Final i.

I. Root.j. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect uv m t\KImperfect fl


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56 GRAMMARIV. Causative-Reflexive.

9 1 -

i . Simple 2. Intensive 3 FrequentativePerfect ftfttfltf antte? hMt\aImperfect ?ftlYl


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57

CHAPTER XX93. Irregular and Doubly Weak Verbs.

I. Root.I . Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

t w&V (JD&W U *-'tX 2 &>M 3 (DOft (Drtih

4 (Dlh - ^ :6

Ma)KtP-0frt?

4>a 8 , CM M.a>9

10 Wttfta?ii>D

II rtia) j-*V 2y 1 fflH mi*iTK . ^ 14


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58

i. Simple

5ML

6. htidi7. JiUh?8. hhtha)9-

10. h&N11. firhfcD12. K1H13. Jitf^ft14. JiSVrhrft

GRAMMARCausative (continued)

2. IntensiveMid

3. Frequentative

III. Reflexive-Passive.1.

2.

3-

4-5-6.

7-8.

9-10.

1 1.12.13-14,

taMJQt7

1-Hlft

1-ftMiTrhA?

-HatfJ tJPaMJ


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IRREGULAR AND DOUBLY WEAK VERBS 59IV. Causative-Reflexive.

Simple 2. Intensive 3. FrequentativeI. 2. hl\-V


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6o GRAMMAR

4-s-

4-B- 4"

4-A si4- 4-6- * 4-

coh9- +-4- s-

+-is4-B-

& szb-

X B-Xv

P43wHPM CO< . S


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THE VERB WITH SUFFIXES 6

*-9-

i- 4-*-e-

-9-

Ib+-

Bs Bs

6-

I I4-*-6-

*"*

J?

9-J?^*a- * 9-

rr^9-


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;H*.

ii. Broken plural', formed by vocal modification and byprefixes and suffixes. The most important formsof the broken plural are :


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NOUNS5 63Singular Plural Singularo Plurali. WW fr-ftv 6.


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6498.

GRAMMARVocabulary.lm.At = sin. ^XiP'Ct = a prodigal,frfl.e = fool. aoft&i = prince.Xlt = sister. flrtfcC = earth./frH-d = people. 4>tLh = priest.OS = hair-cloth.vvc = country. V9% = altar-cloth,Chl\ = head. +VJA = lamp.VbP* = king. fIJ&ml = demon.K\*X = door. hr^toi = god.

99. Read and translatelav*: frfl/Ti: fcjrfc rhHfl: h^l\: WhCt frfl**V: hCKM".

i'/^t: AVfrfr: ^yC: ao/itpifVi d'hat-Crfi ^


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NOUNS 65b. Formed by prefixes.1. h prefixed. 5. y^^2. riDfc-ftv 1 6. m>f6i3. n>fc-rt' 7. od^^4. 9frtii 8. -rt^A.

r. Formed by suffixes.1. 12. 3. tfr

9. ^fc^A10. tfrtAt11. t#+A12. t^tA

5-6.7-8.

e ** *

3. Nouns of Four Radicals,a. Formed by vocal modification.

1.


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66 GRAMMAR3. ft^ 1 double medial, V>(1 heart

medial weak, 4^ spitefinal weak, \*ia>* brother.

4. $tV 2 initial weak, ^Qfl drynessfilial weak, 0Q grandeurfinal guttural, ft&th fatigue.

5. ft^rfVr 3


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6 7

CHAPTER XXIV 102. The Participle or Verbal Noun,

i. Present Participle.a. Gender,

The feminine is formed by the suffix ^T, e. g. iV 1 theruler, fern. WHrY.

b. Number.i. With a few exceptions the plural is regularly formed

by a *J for masc., and a *? for fem., e.g. (h1(D* theliving, pi. masc. /h?V"i, pi. fem. WP^.

ii. Present participles ending in z change the z to 2 andadd ? before the plural ending, e. g. Al(l


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68 GRAMMAR2. Passive Participle.

a. Gender.Same as the present participle,

e.g. 7CVC made, fern.

b. Number.Same as the present participle, e. g. ** finished,

pi. masc. Wft, pi. fern. &?*.r. Qase.

