Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures

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Series E: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 361

Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures edited by

Carlos A. Mota Soares

Cristov80 M. Mota Soares and

Manuel J.M. Freitas Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

.. Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures Tr6ia, Portugal July 12-24, 1998

A C.l. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-0-7923-5871-8 ISBN 978-94-011-4489-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4489-6

Printed on acid-free paper

Ali Rights Reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE

Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures Troia, Portugal 12-24 July, 1998

Main Sponsor NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division

Other Sponsors ONREUR - Office of Naval Research International Field Office ADTRANZ Portugal FCT - Fun~ para a Ciencia e Tecnologia FLAD - Fund~ Luso-Americana para 0 Desenvolvimento NSF - National Science Foundation SOOAP AL - Sociedade Grafica de pajA BPA - Banco Portugues do Atlantico ITS - Junta de Turismo de Setilbal Rank Xerox Portugal 1ST - Instituto Superior Tecnico IDMEC - Instituto de Engenharia Mecinica

Director Prof. Carlos A. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

Organizing Committee Prof. Carlos A. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Prot: T.W. Chou, University of Delaware, USA Prot: J.N. Reddy, University of Texas A&M, USA Dr. J.R. Starnes, NASA, USA Prof. J.O. Williams, University of London, U.K.

Local Organizing Committee Prot: Carlos A. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Prot: Joaquim Infimte Barbosa, Nautical School Infante Dom Henrique, Portugal Prof. Manuel J.M. Freitas, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Prot: Crist6vao M. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

CONTENTS

Preface

List of Participants

List of Contributors

Theory and Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates J.N. Reddy

Micromechanics Analysis of Composite Materials

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A.S.D. Wang 81

Predictim of the Effective Damage Properties and Failure Properties of Non Linear Anisotropic Discontinuous Reinforced Composites

K. DaTim, J. Fitoussi, G. Guo and D. Baptiste 131

Mechanics of Tbree-Dimmsiooal Textile Structural Composites: Processing Tsu-Wei Cllouand TimothyD. Kostar 151

Mechanics ofTbree-Dimmsiooal Textile Structw"al Composites: Analysis Tsu-Wei Cllou and Timothy D. Kostar 163

Mechanics ofThree-Dimmsional Textile Structural Composites: Performance Modeling Tsu-Wei 01011 and Kishore Pochiraju 173

Testing and Modeling of IneIastic Behavior of Fibrous Composites C.T. Sm 183

Characterizatim of Strain Rate-Depmdmt Behavior in Polymeric Composites C.T.Sm 195

A Treatmmt of Interfacial Cracks in the Presmce of Frictim C.T. Sm and W. Qian 205

Impact and High Rate Testing of Composites: An Overview B.RK.BlackmanandJ.G. Williams 215

Impact and High Rate Testing of Composites: High Rate Delamination Testing B.RK. Blackman and J.G. Williams 225

Composite for Marine Applications Part 1. Testing of Materials and Structures for Surface Vessels

P. Davies 235

Composite for Marine Applications Part 2. Underwater Structures

P. Davies and P. Cllauchot 249

Examples Co Non-Destructive Testing of Glass- and Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites

A.I. BrIDlner, 1. Neuenschwander 261

Towards Standardised InterIaminar Fracture Tests for Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites

A.J. BrIDlner 279

Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermoset and Thermoplastic Matrices for Continuous Fibre Composites

A.Cervenka 289

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Hygrothennal Ageing of Glass Reinforced Composite Pipes A.Cervenka 299

Composite Pipes Based on Thermoplastic Matrices Reinforced by Continuous Fibres A.Cervenka 309

Impact Damage of Composite Structures M. de Freitas and L. Reis 319

Remarks 00 Linear and Nonlinear Variational Design Sensitivity Analysis F.-J. Barthold 331

Remarks 00 Computing the Energy Release Rate and its Sensitivities F.-J. Barthold and S. Mesecke 341

Some Remarks 00 Robust Design F.-J. Barthold and S. Mesecke 351

Optimization of Thin-WaIled Structures E. Stein and F.-J. Barthold 361

Theory and Computation of Multilayer Composites E. Stein and J. Tessmer 369

Theory and Computation of Damage and Failure of Composites E. SteinandJ. Tessmer 379

