Medicinal plants in Baskoure, Kourittenga Province, Burkina Faso: An ethnobotanical study

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133 (2011) 378–395

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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edicinal plants in Baskoure, Kourittenga Province,urkina Faso: An ethnobotanical study

ascal Nadembegaa, Joseph Issaka Boussimb, Jean Baptiste Nikiemac,erruccio Poli a, Fabiana Antognonia,∗

Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio, 42, 40126 Bologna, ItalyUniversity of Ouagadougou UFR/SVT, 03 BP, 848 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina FasoUniversity of Ouagadougou, UFR/SDS, 01 BP, 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 4 May 2010eceived in revised form 5 October 2010ccepted 5 October 2010vailable online 13 October 2010

eywords:urkina Fasothnobotanyfrican traditional medicineedicinal plants

a b s t r a c t

Aim of the study: The majority of people living in Kourittenga Province, Burkina Faso, are highly dependenton medicinal plants for their daily health care. Knowledge on the use of medicinal plants by traditionalhealers is being seriously threatened, due to the fact that it is commonly transferred from one generationto another only verbally. Moreover, recent environmental changes, deforestation, and unsustainable ratesof exploitation, represent a serious risk for plant species diversity. Thus, there is a need to record anddocument indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants in this country. The aim of this study was to reporton the use of medicinal plants by traditional healers to treat human diseases in a rural area locatedin the East-Centre Region of Burkina Faso (Baskoure Area), which has not yet been studied from anethnobotanical point of view.Materials and methods: The research was carried out over a period of 8 months, by means of open-endedand semi-structured interviews. A total of 41 traditional healers were interviewed, and group meet-ings were organised with family members and other local inhabitants having knowledge of traditionalmedicine.Results: A total of 190 plant species were recorded. Most medicinal plants used to prepare concoctionswere herbs, and leaves were the most frequently used parts. A high percentage of plants were usedagainst gastrointestinal diseases and malaria, which are the prevalent diseases in the study area. The
major source of remedies came from wild plants, indicating that cultivation of medicinal plants is not acommon practice.Conclusions: Our study represents an inventory on medicinal plants used in a rural area of Burkina Faso,and confirms that wild plants are widely utilised as health remedies in this area. The collected data mayhelp to avoid the loss of traditional knowledge on the use of medicinal plants detained by traditional heal-ers, and represent the preliminary information required in view of a future phytochemical investigation on the most used plants.
. Introduction

Since ancient times, plants have formed the basis of traditionaledical systems, such as the Ayurvedic, Chinese and African ones.

n recent years, the interest in folk medicine from different cul-ures, also known as Traditional Medicine (TM), has increased
ignificantly in industrialised countries, due to the fact that manyrescription drugs worldwide have originated from the tropicalora (Nelson-Harrison et al., 2002).
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 051 2091291; fax: +39 051 242576.E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Antognoni).

378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.oi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.010

© 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country situated in the heartof West Africa, at the edge of the Sahel, the agricultural regionbetween the Sahara Desert and the coastal rain forests. Most ofcentral Burkina Faso lies on a savannah plateau, which is very richin plants that provide household energy, food, and medicine. Ofsome 65 ethnic groups which compose its population, the mostrepresented one is the Mosse, which account for almost half ofthe total population. The majority of the country’s population livesin rural areas, and, due to the inaccessibility and prohibitive cost
of Western medicine, is almost totally dependent on TM for itshealth care needs (Lykke et al., 2004; Vasisht and Kumar, 2004).Much of the knowledge on medicinal plants, and on production ofpharmaceuticals based on such plants, is detained by traditionalhealers, and is passed on from one generation to the next only
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P. Nadembega et al. / Journal of Et

erbally. Moreover, the increasing human population in the Westfrican savannah in the last decades has led to overexploitationf land in many areas, thus reducing the biodiversity of medici-al plants (Sheldon et al., 1997; Dhillion and Amundsen, 2000).hus, there is an urgent need to record and utilize the wealth ofthnobotanical knowledge detained by healers both for ethnophar-acological purposes, and possibly for the discovery of new active

rinciples.A number of studies have been carried out in Burkina Faso for

he evaluation of local use-preferences and vegetation changesor woody species (Lykke et al., 2004; Wezel and Lykke, 2006),ut few first-hand information on plants of therapeutic value isvailable (Sanon et al., 2003). In this work, an inventory of theedicinal plants used in a rural area of the East-Centre Region of

urkina Faso (Baskoure Area) was carried out, based on informa-ion gathered from interviews with traditional healers. Informationegarding their traditional use, preparation, and administrationas also collected. The study was carried out with the aim of pre-

erving knowledge about the local use of medicinal plants in thisrea of the country, and provides preliminary information aimedt a more detailed investigation on the bioactive molecules.

. Materials and methods

.1. The study area

The study took place in Baskoure and Songretenga communes,wo rural areas located in Kourittenga Province, in the East-Centreegion of Burkina Faso (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Map of the

armacology 133 (2011) 378–395 379

The area, located 165 km from Ouagadougou in a south-easterndirection, is located at N 12◦0′0′′ and W 0◦10′0′′, and an altitude of250–300 m a.s.l.; it covers about 100 km2 with 12 960 inhabitants in2008. The region is mainly inhabited by Bissa and Mosse people, butother ethnic groups, such as the Fulani and Gourmantche, also livethere. The study area was chosen since the local language (Mooré)is fluently spoken by the main investigator (Pascal Nadembega).

2.2. Data collection methods

The survey was carried out during two periods of 4 monthseach (from May to September) in 2007 and 2008, in six villagesof Baskoure and Songretenga communes. Open-ended and semi-structured interviews (Cotton, 1996; Bruni et al., 1997) were usedin this investigation. The interviews were conducted using thelocal language (Mooré). Both individual and group interviews werecarried out. A total of 41 traditional health practitioners wereinterviewed, and seven group meetings were organised with fam-ily members and other people who had knowledge in traditionalmedicine without being healers. Conventional medical doctors,traditional authorities, patients, monks, diviners and practitioner-diviners were also interviewed. The age of informants was between35 and 76.

Information was collected concerning local names of plants
used, plant parts, plant habitat, methods of preparation, therapeuticuse, and any further information about the drug. Plant specimenswere collected, their identification was done by Prof. Joseph IssakaBoussim, and voucher specimens were deposited in the herbariumof the Botanical Laboratory of the University of Ouagadougou.
study area.

3 hnopharmacology 133 (2011) 378–395

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Table 2Parts of medicinal plants used in different preparations in the study area. Percent-ages were calculated as the ratio between the number of plants in which a certainpart is used and the total number of plants.

