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Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

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Page 1: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

Membrane technology for environmental improvement

Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004

J. Gilron,

Institutes for Applied Research

Page 2: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 2

Lecture outline

• Principles of membrane separations - flux, selectivity concepts

• Survey of pressure driven water processes - applications

• Electrodialysis process - application

Page 3: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 3

: של למטרות הפרדות

מים. 1 טיהוראויר. 2 טיהורבשפכים. 3 טיפולייצור. 4

ההפרדה להיות צריכה טובה ?כמה ? איתה לעשות מה פסולת זרם יש ?האם

? תופס מקום כמה ההפרדה צורכת אנרגיה כמה?הציוד

Page 4: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 4

ממברנלית הפרדה של עקרון

Feed side, 1

Permeate Side, 2

A

B

B

BB

A

AA R

FJ

R

FJ ,

שטף משואתדרך

ממברנה:

מניע כח

אותו של למעבר הממברנה התנגדותמרכיב

Page 5: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 5

פולימריים של כימיה

• או – גמיש השרשרת מבנה?קשיח

• מתחברות קבוצות(pendant groups ) – ? לא או פולריים? לא או הידרופילי

קטנים או ?גדולים

Page 6: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 6

ממברנות של מבנה

Page 7: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 7

אסימטריות ממברנות

Page 8: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 8

Mechanisms of selectivity

• Size - sieving• Charge• chemical affinity - eg

hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity• hydration-dehydration of ions• dielectric effects

Page 9: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 9

Membrane properties of importance, pressure driven processes

• Average pore size

• Pore size distribution - wide? Narrow?

• Porosity

• Membrane thickness

• hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity of surface, matrix

• surface roughness

Page 10: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 10

ממברנות של יתרונות

ההפרדה • חדות• ” שינוי ) אין כ בד נמוכה יותר אנרגיה בעלות הפרדה

(פאזותמתונים • ובתנאים הזרם חימום בלי הפרדותרציף • תהליך מאפשרמודולרי - • מאוד לגמלון וגמיש קל• ” הממברנה תכונות שינוי י ע ההפרדה גיווןכימיקלים • בתוספת צורך איןלהכלאה • ניתן

ממברנות של מגרעותואילוח • ריכוזים קיטובבתעשיה • ממברנה של חיים אורך

Page 11: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 11

Comparison of membrane module geometries

Tubular Capillary Plate-and-FrameSpiral Wound

Characteristic flow diameter, mm 4 - 35 0.5-1.5 0.5 - 1 0.5 - 1Cost/Area High Low High LowMembrane replacemeetn High Moderate Low Moderate/lowFlux, L/M2h Good Good Low LowPacking density, m2/m3 poor excellent Good/fair GoodHoldup volume High low medium mediumEnergy consumption high low medium mediumFouling Resistance Excellent Good/fair Good/fair MediumCIP Excellent Good Fair/poor Fair/poorTable 10.9 in Ch. 10 Ultrafiltration, Water Treatment, Membrane Processes, Maillevialle, J. et al., McGraw-Hill 1996.

Page 12: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 12

MembraneFeed-water

QF

CF

PermeateQP

CP

ConcentrateQcCc

P

QF = QP + QcQF*CF = QP*CP + Qc*CcRecovery = (QP/QF)*100 [%]Rejection = (1-CP/CF)*100 [%]

מאזני חומר בתהליך מונע לחץ

76עמוד

Page 13: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 13

(recovery , stage cut )יחס השבה

Qf , Qr

Qp

f

p

Q

QY or

Page 14: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 14

שבר של מרכיב המוצר : ( YIELDניצולת )שמושב בזרם המוצר

ff

streamprodiii QC

QCY

Page 15: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 15

Each unit operation

• Principle of operation• Flux equation and selectivity• Materials and modules usually used• Applications at least one:

– description of feed, concentrate and permeate

– Operating costs, energy, area required

• RO, NF, ED, UF/MF, PV

Page 16: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 16

1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 pascal = 100 Kpa = 14.5 psi

A = angstrom = 10-4 m = 10-10 m Typical size of materials separatedPollen 100 mStarch 10 mBacteria 1 mVirus 0.05 mAlbumin 100 AGlucose 10 ANa+, Cl- 1 A

78עמוד

Page 17: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 17

Membrane processes

Process DrivingForce

Typical Flux Separation mechanism

MF Pressure(0.1-3 bar)

100 – 1000 L/M2-Hr Size

UF Pressure(0.35 – 5bar)

30 – 300 L/M2-Hr Size

NF Pressure(6-10 bar)

20 – 150 L/M2-Hr Solution/ diffusion/hydration

RO Pressure (7– 70 bar)

