MemoryMemory

Memory: persistence of learning Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and over time via the storage and retrieval of information.retrieval of information.

Gives us our sense of self and Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences.connects us to past experiences.

Vivid MemoriesVivid MemoriesFlashbulb Memories:Flashbulb Memories:

clear memory of an clear memory of an emotionally significant emotionally significant event or moment. event or moment.

Usually personally Usually personally meaningful or meaningful or historically significant. historically significant. 911911OJOJ

Memory as Information Memory as Information ProcessingProcessing

Memory is similar to a computer (write to file, save to disk, read from disk).

3 Basic Steps to Memory: 1. Encoding: getting information into the

memory system.• File Cabinet• Needs to be organized

2. Storage: the retention of the encoded information over time.

3. Retrieval: process of getting information out of the memory system.

Three Stage Processing Model Three Stage Processing Model of Memoryof Memory

Stage One: The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as sensory memory.

Stage Two: sensory memories are processed into short term memory your activated memory which can only hold a minimal amount of information.

Stage Three: short term memories are encoded into long-term memory, the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse from which we retrieve.

Concept of Working MemoryConcept of Working Memory

Working Memory: similar to short-term memory but focuses more on manipulation of information.

Working Memory and Short-Term Memory are both quite limited in capacity and duration.

You can only hold so much information in your working memory at one given time.

Magic Number tends to be 7 +/- 2..

Process of Encoding: 2 Process of Encoding: 2 TypesTypes

Encoding

Effortful Automatic

Types of EncodingTypes of EncodingAutomatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidental informationspacetimefrequency

well-learned informationword meanings

we can learn automatic processingreading backwards

Automatic Processing: Automatic Processing: Reading BackwardsReading Backwards

Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice becomes automatic.

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Automatic processing allows us to do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing.

Effortful ProcessingEffortful Processing

Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc.

Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories.

King of Memory Experiments King of Memory Experiments is Hermann Ebbinghausis Hermann Ebbinghaus

Wanted to research capacity of verbal memory.

Looked to study to see capacity of peoples’ memories to study strings of non-sense syllables.

Ex: JIH, FUB, YOX, XIR,

General Findings General Findings

1. Next in Line Effect- don’t concentrate/remember when you know you are going to have to speak next

2. Info right before we sleep is not remembered

3. Taped info is not remembered

Findings of EbbinghausFindings of Ebbinghaus4. Practice makes perfect. The more rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn the syllables again on day 2. Over learning increased retention.

5. The Spacing Effect: the tendency for studying over a long period of time produces better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. SPACED STUDYING BEATS CRAMMING!!!

Findings of EbbinghausFindings of Ebbinghaus6. Serial Position Effect: our tendency

to recall best the last and first items in a list. Ex: Presidents

Types of EncodingTypes of EncodingSemantic Encoding: encoding of

meaning, including the meaning of words…yields best memory.

Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words….usually the least effective.“ if the glove doesn’t fit , you must

acquit” Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture

images.Self Reference Effect- do better on on

things we relate back to ourselves

Example Example 1. Is the word in capital letters?

Visual2. Does the word rhyme with train?

Acoustic 3. Would the word GUN fit in this

sentence. The girl put the ___ on the table

Semantic

Types of EncodingTypes of Encoding

Encoding ImageryEncoding ImageryImagery: creating mental pictures,

helps effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Recall of events is often colored by highest joys and lowest lows of events…usually remember events differently than you evaluated them at the time.

Mneumonics: memory aids, often use vivid imagery and organizational devices. .

Organizing Information for Organizing Information for EncodingEncoding

Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable

unitslike horizontal organization- 1776149218121941

1776 1492 1812 1941Phone numbers

often occurs automaticallyuse of acronyms

HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, SuperiorA way to get over the 7 +/- 2 rule

Process of Chunking: Process of Chunking: Organized Information is Organized Information is More Easily RememberedMore Easily Remembered

Hierarchies Hierarchies Organized info. is remembered

bettercomplex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

Encoding(automatic or effortful)

Imagery(visualEncoding)

Meaning(semanticEncoding)

Organization

Chunks Hierarchies

Memory Demo 1 Memory Demo 1

ZIN ZIN

LTD LTD

VEX VEX

KZF KZF

ABCABC

QBJ QBJ

CUGCUG

WCF WCF

CXK CXK

TAJ TAJ

PSK PSK

THR THR

DAZ DAZ

PBSPBS

BNK BNK

BIP BIP

Demo 2 Demo 2

Bed Quilt D ark Silence Bed Quilt D ark Silence Fatigue Clock Snoring Night Fatigue Clock Snoring Night Toss Tired Night Toss Tired Toss Tired Night Toss Tired Night artichoke Turn Night Night artichoke Turn Night Rest Dream Rest Dream