Same as the noun.d. Formation.

i Formed by vocal modification.i. Wfo 12. *lfo

ii. Formed by means of prefixes.,. m>*W (I. ) 4- **** (!' 3) 7. ">* (IV. 3)2 . 0HM Cn - 5- "HrtA (IL 2 >3 . npfttM* (IV. i) 6. cn>fl*4W (I. 2) 3- ^tW- (L 3)2 . opW (IT. i) 4- ^"A- (IL 2 )

103. Read and classifym- we* Mfc m-. wiWi wa ** W7' s WstW: witfh ww^ii rtci nci aovmci *>-> ****1 mU 2 Mt$4//.

3 maMtll


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6 9

CHAPTER XXV 104. The Adjective.

i. Gender.Same as the participle, e.g. XP^ft* beautiful, fern. U*J&^\

2. Number.a. Same as the participle, e. g. &$&, pi. masc. iPTi*!,pi. fern. iPt.& Adjectives ending in z are treated like the participles

ending in z (see above).c. Broken plurals

1. ty&dh 1 pure, pi. 4>&(D'iV 22. ma*fl wise, pi. mfWrt*

3. C^j(?.Same as the noun.

4. Formation.The chief classes of adjectives are :

I. *t^ 3 3. ^^2. #;fv 4. ;HrA

105. The Numerals.1. Cardinals.

Masculine FeminineNom. Ace. Nom. Ace.

1. hrti&A

hthb

fidit6 hih-r 7

2. Xi&h, do. do. do.xt&hrt xi&h,? *l&/i,*fc fc^kt

1 kedew. 2 kddawet. 3 d/. 4 ahad-' dhadd. dltdti. 7 tihatd.


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ADJECTIVES 7!3. Ml'LTIPLICATIVES.

a. The noun is rendered by the form ^ty^bcY, e. g. ^(vflO^fourfold.

b. The adjective is rendered by the form *H^V, e.g. Cft*0fourfold.

c. The adverb is rendered by the form of the ace. of the noun,e. g. yjKh thrice.

4. Iteratives.a. Formed by means of the form ^^^V preceded by 0,

e. g. ft^&ft for the third time.b. The noun ZH> with the numeral is also found, e. g.

u*A?!T;ZH> thrice.

5. Distributives.#. By repetition of the numeral, e. g. hrti&i hrh& one by one.b. By means of the prepositions ft, A, H in a double form,

as ftft, Art, HH, e. g. AA^^ each year.

6. Partitives.Expressed usually by ?U


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72 GRAMMAR 1 06. Read and translate :

rtfl 1^:: ^-O'i.^:: MivtsS


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I0 7-

73CHAPTER XXVI

The Attachment of Nominal Suffixes.Singular

I c. 2 m. 2 f 3 m - 3f.#*M *trth #tAfr *tA *M*W? WVh


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74 GRAMMAR 1 08. Read and translate

\lt\\ cnxpOAJh HCAts aoVOCLYi pflMu Wrfctff; 17


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PREPOSITIONS 75A^M and KCtft like. h^h outside of.ODcni and h^aih of the size of frOfilo*? (only with suffixes) for

the sake of.fcav at the time of.

as targe as.hwl and Ml behind.no. Attachment of Suffixes to Prepositions.

i. Almost all the prepositions may take the personal pronounas a suffix.

2. The following is the way in which the shorter prepositionstafre suffixes.

a. (L to me.Ml, Ml to thee.ft ^, 11T to him, to her.

b. fl? in me.flh, flJl in thee.

(ii to us.(iXia^*, (i\i\ toyou.ftOQ*, Al to them.

fit in us.? with me.

3. The preposition a*ft1* in, becomes a>ft*H" before thesuffixes, e. g. ahlitfVYl.

4. A negative of (\ is found in the forms AWK, flWlh. &c.


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76

CHAPTER XXVIII in. Adverbs.

The chief adverbs are :Ih interrogative; often in com-

position, e. g. 0U\W there.A


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77

CHAPTER XXIX113. Conjunctions. .

1. Conjunctions are independent and dependent. Among thedependent, some are suffixed, others are affixed.

2. The chief conjunctions are :X and, also', always suffixed.UGH* instead of; often with H suffixed.A with subjunctive in exhortations.&yH since.hy 5 &7ty:(n> before that, with subjunctive.(\fh*V but, however, nevertheless', usually preceded by (D. Alsomeans rather, preferably.

h\ but.Kao ivhen, sometimes ivhile; )\9hffQ since.hao, &y if.(D\avft and if on the contrary, AX0: H if by chance; Kff^h,

Xtn>Z, AXrfDj,, ftkavX though, although.Xfl because.Xfth till that.Kidft if not, except.KiY\ then.Kin whilst.Kil perhaps.ha>> or.


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7 g GRAMMAR\b then ; always suffixed.\iav in order that', K7h when; Miao as, as if: h^hao

whenever.W and, or, but, so that.H that; aU whilst, in order that; K7H since; QXltH introduces

a causal.Si'ht after; k9v&'U after that./iXcfl* but, however.

114. Commit to Memory the above Conjunctions.

CHAPTER XXX115. Interjections.

