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Meeting 10
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What should be there? Introduction
Brief ly explain what the chapter (chapter 4) is going
todiscuss
Descriptive Statistic
Tabulate your data in a general way (frequency, mean
score, standards deviation, mode etc). The Differences between
the Experimental and the
Control Groups
Tabulate the data based on the experimental and the
control group
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What should be there? The effectiveness of the experiment
Present the results of the t-test
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Descriptive statistic
ScoreRange
Frequency (%)
Pretest Posttest
> 50 (1) 10 (20%) 7 (15%)
51 60 (2)
61 70 (3) 30 (50%)
71 80 (4)
81 90 (5)
< 90 (6)
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Descriptive statistic
MeanScore
StandardsDeviation
Mode
Pretest
Posttest
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The differences between the
Experimental and the Control Groups
ScoreRange
Frequency (%) ofPretest
Frequency (%) ofPosttest
Experime
ntal group
Control
group
Experime
ntal group
Control
group
> 50
51 60 7 (30%) 10 (40%)
61 - 7071 - 80
81 - 90
< 90
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The Differences between the
Experimental and the Control Groups
Group Mean Score StandardsDeviation
Mode
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
Exp.group
67 79
Controlgroup
65 70
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The effectiveness of the
experiment Describe the results of the t-test
Draw conclusions
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How to develop your paragraph(s)?
Keep one idea (topic sentence) to one paragraph andadd relevant
supporting ideas (unity)
Use examples and illustration
Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence etc.)
Compare and contrast Evaluate causes and reasons
Examine effects and consequences
Offer a chronology of an event (time segments)
Aim for three to five (or more) sentences perparagraph
Make your paragraphs proportional to your chapter
Make your paragraph(s) coherent (easily understood)by creating
logical and verbal bridges (links)
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Coherence Logical bridges
the same idea of a topic is carried over from sentence
tosentence
Successive sentences can be constructed in parallelform
Verbal bridges
Key words can be repeated in several sentences
Synonymous words can be repeated in severalsentences
Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences
Transition words: to show the relationship betweenideas, between
sentences, between paragraphs
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Transition words Similarity/addition
Likewise, furthermore, moreover, further, additiona-lly,also, as
well etc.
Qualification : adding a condition to the idea; setting
alimit/boundaries for the idea
For the most part, ordinarily, usually, sometimes, rarely,
considering, admittedly etc.
Introduction : bringing an idea into the discussion
Firstly, to begin, initially, with regard to etc. Emphasis:
placing more importance on the idea;
drawing the readers focus
Specifically, notably, more/most importantly, certainly
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Transition words Contrast: establishing an opposition between
ideas
Although, conversely, nevertheless, however, whereas,while, yet,
on the other hand etc.
Sequence and causation: establishing an order for ideas;showing
how one idea follows from another
First, second, third Thus, therefore, hence, then, because
Conclusion: showing that the discussion of an idea iscomplete
Finally, ultimately, therefore, to conclude, in summary, in
short, to sum up etc.
Exemplification: introducing an example of a previous idea To
illustrate, for instance, such as, in this case, to demonstrate
