MENTAL HEALTHMENTAL HEALTH

Mental HealthMental Health

Definition:Definition: Health is defined as a stage of complete Health is defined as a stage of complete

physical , mental and social well-being and not physical , mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health is thus the balanced development of the Health is thus the balanced development of the individual’s personality and emotional attitude individual’s personality and emotional attitude which enables him to live harmoniously with his which enables him to live harmoniously with his fellow-men.fellow-men.

1950, WHO Expert committee on mental health 1950, WHO Expert committee on mental health reviewed the various definitions of mental reviewed the various definitions of mental health and observed, it is influenced by both health and observed, it is influenced by both biological and social factors.biological and social factors.

The capacity in an individual to form The capacity in an individual to form harmonious relations with others. harmonious relations with others.

PROBLEM STATEMENTPROBLEM STATEMENT

World:World: 500 million people are believed to suffer from 500 million people are believed to suffer from

neurotic, stress related and somatoform.neurotic, stress related and somatoform.

200 millions suffer from mood disorders200 millions suffer from mood disorders

83 million Mental retardation 83 million Mental retardation

30 million epilepsy 30 million epilepsy

2222 million dementia million dementia

16 16 million schizophrenia. million schizophrenia.

Characteristics mentally healthy person Characteristics mentally healthy person

A mentally healthy person has three A mentally healthy person has three main characteristics main characteristics

He feels comfortable about himself, He feels comfortable about himself, ie, he feels reasonably secure and ie, he feels reasonably secure and adequate.adequate. He neither underestimates He neither underestimates nor overestimates his own ability. nor overestimates his own ability.

He accepts his shortcomings. He has He accepts his shortcomings. He has self-respect.self-respect.

Conti…Conti…

The mentally healthy person feels right The mentally healthy person feels right towards others. towards others.

This means that he is able to be interested This means that he is able to be interested in others and to love them. in others and to love them.

He is friendships that are satisfying and He is friendships that are satisfying and lasting. He is able to feel a part of a group lasting. He is able to feel a part of a group without being submerged by it. without being submerged by it.

He is able to like and trust others. He He is able to like and trust others. He takes responsibility for his neighbors and takes responsibility for his neighbors and his fellow –men.his fellow –men.

Cont..Cont..

Mentally healthy person is able to meet Mentally healthy person is able to meet

the demands of life.the demands of life. He does something about the problems as He does something about the problems as

they arise. He is able to think for himself they arise. He is able to think for himself and to take his own decisions.and to take his own decisions.

He sets reasonable goals for himself. He He sets reasonable goals for himself. He shoulders his daily responsibilities. He is shoulders his daily responsibilities. He is not bowled over by his own emotions of not bowled over by his own emotions of fear, anger, love or guilt.fear, anger, love or guilt.

Warning signals of poor mental health Warning signals of poor mental health

William C. Menninger, President of the William C. Menninger, President of the Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kansas, Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kansas,

1)1) Are you always worrying Are you always worrying 2)2) Are you unable to concentrate because of Are you unable to concentrate because of

unrecognized reasons. unrecognized reasons. 3)3) Are you continually unhappy without justified Are you continually unhappy without justified

cause. cause. 4)4) Do you lose your temper easily and often.Do you lose your temper easily and often.5)5) Are you troubled by regular insomnia Are you troubled by regular insomnia 6)6) Do you have wide fluctuations in your moods Do you have wide fluctuations in your moods

from depression to elation, back to depression from depression to elation, back to depression which incapacitate you .which incapacitate you .

Cont..Cont..

7) Do you continually dislike to be with people7) Do you continually dislike to be with people8) Are you upset if the routine of your life is 8) Are you upset if the routine of your life is

disturbed disturbed 9) Do your children consistently get on your 9) Do your children consistently get on your

nerves. nerves. 10) Are you browned off and constantly bitter. 10) Are you browned off and constantly bitter. 11) Are you afraid without real cause.11) Are you afraid without real cause.12) Are you always right and the other person 12) Are you always right and the other person

always wrong. always wrong. 13) Do you have numerous aches and pains 13) Do you have numerous aches and pains

for which no doctor can find a physical for which no doctor can find a physical cause. cause.

Types Mental Illness Types Mental Illness Major illness are called psychoses.Major illness are called psychoses. the person is insane and out of touch with reality. the person is insane and out of touch with reality.

