Technion - Israel Institute of TechnologyGrand Water Research InstituteRabin Desalination LaboratoryRabin Desalination Laboratory

Chemical Engineering Department

Membrane Processes for Desalination and Water Reuseand Water Reuse

Raphael Semiat

McDonnell International Scholars Academy2nd International Symposium of Energy and Environment

December 8 - 10, 2008

1

December 8 10, 2008Island Shangri-La Hong Kong

Water deficiency 2004

1 5B 3B1.5B 3B2004 2025

2004 2025

2Source: Seckler et al, 2002

Related DocumentsDriving Forces for Water R&D

Need for WaterRelated DocumentsNeed for Water

Global need, Industry, Agriculture, Remote L ti D tifi ti EtLocations, Desertification, Etc.

Cost Difference - (Industry/Urban - Agriculture)

C t Diff (Th l P M b P )Cost Difference - (Thermal Processes - Membrane Processes)

Technologies for Export

3 3RDL GWRI Technion

Desalination SitesPILOT PLANTS

NAHAL TANINIM (1997)

RO DESALINATION PLANTSFOR WATER QUALITYIMPROVEMENT

MIZPE SHALEM (1983) Large plants:

Haifa

NAHAL TANINIM (1997) BRACKISH (SURFACE) WATER

ASHDOD (1988) MEDITERRANEAN SEA

EILAT (1994)RED SEA

( )50 m3/day

EIN BOKEK (1988) 50 m 3/day

NEVE ZOHAR (1986) 50 m3 /day

NEOT HAKIKAR (1982)

g p

600Mm3/y by 2013

750 Mm3/y by 2020

Tel AvivJerusalem

CeasareaRO DESALINATION PLANTS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

KFAR DAROM (1989) 50 m3/day

NEOT HAKIKAR (1982) 50 m 3/day

EIDAN (1983) 50 m 3/day

EIN YAHAV (1992) 50 m 3/day

750 Mm /y by 2020

Hadera (100+)

A hd d (100) Ashdod

BeerSheva

NAHAL MORAG (1991) 50 m3/day

BEER ORA (1983)50 m3/day

EILOT (1986)

LOTAN (1983) 50 m 3/day

YAHEL (1979) 50 m3/day

KTURA (1983)

Ashdod (100)

Palmahim (30)EILOT (1986)

50 m3/day

RO DESALINATION PLANTS FOR WATER SUPPLY

KTURA (1983) 50 m3/day

GROFIT (1974) 50 m3/day

YOTVATA (1973) 50 m3/day

Brackish inland (50)

Ashkelon (100)MAAGAN MICHAEL (1994)

1,200 m3/day

BW - SABHA "A" (1978) 25,500 m 3/day

BW - SABHA "B" (1993) 10,000 m 3/day

MAALE SHACHARUT (1985) 50 m 3/day

ELIPAZ (1983) 50 m3/day

SAMAR (1979)

Ktziot (3)Tenders ‐ BOOT projects for 

4

EilatSW - SABHA "C" (1997)

10,000 m 3/day

( )50 m3/day

SDE UVDA 1 (1979) 250 m3/day (RESERV.)

SDE UVDA 2 (1980) 500 m3/day (RESERV.) 4

25 years

Eilat PlantsEilat Plants

Sabha A: 25,500m3/day BWSabha B: 10,000 BWSabha C: 10,000 SW

5 5RDL GWRI Technion

cent/m3 - feed water Initial Design Actual Design Changes%

Investment 4.0 2.6 -35.0%Ch i l 5 8 2 4 58 6%Chemicals 5.8 2.4 -58.6% - HCl 2.96 1.85 -37.5% - NaHSO3 1.16 -100.0% - FeCl3 0.70 0.34 -51.7% - NaOCl 0.99 0.22 -78.1%

Operational Experience:

10.0

- NaOCl

- FeCl3

N HSO3

9.8-78.1%-51.7%

100%C

Experience:

Saving on chemicals

7.0

8.0

9.0 - NaHSO3

- HCl

5.8

-100%

-37.5%HEMICAL

chemicals.

Eilat plants

4 0

5.0

6.0

/m3 -

feed

wat

er

2 4

5.0

-58.6%

IN

LS

4.02.6

2.0

3.0

4.0

cent

/ 2.4

-35.0%

NVESTMEN

Initial Design Actual Design0.0

1.0

Initial Design Actual Design

T

7

AshkelonPlant

8

100,000.000 M3/year

Reverse Osmosis  ‐Membrane Desalination

10RDL GWRI Technion Picometer 10-12 m Femtometer 10-15m …

Significant membrane propertiesMain Characteristic properties:p p

Selectivity

PermeabilityMembrane thickness,

P bilit j tiPermeability

Mechanical stability (creep and compaction)

h i l bili ( d l i bili

Permeability, rejection,

Size, size distribution

Anti fouling treatmentChemical Stability (Hydrolytic stability,

Organic material stability, pH,

Anti-fouling treatment

Catalitic reactivity.