10 – 35 L/M2-Hr Solution/ diffusion/hydration

ED Electrical(1-2 V/CP)

10 – 50 mA/cm2 Charge

Page 18: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 18

Osmosis Equilibrium Reverse osmosis

P < o P = o Pa > o

Osmotic pressure Applied

Pressure P o Pa

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline

אוסמוזה ואוסמוזה הפוכה

77עמוד

Page 19: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 19

תהליכים של שטף משואותממברנליים

PR

Jwm

1)( 2,1, SsS CCBJ RO,

NF

mV R

PJ

MF, UF 2

8

rRm

)( 2,1, iii PPSDJ GS, PV

CPion R

E

FJ

1ED

Page 20: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 20

לסלקטיביות :ביטויים

• Liquid separations (RO, NF)

R = 1 - Cp/Cf

• Liquid separations (UF/MF)

• Gas separations and pervaporation

• Electrodialysis

tj = Ij/It

B

A

P

Por

/

/

BA

BA

xx

yy

ismsmicroorganor particles ofion concentrat theis C wherelogp

f

C

CLRV

Page 21: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 21

לחץ מונעי במים הפרדה תהליכי

Page 22: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 22

RO/NF

• Membranes: – RO – polyamide (TFC), cellulose acetate (asymmetric)– NF – same, + polypiperazine, PVA

• Modules: – RO – SW, PF (special)– NF – SW, PF (special), HF (new development)

• Selectivities:– R(NaCl) = >98% RO, 20-90% (NF)– R(divalent)- >99% RO, >95% (NF)– MWCO – 200 -1000 (NF)

Page 23: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 23

RO – NF -יישומיםRO APPLICATIONS

Purpose Solvent SoluteDrinking waterDesalination Purification Water salt seawater, brackish water as propuct

Highly pure waterBoiler feed water Purification Water Si, Fe, other saltsSemi-conductor industry Purification Water all solutes

FoodDairy Concentration of milk Water protein, salts, lactoseBeverage Improve/uniform water qualityWater salts, organicsCorn Steep Liquor COD removal Water COD

NF ApplicationsDrinking water Softening Water hardness, other heavy metals Organics removal Water THM

Manufacturing Product Recovery Dye recovery Desalting and concentrationWater+salt Pharmaceuticals Desalting Water+salt

Concentration Solvent product

Page 24: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 24

אלקטרודיאליזה

• Ion exchange membranes – AEM quaternary amines, CEM – carboxylates, sulfonates

• Plate and frame stacks

Page 25: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 25

Product water

BrineAnode

Cathode

CationPermeablemembrane permeable

membrane

Saline feed water

+ + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - -

A A AC C C

אלקטרו-דיאליזה

AnionCation

77עמוד

Page 26: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 26

תהליכים של שטף משואותממברנליים

PR

Jwm

1)( 2,1, SsS CCBJ RO,

NF

mV R

PJ

MF, UF 2

8

rRm

)( 2,1, iii PPSDJ GS, PV

CPion R

E

FJ

1ED

Page 27: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 27

לסלקטיביות :ביטויים

• Liquid separations (RO, NF)

R = 1 - Cp/Cf

• Liquid separations (UF/MF)

• Gas separations and pervaporation

• Electrodialysis

tj = Ij/It

B

A

P

Por

/

/

BA

BA

xx

yy

ismsmicroorganor particles ofion concentrat theis C wherelogp

f

C

CLRV

Page 28: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 28

אלקטרודיאליזה , המשך

Pump: 0.5 - 1.1 kWh/m3 product waterMembrane stack: 0.7 kWh/m3 - product water/ 1000 mg/L TDS removedPower losses: about 5% of total energy used

Suffolk Virginia

Capacity, m3/day 10,785Recovery 95%TDS feed 563Fluoride, feed 4.77 exceeds maximum permittedTDS productTDS concentratePretreatment cartridge filtersInstalled 1990Operating Costs: 0.26 $/m3 product

Page 29: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 29

אנרגיה סגולית של תהליךrateproduction

PowerEsp

• Pressure driven processes (filtration)

• Electrically driven process

recycle) (no

rate production

Y

P

Q

QPE

QQPPower

p

fsp

pf

recycle) (no

rate production

Dsp

D

Q

IE

QIPower

Page 30: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 30

Comparison of RO and EDR

Issue RO EDR

Removal of nonionic contaminants + -Susceptibility to fouling - +Extent of pretreatment - +Recovery +Energy efficiency on highly saline feeds + -Availability of many vendors - price competition + -

