Memory Ori

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Memory

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Amygdala : emotional memory andmemory consolidation

Basal ganglia & cerebellum : memory forskills, habits and CC responsesHippocampus : memory recognition,spatial, episodic memory, laying down newdeclarative long-term memoriesThalamus , formation of new memories andworking memoriesCortical Areas : encoding of factualmemories, storage of episodic andsemantic memories, skill learning,priming.

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What is MEMORY ?

Memory – internal record of someprior event or experience; a set of

mental processes that receives,encodes, stores, organizes, alters,and retrieves information overtime

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Memory: The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.

In psychology , memory is an organism'smental ability to store, retain, and recallinformation. it has become one of theprincipal pillars of a branch of science

called cognitive neuroscience , aninterdisciplinary link between cognitivepsychology and neuroscience .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

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Overview of Memory Model

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STAGES AND TYPES.

Encoding or registration (receiving,processing and combining of receivedinformation) The transforming of information so the nervous system canprocess it. – Basically, you use your senses - Hearing,

Sight, Touch, Taste, Temperature, and others – to encode and establish a memory.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_(memory)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_(memory)

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After the information is encoded, it goesthrough the second memory process Storage (creation of a permanent recordof the encoded information) The processby which information is maintained over aperiod of time. – How much information is stored depends on

how much effort was put into encoding the

information and it’s importance. – Information can be stored for a few seconds

or for much longer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_(memory)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_(memory)

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The third process of memory iscalled retrieval!Re trieval , recall or recollection

(calling back the storedinformation in response tosome cue for use in a processor activity)The process of obtaininginformation that has beenstored in memory.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recollection




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Sensory memory

Sensory memory correspondsapproximately to the initial 200 - 500milliseconds after an item is perceived.The ability to look at an item, andremember what it looked like with just asecond of observation, it degraded very

quickly (within a few hundredmilliseconds). This type of memory cannotbe prolonged via rehearsal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond

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Short-termShort-term memory allows recall for a period of severalseconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity isalso very limited Short-Term Memory does notnecessarily involve paying close attention. – Example: You have probably had the experience of listening

to someone only partially and having that person accuse you

of not paying attention. – You deny it, and to prove your innocence, you repeat, wordfor word, the last words he or she said. You can do thisbecause you are holding onto the words in your short-termmemory!

– Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary,""working," or "active" memory , is said to hold a small amount of information for about 20 to 30 seconds.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory

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Sperling’s Experiment

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Maintenance Rehearsal!To keep information in short-term memory for

more than a few seconds , you usually have torepeat the information to your self or out loud.This is what psychologists mean when theymention “maintenance rehearsal.”

A system for remembering that involves repeatinginformation to oneself without attempting to findmeaning in it.

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When you look up a telephone number,you can remember the seven digits long

enough to dial them if you repeat themseveral times. If you are distracted or make a mistake indialing, the chances are that you will haveto look up the number again. It has beenlost from your short-term memory!By using maintenance rehearsal (repeatingthe telephone number over and overagain), you can keep the informationlonger in your short term memory.

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Long-Term Memory!Long term memory refers to the storage of information over extended periods of time.Information is not stored like a piece of paper ina cabinet; it is stored according to categories orfeatures.When you say a friend has a good memory, you

probably mean that he or she can recall a widevariety of information accurately.The capacity of long term memory appears to belimitless.

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The 4 Types of Long-Term Memory1. Semantic Memory: Knowledge of language, including its rules, words, andmeanings.2. Episodic Memory: Memory of one’slife, including time of occurrence.3. Declarative Memory: Memory of knowledge that can be called forthconsciously as needed.4. Procedural Memory: Memory of learned skills that does not requireconscious recollection.

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Overview of LTM

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Varieties of LTMTwo types of LTM – Semantic memory refers to factual

information – Episodic memory refers toautobiographical information as to whereand when an event happened

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Retrieving InformationThe problem of memory is to store manythousands of items in such a way that you canfind the one you need when you need it.The solution to retrieval is organization.

Because human memory is extraordinarilyefficient, it must be extremely well organized.Psychologists do not yet know how it is

organized, but they are studying the process of retrieval for clues.

