Medieval Society Medieval Society & Culture& Culture

SS.A.2.4.7; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.A.2.4.7; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.A.3.4.4SS.A.3.4.4

European GrowthEuropean Growth 1000-1300: European population grows 1000-1300: European population grows

from 38 million to 74 millionfrom 38 million to 74 million Invasions of early Middle Ages stop, Invasions of early Middle Ages stop,

peace=growthpeace=growth Increased food productionIncreased food production

Land clearing/swamp draining becomes Land clearing/swamp draining becomes commonplacecommonplace

1200: Europeans have more farm land than today1200: Europeans have more farm land than today Switch from two-field rotation, to three-field Switch from two-field rotation, to three-field

rotationrotation Technology lessens work loads of peopleTechnology lessens work loads of people

Harnessing power of wind and waterHarnessing power of wind and water Iron tools like scythes, hammers and nailsIron tools like scythes, hammers and nails

Carruca: Carruca: Heavy, iron plow able to turn clay soilsHeavy, iron plow able to turn clay soils Horse collar: ability to strap horses togetherHorse collar: ability to strap horses together

The Manorial SystemThe Manorial System

Manor: Manor: Agricultural estate run by a lord, Agricultural estate run by a lord, worked by peasants/serfsworked by peasants/serfs Lord’s land=1/3-1/2 of cultivated landsLord’s land=1/3-1/2 of cultivated lands Rent paid by giving the lord a share of your Rent paid by giving the lord a share of your

productproduct 1/10 given to the local church1/10 given to the local church Serfs pay for using pastures, or fishing, but Serfs pay for using pastures, or fishing, but

handing over a share of what was handing over a share of what was produced/caught to lordproduced/caught to lord

Land given to serfs, as homestead, cannot be Land given to serfs, as homestead, cannot be takentaken

Peasant LifePeasant Life Small houses, often one or two rooms, made Small houses, often one or two rooms, made

of wood with straw roofof wood with straw roof Life based on the seasons, harvest Life based on the seasons, harvest

time=busiesttime=busiest Wheel of Life constantly spinning for peasantsWheel of Life constantly spinning for peasants Women must work field, and produce childrenWomen must work field, and produce children

Family’s survival depends on mom’s abilities as Family’s survival depends on mom’s abilities as home-makerhome-maker

Work for family, and lord, most of the yearWork for family, and lord, most of the year Only days off are for Catholic holidays, feast daysOnly days off are for Catholic holidays, feast days 50 days total: Christmas, Easter & Pentecost 50 days total: Christmas, Easter & Pentecost

biggestbiggest

Medieval CitiesMedieval Cities Built behind expensive walls, land inside is Built behind expensive walls, land inside is

valuable, tightly packedvaluable, tightly packed Fires were big problemFires were big problem Smell bad, human and animal waste, smelly Smell bad, human and animal waste, smelly

peoplepeople Baths existed early, but closed due to nudity and Baths existed early, but closed due to nudity and

plagueplague Polluted air from wood burning fires/ovensPolluted air from wood burning fires/ovens Water pollution from tanneries and butchersWater pollution from tanneries and butchers

Well water used for drinkingWell water used for drinking More men than women in citiesMore men than women in cities

Women could take over husband’s business, lead Women could take over husband’s business, lead independent lives in the cities, not in the independent lives in the cities, not in the country/manorcountry/manor

Industry & GuildsIndustry & Guilds As trade increases, cities/towns become As trade increases, cities/towns become

centers of manufacturing goods for tradecenters of manufacturing goods for trade Craftsmen organize into a Craftsmen organize into a guild,guild, or business assoc. or business assoc.

Tanners, carpenters, bakers, brewers, blacksmiths, Tanners, carpenters, bakers, brewers, blacksmiths, masonsmasons

Craft guilds dictate manufacturing process, set Craft guilds dictate manufacturing process, set priceprice

Guilds could set the number of people working a Guilds could set the number of people working a certain job, who trained them, where to workcertain job, who trained them, where to work

Craftsmen Craftsmen apprenticedapprenticed around 10 years old, after around 10 years old, after 5-7 years of learning, apprentice becomes 5-7 years of learning, apprentice becomes journeymanjourneyman

To become master craftsman, guild must judge a To become master craftsman, guild must judge a masterpiecemasterpiece

The Village Church (The The Village Church (The Parish)Parish)

