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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
CompleteComplete!!
CHAPTER
Second EditionSecond Edition
Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction
1
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Learning Objectives
• Use the technique of programmed learning and frames.
• Apply the phonetic pronunciation guides that are used in frames.
• Recognize that medical terminology has both constructed and nonconstructed terms.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Learning Objectives (cont.)
• Identify each of the three word parts (word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used to construct medical terms.
• Identify the function of a combining vowel that is added to a word root to form a combining form.
• Recognize that many medical terms are constructed from word parts and can be deconstructed into their word parts.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
The Programmed Learning Approach
• Programmed learning• Missing word is provided in the frame in the left margin.
• Each frame consists of a block of information, with the blank in the box on the right side of the page.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
The Programmed Learning Approach (cont.)
• Write the missing word in the blank as you proceed from frame to frame.
• Work without looking at the answer first, to make each frame a challenge.
• Always check your answer before moving to the next frame, making sure the spelling is correct.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
The Programmed Learning Approach (cont.)
• Pronunciation• Syllable Emphasis• Use the website for pronunciation
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Constructed andNonconstructed Terms
• Constructed medical terms• Learning constructed medical terms
• Deciphering constructed words
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Constructed andNonconstructed Terms (cont.)
• Examples of constructed terms: Pathology (path/o – disease) + (-logy – study of)
Tonsillectomy (tonsill/o – tonsil) + (-ectomy – surgical excision, removal)
Neonatologist (neo – new) + (nat/o – birth) + (-logist – one who studies)
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Terms (cont.)
• Nonconstructed terms• Include eponyms, terms derived from other languages, acronyms, and abbreviations.
• Nonconstructed words must be memorized.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Constructed andNonconstructed Terms
• Examples of nonconstructed terms: Impetigo Coma Cushing syndrome
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Figure 1.1Medical terms are either constructed words or words you must memorize.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
The Word Parts
• There are three primary types of word parts: prefixes, word roots, and suffixes. Prefix Word root Suffix
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Figure 1.2 Most medical terms are formed by assembling word parts.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
The Word Parts (cont.)
• Not every medical term has all three word parts.
• Many medical terms have more than one word root.
• Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix.
• A fourth word element is the combining vowel.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Figure 1.3The human body, with many of the common combining forms.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
The Word Parts (cont.)
• Combining form The most common combining vowel is the letter o.
Use the combining vowel properly. Combining vowel connects word root with a suffix that begins with a consonant.
Some constructed medical terms use combining vowels to unite two word roots.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Forming Words from Word Parts (cont.)
• A prefix usually requires no change when another word part unites with it to form a new term.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Origin of Medical Terms
• Most medical terms come from Latin and Greek.
• The ancient Greeks are considered the fathers of modern medicine.
• The Romans advanced medicine with their own experiments and observations and added Latin terms to the growing body of medical language.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Origin of Medical Terms (cont.)
• Sometimes the origins of medical terms relate to history, poetry, mythology, geography, physical objects, and ideas.
Figure 1.4The Greek father of medicine,
Hippocrates, who originated many medical terms. Source: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Prefixes
• anti- • brady- • endo-• epi- • neo- • pre-
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel
• append/o, appendic/o • bi/o • cardi/o • cerebr/o • dermat/o
dermat/o
-logy
= skin
= study of
dermatology
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (cont.)
• electr/o • encephal/o • gastr/o • hem/o• hepat/o
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (cont.)
• hyster/o• laryng/o • leuk/o • mamm/o• mast/o
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (cont.)
• ment/o • nat/o • neur/o • path/o • proct/o
neur/o
-itis
= nerve
= inflammation
neuritis
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (cont.)
• psych/o • rhin/o • tonsill/o • vas/o
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Suffixes
• -al • -ectomy • -emia • -gram • -ia
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Suffixes (cont.)
• -iatry • -ic • -itis • -logist • -logy
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts: Suffixes (cont.)
• -pathy • -philia • -plasty • -scope• -tic
proct/o
-scope
= rectum or anus
= instrument used for viewingproctoscope
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Summary
• Medical terms are deciphered by breaking them into word parts, then defining first the suffix, then the prefix, then the word root(s) or combining forms.
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Summary (cont.)
• Prefix • Word root or combining form• Suffix
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Summary (cont.)
• Most common combining vowel• Infrequently used combining vowels
• Retaining the combining vowel• Dropping the combining vowel
Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Combining Form Quiz
1.bi/o a. breast2.gastr/o b. liver3.mast/o c. vessel4.hepat/o d. life5.vas/o e. stomach