Part used Number of species Percentage

Leaf 73 38.4Stem bark 57 30.0Root 56 29.5Whole Plant 44 23.1Fruit 30 15.8Branch 19 10.0Flower 5 2.6

for 79.5% of the recorded species, followed by maceration (30.5%,Table 3). Powder is obtained by finely grinding the plant partsto be used, after drying them; charred material is obtained by anon-complete burning of plant parts. After the preparation of a

80 P. Nadembega et al. / Journal of Et

. Results and discussion

.1. Medicinal plants recorded

Thirty-five medicinal plants specified by their local names couldot be identified and were therefore not included here. A total of90 plant species, belonging to 159 genera and 58 families, wereecorded from the study area (Appendix A); they are utilized in25 formulations. The most represented families are Caesalpini-ceae, Poaceae, Mimosaceae and Fabaceae with 15, 14, 12 and 11pecies, respectively, followed by Combretaceae and Rubiaceae (9nd 8 species). Families with more than five species were Mal-aceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Anacardiaceae, Asclepiadaceaend Tiliaceae. Since the study area is mainly covered by grassyavannah, herbaceous plants are more used (46.8%) than trees35.3%) and shrubs (14.2%; Table 1). A small number of speciesre lianas. Some parasitic plants, such as Tapinanthus sp. andtriga hermontica Benth (Scrophulariaceae) are also used as herbaledicines. The medicinal value of parasitic plants strictly depends

n the host plant (Burkill, 1995; Deeni and Sadiq, 2002). For exam-le, Tapinanthus sp. growing on Vitellaria paradoxa C.f. Gaertn. aresed against malaria, while the same species growing on Lan-ea microcarpa Eng & Kr. are used for jaundice and hepatitisAppendix A). The large number of plant species recorded in thetudy area indicates a dependence on a great diversity of plantpecies to treat ailments, and represents a good indicator of therofound knowledge on herbal plants held by the traditional healthractitioners.

The great majority of medicinal plants recorded in our surveyere uncultivated ones, growing mainly in fallowlands (89.0%, dataot shown). Only a few were cultivated or collected from home gar-ens, and these were grown primarily for food purposes. Amongsthese were Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Persea americana Mill., Alliumepa L., Carica papaya L., Cassia siemea Lam.

.2. Plant parts used

In African TM, all plant parts, and in many cases different partsf the same plant, are used for the treatment of various ailments. Inur survey, the most frequently sought parts were leaves, account-ng for 38.4%, followed by stem bark (30.0%), roots (29.5%), and

hole plants (23.1%, Table 2). Similar results were obtained byondimu et al. (2007) in an ethnobotanical study carried out in

thiopia.Bark was often taken from the trunk of the tree preferably from

he side facing the rising sun (east) and the opposite side (west).t is important to note that particular care is taken by traditionalealth practitioners in maintaining a sustainable harvesting inten-ity, in order to preserve as much as possible species viability andlant populations. By contrast, unsustainable exploitation of plants

s frequently carried out by herb sellers, who frequently collectlants without official authorisation. Indeed, the traditional heal-
rs interviewed referred that several plants, such as Kigelia africanaLam.) Benth., Prosopis africana (Guill., Perr. & Rich.) Taub., Cap-aris sepiaria L., Gardenia sokotensis Hutch., Khaya senegalensis A.uss, Securidaca longepedunculata Fres., and Pseudocedrela kotschyi
able 1abit of medicinal plants used in the study area.

Plant habit Number of species Percentage

Herb 86 46.8Tree 66 35.3Shrub 27 14.2Liana 8 4.7Parasitic plant 3 1.6

Tubercle 5 2.6Seed 6 3.2Bulb 4 2.1

Harms., were becoming rare in the study area due to overexploita-tion and climate change. Many of the species reported as decliningby the traditional healers (Securidaca longepedunculata Fres., Gar-denia sokotensis Hutch., Prosopis africana (Guill., Perr. & Rich.) Taub.,Khaya senegalensis A. Juss.) were found to be threatened by vege-tation change through investigations carried out in the East Regionof Burkina Faso (Hahn-Hadjali and Thiombiano, 2000), and similarresults were reported by Lykke et al. (2004) in the Sahelian Region.The perception of vegetation change and natural resource declineis becoming rather common throughout the Sahel, and has beenwell documented (Wezel and Haigis, 2000; Gonzalez, 2001; Wezel,2005).

Traditional healers also reported that some plants, e.g., Gardeniaaqualla Stapf. & Hutch., Trichilia emetica Vahl., Crossopteryx febrifugaBenth., Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr., Securidaca longepedun-culata Fres., have recently changed their habit from tree to shrub.

For some plants to be used as medicine, it is important to con-sider their habitat. For example, young stems and leaves of Capparissepiaria L., and roots of Calotropis procera W.T. Ait. growing incemeteries or on termites are used, whilst Mitragyna inermis (Will)Ktze. (roots, leaves) and Dichrostachys cinerea Wight. & Arn. (roots,leaves) are utilized only if growing isolated.

3.3. Modes of preparation

The herbal plant species recorded here were prepared in a vari-ety of ways. Concoctions normally consist of mixtures of morethan one species, sometimes including also animal and mineralmaterials. Thus, pieces of antelope, elephant, rhinoceros, tortoise,chameleon, crocodile, lion, donkey, monkey, horse, cow, or chickenbones are used as ingredients in African TM, and are thought toenhance the power of the formulations (data not shown).

The decoction is generally the method of choice, accounting

Table 3Mode of preparations of medicinal plants in the study area. Percentages were cal-culated as the ratio between plants used in a certain mode of preparation and thetotal number of recorded plants.

Mode of preparation Number of plants Percentage

Decoction 151 79.5Maceration 58 30.5Powder 44 23.2Charred 36 19.0Juice 18 9.5Cream 3 1.6Paste 2 1.0Grilled 2 1.0

P. Nadembega et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133 (2011) 378–395 381

Table 4Administration route of preparations in the study area. Percentages were calcu-lated as the ratio between the number of formulations in which a certain mode ofapplication is used and the total number of formulations recorded.

Mode of application Number of preparations Percentage

Oral 454 62.7Topical 322 44.4

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Table 5Percentage of plant species used as remedies against different disease systems. Per-centages were calculated by considering the therapeutic uses of the plant relativeto the total number of species.

System Percentage

Fever and malaria 64.1Digestive system 54.0Reproductive system 34.2Cardiovascular system 30.1Skin and subcutaneous tissues diseases 28.3Respiratory system 25.5Nervous system 24.2Fortification against malnutrition 20.6Urinary system 16.1Muscolo-skeletical system 10.0Endocrinological system (diabetes) 5.0

Rectal 103 11.0Endovenous Scarification 13 1.8Nasal Inhalation 23 2.0

ecoction or maceration, the remaining solid part is sometimesround or charred to obtain a powder. The medicinal use of theharred material is different depending upon the liquid used toxtinguish the flames. Other less common ways of preparationnclude juices (9.5%), pastes and creams (2.6%, Table 3). Juices aresually extracted from succulent plants.

