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Why are more companies staying private?
Meeting of SEC Advisory Committee on
small and emerging companies
15 February 2017
Page 1
Public listings are on the decline since mid-1990s
• The number of public companies has decreased by more than 50% since the 1996 peak. This
decline is mainly due to M&A activity among public companies and delistings for cause
(noncompliance) offset by IPO activity.
• Over this period, very few companies voluntarily went private.
• Delistings for cause have decreased since 2005 which suggests that higher listing requirements and
SOX reforms have had an effect on the quality and sustainability of listed companies.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Ye
ar
1975
1976-1
98
5IP
Os
1976-1
98
5M
erg
ers
1976-1
98
5C
ause
1976-1
98
5V
olu
nta
ry
Ye
ar
1985
1986-1
99
5IP
Os
1986-1
99
5M
erg
ers
1986-1
99
5C
ause
1986-1
99
5V
olu
nta
ry
Ye
ar
1995
1996-2
00
5IP
Os
1996-2
00
5M
erg
ers
1996-2
00
5C
ause
1996-2
00
5V
olu
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ry
Ye
ar
2005
2006-2
01
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Os
2006-2
01
2M
erg
ers
2006-2
01
2C
ause
2006-2
01
2V
olu
nta
ry
Ye
ar
2012
Nu
mb
er
of
co
mp
an
ies
Source: Craig Doidge (Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto), G. Andrew Karolyi (Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University), and Rene M. Stulz (Fisher School of Business at The Ohio State University), “The U.S. listing gap,” The National Bureau of Economic Reseearch, May 2015, © 2015, NBER. Data include US domestic companies listed on NYSE and NASDAQ excluding investment funds and trusts.
Page 2
More than 90% of IPOs listed on domestic exchange Trend continues; 6% of global 2016 IPOs were cross-border listings
1996–2016 domestic IPOs as percentage of annual global IPOs
A foreign listing is where the domicile of the primary exchange (or the secondary exchange for dual listings) differs from the listed company domicile. For dual
listings, all funds are allocated to the primary stock exchange. Deals by Chinese companies on HKEx are not considered foreign listings.
Sources: Dealogic, Thomson Financial, EY research.
96%
92% 92% 93% 93%
98% 98% 97%
93%
90% 89% 88%
91% 91% 90%
94% 93%
91% 90%
92% 94%
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Page 3
178
91
44
23
96
0
50
100
150
200
NYSE &Nasdaq
London(Mainboard &
AIM)
Australia(ASX)
Hong Kong(HKEx &
GEM)
Other
China 22%
Israel 15%
United Kingdom
11% Bermuda
5%
Canada 5%
34 other countries
42%
From 2012 to 2016, US exchanges were the preferred markets for cross-border listings
Number of IPOs Capital raised (US$b)
A foreign listing is where the domicile of the primary exchange (or the secondary exchange for dual listings) differs from the listed company domicile. For dual
listings, all funds are allocated to the primary stock exchange. Deals by Chinese companies on HKEx are not considered foreign listings.
Sources: Dealogic, EY research.
US$66b
US[VALUE]b
US[VALUE]b
US[VALUE]b
US[VALUE]b
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
NYSE &Nasdaq
London(Mainboard &
AIM)
Hong Kong(HKEx &
GEM)
Singapore(SGX &Catalist)
Other
Includes Alibaba’s
US$25b IPO
2012–2016 top stock exchanges for cross-border listings
Page 4
And very few US companies are listing abroad
$0.02 $0.04 $0.45 $0.49 $0.36 $0.70 $0.17 $0.01 $0.28 $2.23 $0.02 $0.37 $0.24 $0.36 $0.02
4
1
8
10
14 14
5
3
6
7
1
5
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
1
1
2
2
3
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Nu
mb
er
of
IPO
s
Cap
ita
l ra
ised
(U
S$b
)
Capital raised (US$b) Number of deals
Based on IPO activity on non-US exchanges by US domiciled companies, excluding dual listings
Source: Dealogic
Samsonite IPO in
Hong Kong
Page 5
There has been an upward trend in VC-backed company formations ...
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Second round 206 175 206 235 376 463 556 887 1,414 989 638 507 492 491 592 606 629 640 626 632 642 783 834 932 817
First round 288 290 339 473 682 814 969 1,832 2,792 1,005 646 618 724 867 912 1,124 1,103 794 978 1,257 1,370 1,439 1,507 1,497 1,299
Seed 74 86 97 112 187 154 158 320 293 146 98 80 105 107 168 218 206 186 272 465 524 494 397 292 187
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
Nu
mb
er
of
fin
an
cin
g r
ou
nd
s
Venture capital includes all investments made by venture capitalists or venture capital-type investors, i.e., those making equity investments in early-stage
companies from a fund with multiple limited partners.