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Recognition

The process of recognition provides insight intoho Recognition w information is stored inmemory.We can recognize the sound of a particularmusical instrument no matter what tune is beingplayed on it.This pattern of recognition indicates that a singleitem of information may be indexed underseveral headings so that it can be reached in

many ways.Recognition: Memory retrieval in which aperson identifies an object, idea, or situation asone he or she has experienced before.

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Recall

Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructspreviously learned material.Recall involves more than searching for and

finding pieces of information.It involves a person’s knowledge, attitudes, andexpectations.Schemas: Conceptual frameworks a person

uses to make sense of the world. – In other words, they are sets of expectations aboutsomething that is based on our past experience

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Photographic Memory

About 5 percent of all children do not seem toreconstruct memories actively.They have what is called eidetic memory!

Eidetic memory: The ability to remember withgreat accuracy visual information on the basis of short term exposure. – This is a form of photographic memory is shared by

few adults. – Children with this memory can recall very specific

details from a picture, a page, or scene that is brieflyviewed.

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Photographic memory in adults isextremely rare.It involves the ability to form sharpvisual images after examining a

picture or page for a short time andthen recalling the entire image later.Many people dispute that

Photographic memory in adults evenexists.What do you think?

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ForgettingForgetting (retention loss) refers to the apparent lossof information already encoded and stored in anindividual's long term memory”.

Everyone experiences a failure of memory from time totime.

You are sure you have seen that person before butcannot remember exactly where.

You have the word on the tip of your tongue, but…

When information that once entered long-term memoryis unable to be retrieved, it is said to be forgotten.The process of forgetting involves decay, interference, orrepression.

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Some inputs into your memory may fade away,or decay, over time.

Decay: Fading away of memory over time.Short-term memory, as we have talked about,can decay quickly in sensory storage if nottransferred to long-term memory. It is notcertain, however, whether long-term memorycan decay.We know that a blow to the head or electrical

stimulation to certain parts of the brain cancause the decay or loss of memory, but thememories lost are the most recent ones; oldermemories seem to remain.

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Yet, what happens to memories that welose after time that have not decayed? Inother words, what happens to thememories that we seem to lose…buteventually get back?

Interference or repression causes you tolose track of them!Interference: Blockage of a memory byprevious or subsequent memories.

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Repression

Intentionally blocking information with anew, “happier,” thought in an attempt toblock it out.

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Forgetting

There are 2 types of blocking; proactiveand retroactive.Proactive Interference: an earlier memoryblocks you from remembering related newinformation.Retroactive Interference: A later memoryor new information blocks you fromremembering information learned earlier.

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ExamplesSuppose you move to a new home.

You now have to remember a new address andphone number.

At first you may have trouble remembering thembecause the memory of your old address andphone number gets in the way (proactiveinterference).Later, you know the new information but have

trouble remembering the old date (retroactiveinterference).This can also help to explain how somememories are repressed and some are saved.

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Amnesia

Amnesia: is the loss of memory that mayoccur after a blow to the head or as aresult of brain damage.

Amnesia may also be the result of druguse or severe psychological stress.

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Ways to Improve Memory

Knowledge of Results: Feedback allowing you tocheck your progressRecitation: Summarizing aloud while you arerehearsing materialRehearsal: Reviewing information mentally(silently)Selection: Selecting most important concepts to

memorizeOrganization: Organizing difficult items intochunks; a type of reordering

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Ways to Improve MemoryContinued

Whole Learning: Studying an entirepackage of information at once, like apoemPart Learning: Studying subparts of alarger body of information (like textchapters)Progressive Part Learning: Breakinglearning task into a series of short sections

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Practice Makes Perfect:

Spaced Practice: Alternating studysessions with brief rest periodsLack of sleep decreases retention; sleepaids consolidationHunger decreases retentionCognitive Interview: Technique used toimprove memories of eyewitnesses

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Memory “Tricks”

Any kind of memory system or aid – Use mental pictures – Make things meaningful – Make information familiar – Form bizarre, unusual or exaggerated mental

associations

Keyword Method: Memory aid; using afamiliar word or image to link two items

Documents

Memory Ori