+ means preferred process with respect to this issue

Page 31: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 31

Desalination technologies: Relative advantages/disadvantages

Process Driving Force

Energy source Energy cost, kwh/m3

Typical recoveries

Scale Quality

RO P Electric, solar 0.25 - 1.85 75-85% small - large 100-400 ppm

ED Electric, solar

0.7 kwh/m3 + 0.4-1 kwh/kg salt 85 - 97% small - medium 50-400 ppm

Thermal Fossile fuel, waste heat , solar

MSF 2.38 - 3.96 50%-75% large <50 ppm

MED 0.75 - 1.75 50%-75%

Medium- large (5000 m3/d multiples) <50 ppm

VCF 8.2 - 12.3 50%-75% small-medium <50 ppm

Page 32: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 32

לחץ מונעי במים הפרדה תהליכי

Page 33: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 33

, מיקרופילטרציה - UFאולטרה-פילטרציה MF

• Membrane materials – polysulfone, PVDF, PAN, polyolefins, ceramics

• Membrane structure – asymmetric (UF), asymmetric or symmetric (MF)

• Module geometries – HF (0.8 – 1.1 mm ID), SW, P&F• Operational modes – deadend or semi-deadend (drinking

water, MBR), crossflow (process)• Applications – bioseparations - cell harvesting (MF),

protein concentration and purification (UF), dye and textile reagent recovery,

• food processing – whey protein concentrate (UF), clarification and cold sterilization of beverages (MF

Page 34: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 34

תהליכים של שטף משואותממברנליים

PR

Jwm

1)( 2,1, SsS CCBJ RO,

NF

mV R

PJ

MF, UF 2

8

rRm

)( 2,1, iii PPSDJ GS, PV

CPion R

E

FJ

1ED

Page 35: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 35

לסלקטיביות :ביטויים

• Liquid separations (RO, NF)

R = 1 - Cp/Cf

• Liquid separations (UF/MF)

• Gas separations and pervaporation

• Electrodialysis

tj = Ij/It

B

A

P

Por

/

/

BA

BA

xx

yy

ismsmicroorganor particles ofion concentrat theis C wherelogp

f

C

CLRV

Page 36: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 36

שתיה – מזהמים : מי

•: אורגניזמים- , מיקרו מ ציסטות פרוטוזואהחיידקים ) , ' וירוסים) קריפטוספורידיום יררדיה ג

•DBP – - חומרים סילוק מחיטוי לואי תוצריהומיות – חומצות אורגניים

נדיפים • אורגניים חומריםהדברה • חומריכבדות • מתכותמלחים•

Page 37: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 37

במים לטיפול תהליך בחירת

From National Drinking Water Clearinghouse

Page 38: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 38

From National Drinking Water Clearinghouse

Page 39: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 39

שהם המזהם לפי תהליכים סיווגמסלקים

Type of Target Pollutant Candidate ProcessesVolatile compounds PervaporationSalinity, nitrates RO, ED/EDRHardness, heavy metals RO, ED, NFSpecific organic compounds, natural organic matter (NOM)

NF, AC-UF, Coagulation-MF, membrane bioreactor (MBR)

microbial contaminants, viruses UF, coagulation-MFMicrobial contaminants, SS UF, MF

Page 40: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 40

Applications of membrane processesProcess Water Treatment application

MF Girardia removal, some bacteria partial virus, pretreatment

UF Microorganisms, viruses, oil, marcomolecules, pretreatment

NF Softening, ion and heavy metal removal , partial desalting, THM, DBP removal

RO Desalination ,

ED Nitrate removal, desalting of moderate salty soln

PV Water/organics, volatiles from water

Membrane contactor Hydrocarbons, metals from water

Gas Sep Sour gases, vapor from air

Page 41: Membrane technology for environmental improvement Environmental Sciences, Winter-spring 2003/2004 J. Gilron, Institutes for Applied Research

סתיו תשנ"ד 41

Heavy metal containing stream

Precipitation

Metalppt.

PermeateWater

Microfiltration

Surfactant /Polymer Recycle

Surfactant orPolymeric

Chelates AddedPermeate

Water

BreakComplex

Metals

Ultrafiltration

Dilute Waste;

Waste Containing High NaCl,or Metal Chelate Permeate Containing

High NaCl

Conc. MetalNanofiltration

RO Conc. Metals

Permeate for Recycle

Functionalized Sorbent

Recovered Solid or Liquid by Regeneration

High Quality Permeate

ED

Ion Free Water

Concentrated Metals

Various Membrane-Based Processing Schemes for Metal Recovery and Water ReuseFrom D.B.Bhattacharyya et al., 1999. Eng Foundation Conference.