Most preparations are made with water as a solvent (96.0%,ata not shown). Other formulations are made by adding ash fil-ered solutions obtained from the stem of plants particularly richn potassium salts, such as Pennisetum americanum L. and Sorghumuineense Stapt. in order to basify the formulation, or with hydro-lcoholic mixtures prepared using local wine or beer as alcohol3.5%). In only a few cases, other materials are used, such as plantat (e.g., shea butter), animal blood, milk, human urine and cat-le bile. It is important to underline that aerial parts of Sorghumuineense Stapt. are commonly used in the formulations as excip-ents, as they are believed to enhance the power of a remedy.his explains the high number of reports recorded for this plantAppendix A).

Traditional healers interviewed reported that for the remedyo have efficacy, certain rules have to be observed, such as theime for collecting the plant, the order in which different plantsre added during the concoction, and the time of day at whichreparations are made. The choice of the plant to be collected and

ts harvest sometimes involves ritual elements, and the best timeor collection is variable, depending on the therapeutic use of thelant. Traditional healers attach particular importance to the wayhe plants are disposed in the cooking-pot (for example, to haven optimum effect against childrens’ navel pain the upper parts ofndigofera tinctoria L. are disposed on the bottom, followed by thether components of the formulation). The temperature reacheduring the preparation is also important, since, if not respected,

t can cause irreversible damage. As an example, the use of Cassiaigricans Vahl. to treat childrens’ navel pain can cause impotence ifecoction temperature reaches boiling point.

During our survey, all traditional healers interviewed empha-ised the concept that a spiritual component is also involved in these of plants for the treatment of particular symptoms, saying that

t is the power, the “spirit” of the plant that is believed to have theherapeutic effect. This represents a common trait of traditionalealth practices (Herrick, 1995).

.4. Mode of application

Mode of application was reported based on the 725 formulationsecorded. Oral administration is the most common way to applyerbal drugs, and is utilised in 62.7% of the formulations (Table 4). Inost cases, a combination between oral and other forms of applica-

ion is adopted. Infusions and decoctions are usually drunk as teasr soups. Some herbal medicines are mixed in with “ran-moaga”
traditional beer) or wine. External applications are also frequentlymployed, accounting for 44.4%, and may consist in a local appli-ation to the skin or in taking a bath. Powders may also be lickedr applied to the skin. Rectal application is generally utilized forhildren. Skin scarification is only seldom used (1.8%) and consists
Eye diseases 5.0Ear nose and throat 4.1Snake and scorpion bites 3.1Insects repulsive 1.1

in incisions performed in some specific parts of the body, aimed ata better uptake of the active compounds of the drug.

3.5. Therapeutic uses of medicinal plants

As shown in Appendix A, the majority of plants were reportedto be used for more than one type of disease. A relevant percent-age of medicinal plants is used against malaria (64.1%, Table 5),which is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in BurkinaFaso, corresponding to 20% of death in medical centers (Sanon etal., 1997) Some plants used to treat malaria by the native peoplein these communities, e.g., Acanthospermum hispidum D.C., Termi-nalia macroptera Gill. & Perr., Cassia siamea Lam., Ficus sycomorusL., Pavetta crassipes K. Schum., are the same as those reported inethnobotanical surveys carried out in other regions of Burkina Faso(Sanon et al., 2003; Jansen et al., 2008). Cardiovascular, reproduc-tive, and nervous system diseases likewise represent importanttargets for use of herbal drugs in the study area, even though alarge part of these reports could ultimately be related to malaria,which affects several organs/systems.

A high proportion of plants was used for enteric diseases (54.0%,Table 5). This is not surprising, considering that these infectionsare within the top 10 causes of death in this country (WHO, 2006).As can be seen from Appendix A, two plants in particular, Vitel-laria paradoxa C.f. Gaertn. (Sapotaceae) and Parkia biglobos Benth.(Mimosaceae) turned out to be of great value for the traditionalhealers in the study area, since the highest number of records wasregistered for these plants. Our reports confirm the huge range ofapplications for these plants in the TM of West Africa. Differentparts of Vitellaria paradoxa C.f. Gaertn. have been reported to beused in the treatment of enteric infections, as well as skin diseasesand wound infections (El-Mahmood et al., 2008). Similarly, stembark and other parts of Parkia biglobosa Benth. were reported to beused to treat various ailments in tropical West Africa (Burkill, 1995;Abo et al., 2008). Thus, the use of these two plants as “multipurposeplants” in African TM is confirmed.

Some plants have a different use even in communities living notfar from each other. For example, the majority of species used totreat oral diseases in the Kadiogo Province in the Central Region ofBurkina Faso (Tabsoba and Deschamps, 2006) do not have the sameuse in the communities of Kourittenga Province investigated by us.Only few species, such as Caliotropis procera W.T. Ait., Pseudocedrela
kotschyi Harms., Parkia biglobosa Benth., and Diospyros mespiliformisHochst., turned out to have similar uses. In this respect, it is inter-esting to observe that local names of species are in some casescompletely different, even though the local language is the same(Mooré) in the two provinces (Tabsoba and Deschamps, 2006). For

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xample, Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. is named “Wilin-wiiga” inadiogo Province and “Puglum” in Kourittenga; Cassia sieberiana.C. is called “Kumbrisaka” in Kadiogo and “Yamtiiga” in Kourit-

enga. This fact emphasizes once again the importance of a correctdentification of medicinal plants used by local communities iniew of future phytochemical investigations (Cotton, 1996).

. Conclusions

Our study confirms that wild plants are still a major source ofedicine for the local people living in the Kourittenga Province

f Burkina Faso. Modern health care services in this area are notdequate, and most people have limited economic means to buyestern medicine from the market. Thus, TM remains the most

opular medicine in solving health problems. A great variety oflants have emerged from our survey to be used by traditional heal-rs for treatment of numerous diseases. This represents a usefulnd long-lasting documentation, which can contribute to preserv-
ng knowledge on the use of medicinal plants in this region, andransferring it to future generations. This ethnobotanical studyepresents the starting point to create a link between scientificnstitutions and local traditional healers, useful not only in view
Species and family Local name Drug

Abutilon grandifolium (Willd) Sw Wobg-beerga EarsMalvaceae Branch

Acacia dudgeoni Craib. ex. Holl Gompagnalega RootMimosaceae Branch

Acacia gourmandize A. Chev Gonsabelga RootMimosaceae Stem barkAcacia macrostachya Reich. Sinsindinga FruitMimosaceae

Acacia nilotica Del. Pianlinga FruitMimosaceae Stem barkAcacia pennata Willd. Kanre LeafMimosaceae Branch

Acacia polyacanthe subsp.campylacantha Bren

Guaar Stem bark

Mimosaceae

Acacia senegal (L.) Willd Gõpealega Stem barkMimosaceae Fruit

Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Giama tan Whole plantAsteraceaeAchyranthes aspera var. sicula L. Baag-yewi Whole plantAmaranthaceaeAdansonia digitata L. Tweega FruitBombacaceae Flower

Stem bark

Andropogon gayanus Kunth. Wemmoodo Whole plantPoaceaeAframomum melegueta K. Schum. Zumbri Fruit

armacology 133 (2011) 378–395

of new drug development research, but also for sending back to tra-ditional healers the scientific findings. Although scientific resultsare far beyond their understanding and interpretation, it wouldbe important to give them some information at the level of theircomprehension and practices, especially on the harmful effects ofsome plants, in order to encourage their proper use and thus reducehealth hazards. This could ultimately give further impulse to the useof TM in this area. We are currently testing some of the recordedplants (Cassia sieberiana D.C., Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn., Garde-nia sokotensis D.C., Euphorbia paganorum A. Chev.) for antimalarial,antitumor, and antioxidant activities in order to confirm the ther-apeutic use reported by the traditional healers.