Microbial resistance, Cl2 attack, etc.

•Surface anti-fouling properties(Phtalates, cellulose acetate, Chlorine in water, NaOH in cleaning,

I iti l fl d ti d d t i l dInitial fluxes reduction, suspended materials and precipitants (CaCO3, CaSO4, SiO2, CaF2, SrSO4, BaSO4, etc.) RDL GWRI Technion

Expensive product, 50/50 mm. A tool for production of the cheapest product on Earth, 5-6 m2

The RO cellulose acetate asymmetric membrane developed Loeb-Sourirajan in the middle 60. The thickness of the active layer is reduced since while improvement of surface properties.

12

Spiral Wound MembranesMembranes

membranes thickness-

200 nm and down200 nm and down.

Holes size and size distribution, membrane ,

properties

13RDL GWRI Technion

Bio-Fouling

14 RDL GWRI Technion

Man made polluted waters: Industrial, agriculture and urban effluents

StrainingModern Sewage Treatment

Secondarytreatment

Sludge/ solids treatment

Adsorptiontreatment

Micro/Ultra-FiltrationMBR

Energy Compost

15

Reverse-Osmosis or Nano-FiltrationConcentrate disposal

Polishing

RDL GWRI Technion

16 RDL GWRI Technion

Prof. Moris eizen

17

Performance of new membranes

50Rejection of CaCl2 0.1% by different membranes

20

30

40

ejec

tion

(%)

0

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Re

membrane type

18

Module view and sampling

Prof Carlos DozoretzProf. Carlos Dozoretz

3 2 1

7 6 5

9

4

1011 8

12131415

19

161718

Energy usage in Desalination ‐ comparisonSubject \ Fuel Gas Gasoil Heavy fuel CoalSubject  \  Fuel Gas Gasoil Heavy fuel Coal

Caloric value Kcal/Kg fuel 9000 10750 10000 7700Caloric Value Kwht/Kg fuel 10.5 12.5 11.6 9Electricity production (45% eff.)Electricity production  (45% eff.) Kwhe/Kg fuel large Power station 4.7 5.6 5.2 4Electricity production (80% eff.) High efficiency gas turbineHigh efficiency gas turbine Kwh/Kg fuel 8.4Capacity ‐ Seawater Desal (50% Recovery) m3/ kg fuel 1 3 1 6 1 5 1 2Recovery) m3/ kg fuel 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.2

80% efficiency 2.4Fuel consumption/ ton Desalinated water Kg fuel /m3 0 7 0 6 0 7 0 9Desalinated  water Kg fuel /m3 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9

80% efficiency 0.4How many km can I drive with 1 m3 Desal water fuel consumption? 2 7 2 6m3 Desal water fuel consumption? 2‐7   2‐6How many hours of AC ‐ single room (2.5 Kw‐h) can I operate? 1.4

Household Energy ConsumptionElectricity, transportation and desalinated water…

A small family, consumes water at a rate of 18 m3/month, 1200 KWh f l i i / h D i 1500 k / h1200 KWh of electricity /month, Drives 1500 km/month, consumes 

160 liter gasoil/monthEnergy consumption assuming only desalinated seawater used ‐

140 KWh/ th (f l l )140 KWh/month (fuel value)Energy consumption ‐ driving a car ‐ 1500 KWh/month (fuel value)Energy consumption ‐ electricity ‐ 1200/0.45=2667 KWh/month 

(f l l )(fuel value)

Energy for desalination/ energy for transportation ‐ 9.3%gy gy pEnergy for desalination/ energy for electricity ‐ 2.6%Energy for desalination/ total energy consumption ‐ 3.4%Can we save 3 4% in our household energy consumption?Can we save 3.4% in our household energy consumption?Where we should put our energy for use? In water? In high energy 

consuming cars? In overused  AC? 

Desalination and proper water usagep p gOther costs should be included 

besides Energybesides Energy• Cost of water in negligible for regular household

• Cost of water is tolerable for most industries

• Cost of water is significant in agricultureCost of water is significant in agricultureMake better usage of water:

– Use of greenhousesUse of greenhouses

– Use Drip‐Irrigation – save 30‐90% of water consumption by other irrigation techniques – reduceconsumption by other irrigation techniques  reduce the cost problem

Pushing the Limits of DesalinationR d ti f RO d li ti tReduction of RO desalination process costs

Main directions for reducing desalination costsM b iMembrane improvement

Permeability, rejection, resistance to foulingConcentration polarization - FlowConcentration polarization - Flow

Improvement of membrane modulesFouling and scaling preventiong g p

Optimization of the water recovery levelThe boron problem

Pretreatment – MF, UF etc.Energy aspects

Concentrates Environmental23

Concentrates - EnvironmentalProcess optimization RDL GWRI Technion