1. The chief interjections are :th(\, *h(\ sign of aversion.(h


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SYNTAXCHAPTER XXXI

1 7. Definiteness in the Noun.1. There is no article in Ethiopic.2. Words which are the sole representative of their class are

definite, e. g. T*? death.3. Proper names are definite.4. The context is often depended upon to express definiteness.5. The following words are used to express definiteness : a*X*F,

6. Definiteness may be expressed by an appended pronoun,e. g. tpCQri fcCXfLlfr the disciples came.

7. Definiteness is expressed by periphrasis, e. g. 'IOAjO*: AftOrt:fl^" against (him) the master of the house.

118. Indefiniteness in the Noun.1. A simple noun is ordinarily indefinite.2. The following are means of expressing indefiniteness.

a. By the use of the following words meaning one or a?iy one ;


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80 SYNTAX 1 19. Relationship of Nouns with one another.

1. The genitive relation is expressed by the construct state,e.g. BlfhODOD', (DCtA the pains of childbirth.

2. The genitive relation is also expressed by :a. The words H, Ki'f, Xrt. used periphrastically, e. g. fl>*fc

aVfh,y; HJ&tfvS Bethlehem ofJudah.b. The preposition A, e.g. X7H.X; Affrt*: lord of all.c. X^i to express the partitive genitive, e.g. firti&i X^ilFcfl*

one of them,3. Infinitives and certain descriptive words govern the accusative.4. Prepositions very often express relationship between nouns,

e. g. 'l/h; flXTl": Xcn* mourningfor his mother.5. Nouns occur in apposition, e.g.


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VERBS 814. Accusative of purpose or reference, e.g. 't&.P'th'. ^M'dii Ofl?

he rejoiced ivith greatjoy.5. Accusative of relation or limitation, e. g. MtHli IMl wash

thy face.6. Accusative with verbs of saying, &c., e.g. jE-ftfVf. they said

to me.7. Double accusative, e.g. X7*(1C: rh*Hfl: Ofl? I shall make him

a great 71aIion.8. The accusative is used after reflexive verbs, and after the

passives of verbs which govern two accusatives, e. g. &&fD\ HIYfofthe wasfound worthy.

9. Accusative with verbs of being and becoming, e. g. X\\(D*1i*i&rti I shall be pure. 122.

Nouns and pronouns are subordinated to the verb by meansof prepositions, e.g. &YKD


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82 SYNTAX7. The second verb may be in the subjunctive without a con-

junction, e. g. ODVCPdQ4 : J&Otf'ft" teach them to observe,8. Verbs of beginning and ceasing are usually connected by

XlH, e.g. filH4: XlH: J^mVhl E rt*lVfr they began pushing oneanother.

9. The second verb may denote purpose, consequence, &c.,e. g. IA(D\ fi7*flCT; J^Ra^O* /$


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SIMPLE SENTENCES 838. The following particles are used for emphasis : C\, X, i, (\tt,

Ohfrlrl, e.g. mxpOrt: #ia)W! the days ofmy very life', (D>WkhYL\ fLft&OXiav4 neither do I tell you; (\Chli lifti.' bless me,even me ; (pa^X'fc rtrt.0*: J&^'HHil and he will command thee. I26 -To express negation the three particles &, hY* and hlK(\ areused, e. g. Irhii /LlhV: (h we cannot go ; h(\\ Hlf|; M\HP3*! not spiritual, but sensual ; hl\.(\'. ^rh'fl not broad. 127. Interrogative Sentences.

1. The independent interrogative:a. No special sign. The context reveals its presence.b. Introduced by 0; H is it the case that ? e.g. 0: HOA: *H?;

flXft is any one here ?c. The most common interrogative particle is the enclitic J,

e.g. HTFJ-; l&Cth hast thou done this? Otherwise 0J is it thecase? is used, e.g. 0J; X*(li: J&lhP will he give him a stone? or(\U H, e. g. Ok H-Cm to/ thou ?

d. The negative interrogative is expressed by h.J, e. g.&i>*jn>flfaJWl'*iaKnX: h^lh^.7 >(14 dfr #0/ *z;* the publicans the same ?

2. Dependent interrogative :The dependent question is introduced by X, or AXtn>, or

br* e. g. hen); j&CA^: Xm>; tJt7: ^J&i X^f ; yeC /* see ifthe water was abatedfrom off the earth. The enclitic J or V* mayalso be used, e. g. (\&tn>; ^'WJJ.; fi'J'fih whether thy brethrenare well,

3. Disjunctive interrogative :#. Introduced by fio* or way.av, e. g. we'H.av; &frll or

fesus ?F 2


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84 SYNTAXb. Independent disjunctive questions, w\ao or (DftXav is

used, e. g. AXffD; h^hi a*X*F: Iftahi (D(ik(W\ hM\l whether thoube my very son Esau or not.