Acknowledgements

This paper is a tribute to my father, Nadembega Ganda Paul,Traditional Healer (ad memoriam). The authors wish to thank theTraditional Practitioners of Baskoure and Songretenga communes,and all family members and friends in Burkina Faso for their collab-oration and support. Special thanks to Dr. O. Bognounou of CNRST,Prof. J.F. Millogo and all the staff of the Laboratory of Botany of theUniversity of Ouagadougou for sharing their knowledge.

Appendix A. List of medicinal plants

Preparation Therapeutic uses Report Nature

Decoction Antiabortion 4 ShrubCoughTonic for elder people

Decoction Premature born 8 TreeSkin diseasesHeart disordersMalariaStomach acheConjunctivitisHemorrhoidsTonic

Decoction Cough 1 Tree

Charred Fever, malaria 6 LianaDecoction Mental disorders

HeadacheKid’s stomach ache

Decoction Gastric ulcers 2 TreeHemorrhoids

Decoction Malaria 13 LianaCharred Cough

Heart disordersStrokeSkin diseasesGeneral astheniaHeadacheItch

Maceration Tonic 1 Tree

Charred Skin disordersSterility

Decoction Malaria, 6 TreeHeart disordersFertility regulationChronic woundsAppendicitis

Juice Typhus 1 Herb

Decoction Cough 1 Herb

Decoction Measles 9 TreeHeart disorders
Hip disordersMental disordersCough
Maceration Headache 2 Herb

Maceration Malaria 26 Herb

hnopharmacology 133 (2011) 378–395 383

APreparation Therapeutic uses Report Nature

Decoction FurunculousPowder Abscesses

Sexual astheniaHerniaStomach acheImmunomodulationAsthma

Decoction Malaria 1 Tree

Powder High blood-pressure 3 HerbSedativeMental disorders

Maceration Malaria 7 HerbDecoction HerniaPowder Nightmares

Mental disordersHigh blood-pressureSedative

Decoction Hemorrhoids 1 HerbAnti-inflammatory

Decoction Stomach ache 5 Liana

Powder Sexual astheniaAnti-inflammatoryChronic wounds

Fresh Antidote 1 Shrub

t Cream Bronchitis 2 HerbHerpes

Charred Malaria 12 ShrubDecoction Liver disordersPowder Loss of memory

AstheniaHemorrhoidsPremature bornControl hunger feelingSedativeGastric ulcerBloody diarrheaChronic woundsAntiacidUrinary retentionNightmares

Decoction Malaria 18 TreeDiarrheaStomach acheFeverUrinary retentionBody swellingSkin diseasesVenous insufficiencyAntiparasitaryMental disordersSexual asthenia

Maceration Malaria 7 HerbDecoction Kidney disordersCharred Heart disorders

Loss of memoryEye diseasesAstheniaCrampsTremorBody swellingStomach ache

Powder Spermatogogue 1 Herb

Decoction Malaria 2 TreeLiver disorders

Decoction Furunculous 3 TreePowder Anemia


ppendix A (Continued )Species and family Local name Drug

Zingiberaceae

Albizzia chevalieri Harms. Duãduãga RootMimosaceaeAllium cepa L. Sasinsala BulbLiliaceae

Allium sativum L. Laye BulbLiliaceae

Aloe buettneri Bgr. Mintipa/walpetubre BulbAgavaceaeAmpelocissus africana var africana

(Lour) MerrBugsemtungu Tubercle

Vitaceae

Ananas comosus (L) Merr Anana tiiya FruitBromeliaceaeAndropogon canaliculatus Schum. Mokanga Whole planPoaceaeAnnona senegalensis Pers. Barkudga RootAnnonaceae Leaf

Stem bark

Anogeissus leiocarpa Guill. & Perr. Siiga LeafCombretaceae Stem bark

Root

Arachis hypogaea L. Sigkaam/Naguri LeafFabaceae

Asphodelus fistulosus L. Ganbed sugkaam TubercleLiliaceaeAzadirachta indica A. Juss. Panguda LeafMeliaceaeBacopa hamiltoniana (Bent.) Wettst. Siimtimiiga Stem barkScrophulariaceae Branch

RootLeaf

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Kiagelga RootZigophyllaceae Young plant

Stem bark

General astheniaBone pain

Maceration Malaria 23 TreePowder Liver disordersDecoction Hernia



Charred SinusitisStomach acheLaxativeHeadacheSkin diseasesHeart disordersKids nightmaresDiarrheaSore throatUrinary retentionBody swellingVenous insufficiencyNose bleedingMental disordersIctus

Decoction Fortification for kids 1 Herb

Decoction Stomach ache 2 HerbSkin diseases

Powder Malaria 3 ShrubSexual astheniaDiarrheaHernia

Decoction Anemia 11 TreeMaceration Mental disordersCharred, Itch

NightmaresMaceration Malaria 2 Tree

Kids rectal inflammationDecoction Mental disorders 2 TreePowder HemostatiqueDecoction Malaria 4 Herb

Skin diseasesDiabetes

Powder Malaria 15 ShrubMaceration Anti-inflammatoryDecoction HealingCharred Sinusitis

VertigoOtitisOsteoarthritisMental disordersEpilepsyHeart disordersFurunculousToothacheHip disordersSuccess with studies

Maceration Sterility 2 LianaPregnancy problems

Maceration Malaria 42 HerbCharred Anti inflammatoryPowder Sexual astheniaDecoction Stomach ache

HerniaHemorrhoidsToothacheGastric ulcer, constipationKidney disordersFurunculousAstheniaHeart disorderHip disorderPregnancy problems

Decoction Malaria 6 LianaSkin diseasesAstheniaStomach ache

Maceration Urinary retention 5 HerbOtitisTonic for elder peopleAsthma



Bergenia suffruticosa Fengl Kwiribkwiribi Whole plantLythraceaeBlepharis linariifolia Pers Gnebzuiya Whole plantAcanthaceaeBocia senegalensis Lam. Lambwega RootCapparadaceae (Nabre) Seed

Bombax costatum Pellegr et Vuillet Voaaka Stem barkBombacaceae

Borassus aethiopum Mart. Koãga BulbArecaceaeBoswellia dalzielii Hutch Kumdagneogo Stem barkBurseraceaeCadaba farinosa Fosrk. Kinsga LeafCapparaceae

Calotropis procera W.T. Ait. Putrupuugu RootAsclepiadaceae

Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D.C Wagtiia BranchFabaceaeCapsicum frutescens L. Kambi/Kipiarga FruitSolanaceae