Feast days were not only church days; Feast days were not only church days; Sunday mass, baptisms, marriages and Sunday mass, baptisms, marriages and funeralsfunerals

Village priest and peasants in constant Village priest and peasants in constant contactcontact Village priests usually peasants as wellVillage priests usually peasants as well Basic job to teach peasants about ChristianityBasic job to teach peasants about Christianity

Because of little to no education, many Because of little to no education, many peasants probably had little understanding peasants probably had little understanding of actual church teachingof actual church teaching Appease God by bringing a good harvestAppease God by bringing a good harvest

The Rise of UniversitiesThe Rise of Universities

Universities, from the Latin Universities, from the Latin universitas, universitas, refers refers to the “corporation” or “guild” charged with to the “corporation” or “guild” charged with educating a well trained workforceeducating a well trained workforce

First university in Europe started by Arabs in First university in Europe started by Arabs in Salamanca, SpainSalamanca, Spain First European university founded in Bologna, First European university founded in Bologna,

ItalyItaly Later, universities founded in Paris and Oxford, EnglandLater, universities founded in Paris and Oxford, England

Kings, popes and lords thought universities Kings, popes and lords thought universities were good, and by 1500, 80 universities exist were good, and by 1500, 80 universities exist in Euro.in Euro.

University CurriculaUniversity Curricula

Curriculum: course of studyCurriculum: course of study Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry,

music, and astronomy all taught to first year music, and astronomy all taught to first year studentsstudents

Teaching done by lecture methodTeaching done by lecture method Course of study=4-6 years for Course of study=4-6 years for

bachelor/masterbachelor/master After first degree, students could go back After first degree, students could go back

for degrees in medicine, law or for degrees in medicine, law or theologytheology Doctor’s courses could take up to 10 yearsDoctor’s courses could take up to 10 years

ScholasticismScholasticism

Scholasticism attempts to reconcile Scholasticism attempts to reconcile Christian faith with philosophical reasonChristian faith with philosophical reason

1100s: Works of Greeks reintroduced1100s: Works of Greeks reintroduced Church upset by contradictions to Church Church upset by contradictions to Church

teachingsteachings Saint Thomas AquinasSaint Thomas Aquinas=most famous =most famous

scholarscholar In In Summa Theologica Summa Theologica Aquinas tries to Aquinas tries to

reconcile the Bible and other Christian writings reconcile the Bible and other Christian writings with the knowledge obtained through reasonwith the knowledge obtained through reason

Thomas Aquinas’ 5 Thomas Aquinas’ 5 Proofs of GodProofs of God

Reason Reasoning ConclusionMotion: All things must

be set into motion, by another moving object

There must have been something that moved

first, on its own, setting all else into motion

God is the first mover

Cause & Effect: For something to happen, or

exist, something else must cause it to do so

There must have been one thing that existed before a

cause

God is the first cause, everything else is the

effect

Transition: All things are in transition between

existing and not

there must have been something that always

existed, since there cannot be a time where nothing

existed

God is that which always existed

Degree: All things are degrees of the perfect form (Plutonic Forms-Allegory of the Cave)

For goodness to exist, there must be a perfect, complete goodness, from which all other goodness

comes

God is the complete goodness

Design: The world is too perfectly ordered, for it to

have come from chaos without a plan

There must have been a designer for the world, and all the things in it

God is the ultimate designer

Vernacular LiteratureVernacular Literature

Latin was the language of religion and Latin was the language of religion and education, the universal language of Europeeducation, the universal language of Europe

Literature starts being written in the Literature starts being written in the vernacularvernacular, or language of the people in a , or language of the people in a particular regionparticular region

Becomes more popular as more education Becomes more popular as more education leads to more people looking for leads to more people looking for entertainmententertainment Troubadour poetry were mostly love poems by Troubadour poetry were mostly love poems by

nobles and knightsnobles and knights Chanson de GesteChanson de Geste: Heroic epics: Heroic epics

Medieval ArchitectureMedieval Architecture

Early Christian: (top center) Long rectangular shape used in Roman basilicas, utilizing a flat roof.Romanesque: (top right) Uses the same Roman basilica style as earlier churches, but with rounded, vaulted ceilingsGothic: (bottom right) Uses flying buttresses to prop up taller buildings, giving them the illusion of upward movement.

Do Now:

On page 322, write and answer questions 1, 2 and 5