4. Strengthening interrogative particles :They are cn> ; K\2 indeed) 1FZ in perplexity, ft as an affix;

X(D yea, in reply ; A^VO no ; filf expresses consent ; fi*Hl? indi-cates refusal.

1 2 8. Read and translate

^0; 8\-#: a*fit: M-lfm);: ^J-: ft(Miai>". "HM*: ha, a)X, wh^ffo* or.

2. Adversative clauses are indicated by (D ; more emphaticallyby the enclitic ft, or by Wft ; also by M but, XlOrt and HXlflrtbut only, tikav* but rather. Other particles will be found inChapter XXIX.

3. Causal expressions are usually introduced by XftffD because,and inferences and conclusions are generally indicated by h> thus,and Kft\ then, therefore.


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RELATIVE CLAUSES 85 130. Attributive Relative Clauses.

1. An attributive relative clause is usually introduced by arelative pronoun, or by such relative particles as 'id where, andAoo when. Sometimes there is no introductory word.

2. The relative pronoun sometimes takes the place of a noun,e. g. Hhî'. . . . fi>&tV\ who believeth . . . shall be saved.

3. When the antecedent is expressed, the relative pronoun doesnot necessarily agree with it in gender and number, e. g. KhXftK'tH^* wives whom they might choose.

4. If the relative refers to a suffixed pronoun, the relative takesrt, e. g. ^rt&fi AAA: RCi with us who have borne.

5. The noun to which the relative refers is often attracted intothe relative clause, e. g. (D-h'fi ATI4: OMltn*; VIC into whatsoevercityye enter.

6. Typical relative clauses : V1C\ Al*fc ft?', ttflC a city thename of which is Sychar ; VICi All"! KP^hY the cityfrom whichQH; hft'tCfcVav*l fch(l (the time) at which the star had appearedto them ; Afll: H'lrft stones in which.

7. To express participial and adjectival ideas, the relative con-struction is very common, e. g. HfLf&aod, unwilling ; HV ft* present;HjE.2VUft the elder; HAÂ^1* everlasting; W&i&i mtt& her first-born son.

131. Conjunctional Relative Clauses.1. Declarative clauses are introduced by H, e.g. Ay"*}^; "HTF;

Hh(D*y&tl(fl>*} wherefore is it thatye have brought us out ?2. Supplementary object clauses, after verbs of seeing, saying,

fearing, beginning, &c, are introduced by hm>, AftffD, Hhm>, fthtn>,and AC, e.g. CA?; h; (VH'V he saw that it abounded; avdidhffD; fu^K^C he swore that he knew not; AGU: Aî-lfr \\av/LA^Â / am afraid of him lest he should come; frfH4 ! AlH


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86 SYNTAX3. Final clauses are introduced by hffD, H, (I, e. g. ^CiVfii;

(\$%*t\lL\ \\cn>\ frlP'v* it will be told the saints that they must seek.4. Consecutive clauses are introduced by Xfth, Yiao, KiHi ?L, &,

e. g. ha*>l j&ftrt"; STF so that it is said to this day.5. Causal clauses are introduced by Xft because, e.g. ^L)"d\\

hhcro; "fft&O* he rejoiced because they were eaten.6. Comparative clauses are introduced by hav, (Mun>, Hh,

hfi, e.g. H(VF?; hm>: Mtl h^(l he who drinketh as a dogdrinketh.

7. Temporal clauses are introduced by various adverbs of time(Chapter XXVIII).

1 3 2. Read and translate

9*&C\ KYK\ aa>lrt?i ta^:: J7tfi: OH: l\ch-thi\ F>CKii- -Wis ctdsjM;: uWCli HCTlx (DUMMi -aCVlii r*Yt

CHAPTER XXXV 133. Reciprocal Clauses.

1. Conditional sentences are indicated:a. By the context alone.b. By XffD (rt?un>) and flfl in the protasis, and the apodosis

with or without a particle.c. In simple conditional sentences the protasis is introduced

by Kff or AXtn>, and when negative by Xcn>& or ([XavfL, orh\i instead of fL ; the apodosis by a), or COXlh, or Xlh alone.The apodosis may also have no outward marking, e. g. X(W. 'US'V;


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RECIPROCAL CLAUSES 87.avah:V if he leaves him, then he dies. The protasis may also beintroduced by \avftV* or J..

d. In unreal conditional sentences, the protasis is alwaysintroduced by Aft, and the apodosis always by K^, e. g. Aft;HChV. &y6.l(D-lbh if thou hadst told me, I would have sent theeaivay. The perfect is almost always used in both the protasis andapodosis, though the imperfect is sometimes found, e. g. Aft; hfr\JPfiy4 if they did not know.