Capparis sepiaria (L.) Kalyanga RootCapparadaceae Lamgwitenga Whole plant

Lamgongo Leaf

Caralluma dalzielli N.E.Br. Rumkim-suuga TubercleAsclepiadaceae

Carica papaya L. Papar tiiga LeafCaricaceae Fruit

MalariaHernia

Decoction Malaria 6 HerbGrilling HiccupMaceration Galactogogue



Liver disordersLaxative

Decoction Malaria 1 Herb

Decoction Malaria 2 HerbAppendicitis


Maceration Malaria 31 TreePowder Stomach acheDecoction Anti-inflammatory

AdaptogenicSexual astheniaLiver disordersAnemiaLoss of memoryLaxative


Decoction Malaria 2 ShrubFeverLiver disorders

Charred High blood-pressure 1 Herb

Decoction Stomach ache 1 Herb

Decoction Alcoholism 3 HerbPowder Kidney stones

Bile stonesMicrocirculationTonic

Decoction Malaria 6 HerbDiarrheaHerniaSexual asthenia

Maceration Painful menstruation 2 LianaDecoction Skin diseases

ChickenpoxJuice Otitis 1 Liana

t)Decoction Sedative 1 Tree

.t)

Decoction Sedative 1 Tree

Inhalation, Malaria, 17 HerbDecoction Liver disorders

CoughAnemiaIndigestionDiarrheaSexual asthenia

Juice Hernia 12 TreeMaceration Vomiting bloodPowder AntidoteCharred Stomach ache

Tonic for kidsHead acheSkin diseasesTumorMalariaCoughBleeding diarrheaEnteric parasitosisScorpions bite


Powder AntiabortionLocomotion disorderDelivery



Cassia mimosoides L. Ko-roaga Stem barkCaesalpiniaceaeCassia nigricans Vahl. Zanerkuka Whole plantCaesalpiniaceaeCassia occidentalis L. Nayunakoilinga LeafCaesaipiniaceae Stem barkCassia sieberiana DC. Yamtiiga RootCaesalpiniaceae Leaf

Stem bark

Cassia siemea Lam. Kasse tiiga BranchCaesalpiniaceae Flower

LeafCassia singueana Del. Gelwaka LeafCaesalpiniaceae

Cassia tora L. Sigdre LeafMimosaceaeCeratotheca sesamoides Endl. Bundu Whole plantPedaliaceaeChrysanthellum americanum L. Kamga Whole plantAsteraceae

Cissus flavicans Planch. Wamsabre TubercleVitaceae Ritimlidgain

Cissus gracilis Suess Logmesgo RootVitaceae Branch

Cissus quadrangularis L. Bourouri Stem barkVitaceaeCitrus aurantifolia Swingle Citõrõ tiiga Tapinanthus sp

(parasitic planRutaceaeCitrus sinensis L. Orange tiiga Tapinanthus sp

(parasitic planRutaceaeCochlospermum planchonii Hook. Soãs-gnaaga TubercleCochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. Soãs-raaCochlospermaceae

Cola nitida A. Chev Gud-tiiya FruitSterculiaceae

Combretum adenogonium Stend ex.A.Rich.

Kuilinga Root

Combretaceae Stem barkLeaf

HeadacheHip disordersKids antiparasitaryDiarrheaHigh blood-pressure



Menstrual disordersTonicTesticular skin disordersItch

Maceration Asthenia 1 Tree

Decoction Malaria 15 TreeMaceration Tonic

ImmunostimulantLaxativeSinusitisOtitisMental disordersEpilepsyEyes diseasesIndigestionBody swelling


MalnutritionTonicFever

Decoction Laxative 1 Herb

Decoction Laxative 1 Herb

Decoction Anti-inflammatory 8 HerbCharred Vomiting bloodMaceration Malaria

AntidoteJuice Malaria 8 TreeDecoction Liver disordersPowder, Stomach acheMaceration Lung disordersCharred Menstrual pain

ObesityKidney disordersBody swellingHerpes

Decoction Malaria 3 HerbSexual asthenia



Maceration Malaria 10 HerbDecoction Liver disordersCharred Nightmares

Mental disordersCoughAnxiety

Decoction Malaria 15 HerbMaceration Cough

FurunculousHigh blood-pressureMental disordersDiarrheaSkin diseasesNightmaresKidney disordersHeart disordersHallucinationStomach acheEyes diseasesFever

Maceration Malaria 8 TreeDecoction AbscessesPowder Sexual asthenia

TumorNightmaresConstipation




Combretum fragrans K. Hoffm Kuilin-toaga LeafCombretaceae Stem barkCombretum micranthum DC. Kakimsaalega Stem barkCombretaceae Ranga Leaf

Branch

Commiphora africana Engl. var.africana

Moumoudinga Root

Burseraceae

Corchorus olitorius L. Bulvagka LeafTiliaceaeCorchorus tridens L. Bulvag-raaga LeafTiliaceaeCrinum zeylanicum L. Yeemde TubercleAmaryllidaceae

Crossopteryx febrifuga Benth. Kum-wãga RootRubiaceae Stem bark

Fruit

Crotalaria naragutensis Hutch. Wenlebende Whole plantFabaceaeCurculigo pilosa Engl. Kodinki Whole plantHypoxidaceaeCymbopogon citratus Atrapf. Citronelle LeafPoaceaeCymbopogon giganteus Chiov. Kuwega FlowerPoaceae Root

Whole plant

Cymbopogon proximus Staff. Soom-piiga Whole plantPoaceae Flower

Root

Daniellia oliveri Hutch. & Dalz. Aõga RootCaesalpinaceae Stem bark

Datura stramonium L. Zeibla Leaf
SolanaceaeDetarium microcarpum Harms. Kãkagdega Stem barkCaesalpiniaceae Leaf
Root

Decoction Malaria 3 TreeStomach acheHeartToothache



Urinary disordersDecoction Tonic 4 ShrubJuice Hemorrhoids

DiarrheaHeart disordersSkin diseases

Decoction Malaria 1 HerbUrinary retentionAnti-inflammatoryDepurationAntalgique

Decoction, Malaria 27 TreeMaceration DiarrheaCharred Menstrual pain

Urinary retentionKid rectum inflammationToothachePsychotherapyAstheniaRepeated abortionsSkin diseasesHemorrhoidParasitesVein disorderHeart insufficiency

Decoction Malaria 8 HerbTonicKwashiorkorKids cough

Decoction Malaria 9 TreeHemorrhoidsTumorHeart disordersChronic woundGastric ulcerSkin disordersDiarrhea


Decoction Whooping-cough 1 Shrub

Juice Diarrhea 3 HerbBleeding diarrheaSpermatogogue

Decoction Spermatozoids quality 1 Herb

Decoction Diarrhea 1 Herb

Grilling Otitis 1 Tree

Maceration Anti-inflammatory 8 ShrubCharred LaxativeMilk ImmunostimulationPowder Lepra

