Medicine Revish Booklet v4

8/10/2019 Medicine Revish Booklet v4

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MEDICINE THROUGH TIME: REVISION BOOKLET

KEYWORDS:

For each of the keywords try and write a definition or meaning.

KEYWORD MEANING

ALMSHOUSE

ANAESTHETIC

ANATOMY

ANTIBIOTICS

ANTISEPTIC

APOTHECARY

ASEPTIC

ASTROLOGY

BLACK DEATH

BLOODLETTING

CAUTERY

DISSECTION

DNA

EPIDEMIC

FLAGELLANTS

FOUR HUMOURS

HYGIENE

IMMUNISATION

INDUSTRIALREVOLUTION

INOCULATION

LAISSEZ FAIRE


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LIGATURE

MAGIC BULLET

MEDIEVAL

MIASMA

MICROBES

NHS

PATENT MEDICINE

PHARMACY

PHYSIOLOGY

PLASTIC SURGERY

PUBLIC HEALTH

PURGING

RENAISSANCE

ROYAL SOCIETY

SEPSIS

SEWER

SPONTANEOUSGENERATION

SUPERNATURAL

SURGEON

TRANSFUSION

VACCINATION


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ROMANMEDCINE

IDEAS ABOUT THECAUSE OF DISEASE

KEY TREATMENTS

PUBLIC HEALTH

KEY INDVIDUALS

MEDICAL TRAINING

EXAMPLES OFCONTINUITY/CHANGE


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MEDIEVALMEDCINE

IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSEOF DISEASE

KEY TREATMENTS THE BLACK DEATH

KEY INDIVIDUALS

THE ROLE OF THE CHURCHEXAMPLES OFCONTINUITY/CHANGE


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CHANGE AND CONTINUITY FROM THE ROMAN PERIOD TO THEMEDIEVAL PERIOD

Fill in the table below with example of change/continuity

CHANGE/CONTINUITY EXAMPLESCHANGE

CONTINUITY


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RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 1: ANDREAS VESALIUS

What did he do?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How many of Galens errors did he correct?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What did he do differently?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What was the book called he wrote?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why did his ideas have a limited impact?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 2: WILLIAM HARVEY

What did he do?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How did he correct Galen?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________





________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 3: AMBROSE PARE

What did he do?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How did he correct Galen?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________





________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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RENIASSANCEMEDCINE


KEY TREATMENTS

EXAMPLES OF

CHANGE/CONTINUITY

THE ROYAL SOCIETY KEY INDIVIDUALS

IMPACT


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CHANGE AND CONTINUITY FROM THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THERENAISSANCE

Fill in the table below with example of change/continuity.

CHANGE/CONTINUITY EXAMPLESCHANGE

CONTINUITY


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MEDICINE1750-1900


KEY TREATMENTS

KEY DEVELOPMENTS

THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

KEY INDIVIDUALS

EXAMPLES OFCHANGE/CONTINUITY


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EDWARD JENNER AND VACCINATIONS: try and write a sentence to accompany each picture to explain the story of the Smallpoxvaccination.


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LOUIS PASTEUR

WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID IDO?_______

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKEMYDISCOVERIES?____________________

__________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT EXPERIMENT DID I DO TOCREATE THE GERMTHEORY?________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________

WHAT ABOUT THE CHICKENCHOLERAVACCINE?________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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ROBERT KOCH

WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID IDO?_______

_________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY AM IIMPORTANT?______________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKEMYDISCOVERIES?____________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY WAS THE STAINING OFBACTERIAIMPORTANT?______________________

_________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

HOW DID NUGHTINGALE IMPROVENURSING IN THE WARZONE?________

_________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT WAR WAS SHE INVOLVED IN?HOW WAS IT REPORTED? HOW DIDSHE GETTHERE?___________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT WAS NIGHTINGALESBACKGROUND? HOW DID SHE GETINTO NURSING? WHAT WASPEOPLES ATTITUDE TO NURSESBEFORE HER?____________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT ABOUT NIGHTINGALEHOSPITALS?______________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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ELIZBETH GARRET ANDERSON