2. Correlation is expressed in the following ways :a. Bothand, or neithernor is expressed by W(D(D ;

X: W ; i; a) -I; E: cDi.b. Asso is expressed by fthcn>, hm>, Hhcrv, \\av\ Ki'f on

the one hand, and h^tf* or h*H on the other.c. The morethe more is expressed by ftfiyrt)Jh^lKd. Eitheror is expressed by &ai>i.a?Xm>{. or fon>%

134. Optative Expressions.1. A wish may be expressed by the perfect or subjunctive.2. Optative clauses are usually introduced by hero and 2\7,

or by Aft, e.g. Aft; V^i would that zve had died! They may alsobe introduced by av}* } e. g. (n>J.; j&U^fti that one would give me/;or by avh Xm>, e.g. U Xcn>i h?>afc (VHh'F; ATM; a*&t: X&?

that one would give this people into my hand.

135. Read and translateffoj.; wVMi 0$>'Y\ ^Tt! ft


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88

CHAPTER XXXVI 136. Model Analysis and Translation.

a>?0Nlrt; &JPCi ftrft>& X^i; Kirov-. MQ'. hftaoaC^htlh: wftP an-n&i ft*F; Mil Hrh>(l: Offtn


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MODEL ANALYSIS AND TRANSLATION 89ft*F preposition A and third masc. sing,for him.\l%i noun, ace, direct object of the verb 7*fl. A coat.Hih^ld. = H + ch'fld. ; genitive particle H with the noun rh>fl in

the constr. state depending upon Oft$. Of a variety.Ot\ty diverse colours.(Dfift = (D + Aft and when.ChU* they saw. Perfect, third masc. pi. of &?.h*l


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9o SYNTAX"kloK imperfect first sing, of the verb C&1. I saw,MM>tXl(fl>4 = MM1: + Xl(fl>4, plural of the noun fcSVftfrr your

sheaves.HHlififtcfl* = HH + H.hXiav*, relative and possessive pronouns. Ofeach ofyou.^XhA preposition, in the midst of.1X7 field.


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CHRESTOMATHY

wQ,ft>i XVYLh-ftrthCi rttnWk: Wi tkWL: HX7-OC; hia&CP'ii Xftm> : aX&i JttOt; J^djyaî omexD'HÔt; &02vtfaOXSPW. \7&tr\ wWlCi KVYLh-drtbC: AffWk cn>.efl,ft>hi\ o*X*fc XmX: hh-tChJîhi ([h^CYî w(it\rt&\ a>


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92 CHRESTOMATHYII

Psalm i(10*0: -ahki H/UNS; a^Xidi ttofti a>H/b4m>; o*ftt

rh7; XmfrflrfcC: PT'ZVi wUrhlli JPMM1: fro^t: (DrfWlt:tofiharti hav\ 00; Xlt: thdVt: 1(1; aiw*iH: "V^: XWtlMl: $&y; aQZH>7:: fDftSMi.s ^^tJ7^: coK-ft ; H7-0J&^^y";: gn- htn>*H; ^T*1rts fifr; h"H: ^Xffi^; yicn>: m>&*\\M(h%\ Itfl: Xy7R: iP\C:: amXTTO; /LJE/H^k: A.9lXmfrflrffcC: ^-frn*: AS^li a9?-frn>A: A;W}: tm


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CHRESTOMATHY 93IV

2 ESDRAS IIIhav ; filav^ X^H: w^î VlCii Wi: wVlribi a>AtOaMi Ms fcf&A: H1-Am>j&fi-: 071^5 anJAfc: .MT-a?; M

Qf^nt: ^nn-fl?; artiu^t; 7fr?: wWCVi 'MlW: (D-ftTi JWK;hhavi CMb\ avhWi Afrrii arFSÂ-hn*: AXA: W14fit; 7ft: XTT: thAt?"7lh'. HX1AA; t*y: y,C:; cDttTrnifr: ft>t; tXHH: X\*a>0Aa>h:: coX^H; l>: ^t; coAOA: a*A-&:a>ta>&&: Xî.!*: JuftH-d: cDrhTMU.: a)}7^"i; amâ^Cti.HfiSVO: *WV*\\\ coX71li AA: fritt: J&ta*H*J.(Dj&i^&fr: XA; J&t-d^: A: i^C: a)A'H^: a*A*ai*: c0tfllM:: atfW; *iOA: ?/KlA