Source: Dow Jones VentureSource.
Total 568 551 642 820 1,245 1,431 1,683 3039 4,499 2,140 1,382 1,205 1,321 1,465 1,672 1,948 1,938 1,620 1,876 2,354 2,536 2,716 2,738 2,721 2,303
Page 6
... however, IPOs have not kept pace
218
393
554
448
402
624
488
358
511
404
91
88 84
238 208
204 214
35
65
162
124 133
226
291
174 111
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Number of IPOs
Capital raised (US$b)
Capital raised(US$b)
Number of deals
“Dot com” and human
genome “bubble”
Global financial
crisis
Based on IPO activity on US exchanges including cross-border deals, excludes special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) and business development
companies (BDCs).
Sources: Dealogic and EY Analysis.
Page 7
US IPO listings by US domiciled companies
$16 $27 $37 $21 $21 $30 $32 $38 $66 $63 $38 $22 $14 $40 $34 $35 $36 $26 $17 $37 $34 $41 $54 $55 $28 $15
215
377
527
413
374
572
448
323
476
351
86 83 79
208 179 171 160
26 48
109 101 121
188
224
133
90
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Nu
mb
er
of
IPO
s
Cap
ita
l ra
ised
(U
S$b
)
Capital raised (US$b) Number of deals
Based on IPO activity on US exchanges by US domiciled companies, excludes special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) and business development
companies (BDCs).
Source: Dealogic
Page 8
Acquisitions of US private companies remain robust
1,953
3,959
5,774
5,425
4,660
3,598
3,118
2,791
3,721
4,438
5,967
6,502
4,526
3,022
3,821
4,799
5,989
5,135
6,028
5,333
4,817
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
registered IPOs $30mm+. Excludes BDCs, SPACs, MLPs and REITs.
Nu
mb
er
of
dea
ls
Sources: Dealogic and EY Analysis.
Page 9
Dual-track exit strategies remain common Acquisitions of US private companies with values >US$100m
Sources: Dealogic and EY Analysis.
182
241
282
321
400
178
127
167
298
375
410
440
260
157
302 333
369
312
478
433
387
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Nu
mb
er
of
dea
ls
Page 10
Acquisitions of US publicly traded companies have fallen along with the number of public companies
462
696
766
905
752
608
443 443
361
406 426
466
269 242
300
242 253 240 251 276
296
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Sources: Dealogic and EY Analysis.
Nu
mb
er
of
dea
ls
Page 11
Why are more companies staying private? In short: ‘Because they can’
Why go public?
► Access source of (typically) lower
cost capital
► Currency for acquisitions
► Shareholder risk diversification
(especially true in biotech)
► Liquidity for founders, investors and
employees
► Brand identity Why stay private?
► Increased availability of private
capital: larger amounts, from
different pools at higher valuations
► More disclosure equals potential
loss of competitive advantage
► More operating flexibility: short-term
mentality of public investors and
activists
► Regulatory burden and risk
► Other: class-action lawsuits, short
sellers, proxy fights, lack of analyst
coverage, etc.
Page 12
Factors that may explain why companies stay private longer
• Venture capital, private equity (PE) firms and sovereign funds have
substantially increased available capital to invest and are struggling to
invest the money they raise. PE exits are more likely to be strategic sales
rather than IPOs.
• McKinsey showed in a recent study that the capital invested in private tech companies
grew from US$11b in 2005 to US$75b in 2015 and almost tripled from 2013 to 2015.
• Uber was able to raise more than US$8b from PE firms and sovereign funds and
US$3b of private debt over 7 years whereas Facebook “only” raised US$2.4b of
private equity over the same period of time a few years before.
• Interest rates are at an all-time low, which provides private companies with
opportunities for direct financing at a low-cost (through debt) and provides
strategic buyers with low cost capital to acquire private and smaller public
companies.
Page 13
Factors that may explain why companies stay private longer
• Light-asset models: with the digital transformation, start-up companies’
business models require less capital than the old industrial economy, which
reduces the need to seek public funding.
• The JOBS Act of 2012 increased the accredited investor limit for registering
with the SEC from 500 to 2,000 and excluded employees receiving exempt
equity awards. This change allows private companies, especially in the tech
industry, to remain private longer, as long as their financing needs can be
otherwise covered through private debt and PE capital.
• Google and Facebook decided to undertake their IPO process when they reached the
500 investor limit.
• Decimalization, tick size changes, reduced availability of analyst coverage
and related effects on trading profitability reduce the incentive of
intermediaries to take small, private companies public. Public investors have
a preference for larger deals with more public float/liquidity.
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