AntidoteTumorContortionSprainTonic for kidsMalariaFurunculousBody swelling

Decoction Cough 2 Tree

Decoction Malaria 8 ShrubJuice Snake bitePowder Hemorrhage

HeadacheTonic for elder peopleStomach acheFibroma and cysts




Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et Arn. Susutri RootMimosaceae Leaf

Dicoma tomentosa Cassini Gomtidga Whole plantAsteraceae

Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. Gãaka Stem barkEbenaceae Leaf

Fruit

Eleusine indica Gaertn. Tabraganga Whole plantPoaceae

Entada africana Guill. & Perr. Saparga RootMimosaceae Leaf

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Mehn. Kaliptis BranchMyrtaceae LeafEuphorbia balsamifera Ait Sabrabelle BranchEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia convolvuloides Hochst. Wuan-biis gnaaga Whole plantEuphorbiaceae

Euphorbia forskalii Gay Wuan-biis raa Whole plantEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia hirta L. Wuan-biisum Whole plantEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia kamerunica Pax Cactus Stem barkEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia paganorum A. Chev. Tak-sèlle raa Stem barkEuphorbia poissonii Pax Tak-selle gnaaga LeafEuphorbiaceae

Faidherbia albida (Del) A. Chev. Zaãga Stem barkMimosaceaeFeretia apodentera Del. Poinr-komga Whole plantRubiaceae Parwiiga Leaf

Root

Ficus platyphylla Del. Kankan-van-lapsa Branch
Moraceae
Ficus sur Forssk. Womsiaa FruitMoraceaeFicus sycomorus L. Kankang-ditre Stem bark

FeverGalactogogue

Charred Loss of memory 1 Tree




FeverFatigueAstheniaDiarrheaContortionItchHiccupNavel painTesticular skin disordersCoughTuberculosisUterus disorder

Maceration Hip disorders 7 TreeDecoction Malaria

AntiabortionCoughTuberculosisPneumoniaTonic

Juice Malaria 9 ShrubDecoction Liver disordersMaceration Sexual asthenia

DiarrheaGastric ulcerPregnancyCoughAnti-inflammation

Decoction Asthenia 4 ShrubHeart disordersKidney disordersVein disordersStomach acheMalaria

Decoction Malaria 3 ShrubBone pain

Decoction Malaria 12 ShrubPowder Cramps

AntiabortionNauseaKidney disordersHeart disordersVertigoArterial high blood-pressureFever

Maceration Malaria 5 ShrubDecoction Antiabortion

MalnutritionPowder Sexual asthenia 3 HerbDecoction AntiemeticPowder Malaria 3 HerbCharred Cough

Heart disordersBilharzias

Charred Snake bite 1 TreeHaemostaticStomach ache

Decoction Skin diseases 4 ShrubMaceration Ribs pain

PneumoniaTuberculosisCoughLiver disordersIndigestion 3 ShrubFertility disordersPost-abortion

Decoction, Malaria 13 ShrubPowder Stomach acheCharred Nightmares

Skin diseasesHigh blood-pressureTuberculosis



Moraceae Liana

Ficus thonningii Blume Kankan-siigna RootMoraceae Branch

Leaf

Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt. Sugdaaga RootEuphorbiaceae Stem bark

Leaf

Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch Namzuuding palaaga Stem barkRubiaceae

Gardenia erubescens Stapf. Subudga Stem barkRubiaceae Root

LeafGardenia sokotensis Hutch. Tangnamzudinga LeafRubiaceae Tangrakweega Root

Tangrambrezugga Stem bark

Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. Sumbragalengaaga FruitRubiaceae

Glossonema boveanum Decne Loguinlosido Whole plantAsclepiadaceaeGossypium Sp. Lamtiiga Seed, leafMalvaceae Fruit

Grewia bicolor Juss Yoalga BranchTiliaceae

Grewia flavescens Juss Soomkondo RootTiliaceae Peokugda

Grewia lasiodiscus K. Schum. Gnedga LeafTiliaceae Stem bark

Guiera senegalensis A.F. Gmel Puglum LeafCombretaceae Root

Galle

Hibiscus cannabinus L. Beerga LeafMalvaceae Fruit

Ears

CoughDecoction Malaria 11 HerbCharred Post-abortionMaceration High blood-pressure

Fever



AstheniaParkinsonDrepanocytoseGastric ulcersLiver disorder

Decoction Malaria 7 HerbMaceration Abortion

HemorrhoidsVermifugeAnxiety

Decoction Malaria 3 HerbTonicFeverDrepanocytosisEpilepsiesSnake biteStomach acheHaemostatic


Powder Cough 5 HerbDecoction Skin diseasesMaceration Heart disorder

Tonic for kidHeadacheHip disorders

Juice Malaria 4 HerbDecoction Liver disorder

Gastric ulcerDecoction Hemorrhoids 7 HerbCharred Headache

MalariaSkin diseasesStomach acheWoman sterility

Decoction Diabetes 3 HerbMaceration Anti inflammatory

HealingSkin diseases

Maceration Hip pain 3 HerbTesticular skin injuryFortification


Maceration Malaria 21 TreeDecoction Menstrual painPowder Skin diseases

HemorrhoidsLung disordersHeart disordersHip disordersSickle cell diseaseAnemiaSexual astheniaObesityStomach acheChronic woundsScorpions biteGastric ulcerAnti-inflammatory

Decoction Repetitive abortions 1 Tree

Charred Otitis 3 HerbJuice AntidotePowder Sexual astheniaDecoction Skin diseases 10 Tree

Menstrual painMalariaKids headacheEpistaxis

Decoction Malaria 6 TreeHemorrhoids



Hibiscus esculentus L. Mãandtiiga FruitMalvaceae Leaf

Trunk

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Bitto LeafMalvaceae Whole plant

Hoslundia opposita Vahl. Sankone LeafLamiaceaeHygrophila auricolata Heine Kiaga Whole plantAcanthaceae

Hyptis spicigera Lam Zizigla/Sumwaaga RootLamiaceae Whole plant

Indigofera nigritana Hook. F. Voase Whole plantFabaceae

Indigofera tinctoria (L.) Garga Whole plantFabaceae Root

Ipomea asarifolia (Desr.) R.& Sch. Banembanto BranchConvolvulaceae

Isobedlinia doka Craib. et Stapf. Kalsaka LeafCaesalpiniaceaeKhaya senegalensis A. Juss Kuka Stem barkMeliaceae Leaf

Kigelia africana (Lam) Benth. Rogain- talle FruitBignoniaceaeLagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Tungu/Wamde BranchCucurbitaceae Tubercle

FruitLannea acida A. Rich. Sãbtuliga Stem barkAnacardiaceae

Lannea microcarpa Eng. & Kr. Sibga LeafAnacardiaceae Stem bark

Anti-inflammatoryMusculoskeletal disordersMental disordersStomach acheFever



Decoction Antiabortion 2 TreeKids pneumonia

Decoction Malaria 5 HerbSmoke High blood-pressure

Insect repulsiveCoughTuberculosis

Decoction Malaria 7 HerbKids rectum inflammationHip disordersWoundsSkin diseases

Decoction Malaria 8 HerbDiabetesWoman fertilityGalactogogueCoughSkin diseasesPregnancy