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94 CHRESTOMATHYMrhC.i arJA: SfrrfcR: Mfhth: HXAti: am&h&toM.(DWao^LhU mmt&U \\ao\ WAaî AHCft; .fOHl: rhla)C[H(n>i Xft&fefa tXHH: A/frF: /uPXtth: Xî-lFff*: &flXi>?: h(fi>: Vaî &oi rtiVili MO&Ww. XAm>: &Q: Xfc?A-flA: ^7: 'frWE: wfoDahhw a)lfr\ a*X*F: O^tt: MK-A ^: XA: ta>2v&: Xî^;: oX^Tf: Hl^t: Xt: ^TyAA: fhVhi a>At; &A: ATM: ÂA: J^Cm-i Xfcj&i: cornetip^jfct: art-CAfr; XfrF: ar}A: : *H?: C/Mk im-M: HÔ: *WV**flH*?}: h-*u\Pi: CX?t: i$A?i: W: fi'JffDt: MOT: /ilUCftlhtfr; &(K: X: ttWao-! A^TVJ: CX,?: whaotiÛhcfl*: AA.7i: (DlA^hi rhUMii aiO^-Ah: ftAXth:(DhAlChi (Dh.(iomVt\ XC: .g;^: AHt:


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CHRESTOMATHY 95V

Statutes of the Apostles 1 1-6aftao: Mix ooco^e:: ann>lft; fr&ft: g^lft:: "HTF:

(L


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96 CHRESTOMATHYwtwiiii chf-m^i *Ha*A*fc hew; ?G$Ci AAmfrflrkC: h9*[\i\\wLcri&tw MtCtx Wlh: co^A-flr*: AA; (D-frVi K&'HYkH Art:Ht: kt- 'PX'H'Vi tAHH:: (D*i&h?l\ Ht: At; hm>M*Cs aRhi hm>i f$Ah: (VHVF: Itfci (tfl\ widSf*


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CHRESTOMATHY 97XA : (1(1; ?*M1C: 31i ff^; yflA: ^(flt; Xft: a>X*FU7"A: AH.7-fl: arffl; Oft ; ao'RA; Oft: ^raAt; aÂiSA; AX; dids Ifttt: f(li na*X: \ftaD\ JPC/hO: Aa*X-FtrDVil; cDj&i/X: 7l\0>fri H-ft: m>.efla>7i*; ADAXt: i/L?2.75P; Aa>X*F: *\\tl\ aj/L^hUA : J&tA^7tn*: rim>; >CK&\ 8\#:: A27: WhnH|.; ?n4: FP^ctd; haD; ^4^C^: aÂt-M^s ciD'Jt: ,"te; ffD^ha^htn>; /UPaKefctn*: rtj&m*}; a*At; 7(U; XJ>j&: ,4.: m>^taxptfflt: Xh-^5 a>X*F:: a>An: W14: 7"W: *-C4; m>a*i WiVTAA>flX; &(>$: iSttifl*; 0.a>: A? : m*iMs Aft-U*: AXfr-fc Mfr\ (D^-f-f-i (DcoVOaî AXAJilh HCXtLV-mQ,tr(ni Vfr: *flk(h "H-WlAt; ^fc a*X-F: AHnXltfth^JBW.t*s A^^-7t: 1/aAt::

(DWlhi frTOi.; AXh--fr 0


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98 CHRESTOMATHY2. Anaphora of St. John the Evangelist

Wh: -Wlftt; dXAWlhi 4>&At: attW^fr ftiVtYi ([(WCttd(DwVPavi M&ihfri (DjCfofrav-i "H-Wlfl^; ^7?: a>*X*F; HQMZh.^aDah^i wmvhK W^ttli V"*! tihO", \9*W\ H-Mitn*mh^&i ft-Qthi -AftH; H-A1 : SA5P: AH: t?.7i ^flLft*:!

VIIGenesis i-iii

Irf&i S:: (W4


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CHRESTOMATHY 99A-ncyj; hm>: xvqfL; w&(ia\\ Xm/HlrfcC; "XliA: "?XliA: Khan*,-. mhoo?; XmfrflrfbC: (i-aCTii Ortt(DhKhao^; A>A/fr artij; AAT: fl/h; (DM; ad'MVI*: :OJj&fl,: Xmfi-flrfcC; : j&^^T^Xhrt: "7JE.: oW: h^fr:: WMdi ZrfRA-flrfbC: a\L; wL(ia\Hm>v02Vt: fluCC:: cortm*?*; Xmfi-flrkC: rta^Xt: mC; rt"?a?CX?: XmfrflrfbC: hm>: u"T.; coW; AAt: a>frflrh: (DM*l&Xt: Ortt:: ffJJ&fl,: XmfrflrkC: Aj&tpaX: "?; HaotAinrt"7jfc; a*fl+: h(h&: aviiii (DfftYCh.; Mh: (DM; h^lhcotXtfi: "?; D-flt: yX1U*: cohh-YChKs Kftftw a)(\av