Optimal Design of Composite Structures with Integrated Piezoelectric Laminae Victor M Franco Correia, Crist6vio M. Mota Soares and Carlos A. Mota Soares 389

Optimization of Composite Structures Using Response Surface Approximations R T. Haftka, R Vitali and B.V. Sankar 409

Genetic Algorithms for Optimization of Composite Laminates R T. Haftka 431

Identification Techniques in Composite Laminates Pauli Pedersen 443

Sensitivity Analysis and Inverse Problems for Laminates and Materials Pauli Pedersen 453

Asymptotic Approach to Optimal Structural Design with Brittle-Fracture ConsIraints Part I: Prototype Problem

N.V. Banichuk 465

Asymptotic Approach to Optimal Structural Design with Brittle-Fracture Constraints Part 2: Deterministic and Stochastic Problems

N.V. Banichuk 477

Some Composite Structures Experiences at NASA Langley Research Center James H Starnes, Jr. and Damodar R Ambur 489

Prospects os Smart Structures for Future Airaaft K. W. Dittrich 509

PREFACE

This book contains the edited version of the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures, held in Tr6ia, Portugal, 12-24th of July 1998 and organized by IDMEC - Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon. The Institute was attended by 102 participants from 21 countries, including leading scientists and engineering staff from universities, research institutions and industry and Ph.D. students. Some participants presented invited and contributed papers during the Institute and almost all participated actively in discussions on scientific and technological aspects during the Institute.

The Advanced Study Institute provided the first opportunity for internationally recognized researchers and engineers to present the foundations, current state of art, recent development and directions of research of all essential techniques related to mechanics of composite materials and structures. The Institute provided a forum for interaction among eminent scientists and engineers from different schools of thought and young researchers, leading to future increase in the international collaboration in research in composites materials and structures.

The Institute addressed the foundations and current state of art of the mechanics of composite materials and structures. Special emphasis was placed on classic and recent developed theories of composite laminated beams, plates and shells, micromechanics, impact and damage analysis, mechanics of textile structural composites, high strain rate testing and non-destructive testing of composite materials and structures. Topics of growing importance were addressed, such as: numerical methods and optimization, identffication and damage monitoring, and homogenization techniques for composite materials and structures. The state of the art for modeling of smart composite materials, optimal design with advanced materials, software codes and industrial applications was also presented.

The edited version of the majority of papers presented at the Advanced Study Institute will be published this year in a Special Issue of the Journal of Computers and Structures and in a current issue of the Journal of Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures.

Without the sponsorship and financial support of the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO, the Advanced Study Institute and this book would not have been possible. The financial support of all other sponsors contributed decisively to the success of the Institute.

The Editors deeply appreciated all the advice and help in organizing the Institute given by Prof. Luis Veiga da Cunha of the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO. The Editors are also indebted to all members of the organizing committee (prof. T.W. Chou, Prof. J.N. Reddy, Dr. J.H. Starnes and Prof. J.G. Williams) for all the outstanding work that led to a very successful Institute. We are also grateful to all authors for their effort in writing the lectures and papers in time, allowing this book to be published as planned.

Special thanks to IDMEC staff, Mrs. Andrea Marques and Mr. Amandio Rebelo, for their effort in administrative planning and support of the Institute.

We are grateful to our families, for all the support given during the organization of the Institute and of this book.

Lisbon, April 1999

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Carlos A. Mota Soares Crist6vao M. Mota Soares

Manuel J.M. Freitas

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Lectures:

Nickolay Banichuk The Institute for Problems in Mechanics, 101, Prospect Vemadskogo 117526 Moscow, Russia

Didier Baptiste Lab. Microstruc. M6canique des Materiaux, LMJ, 151 - Bould. de I'Hllpital, ENSAM 75640 Paris Cedex 13, France

Frau-JOIeph Barthold Institut flIr Baumechanik \Uld Numerische, Mechanik, Universitllt Hannover Applestrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany

Bamber R.K- BIaekmaa Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom

Aadreas J. Bnmner EMPA, Oberlandslrasse 129 CH-8600 DObendorf; Switzerland

Tony Cervenka University of Manchester & UMIST, Manchester Materials Science Centre Grosvenor Street, Manchester MI 1HS, United Kingdom

Tau-Wei Chou Department of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Delaware, 126, Spencer Laboratory Newark, Delaware 19716-3140, U.S.A

Peter Davies IFREMER - Laboratoire Materiaux Marins, IFREMER-DITlIGOIMM BP-70, 29280 Plouzane, France

Raphael Haftka Univ. of Florida, Dept. Aerospace En808., P.O.Box 116250.231 Aerospace Building Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, U.S.A

Noboru Kikuehi University of Michigan, Dept. Mech. En808. Applied Mech. Computational Mech. Lab., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2215, U.S.A.

Pauli Pedersen Technical UniversityofDerunark, Dept. of Solid Mechanics, Building 404 DK-2800 Lyngby, Derunark

J.N.Reddy Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843-3123, U.S.A.

Carlos A. Mots Soares IDMECIIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-00 1 Lisboa, Portugal

James Stsrnes NASA Langley Res. Ctr •• Mail Stop 190 Hampton, Virginia, VA 23681-2199. U.S.A

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Erwin Stein Universitl!t Hannover, Inst. of Civil Engng. and Numerical Mechanics, Applestrasse 9A, D - 30167 Hannover, Gennany

C. T.Suo Purdue University, School of Aeronautics & Astronautics, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1282, U.S.A.

Albert S. Wang Drexel University, College of Engineering, Dept. Mechanical Engng. & Mechanics 32 nd & Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.

CarlZweben Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space, Advanced Technology Manager 230 Mall Blvd. King of Prussia, PA 19406, U.S.A.

Participants:

MemisAcar Loughborough University, Depart. Mechanical Engineering Loughborough Leics, LEI I 3TU, United Kingdom

Robert D. Adams University ofBristoI, Dept Mech. Engng. Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BSS I TR, United Kingdom

Georges Akhras Royal Military College of Canada, Civil Engineering Dept. P.O.Box 17000, STN Forces, Kingston, Ontario, ON K7K 7B4, Canada

NuriAkkas Middle East Technical University, Department of Engineering Sciences Ankara, 06531, Turkey

Aurelio Araujo IDMEClIST, Av. Roviseo Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Mette Bagge Technical University of Denmark, Department of Solid Mechanics Building 404, DK - 2800 Lyngby, Denmark

William M. Banks University ofStrathclyde, Department of Mechanical Engineering James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G I IXJ, United Kingdom

Joaquim Infante Barbosa Escola Nautica Infante D. Henrique, Av. Bonneville Franco Pa~ de Arcos, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal

Maria Helena Barros Faculdade Ciencias e Tecoologia, Universidade de Coimbra - DEC Pinhal de Marrocos, 3049 Coimbra Codex, Portugal

Ayech Benjeddou Cooservatoir Nationale des Arts et Metiers, Struct. Mech. & Systems Lab. 2, Rue Conte, F - 75003 Paris, France

Asghar Bhatti University of Iowa, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engng. Iowa City, Iowa 52242, U.S.A.

Jan Blacbut The University of Liverpool, Dept. of Mech. Engineering Applied Mechanics Division, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom

Bostjan Brank Siovenian National Building & Civil Eng. Inst., Dimiceva ul. 12 SI-IOOO Ljubljana, Slovenia

Micbacl Bruyneel University of Liege, L T AS - Structures Aerospatiales Bat C3 Rue Ernest Solvay, 21,4000 Liege, Belgiwn

Henry R. Busby The Ohio State University, Department of Mechanical Engineering 206 W.J8thAvenue, Colwnbus,OH43210-1I07, U.S.A.

Albert H. Cardon Free University of Brussels (VUB), Dept. ofMecltanics of Materials & Constructions (TW), Pleinlaan, 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgiwn

Vidor 1. Cben The Boeing Company, 2401 E. Wardlow Road, MIS C078-0315 Long Beach, CA 90807-5309, U.S.A.