WHAT OPPOSITION DID IFACE?______

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT WAS MY BACKGROUND?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY DID I GO TOFRANCE?__________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY AM I IMPORTANT?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________


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EDWIN CHADWICK

WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS DID MYBOOK MAKE?____________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT BOOK DID I WRITE?____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY AM I IMPORTANT?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHATY OPPOSITION DID I FACE?______________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Edwin_Chadwick2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Edwin_Chadwick2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Edwin_Chadwick2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Edwin_Chadwick2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Edwin_Chadwick2.jpg


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JOHN SNOW

HOW DID I PROVE CHOLERA WASWATER BORNE?_________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT FACTORS HELPED ME MAKE

MY DISCOVERIES?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT OPPOSITION DID I FACE?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY AM I IMPORTANT?__________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
http://johnsnowbicentenary.lshtm.ac.uk/files/2012/07/John-Snow-cropped.jpghttp://johnsnowbicentenary.lshtm.ac.uk/files/2012/07/John-Snow-cropped.jpghttp://johnsnowbicentenary.lshtm.ac.uk/files/2012/07/John-Snow-cropped.jpghttp://johnsnowbicentenary.lshtm.ac.uk/files/2012/07/John-Snow-cropped.jpghttp://johnsnowbicentenary.lshtm.ac.uk/files/2012/07/John-Snow-cropped.jpg


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JOSEPH BAZALGETTE

WHAT WAS MY BACKGROUND?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT WAS MY ROLE IN BUILDINGLONDONS SEWERS?_______________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

HOW DID THE SEWERS WORK?________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


MY DISCOVERIES?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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PATENT MEDICINES AND PHARMACIES

Fill in the missing words in the paragraphs below on patent medicines andpharmacies.

During the 19th

century there was less use of herbal remedies. However,apothecaries sold many p_________________. These preparations tooks manyforms such as coloured liquids; alchold; lard; wax; ginger and arsenic.

The ingredients for pills were made into a p_____________ and then shaped byhand. The use of pills was revolutionised in 1844 when William B_______________invented a machine to make standardised pills that were produced far more quicklythan being made by hand.

Thomas Beecham began selling his pills in 1847 and Jesse Boot transformed hisfamily shop into a chain of pharmacies in the late 19thcentury. By the end of the 19th

century British government r_________________ stopped many of the harmfulingredients being used. Meanwhile, the growth of the chemical industry meant thatcompanies such as Wellcome, Boots and B________________ could produce theirbrand of medicines on a national basis, and they all used advertising in newspapersand posters to increase their sales. This type of business is called thep_____________________ industry.

MISSING WORDS:

Preparations/pharmaceutical/regulations/paste/Beecham/Brockedon


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MEDICINE 1900TO THE

IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSE

OF DISEASE

KEY TREATMENTS

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

KEY INDIVIDUALS

THE NHS

EXAMPLES OFCHANGE/CONTINUITY


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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAGIC BULLETS: PAUL EHRLICH

WHAT EXPERIMENTS DID I CARRYOUT? HOW WAS SALVERSAN 606DISCOVERED?____________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


MYDISCOVERIES?____________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT DID EMIL VON BEHRINGDO?___

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT ARE MAGICBULLETS?_________

__________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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PENICILLIN

HOW WAS ITDISCOVERED?

WHAT WAS THE ROLEOF FLEMING?

WHAT ABOUT FLOREY AND CHAIN?

WHY WAS WORLD WARTWO IMPORTANT?

WHAT ABOUT THE ROLEOF GOVERNMENT?

WHAT ABOUT THE DRUG COMPANIESAND COUNTRIES INVOLVED?


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DNA

KEY QUESTION: ANSWER:

WHO WERE WATSON AND

CRICK?

WHAT WAS THE ROLE OFMAURICE WILKINS?