Three major illness. Three major illness. 1 : SCHIZOPHRENIA : ( Spilt personality) 1 : SCHIZOPHRENIA : ( Spilt personality) in which the patient lives in a dream world of his in which the patient lives in a dream world of his

own.own. 2 : MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS:2 : MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS: in which the symptoms vary from heights of in which the symptoms vary from heights of

excitement to depths of depression.excitement to depths of depression. 3 : PARANOIA: which is associated with undue and 3 : PARANOIA: which is associated with undue and

extreme suspicion and a progressive tendency to extreme suspicion and a progressive tendency to regard the whole world in a framework of regard the whole world in a framework of delusions. The major illness are of two groups. delusions. The major illness are of two groups.

Cont…Cont…

Minor illness has two group: Minor illness has two group:

a NEUROSIS OR PSYCHONEUROSIS: a NEUROSIS OR PSYCHONEUROSIS: In this the patient is unable to react normally to life In this the patient is unable to react normally to life

situation. He is not considered “insane” by his associate, situation. He is not considered “insane” by his associate, but nevertheless exhibits certain peculiar symptoms such but nevertheless exhibits certain peculiar symptoms such as morbid fears compulsion and obsessions. as morbid fears compulsion and obsessions.

b.b. PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER DISORDERS: PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER DISORDERS: This group of disorders are the legacy of unfortunate This group of disorders are the legacy of unfortunate

childhood experiences and perceptions. childhood experiences and perceptions.

Causes of mental ill health Causes of mental ill health

1)1) ORANIC CONDITIONS :ORANIC CONDITIONS :

Mental illnesses may have their origin in organic Mental illnesses may have their origin in organic conditions such as cerebral arteriosclerosis, conditions such as cerebral arteriosclerosis, neoplasm's, metabolic disease, neurological neoplasm's, metabolic disease, neurological diseases, endocrine diseases and chronic diseases, endocrine diseases and chronic disease.disease.

2 HEREDITY : 2 HEREDITY :

The child of two schizophrenic parents is 40 times The child of two schizophrenic parents is 40 times more likely to develop schizophrenic then the more likely to develop schizophrenic then the child of healthy parentschild of healthy parents

. .

Cont.. Cont..

3. SOCIAL PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES:3. SOCIAL PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES: To produce any disease there must be To produce any disease there must be

a combination of genetic and a combination of genetic and environmental factors.environmental factors.

The social and environmental factors The social and environmental factors associated with mental ill health associated with mental ill health comprise:comprise:

Worries , anxieties, emotional stress, Worries , anxieties, emotional stress, tension, frustration, unhappy marriages, tension, frustration, unhappy marriages, broken homes, poverty, industrialization, broken homes, poverty, industrialization, urbanization ,changing family structure , urbanization ,changing family structure , population mobility, economic insecurity, population mobility, economic insecurity, cruelty, rejection, neglect and the like.cruelty, rejection, neglect and the like.

Cont…Cont…

Environmental factors other than psychosis are: Environmental factors other than psychosis are:

1)1) Toxic substances; carbon disulfide, mercury, Toxic substances; carbon disulfide, mercury, manganese, tin, lead compound.manganese, tin, lead compound.

2)2) Psychotropic drugs: alcohol, barbiturates, Psychotropic drugs: alcohol, barbiturates, griseofulvin.griseofulvin.

3)3) Nutritional factors: thiamine, pyridoxine Nutritional factors: thiamine, pyridoxine deficiency.deficiency.

4)4) Mineral : ID.Mineral : ID.

5)5) Infective agents:Infective agents:

6)6) Traumatic factor:Traumatic factor:

7)7) Radiations factors:Radiations factors:

Crucial points in the life cycle of human Crucial points in the life cycle of human beings beings

1)1) Prenatal period Prenatal period 2)2) First 5 years of life.First 5 years of life.3)3) School child School child 4)4) Adolescence Adolescence 5)5) Old age Old age Thus throughout his life, the needs of man remain the sameThus throughout his life, the needs of man remain the same (1) The need for affection,(1) The need for affection,(2) the need for belonging, (2) the need for belonging, (3) the need for independence , (3) the need for independence , (4) the need for achievement, (4) the need for achievement, (5) the need for recognition or approval,(5) the need for recognition or approval, (6) the need for a sense of personal worth and(6) the need for a sense of personal worth and (7) the need for self-actualization. The needs only differ in (7) the need for self-actualization. The needs only differ in

degree and qualitative importance at various ages.degree and qualitative importance at various ages.