Charred Insect repulsive 2 HerbMalaria

Decoction Malaria 3 Liana

Repetitive abortions

Decoction Malaria 4 TreeCough

Charred Malaria 1 Herb

Decoction Malaria 2 ShrubHigh blood-pressureIncreasing intelligenceHemorrhoids

Decoction Malaria 6 TreeSkin diseasesHeart disordersMental disordersLiver disorders

Powder Cough 1 Herb

Decoction Malaria 7 TreeMaceration Hernia

Stomach acheSexual asthenia

Powder Diabetes 2 TreeDecoction MalnutritionDecoction Sterility 5 TreeMaceration Woman fertilityCharred Stomach ache

Urinary retentionHerniaMalariaLepra

Powder Malaria 6 HerbCharred Cough

AsthmaTuberculosisHeadacheTooth ache

Decoction Malaria 6 HerbBreast diseasesLiver disordersHeart diseasesAlcoholismCough

Decoction Fallopian tube disorders 3 HerbSterilityPregnancy disorders

Maceration Malaria 2 Herb



Lannea velutina A. Rich Wamsabga Stem barkAnacardiaceaeLantana rhodesiensis Moldenke Niuli sibi LeafVerbenaceae Root

Lepidagathis anobrya Nees Yuu-nao-kida Whole plantAcanthaceae

Leptadenia hastata Decne Lelongo LeafAsclepiadaceae Stem bark

Leucas martinicensis Jacq. Ait. F. Podr-yogdo LeafLamiaceaeLoeseneriella africana (Will) R.

Wilczeck ex HalleZibri Leaf

Celastraceae BranchStem bark

Mangifera indica L. Montiiga LeafAnacardiaceae Stem barkMartynia annua L. Niula LeafPedaliaceaeMaytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell Tokvugri RootCelastraceae Leaf

Mitragyna inermis (Willd) Ktze. Yilga Stem barkRubiaceae Leaf

Monechma ciliatum (Jacq)Milne-redhl.

Wibguin-tiimni Whole plant

AcanthaceaeMonodora myristica Blanco Gambasugkaam FruitAnnonaceae

Moringa oleifera Lam. Arzan tiiya LeafMoringaceae SeedNauclea latifolia Smith. Guunga RootRubiaceae Leaf

Nicotiana tabacum L. Taba LeafSolanaceae

Ocimum canum Sims. Yusinyuudu Whole plantLamiaceae

Opilia celtidifolia Endl. ex Walp. Wagsalgo Whole plantOpiliaceae Branch

Oryza sativa L. Moui Corn
Poaceae
Ozoroa insignis Del Nin-noore Whole plantAnacardiaceaePanicum subalbidum Kunth. Koalinkoaga Whole plant

Sexual astheniaCough

Decoction Malaria 1 Shrub

Maceration Tonic 5 Herb



MalariaMassageEye diseases

Decoction Malaria 51 TreePowder HemorrhoidsCharred Anti-inflammatory

CoughStomach acheKids rectum inflammationMemoryLung disordersNauseaHerniaLaxativeSyphilisToothacheAcidityAnti-high blood-pressureGastric ulcerHeart disordersDiarrheaImmunostimulatingSnake biteSkin diseasesMental disordersMenstrual disordersKidney disorders

Decoction Malaria 3 ShrubUrinary retentionSkin diseasesAsthenia

Decoction Sedative 1 Tree

Decoction Malaria 4 ShrubCoughSexual astheniaGeneral astheniaAntiparasiteDiarrheaStomach ache

Decoction Hip heart 15 Shrub

Powder GalactogoguePaste Hemorrhoids

MalariaHip astheniaMenstrual problemsBleeding diarrheaChronic woundPost-abortion

Maceration Malaria 27 HerbDecoction, Skin diseasesPowder Sexual asthenia

Stomach acheGastric ulcer

Decoction Cough 1 Herb

Juice Tonic 1 Herb

Decoction Toothache 3 TreeHigh blood-pressureSkin diseasesHemorrhoids

Decoction Malaria 3 TreeLiver disordersDiarrhea

Decoction Skin diseases 1 Tree

Decoction Body swelling 7 TreeCharred Nose bleeding

HeadacheHigh blood-pressure



Poaceae

Parkia biglobosa Benth. Roãga LeafMimosaceae Death bark

SeedStem barkFruitRoot

Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. Mokbiisri/Sagmiisri LeafRubiaceae Stem bark

Persea americana Mill Avoka tiiya LeafLauraceaePilostigma reticulatum Hochst. Bãgê-daaga Stem barkCaesalpiniaceae Leaf

Pilostigma thonningii (Schum.) M.Redh.

Bãgê-gnaaga Root

Caesalpiniaceae LeafFruitStem bark

Piper nigrum L. Mansuuro FruitPiperaceae

Portulaca oleraceae L. Baa-zearma Whole plantPortulacaceaePortulaca quadrifida L. Ting-kwi-tem-kwi Whole plantPortulacaceaePseudocedrela kotschyi Harms. Ti-tore Stem barkMeliaceae

Psidium guajava Radd. Guyak-tiiya LeafMyrtaceae

Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels. Podr-poore RootCombretaceae Stem barkPterocarpus erinaceus Poir Nonoigna RootFabaceae Leaf

Pupalia lappacea (L) A. Juss. Yoinstabdo Whole plantAmaranthaceae

AntidoteSkin diseases

Decoction Malaria 1 HerbAnti-inflammationSkin diseases



Decoction Bleeding diarrhea 3 ShrubStomach ache

Decoction Cough 1 HerbTuberculosisPneumonia

Maceration Stomach ache 3 HerbJuice Chronic wound

Sexual astheniaDecoction Vertigo 4 Herb

VermifugeHerniaSkin diseases

Powder Diarrhea 11 TreeDecoction AlcoholismCharred Antidote

Mental disordersRepetitive abortionsAntibioticKidney disordersSkin diseases

Decoction Malaria 19 TreeMaceration Skin diseasesJuice NightmaresPowder Snake bite

HerniaHip astheniaFeverAnxietyMental disordersIndigestion

it Decoction Cramps 3 HerbCream Eye diseasesMaceration HerpesDecoction High blood-pressure 4 HerbCharred Urinary retentionMaceration Eye diseases

CoughMalaria

Juice Fever 1 HerbMalaria


Maceration Malaria 61 HerbDecoction Musculoskeletal disordersPowder SpermatogoguePaste Galactogogue

BleedingAntiabortionCoughHemorrhoidsTonicUrinary retentionSexual astheniaCrampsLoss of memoryAnemiaKids obesityVertigoToothacheDiarrheaBlood vomitingHerniaHip disordersBleeding diarrhea

Maceration Asthenia 1 Herb

Maceration Malaria 2 HerbBreast infection

Decoction Asthma 7 Tree



Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels. Guiirga Stem barkCombretaceaeSaccharum officinarum L. Kãkan-siido LeafPoaceae

Sanseviera senegambica Baker Piindo/ Kantoabga RootAgavaceae

Sarcostemma viminale (L), R. Br. Wobg-gnaodo BranchAsclepiadaceae

Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst. Noãbga Stem barkAnacardiaceae

Securidaca longepedunculata Fres. Pelga RootPolygalaceae Stem bark

Sesamum indicum L. Siili Plant with fruPedaliaceae Fruit

Sesbania pachycarpa de Candole More FruitFabaceae Whole plant

Root

Sida acuta Burm. F Samampiisa LeafMalvaceaeSiphonochilus aethiopicus

(Schweinf.) B.L. BurttWuan-guriga Whole plant

ZingiberaceaeSorghum guineense Stapt. Ki LeafPoaceae Ears

Seed

Sporobolus festivus Hochst exA.Rich.