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ioo CHRESTOMATHYXmfrdrkC; Aâ>aX: H^\ Hl7ha>ft: HO; m>Wl: (hfi-m*(DhOVfa Ht\CC: ctdÔM: yêC: oaD^rht: A^JE.; a>\\\hWlhv. wl-ati hVMhi J$Arh^w'Vi HZ*(haft; UhahOfi; H^\ n&: wtttr: PLHf-ftCCi aaH(n>&; web?: X7YLhi "?.:: w(\a\a*Xm/KlrfrC: w(h\


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CHRESTOMATHY 101Ht: 8vh


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102 CHRESTOMATHYdh-Vi Hh^lK'i (D


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CHRESTOMATHY 103Mfcrt/fr Wi-fU iaCii\ arVft: -nXfl/fr hCWi T^XC: Aft^mtiamtOh-:: a)a,ftfc; XW1: a>XyHA; hAWi y,ecbKW&hfa rf*^t: -d^: Hft: m>P0rt; /hâJth.:^ftt^CC: "YXh&li: aJ^XhA: -nXtVfr a^XhA: HCXfu &tfis X*it: Xy"i.y; a>qXh: Xft: m>&t: Alt! ff>a>Atavdot; *7*lX:s wtlavti M9i fta\ >AXA/F: rhZa)*'. XflaoX^c^: Xt: dthfVlu wl-at; XmfrflrfrC; (iMT*'. (DA-flXA/F/i0*A: H"7Xft: whbiafiavw ajj&fl,: XmfrArtfcC: Ws ^y"Ms JiffD; ftrh^; X^hii hr>C\ xpW\ wXMi a?.eXH>i.: TZfh^Cx a?.PA>02V: X&lh aJje.j^X: Xy08: Aj&mts 4h\ XmX: XmfrArtbC: AXW Xî7lts tJtls hm); t7A; Ai^C: XTT; Xî.?: a>0A:(DtD-toh\ ([HXr*: (Dh-\&C\ $&avi 7its tÂt: atfHHaiv4A: a>Ah4flA: AAjB.^: XAt: Xlt; **cid?Ts hffj je.0#A-


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GLOSSARYv

V(lW and Oft to be, to exist.Oh? to languish.Ifh to agitate ; II. i to be

amazed.U? there.D&h to be great.Wfrfii perdition.VIC city, country, inhabited

land.V^ sweat.

2VZfr elder.AW? to be alone.AA = A.A>A/fc' night.gVyM^ sap.A/7?^ custom.C[(h(h to become wet.Arha) I. 3 to weep.Ml tongue.Vfl heart.AAA to clothe.([(\(D to know, to understand.

AA'E intelligence.UdM*! weakness.Afih to send.AOA to lift up ; II. i to elevate.'IDA above, upon, against.&0V Most High.

th

rhA? to sing.rfitn> to be ill.rftoD^V7?^ grass, plant, fern.thavlKGyJS. onyx.than? to correct.(**& to go, to walk, to follow.rt\(\, h(^(\ to swarm, to move.thtl^ falsehood./fiA'E false.ftitp for a little while.rh$& field./fi1"F III. i to examine, to beexamined.

rhfft to build.thVCf, pi. diVCf* Apostles.


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GLOSSARY 105th(DH to be pleased.th(D& to regard.th&lS. burden.th&(D to live j chfah alive.AriMI, //. ftrhH4'fi'H stream.odip^ foundation.

odipCJE. magician ; av/d.JE.remedy.

ODJ^IC'V snare.tn>.flvO food.Q& oblation.Tit to die ; T^T death ; crotl*

death.y ^ husband.^fcfPft Matthew.^JA^ end.m>J : see the pronouns.ffDj. : see the pronouns.m>jy any.


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io6 GLOSSARYcn>*$ftC seat, throne.yVF what, why, wherefore.^lti any.*}ftC wonderful.av~ih6WC wheel.ot>Wf ax.l(l to afflict.?~ilC[ towards.rn>lft Spirit, Ghost, wind

spiritual.avGQQ hypocrite.Vh to vanquish ; III. i to be

overcome.?M: collection, receptacle."H'h^C soothsayer."Y?ift skin.9^ five.^VKhCl among, between, in the

midst, midst.cn)^*H1 quarter, corner.afXWVr corner.avftd. to devise.9XlC congregation, counsel.yH*


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GLOSSARY 107wwt to be ripe."/OC herb.^"7 body, flesh, corpse.