WHAT ABOUT ROSALINDFRANKLIN?

WHY WAS DNA SUCH ANIMPORTANT DISCOVERY?

WHAT FACTORS HELPEDTHE DISCOVERY OF DNA?


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MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH FROM ROMAN BRITAIN TO 1350

KEY INDIVIDUAL 1: HIPPOCRATES

KEY REASON WHY HE ISIMPORTANT

WHY DOES THIS MAKE HIM IMPORTANT?

1. THEORY OF THE FOURHUMOURS

2. HIPPOCRATIC OATH

3. CLINICAL OBSERVATION

4. CASE STUDIES


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KEY INDIVIDUAL 2: GALEN

KEY QUESTION DETAILS:

WHAT TIME PERIOD DIDGALEN WORK DURING?

WHY IS HE IMPORTANT?

WHAT WAS HE NOTALLOWED TO DO?

WHAT WERE HIS KEYDISCOVERIES?

WHAT MISTAKES DID HEMAKE?

WHY WERE HIS IDEAS

ADOPTED BY THECATHOLIC CHURCH


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ROMAN PUBLIC HEALTH

KEY QUESTION DETAILS

WHY WERE AQUEDUCTSIMPORTANT?

WHY WERE PUBLICTOILETS IMPORTANT?

WHY WERE BATHSIMPORTANT?

WHY WERE SEWERS

IMPORTANT?

WHAT ROLE DID THEGOVERNMENT PLAY INPUBLIC HEALTH?

WHO DID THE ROMANSCREATE HOSPITALSFOR?


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THE ROLE OF RELIGION AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CARE FOR THESICK

Who were monastery hospitals for?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Give an example of a medieval hospital?______________________________________________________________________________________________________

What does the above medieval picture show us about the care and treatmentreceived in medieval monastery hospitals?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Who did most people rely on for treatment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________


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CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING

Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples ofcontinuity or change in medical training between the Roman and Medieval periods

KEYEXAMPLES OF CHANGE

EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY

Doctors were notrespected

Galens ideas werestill taught.

In the Roman perioddoctors were nothighly respected

The church becamevery powerful

Dissection wasfrowned upon orbanned.

By the 12thcenturythere was a separatecourse for doctorsbased on texts calledthe Ars Medicinae (Artof Medicine)

Doctors had to provetheir qualifications topractice by the 13thcentury

There was littlechange as manydoctors continued toread books or workwith a successfuldoctor

Education and trainingwere controlled by thechurch in the Middle

Ages

The Theory of theOpposites wasadopted from the

Theory of the FourHumours

Students in the MiddleAges were notencouraged to study

anatomy or look formistakes in Galensteachings.

Bloodletting wascommon

CHANGES IN PUBLIC HEALTH

Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples ofcontinuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods

KEY

EXAMPLES OF CHANGEEXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY

Taxes were notcollected for publichealth

There were fewaqueducts, publicbaths and toilets.

When the Romanempire collapsed sodid public health.

Strong governmentmeant public healthwas good.

Animals wereslaughtered in thestreet.

There was no stronggovernment so publichealth was worse

Wealthy medievalpeople still had goodpublic health.

Towns were not builtnear swamps becausethe Romans fearedmalaria.


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There were publictoilets in London,Leicester and otherplaces in the MiddleAges

Human excrementwas common on thestreet.

Taxes were collectedfor public health.

In the 13thcenturylead pipes were laid inLondon.

In 1281 thegovernment attemptedto stop pigs beingallowed onto Londonsstreets.

The people in theMiddle Ages were nottaxed to pay for publichealth.

The standard ofhygiene for monksand nuns was high inthe Middle Ages.

In 1347 a Sanitary Actwas passed to try andkeep the streetscleaner.

CHANGES IN IDEAS ABOUT CAUSES AND TREATMENTS

Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples ofcontinuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods

KEY

EXAMPLES OF CHANGE

EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY

Jews were blamed forthe Black Death.

People stillfollowed Galensideas.