Niuli saase Whole plant

Poaceae WamparkandgaStachytarpheta angustifolia Vahl Kinzuiya Whole plantVerbenaceaeSterculia setigera Del. Pumpugga Stem bark
Sterculiaceae Heart disorders
Lung disordersParkinsonMental disordersSkin diseases



Decoction Malaria 11 TreeVertigoSkin diseasesAnti-inflammatorySedativeHerpesIctusSnake biteKids growth disorders

t Juice Heart disorders 1 Herb

Decoction Urinary retention 5 TreePowder Malaria

Nose bleedingSexual asthenia

Decoction Malaria 9 TreeMaceration DiarrheaPowder Stomach ache

AntiabortionKidney disordersHeart disorders

Charred Skin diseases 1 Herb

t Decoction Malaria 7 HerbHemorrhoidsAnti-inflammatoryKids malariaStomach acheMental disordersAnxiety

Decoction Malaria 6 HerbMaceration Musculoskeletal disordersPowder Sexual asthenia

SinusitisDecoction Malaria 34 TreeMaceration VertigoCharred Asthenia

TonicHeart disordersBilharziasLung disordersSexual astheniaPregnancy disordersChronic woundsAntiemeticDrepanocytosisSkin diseasesKidney disordersMuscular crampsTremorStomach acheKids coughLiver disorders,DiarrheaHip disorders

t Decoction Malaria (v. Paradoxa) 5 ParasiticWoman sterility (v. Paradoxa)Liver disorders

t Decoction Malaria 1 Herb


Mental disordersSkin diseasesDiarrhea

Powder Malaria 8 TreeDecoction Liver disordersMaceration Urinary retention

DiarrheaSkin diseases



Stereospermum kunthianum Cham Yilinyiiga RootBignoniaceae Leaf

Stem bark

Striga hermonthica Benth. Ki-wãõgo Whole planScrophulariaceaeStrychnos innocua Del. Mogr-raa/katinpoag-raa Stem barkLoganiaceae Root

Strychnos spinosa Lam. Katinpoaga RootLoganiaceae Stem

Leaf

Stylochiton hypogaeus Lepr Vidba/gouedba RootAraceaeStylosanthes erecta P. Beauv. Sakwi sabelga Whole planFabaceae

Synedrela nodiflora Th. Gnagkuuma RootAsteraceae

Tamarindus indica L. Pusga LeafCaesalpiniaceae Stem bark

Tapinanthus sp. Welebre Whole planLoranthaceae

Tephrosia bracteolata Guill & Perr Wedguemgnena Whole planFabaceaeTerminalia avicennioides Guill et

Perr.Kontre Root

Combretaceae

Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. Gundry/Kõdpoko Stem barkCombretaceae Leaf

Root

Trichilia emetica Vahl Kikirs-taanga RootMeliaceae

Vernonia colorata (Willd) Drake. Koaag-sãfande Leaf

Gastric ulcerDecoction Stomach ache 2 Tree

ObesityDiuretic

Juice Stomach ache 4 Herb



Decoction Skin diseasesMalariaLiver disorders

Maceration Sterility 1 Herb

Decoction Malaria 9 HerbMaceration Sexual asthenia

DiarrheaOtitisHeart disordersEye diseases

Charred Liver disorders 13 HerbDecoction CoughPowder GalactogogueMaceration Kid obesity

Heart disordersMalariaMuscular crampsKwashiorkorParkinson

Decoction Malaria, fever 54 Tree.)

Powder Skin diseases

Charred DiarrheaCream Hemorrhoids

Stomach acheHeadacheSinusitisVermifugeHiccupLung disordersHeart disordersLiver disordersThroat soreEyes diseasesMalnutritionMental disordersWoundNavel painHerpes

Decoction Stomach ache 1 TreeTuberculosis

Decoction Malaria 3 TreeAntiabortionGastric ulcerLiver disorders

Maceration Malaria, vermifuge 7 HerbDecoction Urinary retentionCharred Sexual asthenia

Menstrual disordersLiver disorders

Decoction Fibroma, ovarian cysts 2 Herb

MalariaMaceration Malaria 15 TreeJuice Painful menstruation,Decoction Delivery

Stomach acheLiver disordersDiarrheaHemorrhoidsCrampsBleeding diarrheaUrinary retention

Decoction Malaria 6 HerbSexual astheniaConstipationGastric ulcersIndigestion



Asteraceae

Vetiveria nigritana Stapf. Roudma RootPoaceaeVigna subterranea (L.) Verdc Summinga LeafFabaceae Fruit

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Benga SeedFabaceae Flower

Vitellaria paradoxa C.f. Gaertn. Taãnga LeafSapotaceae Tapinanthus sp

(parasitic plantFruitRootStem bark

Vitex diversifolia Baker Ku-pog-adga BranchVerbenaceaeVitex doniana Sweet Aadga RootVerbenaceae Stem bark

Waltheria indica L. Yar-yamde Whole plantSterculiaceae Goudgoudi Root

Leaf

Wissadula amplissima var. rostrataR.E.Fries.

Gomtiu laongo Whole plant

MalvaceaeXimenia americana L. Leanga RootOlacaceae Stem bark

Leaf

Zea mays L. Kamana LeafPoaceae

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Zep. etTime

Rapeko Stem bark

ToothacheStomach acheUrinary retention

Maceration Malaria 36 Shrub



Powder Bone painDecoction Sexual asthenia

Stomach acheHerniaDiarrheaHip disordersSkin diseasesGastric ulcer

Juice Delivery 3 HerbPowder Stomach acheMaceration HemorrhoidsDecoction Malaria 5 Shrub

Urinary retentionToothacheGastric ulcersStomach acheDiabetes

Decoction Obesity 2 Shrub

R

A

B

B

C

D

D

E

G

H

HJ

L



Rutaceae

Zingiber officinale Roscoe Yãmaku RootZingiberaceae

Ziziphus mauritania Lam. Mugulga Young plantRhamnaceae Root

Ziziphus mucronata Willd Kiimes-mugla RootRhamnaceae Kikiris-mugla

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Documents

Medicinal plants in Baskoure, Kourittenga Province, Burkina Faso: An ethnobotanical study