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Media (2)
Chapter 16
Xiao Huiyun
December. 2005
100s of free ppts fromwww.pptpoint.com library
http://www.pptpoint.com/http://www.pptpoint.com/7/28/2019 Media(2) Opt
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Introduction
The growth of mass circulation news-papersin Britain was a direct result of the process of
industrialisation during the 18th and 19thcenturies.
During the 18th century, newspaperreadership had been largely confined to the
upper classes and wealthier sections of themiddle class
In the early years the newspaper industrywas subject to a great deal of govern-mental
control
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Introduction
However, in the years following the French
Revolution (1789), a radical press developed
in Britain, concerned to propagate ideas ofsocial reform and social justice.
The radical papers were developing at the
same time as the Trade Unions, and were
often used as their mouthpieces and as a
means of political education.
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National Newspapers
The GuardianThe Observer.co.ukThe Independent
The TimesThe Sunday TimesDaily TelegraphFinancial TimesDaily Express
Daily MailDaily MirrorSunday MirrorDaily StarNews of The WorldThe Sun
http://www.guardian.co.uk/http://www.observer.co.uk/http://www.independent.co.uk/http://www.the-times.co.uk/http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.express.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.mirror.co.uk/http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/http://www.megastar.co.uk/http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/http://www.thesun.co.uk/http://www.thesun.co.uk/http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/http://www.megastar.co.uk/http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/http://www.mirror.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/http://www.express.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.ft.com/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.ft.com/http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/http://www.the-times.co.uk/http://www.independent.co.uk/http://www.independent.co.uk/http://www.observer.co.uk/http://www.guardian.co.uk/7/28/2019 Media(2) Opt
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Ownershipfrom Press Barons to
Media Moghuls Private,not public , ownership
The press in Britain, unlike broadcasting,
has always been wholly privately ownedand thus is a commercial enterprise ratherthan a public service .
At the beginning of this century
newspaper ownership was in the hands ofpowerful men, such as Lord Northcliffe,who were known as Press Barons. Theywere in the newspaper business both to
make money and, to be influential.
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Ownershipfrom Press Barons to
Media Moghuls Commercial media ownership has
increasingly tended towards concentration
and conglomeration . News International (see p 259) is one
example of a global multi - media
conglomerate.
Its owner, Rupert Murdoch, also has interests
in computer software, energy and transport,
as well as book publishing
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How the Press is Funded
The two main sources of revenue are :
the cover pr ice : the tabloids are
cheaper but, because of their widercirculation, a larger percentage of theirrevenue comes from this source;
advert is ing: this is the main source ofrevenue for most publications
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The Code of Advertising Practice
Advertising in the press has to conform to
certain standards of the Code of Advertising
Practice. The Codes basic principles require adverts
to be:
legal , honest and truthful to observe a sense of responsibility to the
consumer and society
to conform to the principles of fair
competition as generally accepted in
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Types of Newspapers -- Range
There are 10 major national daily papers and10 major Sunday papers, and about 2,000
smaller weekly papers . More national and regional daily newspapers
are sold in Britain than in most otherdeveloped countries.
Other examples are: Provincial Mornings ,Local Evenings , Local weeklies ,
Political Press , Community Press , etc
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Quality Press and Popular Press
The two types of papers are different in cost, size,
content, style and purpose. P260
Quality papers -- Telegraph, Independent,Guardian, The Times, Financial Times, Sunday
Telegraph, Observer
Popular papers --Sun, Mirror, Express, Mail, Star,
News of the World, Sunday Mirror, Sunday
Express, Mail on Sunday, Sunday People, News on
Sunday
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Quality Press and Popular Press
The quality papers are serious, with long informativearticles
The popular papers are less serious, contain lessnews and have more human interest stories.
The quality papers contain about 45 pages ), thequality papers (tabloids) about 60.
Some of the quality papers have weekend magazine
supplements, with special interest articles on food,travel and leisure activities
Tabloids often contain national bingo games Someare also famous for their photographs of toplesswomen
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Who Reads What?
Tabloid readers areusually from the
middle or lower class,only slightly moremale readers thanfemale, clerical,skilled or unskilledworkers, unemployed,old people and
pensioners
Quality paper readersare usually from the
middle-class,professional andmanagerial jobs, moremale readers thanfemale, and more livein the South ofEngland.
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Circulation of some
National Dailies
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Influences on the Press
The press differs from broadcasting in thefollowing ways:
It is a self-regulating industry with nogovernmental regulation.
There is little regulation of content, within certainlegal constraints (see below)
There is no obligation to give a balanced account
Nevertheless there are financial, professional andlegal constraints operating upon the industry (seediagram, p262)
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Influences on the Press
There is complex involvement at all levels:
Owners have financial control but also have other businessinterests.
Advertisers have control of their bought space.
Editors, appointed by owners, select stories and news
Journalists find the stories and write the articles which arethen subject to editorial review.
Editors and journalists have to take account of the laws oflibel.
Newspapers do not want to alienate their readers.
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Regulation of the Press
the Press Complaints Commission -- made up ofeditors of newspapers and magazines and people
outside the industry. It deals with complaints from the public about the
contents and conduct of the newspapers andadvises editors and journalists
It has a code of practice agreed by editorsconcerning journalists behaviour, references tocontentious issues such as race and religion andrespect for privacy.
Its aim is to try to guarantee accuracy and fairness
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The press, politics and bias
The majority of the press in Britain shows a bias towardsconservative values in general .
Because it does not have to remain neutral on political
issues it is easier to find evidence of political bias innewspapers than in broadcasting.
the national newspapers are biased towards certain politicalviews. TheDaily Telegraph, the Sun, Daily Mail, and
Daily Express usually more overtly support the
Conservative Party; theMirrorandNews on Sunday usually support the
policies of the Labour Party .
Other papers such as the Guardian,IndependentandToday occupy a middle ground in the political spectrum.
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Freedom of the press
In a free press there often arises conflict between
the principles of freedom of access to information
and its publication in the interests of the public,and the degree of reasonable protection for the
privacy of the individual or of the state.
a) Privacy and the laws of libel
the National Union of Journalists Code of
Conduct; libel laws, the Obscene Publications
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Freedom of the press
b) Freedom of information and nationalsecurity
Journalists in Britain often find that it isdifficult to report on matters of state if theGovernment feels it would be against thenational interest
The Freedom of Information Act 2000
The Official Secrets Act