Preventive AspectsPreventive Aspects

Primary prevention: Primary prevention: Primary prevention operates on a community basis. This Primary prevention operates on a community basis. This

consists of “ improving the social environment”, and consists of “ improving the social environment”, and promotion of the social, emotional and physical well-promotion of the social, emotional and physical well-being of all people. being of all people.

Secondary prevention: Secondary prevention: The consists of early diagnosis of mental illness and of The consists of early diagnosis of mental illness and of

social and emotional disturbances through screening social and emotional disturbances through screening programmes in schools, universities, industry, recreation programmes in schools, universities, industry, recreation centres, etc. and provision of treatment facilities and centres, etc. and provision of treatment facilities and affective community resources.affective community resources.

In this regard, family based health services have much In this regard, family based health services have much role to play to cope with overwhelming stress, treat role to play to cope with overwhelming stress, treat problems of individual.problems of individual.

Family counseling is one method of treatment Family counseling is one method of treatment intervention in mentally ill patients. intervention in mentally ill patients.

Cont….Cont….

3 Tertiary: 3 Tertiary:

Tertiary prevention seeks to reduce the duration Tertiary prevention seeks to reduce the duration of mental illness and thus reduce the stresses of mental illness and thus reduce the stresses they create for the family and the community. they create for the family and the community.

In short, the goal at this level is to prevent In short, the goal at this level is to prevent further break-down and disruption. further break-down and disruption.

Mental Health Services Mental Health Services

Mental health services in a community Mental health services in a community are concerned not only with early are concerned not only with early diagnosis and treatment, but also with diagnosis and treatment, but also with the prevention and promotion of good the prevention and promotion of good mental health and prevention. mental health and prevention.

1)1) Early diagnosis and treatment Early diagnosis and treatment 2)2) Rehabilitation Rehabilitation 3)3) Group and individual psychotherapy Group and individual psychotherapy 4)4) Mental health education Mental health education 5)5) Use of modern psychoactive drugs Use of modern psychoactive drugs 6)6) After-care services. After-care services.

AlcoholismAlcoholism

Alcoholism Alcoholism

Drug abuse: Drug abuse: Self administration of drug for non Self administration of drug for non

medical reasons in quantity and in medical reasons in quantity and in frequency which may impair an frequency which may impair an individual’s ability to function individual’s ability to function effectively.effectively.

Drug dependence:Drug dependence: State of psychic resulting from the State of psychic resulting from the

interaction between living organism interaction between living organism and a drug.and a drug.

Dependence producing drugsDependence producing drugs

1.1. AlcoholAlcohol2.2. OpioidsOpioids3.3. CannabinoidsCannabinoids4.4. HypnoticsHypnotics5.5. CocaineCocaine6.6. CaffeineCaffeine7.7. Hallucinogens Hallucinogens 8.8. Tobacco Tobacco 9.9. Volatile solventsVolatile solvents10.10. Psychoactive substances.Psychoactive substances.

Drugs common in use todayDrugs common in use today

Amphetamine.Amphetamine.Barbiturates.Barbiturates.Cannabis.Cannabis.Heroin.Heroin.LSD.LSD.AlcoholAlcoholTobacco. Tobacco.

symptoms of drug addictionsymptoms of drug addiction Loss of interest in sports.Loss of interest in sports. Loss of appetite.Loss of appetite. Unsteady gait tremors.Unsteady gait tremors. Reddening and puffiness of eyes.Reddening and puffiness of eyes. Slurring speech.Slurring speech. Injection marks.Injection marks. Nausea & vomiting.Nausea & vomiting. Drowsiness, lethargy and sleeplessness.Drowsiness, lethargy and sleeplessness. Perfuse sweating.Perfuse sweating. Changing moodChanging mood Impaired memory.Impaired memory. Presence of needle syringes. Presence of needle syringes.

Factors associated with drug Factors associated with drug abuseabuse

Un employment.Un employment.Living away from home.Living away from home.Migration to city.Migration to city.Loose parental control.Loose parental control.Early exposure to drugs.Early exposure to drugs.Broken homes.Broken homes.Skipping from classesSkipping from classesLarge urban areas.Large urban areas.