Which of the above elements are gases at 350°C? Which of the above elements will undergo a phase change

when the temperature increases from -50°C to 100°C? Which of the above elements have the greatest boiling

point? Which of the above elements have the lowest boiling point? Which of the above elements are liquids at 0°C?

Substances Melting Point °C Boiling Point °C

Astatine 302 337

Sulfur 112 444

Cesium 28 678

Bromine -7 58

Mercury -38 356

Chlorine -100 -34

MATTER & CHANGE Chapter 1

MATTER Anything that takes

up space and has mass. All matter – living, non-

living, natural, and artificial – has a chemical basis.

Atom – The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of the element.

Element – A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler forms and is made of one type of atom.

Compound – a pure substance that can be broken down into simpler stable substances – made of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.

PresenterPresentation NotesMatter does not have to be visible; may be made of particles that we cannot see.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER A physical property of matter is a quality of condition that can

be observed or measured without changing what the item is made of.

A chemical property of matter is a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.

States of Matter Solid – definite volume, definite shape Liquid – definite volume, no definite shape Gas – no definite volume, no definite shape Plasma – no definite volume, no definite shape

PresenterPresentation NotesPhysical Properties: color, boiling point, odor, solubility, mass, density, state of matter, volume, amount of energy, ability to conduct electricity, transfer of heat – ALL DESCRIPTIONS

Chemical Properties: rusting, fermenting, burning, sprouting, decaying, growing, decomposing, corroding, combusting, oxidizing, tranishing

Solid: Cannot compress, tightly packed, strong attractive forces, rigid, fixed positions, vibrateLiquid: Takes the shape of container, flows rapidly, always touching close together but not tight, strong attractive forces, particles can slide past each other, cannot compressGas: takes the shape and volume of container, flows very rapidly, spaced very far apart, low/no attractive forces, easily compressedVapor: usually a solid or liquid at room temperature and acts similar to a gas, except a vapor tends to condense more quickly than a gas into the liquid state under smaller changes of temperature and/or pressure. Water Vapor no water gasPlasma: high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons. Can be found in fluorescent light bulbs.

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGE A change in a substance that does not involve a

change in the identity of the substance. Cutting, grinding, bending, dissolving, boiling,

melting, freezing, breaking, crushing

A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances, also known as a chemical reaction. Reactants Products Reactants are the substances that react in a chemical

change Products are the substances that are formed by the

chemical change 5 indicators of chemical change: color change, odor change,

production of gas, production of solid, temperature change

PresenterPresentation NotesReactants ProductsStart of the reaction (produces – connects reactants to products) End of the reaction

Chemical Change:Leaves changing in the fall, rotting food, burning, bubbles being produced, cloudy, precipitate forming

CONSERVATION OF MASS & ENERGY When a chemical or physical change happens,

both mass and energy are conserved.

What does that mean??? The amount of matter before a reaction equals the

amount of matter after a reaction. Mass is neither created nor destroyed, just

rearranged!

Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a reactions, just changed! Light energy Heat Energy

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PRACTICE

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

A pure substance is an element or a compound. They have fixed & uniform compositions. Examples: Element: Copper (Cu) Compound: Quartz (SiO2) (A compound is a chemical combination of 2 or more elements)

A mixture is a physical blend of two or more substances which retain their own identity.

Heterogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture

Not evenly mixed Particles not uniformly distributed The particles keep their properties. Each sample of the mixture will be different. (not

uniform) Easily separated

oil, water & beads Salt and pepper

Concrete

Particles are evenly mixed completely uniform throughout Each sample of the mixture is exactly the same. Can be separated, but more work also called a solution (note: solutions can be

either gas, liquid, or solid)

metal alloys:

Air Windex Gatorade

A mixture can be separated by physically: Magnets, filter, distillation, evaporation,

vaporization, chromatography

CREATE A FLOW CHART TO HELP CLASSIFY MATTER Key words to have in your flow chart: Mixture, Matter, Pure Substance, Heterogeneous, Element, Homogenous, Compound

PRACTICE CLASSIFYING MATTER

PERIODIC TABLE The key to understanding chemistry

The Periodic Table is the organization of known elements.

The current Periodic Table was organized by Henry Moseley.

Page 17 Figure 12

Rows are known as PERIODS - arranged by increasing atomic #

1

3

4

5

6

7

2

Columns are known as GROUPS

1A

15A

18A

16A 17A

3B

2A 13A 14A

4B 12B 8B 11B 5B 6B 7B 9B 10B

Columns are known as GROUPS

1A

5A

0

8A

6A 7A

3B

2A 3A 4A

4B 2B 8B

1B 5B 6B 7B

elements in each group have similar physical & chemical properties

Representative Elements: 1a-8a (1,2 & 13-18) represent all types of elements (S, L, & gas)

Transition elements: 1b-8b (3-12) As you move from left to right across the middle of

the table the elements transition from metals to nonmetals.

Inner Transition Metals: 2 rows at bottom Rare earth metals & those not found in nature (man-

made)

PERIODIC TABLE

80% of all elements, left side of Periodic Table

Physical Characteristics Shiny—metallic luster Malleable—able to be hammered, rolled, dented into thin

sheets Ductile—able to be stretched into fine wires Tensile strength—able to resist breaking Most are solid at room temperature (except mercury) Good conductors of electricity and heat

20% of elements, right side of Periodic Table

Characteristics Brittle Gases, except liquid bromine, solid iodine, sulfur selenium,

phosphorus and carbon Poor conductors of electricity and heat HYDROGEN is a nonmetal

properties of both metals & non metals border both sides of the “stair stepping line” on the

Periodic Table

Characteristics Solids Semiconductors of electricity Used in desktop computers, digital watches, television and

radios

Slide Number 1Matter & ChangeMatterProperties of MatterPhysical & Chemical ChangeConservation of Mass & EnergyPhysical & Chemical PracticeClassification of MatterPure SubstancesMixturesHeterogeneous MixtureHeterogeneous Mixture ExamplesHomogeneous MixtureHomogeneous Mixture ExamplesMixturesCreate a Flow Chart to help classify matterSlide Number 17Practice Classifying MatterPeriodic TableSlide Number 20The Periodic TableSlide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Groups or FamiliesPeriodic TableMetalsNonmetalsMetalloids