Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase - Wikispaces · Hannibal’s Route. ... Dynasty. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

1

Mediterranean Society: The

Roman Phase


The Geography of Rome


3

Establishment of Rome

Legend of Romulus and Remus

Rome Founded 753 BCE

Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE

Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE


4

The Etruscans

Originally from Anatolia

Colonized Roman regions

Society declines late 6th c. BCE

Greek maritime attacks

Celtic invasions from north


5

The Kingdom of Rome

Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE

Streets, temples, public buildings

Major center of trade routes


6

Establishment of the Republic

509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan

king

Roman forum built

Republican constitution

Executive: 2 consuls

Senate


7

Roman Law

Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE

Adapted to diverse populations under Roman

Rule

Innocent until proven guilty

Right to challenge accusers in court


The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.


The Roman Forum


10

Social Conflict

Patricians (aristocrats)

Plebeians (commoners)

Major class conflict 5th c. BCE

Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation

Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE

Yet 6-month appointments of dictators


11

Expansion of the Republic

Dominated Etruscans

Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE

Expansion via military threat and incentives

Tax exemptions

Trade privileges

Citizenship


12

The City of Rome

Cash flow

Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce

Massive construction projects

Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts

Technology: concrete


13

Roman Attractions

Imported goods

Underground sewage

Circus Maximus

250,000 spectators

Colosseum

Gladitorial Games


Roman Aqueducts


The Roman Colosseum


The Colosseum Interior


Circus Maximus


18

The Punic Wars

Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE

Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply

Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires

Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C.

BCE


Carthaginian Empire


Hannibal’s Route


21

Imperial Expansion and Domestic

Problems Land distribution

Perennial problem

Development of large latifundia

Unfair competition for smaller landholders


22

The Roman Empire to 146 BCE


23

Commercial Agriculture and Trade

Latifundia: production for export

Regional specialization increases

Integration of Empire-wide economy

Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”


24

The Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius and Gaius

Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats

Assassinated

Development of private armies made up of landless peasants

Gaius Marius (with reformers)

Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)


25

Civil War

87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome

Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83

BCE

Reign of terror follows


The First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey


Pompey

Civil War & Dictators

Julius Caesar


28

Julius Caesar

Nephew of Marius

Escapes Sulla’s terror

Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad

Rises to popularity

Public spectacles, victories in Gaul

Attacks Rome 49 BCE

Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE


29

Caesar’s Policies

Centralized military, governance under personal control

Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies

Major building projects reduce urban unemploymnent

Extended citizenship to provinces

Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE


Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE


31

Augustus

Civil conflict follows death of Caesar

Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony &

Cleopatra

Takes title Augustus 27 BCE


Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Emperor


The First Roman Dynasty


34

Augustus’ Administration

Monarchy disguised as a republic

Increasing centralization of political, military

power

Stablilized empire

Death in 14 CE


35

Expansion and Integration of Empire

Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain

Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources

Developed infrastructure, cities emerge


36

The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE


37

Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”

27-250 CE

Facilitated trade, communication

Roadwork

Curbs, drainage, milestones

Postal service


Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE


39

Family and Society

Pater Familias: “father of the family”

Right to arrange marriages, sell children into

slavery

Women not allowed to inherit property

Rarely enforced


40

Wealth and Social Change

Newly rich challenge aristocracy

Yet poor class increasing in size

Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”


41

Slavery

2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population

Customary manumission at age 30

Agricultural work, quarries, mines

Chain labor

Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE


42

Roman Deities

Polytheistic

Major gods

Tutelary deities

Absorption of gods from other cultures


43

Cicero and Stoicism

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE)

Major orator, writer

Influenced by Greek thought

Proponent of Stoicism


44

Mithraism

From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light

Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,

discipline

Women not admitted into cult

Appealed to military

Cult of Isis also popular


45

Judaism in Early Rome

Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures

Refusal to recognize state gods

Repeated Jewish rebellions

Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)


46

Synagogue at Capernaum


47

The Essenes

Messianic Jewish Cult

Baptism

Ascetic lifestyle

Dead Sea Scrolls


48

Jesus of Nazareth

Jewish teacher

Moral code, reputation for miracle-working

Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify

Jesus


The Rise of Christianity


50

Jesus’ Early Followers

Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature

Title Christ: “Anointed One”

Teachings recorded in New Testament


51

Paul of Tarsus

Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles

Intensive travel, missionary activity


St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles


53

Early Christian Communities

Local leaders: Bishops

Regional variation in doctrine and ritual

Nature of resurrection

Role of women

Gradual acceptance of core texts


The Spread of Christianity


55

Growth of Early Christianity

Roman persecution

Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity

Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor

women


The Empire in Crisis: 3c


Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE


Constantine: 312 - 337


Constantinople: “The 2nd

Rome” (Founded in 330)


Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c


Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of God”


The Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of Justinian

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Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase - Wikispaces · Hannibal’s Route. ... Dynasty. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display