JoHCirne Universidade de Coimbra, FCTUC - Polo IIIDEM Pinhal de Marroc:os, , 3030 Coimbra, Portugal

Wdoro Pinto Correia Escola Nautica Infimte D. Henrique Av. Bonneville Franc:o I'a9o de Arc:os, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal

Mic:hae\ A. Crisfield Imperial College Science, Tech. & Medicine, Depart. of Aeronautics, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BY, United Kingdom

Subbend. Datta Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0427, U.S.A.

Marina DavydO\'ll Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Urals Branch, Russian Academy Sciences I, Acad. Korolev Str., 614013, Penn, Russia

ZDZ8D8 Dimitrovori IDMECIIST, Av. Rovisc:o Pais 1049-00 1 Lisboa, Portugal

Kay W. Diuncb Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG, Military Airaafts D-81663 MOnchen, Germany

Piyusb Datta US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755, U.S.A.

RaUl Fangueiro Universidade do Minho, Departamento de Engenharia TSxtii Campus de Azun!m, 4800 GuimaIies, Portugal

Constantina Filion European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Scientific Office P.O.Box 2,1755 Zg. Petten, The Netherlands

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Victor Reis Franco Escola N{lUtica Infante D. Henrique Av. Bonneville Franco, Pa,.o de Arcos, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal

Mary Frecker Pennsylvania State University, Dept of Mechanical Engineering 233 Reber Bldg., SUniversity Park, PA 16802-1412, U.S.A.

Manuel Freitas Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Mechanical Engineering Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Dimitri V. Georgievskii Mechanical and Mathematical Faculty, Moscow State University Moscow, 119899, Russia

Mustafa Glden Izmir Institute ofTechnology, Gaziosmanpasa Bulvari N°. 16, Cankaya, Izmir, Turkey

Jose Miranda Guedes IDMECIIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Laurent Guillaumat L.A.M.E.F. - E.N.S.A.M., Esplanada des Arts et Metiers 33405 Talence Cedex, France

HuHong Universidade do Minho, Departamento de Engenharia Textil Campus de Azurem ,4800 Guimaries, Portugal

Matthias Hllrmann Institute of Structura1 Mechanics, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 7,0-70550 Stuttgart, Germany

DavidHui University of New Orleans, Dept Mechanical Engineering, Lakefront, New Orleans, LA 70148, U.S.A.

Han-Koo Jeong Department of Ship Science, University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO 17 1 BJ, United Kingdom

Ramazau Karakuzu Dokuz EylW University, Faculty of Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 35100, Bomova-Yzmir, Turkey

FraukKo Drexel University, Department of Materials, Eng., Fibrous Materials Research Center 31st & Market Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.

Michal Kocvara Institute of Applied Mathematics, University ofErlangen!Nuremberg Martensstrasse 3, D-91 058 Erlangen, Germany

Stavros Kourkoulis National Technical Univ. of Athens, Eng. Sci. Dept., Section of Mechanics 5, Heroes Po1ytechnion Av., Theocaris BId., Zografou Campus, 15773, Greece

Rog6rio Leal Universidade de Coimbra, FCTUC - P610 IIIDEM Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal

Cbi Tsieb Liu OL-AC Air Force Res. Laboratory / PRSM, 10 E. Saturn Blvd. Edwards AFB CA 93524-7680, U.S.A.

Gaspar Macbado Universidade do Minho, Departamento de Maternatica Campus de Azun!m , 4800 Guimariies, Portugal

Erdogan Madenci The University of Arizona, College of Engin. & Mines, Depart. of Aerospace& Mechanical Engin. Aero Building, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A.

Antonio Torres Marques INEGIIFaculdade de Engenharia do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 4099 Porto Codex, Portugal

JamesMasoo University of Notre Dame, Aerospace & Mech. Engineering 365 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN 46556-5637, U.S.A.

Ales Mihelic Ministry of Science & Technology, Republic of Slovenia Siovenska 50, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Jose M. S. Moita Universidade do Algarve, Dept Eng". Mec., Escola Superior de Tecnologia Campus da Penha, Estrada da Penha, 8000 FARO, Portugal

A1eksanderMuc Institute of Mechanics & Machines Design, Cracow University of Technology Ul. Warszawska24, 31-155 Krak6w, Poland

Jennifer Myers The Ohio State University, Dept. Civil, Environ. Eng. & Geodetic Science 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A.

Maria Augusta Neto Universidade de Coimbra, FCTUC - P610 IIIDEM Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal

Miguel Matos Neves IDMEClIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Philippe Olivier Lab. Genie Mecanique de Toulouse, Institut. Univ. Tech. Paul Sabatier 50 Chernin des Maraicher, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

Vladimir Palmov St. Petersburg Technical University, Depart. Mechanics and Control Processes 195251 Politechnicheskaya 29, St Petersburg, Russia

Eduardo Ribeiro Pereira Instituto Superior Tc!a:licolDECivil, Av. Rovisco Pais 1096 Lisboa Codex, Portugal

Boris E. Pobedria Composite Mechanics Department, Moscow State University Moscow, 119899, Russia

y uri S. Protasov Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Office for International Connections 2-nd Bauman Str. 5, 107005 Moscow, Russia

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Maria Amelia Ramos Loja Escola Nautica Infante D. Henrique, Av. Bonneville Franco Paryo de Arcos, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal

Luis Reis Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Mechanical Engineering Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Pedro Ribeiro University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research Highfield Southampton, S017 IBJ, United Kingdom

Rolands Rikards Riga Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Specialized Inst. Computer Anal. Structures, I, Kalku Street LV-1658, Riga, Latvia

Helder Rodrigues IDMEClIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-00 I Lisboa, Portugal

Raimund Rolfes German Aerospace Center, DLR InstitOt fllr Strukturmechanik, Postfach 3267, 0-38022 Braunsdiweig, Germany

Farzad Rostam-Abadi U.S. Army TARDECrrACOM, 4343 Robinwood Royal Oak Michigan 48073, U.S.A.

George Rozvany Essen University, Structural Design FB 10, P.O.Box 103764, D-45711 Essen, Germany

Jose Santos IDMEClIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-00 I Lisboa, Portugal

Vasily V. Saurin Russian Academy of Science, The Institute for Problems in Mechanics 101 Prospect, Vernandskogo, 117526 Moscow, Russia

Mariam SAnchez de Ia Sierra Universidad Carlos III, C1Butarque, IS 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain

Arlindo Silva IDMEClIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-00 I Lisboa, Portugal

Manuel Gon~alves da Silva Universidade Nova de Lisboa, FCTIDEC Quinta da Torre, 2825 Monte da Caparica, Portugal

Anand V. Singh The University of Western Ontario, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Science, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada

Ivica Smojver University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical and Naval Architecture Ivana Lucica 5, HR-lOOOO Zagreb, Croatia

Crist6viio M. Mota Soares IDMEClIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Win Somboonsong Drexel University, Dept. of Materials Engineering, Eng. Fibrous Materials Research Center 31st & Market Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.

Alzal Suleman IDMECIIST, Av. RovisCD Pais 1049-00 1 Lisboa, Portugal

Andras Szekeres Technical University of Budapest, Dept Engineering Mechanics, Muegyetem 5, 1-3 Budapest, H-IIII, Hungary

EwaTurska IFrR - Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Swietokrzyska, 21 00-049 Warsaw, Poland

Geoffrey Turvey Lancaster University, Engng. Dept, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Lancaster LAI 4YR, Bailrigg, United Kingdom

CIuistiaD Van VoaoIe Free University of Brussels (VUB), Dept. of Mechanics of Materials & Constructions (TW), Pleinlaan, 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgimn

06vier Vermaat University of Liege, LTAS - Structures Aerospatiales Bat C3 Rue Ernest Solvay, 21, 4000 Liege, Belgimn

KnysztofW--..n IFrR - Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Swietokrzyska, 21 00-049 Warsaw, Poland

William E. Wolfe Dept. Civil, Environ. Eng. & Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University 470 HitdJ.cock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A.

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Damodar R. Ambur NASA Langley Res. Ctr., Mail Stop 190 Hampton, Virginia, VA 23681-2199, U.S.A.

Nickolay Banichuk The Institute for Problems in Mechanics, 10 I, Prospect Vernadskogo 117526 Moscow, Russia

Didier Baptiste Lab. Microstruc. M6canique des Matl!riaux, LM3, lSI - Bould. de I'HOpital, ENSAM 75640 Paris Cedex 13, FI3IIce

Fraoz..Joseph Barthold Institut flIr Baumechanik md Numerische, Mechanik, Universitit Hannover Applestrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany

Bamber R.K. BIadmwI Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom

Aadreas J. Bnumer EMPA, Oberlandslrasse 129 CH-8600 DObendorf; Switzerland

Tony Cervenka University of Manchester & UMlST, Manchester Materials Science Centre Grosvenor Street, Manchester Ml 1HS, United Kingdom

P.Chaochot IFREMER - Laboratoire Man!riaux Marins, IFREMER-DITIlGOIMM BP-70, 29280 Plouzane, FI3IIce

TSD-Wei Chou Department of Mechanical Enginet2"ing, Univ. of Delaware, 126, Spencer Laboratory Newark, Delaware 19716-3140, U.S.A.

Peter Davies IFREMER - Laboratoire Materiaux Marins, IFREMER-DITIIGOIMM BP-70, 29280 Plouzane, FI3IIce

K.Derrien Lab. Microstruc. M6canique des Materiaux, LM3, lSI - Bould. de I'Hapital, ENSAM 75640 Paris Cedex 13, FI3IIce

Kay W. Dittrich Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG, Military Aircrafts 0-81663 MOochen, Germany

J. Fitoassi Lab. Microstruc. M6canique des Materiaux, LM3, 151 - Bould. de I'H/\pita\, ENSAM 75640 Paris Cedex 13, FI3IIce

Victor Reis Franco Escola Nautica Infante D. Henrique Av. Bonneville Franco, Pa\Xl de Arcos, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal

Manuel Freitas Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Mechanical Engineering Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

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G.Guo Lab. Microstruc. Mecanique des Mateciaux, LM3, 151- Bould. de I'HOpital, ENSAM 75640 Paris Cedex 13, France

Raphael Haftka Univ. of Florida, Dept. Aerospace Engng., P.O. Box 116250, 231 Aerospace Building Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, U.S.A.

Timoty D. Kostar Foster-Miller, Inc. 303 Bear Hill Road, Waltham, MA 02154, U.S.A.

S.Mesecke Institut fllr Bawnechanik und Nwnerische, Mechanik, Universitat Hannover Applestrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany

J. Neuensdrwander EMPA, Oberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dllbendort; Switzerland

Pauli PedeneD Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Solid Mechanics, Building 404 DK-2800 Lyagby, Denmark

Klshore Poehiraja Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NI07030, U.S.A.

W.Qian Purdue University, School of Aeronautics & Astronautics, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1282, U.S.A.

J.N.Reddy Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843-3123, U.S.A.

LuisReIs Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Mechanical Engineering Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

B.V.Sankar Univ. of Florida, Dept. Aerospace Engng., P.O.Box 116250,231 Aerospace Building Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, U.S.A.

Carlos A. Mota Soares IDMEClIST, Av. Roviseo Pais 1049-00 I Lisboa, Portugal

Crist6vlo M. Mota Soares IDMEClIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-00 I Lisboa, Portugal

James R Starnes, Jr. NASA Langley Res. Ctr., Mail Stop 190 Hampton, Virginia, VA 23681-2199, U.S.A.

EnriDStein Universitat Hannover, Inst. of Civil Engng. and Nwnerical Mechanics, Applestrasse 9A, D - 30167 Hannover, Germany

C. T.SDD Purdue University, School of Aeronautics & Astronautics, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1282, U.S.A.

J. Tessmer Universitlit Hannover, Inst. of Civil Engng. and Nwnerical Mechanics, Applestrasse 9A, 0 - 30167 Hannover, Germany

R. Vita6 Univ. of Florida, Dept. Aerospace Engng., P.O.Box 116250,231 Aerospace Building Gainesville, FL 32611~250, U.S.A.

Albert S. Wang Drexel University, College of Engineering, Dept. Mechanical Engng. & Mechanics 32 nd & Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.

J.G. Williams Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom

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