C(h to fan.Cchft to enlarge ; &rh


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io8 GLOSSARYClQth to extend.ll^i prominence, size.t\& to sew together.flm to beguile.

3*l\. tvord, voice.tp&ip&i precipice.'fe'VI* valley.MjB. abyss.ferfi to redden.Pcn> to arise, to stand.if to spite.fe to cool.^Cft to approach.#M, //. HflJ-ft^ presbyter.#Trt to kill.^VA. envious.^\(D to pierce.FWA lamp.4*1? to subdue, to rule over, to

have in power, to hold inbondage.

&0(D to look up.tp&av to go before, to anticipate,

to precede.ty&av first, eastward.^CH. beginning; fySWtiV be-

ginning.4\rt to consecrate, to make

holy; fc&?| a saint; fr&ftholy, sacred.

fc#jr holiness; $?!holiness.

J^flvO irascible.


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GLOSSARY 109(](].* together.ft* house; ft*: hCftWi the

Church.Oh to enter ; II. 1 to lead.flXrt, man, one, a certain.41Art,* woman.(\Ki-t about; flATfr H because.dti-C first-born.Oh? to weep.O0V master.(\0J some, others.ftH redemption.fl*H*} to abound, to multiply.fllKJ great, many, much,

number.(hH(D to redeem.fl&'Q.e: plague.fl^o* desert, desolate.fLR* companion.Aftvfi to come, to reach, to

attain, to arrive, to bring to.(100 to estimate.-flfrO, 410*0* blessed.

*(\


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no GLOSSARY*Hlfit bread.*M1A to hide.H*ctd to stamp, to sign.*Jj6A strength.I^av^ tent. 'Kd to be better.It&d, to station, to place, to

sojourn."J.7 to leave, to desert, to

suffer, to allow, to forgive,to divorce, to lay asideII. i to let leave.

l&l^V bill of divorce.WA ruin.*)TA to be deprived, to miss

III. i to steal away.lOLh^' sinner.*}& to be ashamed.

*

iW behold.lifhi : see pronouns.Wav to sleep.iivl* to destroy.\P*h. to take, to stand, to sustain.Ifttt little.ihh to take.i't'bi&bL agitation.f$0 fountain.idd. to sit, to dwell, to remain,

to inhabit.

Jftfl to read, to speak, tomeditate.

}(ij& prophet.TtC/iA Nathaniel.Jt7 to abate.5*1 to prolong.IXrt to be small ; IfrA small.ihd. to be perturbed, to gaze

upon.iilC strange ; \X\&* miracle.\OhC spot.TP goods.IDA young.}. to burn.\S& to build.}%&* archer.ThP' king.i7 to say, to tell.ilC word.il& clan, tribe ; J7^ traveller.J7. to wither.?5. sand.l&rh pure.J0? to dash.i*irtl wind, life, soul.f^l to breathe.

A interjection Oh, not ; a privativi.hd : see pronouns.XV5* a thousand.


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GLOSSARY 1 1hrti&, hrt\&,ftm. hfh*t, one.liO when, in time of.Xtn> if.hav* nor.Xy from.2x7 mother.h^Xl god.hav to know, to think.h^C now, to-day.fiyM pattern.ft7i to believe.\7\ out of, by.Xcri^VF : see pronouns.Aod*J to salute.h^ZM thistles.Xy^A^ out of, one of.A^H than.h7H immediately, now as a

conjunction.Ky&ld after.hChf image.hCW, pi. H&WrY serpent, beast.hl


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I ] 2 GLOSSARYX7A> any one.X^V man.KVC foot.XVYLh


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GLOSSARY "3CD-X^: see pronouns.(Dhaoli and thus it (is).


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GLOSSARY "5V^7 fear.7^* fear.*bCi gutter, roof of mouth.7*5*? string.IdCl to touch.7H body.Kid. to do, to make, to yield.7-flC, //. HV-aCi- servant, work,

workman.7-OC^t slavery.7*fl/i to incline, to return, to

betray ; II. to give, to deliver ;III. 3 to assemble; IV. 4 tobe gathered together.

7-flfr Egypt.7H* garden.Pi,*i demon.7"f&? much.IOC groaning.VOU custom.ZH> time.7-?, 7"?? to fly.in Gihon.7y field.7. to forsake, to repudiate.1&&. destroyed.19t face, person, nostrils.

mT


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n6 GLOSSARY

BCi, to be hostile, to becomean enemy.

8-fl/i war.9X3X embryo.%a)(D to take captive.

A.(iV river, water.


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*S fa

Oo ff

o

\lo93


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Documents

Mercer. Ethiopic grammar : with chrestomathy and glossary. 1920