The Catholicchurchdiscourageddissection.

The Theory of theOpposites wasdeveloped from theTheory of the FourHumours.

Prevention of disease

was important for theRomans.

Astrology or the

movement of theplanets wasblamed fordisease.

The Romans

believed in theGods.

People preyed to god.

Strapping a live chickento your head wasthought a cure for theBlack Death.

Bloodletting wascommon

Flagellantswhippedthemselves duringthe Black Death of1348

Miasma or bad smellswas a cause of disease.

Most people relied onherbal remedies and

cannot afford a doctor

The Romans didntbuild near swamps

as they fearedmalaria

Most people reliedon the wife or

mother to providesimple healthcare.

CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING

PERIOD EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE

ROMAN


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MEDIEVAL

RENAISSANCE

1750-1900

1900 TO THEPRESENT DAY

THE FACTORS IN MEDICINE

FACTOR EXAMPLES

WAR

INDIVIDUAL GENIUS


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SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

CHANCE/LUCK

RESEARCH TEAMS

EXPERIMENTATION


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MEDICINE THROUGH TIME: AN OVERVIEW

PERIOD EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE

THE ROMANPERIOD

THE MEDIEVALPERIOD

THERENIASSANCE

1750-1900


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1900 TO THEPRESENT DAY

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

Below are some practice questions. Have a good at the different question types and

make sure you are happy with the success criteria for each question type. I am morethan happy to give you feedback on any of these questions.

THE 8 MARK QUESTION:

Success Criteria:

Explain what can be learned from the sources

Use the information from the sources-quote or explain what the picture shows

Make a clear inference

Use your own knowledge

EXAMPLE QUESTION 1: What do sources A and B show about changes inattitudes towards nurses between the start and end of the nineteenth century?

Source AAn extract from Martin Chusslewitt, a novel by Charles Dickens, publishedin 1844. In his introduce Dickens wrote that Mrs Betsy Prig is an accuratedescription of a hospital nurse.

How are we? asked Mrs Gamp.

Mrs Prig said, Hes as cross as two sticks. He wouldnt have washed if hed had hisown way.She put soap in my mouth, said the unfortunate patient, feebly.Couldnt you keep it shut them? said Mrs Prig.

Source B: A picture of Florence Nightingale


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EXAMPLE QUESTION 2: What do sources A and B show about changes in the role

of government between the Middle Ages and the twentieth century?

Source A: Sanitation in the Middle Ages, from an old woodcut

Source B: Government legislation means that every cigarette packet carries anobvious health warning

EXAMPLE QUESTION 3: What do sources A and B show us about changes inmedical training between the middle ages and the twenty first century?

Source A: A 14thcentury picture showing a physician treating a patient; the peoplebehind the physician may be his apprentices.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cig.packet.750pix.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cig.packet.750pix.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cig.packet.750pix.jpg


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Source B: Description of medical courses to become a doctor from the NHS website,

2014

Courses in medicine are offered by a number of medical schools. Please use ourcoursefinderto locate these.

"Standard" five-year degree course Courses including the pre-medical year, for candidates with non-science

subjects to offer at A level (or equivalent). The pre-medical year is apreliminary course in chemistry, physics and biology and lasts normally 30weeks

Accelerated courses for graduates (four years)

THE 6 MARK QUESTION:

Success Criteria:

Spend 8-10 minutes on this type of question

Aim for one PEA paragraph

Explain the key features and give specific examples

QUESTION 1: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one anddescribe the key features of the care that was available to patients in Englishhospitals during that period.

The late middle ages The late nineteenth century, after thework of Florence Nightingale

QUESTION 2: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one anddescribe the key features of medical training in that period.

Training of doctors in the middle ages Training of doctors in the Twentieth

Century

QUESTION 3: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explainthe key features of public health in that period

The middle ages The beginning of the nineteenth century

QUESTION 4: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explainthe key features of the role of government in that period.

