Mental RevolutionsMental Revolutions

Religion and Science in the Religion and Science in the 1616thth and 17 and 17thth Centuries Centuries

Changes in ChristianityChanges in Christianity

Church moved to expand and Church moved to expand and increase devotion in rural areasincrease devotion in rural areas Eliminate pagan rituals and superstitionsEliminate pagan rituals and superstitions

Anti-witchcraft campaignsAnti-witchcraft campaigns Led to increased desire of commoners to Led to increased desire of commoners to

be direct participants in Christianitybe direct participants in Christianity Spanish Inquisition 1478Spanish Inquisition 1478

Monitor Muslims and JewsMonitor Muslims and Jews Investigate marriageInvestigate marriage

Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition

ReformationReformation

Movement began with Martin Luther Movement began with Martin Luther 95 Theses (1517)95 Theses (1517) Encouraged translating the BibleEncouraged translating the Bible Popular with rulers who used Luther’s ideas Popular with rulers who used Luther’s ideas

as an excuse to seize church propertyas an excuse to seize church property Led to a broader Protestant movementLed to a broader Protestant movement

Salvation by faith aloneSalvation by faith alone Printing press key toolPrinting press key tool

Martin LutherMartin Luther

WittenbergWittenberg

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation

Church in Rome responded to Church in Rome responded to Protestantism with Counter-Protestantism with Counter-ReformationReformation Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola

(1540)(1540) Missionaries and educatorsMissionaries and educators

Focused on reconverting seceded Focused on reconverting seceded churcheschurches

Only marginally successfulOnly marginally successful

Ignatius LoyolaIgnatius Loyola

Jesuit Missionary in AmericaJesuit Missionary in America

Christian Missionary WorkChristian Missionary Work

New global system allowed for trade New global system allowed for trade in ideas as well as goodsin ideas as well as goods

Catholic missions (only Church w/ $)Catholic missions (only Church w/ $) PhilippinesPhilippines JapanJapan China (less successful because of China (less successful because of

Manchu)Manchu) Spanish New WorldSpanish New World

Buddhist Missionary WorkBuddhist Missionary Work

Movement to bring direct religious Movement to bring direct religious experience outside priestly classexperience outside priestly class Reaction against Christian missionary Reaction against Christian missionary

workwork Supported by old Mongol eliteSupported by old Mongol elite

Alliance between Dalai Lama and old Alliance between Dalai Lama and old Mongol rulersMongol rulers

Manchu used Buddhism to unify peopleManchu used Buddhism to unify people

Islamic ExpansionIslamic Expansion

Combined merchant enterprises with Combined merchant enterprises with missionary workmissionary work

Moved through Africa and both S and Moved through Africa and both S and SE AsiaSE Asia

Included both Sufi mystics and Included both Sufi mystics and traditional Islamic missionariestraditional Islamic missionaries

SikhismSikhism

New religion in 16New religion in 16thth Century India Century India

Blended elements of Hinduism with Blended elements of Hinduism with IslamIslam

Persecuted by Muslim rulers of the Persecuted by Muslim rulers of the Mughal EmpireMughal Empire

Sikh HorsemenSikh Horsemen

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution Empirical (Scientific) MethodEmpirical (Scientific) Method

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon Rene DescartesRene Descartes

Heliocentric rather than geocentric solar systemHeliocentric rather than geocentric solar system First proposed by Copernicus 1543First proposed by Copernicus 1543 Galileo’s telescope 1609Galileo’s telescope 1609 Proven by Kepler early 1600sProven by Kepler early 1600s

CalculusCalculus Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Laws of modern physicsLaws of modern physics

Would lead to shift in world power from East to Would lead to shift in world power from East to West because of new industrial technologiesWest because of new industrial technologies

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

Rene DescartesRene Descartes

Geocentric Solar SystemGeocentric Solar System

Heliocentric Solar SystemHeliocentric Solar System

CopernicusCopernicus

GalileoGalileo

KeplerKepler

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton