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Medicine in the Middle Ages
The more I studythe more I know.The more I know the more I forget. The more I forget the less I know,
so why study?
Introduction
• Middle Ages 476 – 1492
• Historical events are not interrupted
Historical cross section
Early Middle Ages
476 – 1000
622 Muhammad flees to Medina
731 Arabs defeated by Poitiers
800 Charlemagne
925 Tomislav first Croatian king
956 Otto the great German emperornjemački car
High Middle Ages
1001 – 1300
1088 Bologna University
1089 Death of King Zvonimir
1099 First crusade
1223 Franciscans
1295 Marco Polo
Late Middle Ages 1301 – 1492
1310 Dante’s Divine comedy
1337 Hundred years war
1453 Turks conquered Constantinopolis
1492 Discovery of the Americas
1493 Battle of Krbava
Historical cross section
Early Middle Ages
476 – 1000
High Middle Ages
1001 – 1300
Late Middle Ages 1301 – 1492
Body representation
• Myron - Discobolos
Body representation
• Phidias
– Athena Parthenos
Body representation
• Nike of Samothrace
Body representation
• Laocoön and His Sons
Body representation
Byzantine medicine • It continued the Greek and Roman medicine
• Christian State
• Hospitals
• Oribasius - Collectiones 70 books
• Paul of Aegina – Medical Compendium in Seven Book
• Bridge towards the Arab medicine
Saints Cosmas and Damian• Arabian twins – Christians
• Anargyroi
• Murdered in Diocletianic Persecution • Incubation – emperor Justinian was
cured in their temple in Constantinopolis
• Patrons of medicine and pharmacy
• Leg transplantation
Contemptus mundi
• Contempt of the world
• Material became opposite to spiritual
• The core of body’s malignancy is the sexual instinct
• Even sexuality in marriage was condemned
Hygiene
• Lack of hygiene
• Bath – only on holidays
• Aphides
• Aqueduct and sewer system nonexistant
Housing
• Intimacy- unknown
• Everyone slept in one room
• Urin and feces are collected during the day – and thrown through the window
Nutrition and diseases
• Chronic malnutrition
• Child mortality was very high
• 1347. Black death
• Disease was considered as the God’s punishment
• Flagellants i Saint Vitus Dance
Monasteries
• Order of Saint Benedict, Order of Saint John, Franciscans
• Herbalism• Hildegard of Bingen –
epilepsy – several books about medicine
• Trotula of Salerno - Regimen sanitatis
Salerno school
• Salerno - south Italy
• Organized medical school
• Epic “Regimen sanitatis”
• Napoleon abolished it
Arabic medicine• Bagdad – East• Cordoba - West
• In 11th century Bagdad had 60 hospitals
• Razi - original Perzian medicine
• Avicenna (Abū Alī al-Husayn ibn Abdullāh ibn Sīnā) The Canon of Medicine
Plague• Causative agent - BACTERIUM Yersinia
pestis
• Primarily carried by rodents
• Spread to humans via fleas – Xenopsilla cheopis
Plague – types
• Bubonic plague
• Septicemic plague
• Pneumonic plague
• Pestis minor
Plague - historical dynamics
• 5th century b.C. plague of Pericles
• 6th century – plague of Justinian
• 1347 – Black Death
• 1920 - Rijeka
Plague - the black death 1347 – 1353
• Europe – 25-30 mil. dead (30-40%)
• 1377. quarantine in Dubrovnik
• Traces is arts
• Invocation of patron saints
Saint Roch
• Legend – an angel has taken care of his wounds
• Bubo on groin
Plague risk factors
• Towns
• Lack of hygiene
• Summer
• Black rat
• Turks
Plague - treatment
- perfuming cloths
- burning brimstone (sulphur)
- boiling vinegar
- avoiding beggars