The Roman period The Twentieth Century

THE 12 MARK QUESTION
http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/courses/http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/courses/http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/courses/


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Success Criteria:

Spend 15 minutes on this type of question

Three paragraphs

A conclusion-especially if it is a how far question

QUESTION 1: Why have science and technology been so important in improvingmedical understanding since 1850? (12)

Louis Pasteur published his germ theory in 1861.X-Rays were discovered in 1895.Crick and Watson discovered the structure of DNA in 1953.

QUESTION 2: How important for the prevention of disease was Edward Jennersdiscovery of a smallpox vaccination in 1796? (12)

Lady Mary Wortley Montague had her children inoculated against smallpox in 1721.The British government made vaccination against smallpox compulsory in 1852.Louis Pasteur tested a vaccine against rabies in 1886.

QUESTION 3: In what ways did the training of doctors change during the periodc1350c1900?

Vesalius carried out dissections during the Renaissance period.1815: The Society of Apothecaries and the Royal College of Surgeons introduced

examinations.1884: Edinburgh University opened a new medical school, containing researchlaboratories.

QUESTION 4: Why did the standard of medical treatment improve so rapidly duringthe twentieth century?

1909: Salvarsan 606 was discovered.194849: In its first year, 373 million was spent on the NHS.1956: A dialysis machine was first used for people with kidney problems.

QUESTION 5: How far did the church have a positive role in medicine during theperiod c1350c1750?

You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.A picture of the Hotel Dieu* in Paris during the fifteenth century. Similar buildingsexisted in Britain.


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QUESTION 6: Why was there so much opposition to Jenners vaccination againstsmallpox? (12)

You may use the following in your answer and any other information of your own.

During the eighteenth century, many doctors were paid to inoculate people.

1797: The Royal Society rejected Jenners report about his theory of

vaccination. Cowpox samples sometimes became contaminated with smallpox.

QUESTION 7: Why have science and technology been so important in improving thetreatment of illness since 1900?


1909: Salvarsan 606 discovered.

1958: Kidney dialysis became available at three hospitals in Britain.

1983: A drug was developed to prevent the body from rejecting transplants.

QUESTION 8: How much have hospitals changed since 1800?


The womens ward at the Middlesex Hospital, London, c1800.

QUESTION 9: How much impact did discoveries during the Renaissance periodhave on medicine? (12)



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Harvey published his book about the circulation of the blood in 1628.

In 1673 a Dutch scientist described bacteria which he had seen under a

microscope.

Many physicians used bloodletting and purging in the sixteenth and

seventeenth centuries.

THE 16 MARK QUESTION

Success Criteria:

Like a traditional essay

Introduction

PEA paragraphs

Balanced argument Clear conclusion and most important reason

QUESTION 1: How much did the role of government in public health change fromthe Roman period until c1350? Explain your answer.


A Roman system in London provided fresh water to several thousands ofpeople.

After 410AD, England became a number of rival kingdoms.

In 1345, the local authorities in London increased the fine for throwing litter inthe

street.

QUESTION 2: How much did the role of government in public health change duringthe period c1350c1850? Explain your answer.


In 1345, the local authorities in London increased the fine for throwing litter in

the street.

In 1611, King James I gave money to Hugh Myddletons project to bring waterfrom the River Ware to London.

1848: Public Health Act.

QUESTION 3: The Roman withdrawal from Britain was a turning point in medicineand public health. Do you agree? Explain your answer.


Roman villas in Britain usually had a good standard of hygiene. During the Anglo-Saxon period, collections of herbal remedies were


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known as Leechbooks.

In the Middle Ages medical training was based on Galens teachings.

QUESTIONN 4: How effective were the actions taken by governments and localauthorities to deal with the problems of epidemics in the period c1650c1900?

Explain your answer.


1665: The authorities in London ordered prayers to be said during a plague

epidemic.

1872: Compulsory vaccination against smallpox was enforced.

1875: A Public Health Act forced towns to appoint Health Inspectors.

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Medicine Revish Booklet v4