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วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกล้าพระนครเหนือ ปีที่ 18 ฉบับที่ 3 ก.ย. - ธ.ค. 2551 The Journal of KMUTNB., Vol. 18, No. 3, Sep - Dec. 2008
Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Filled with Egg Shell
Rapeephun Dangtungee*1 and Sarinya Shawaphun*
บทคัดย่อ งานวิจัยนี้ เป็นการศึกษาสมบัติเชิงกลของผง
เปลือกไข่ซึ่งนำมาเป็นสารเติมแต่งให้กับพลาสติกพอลิพรอพิลีน ผงเปลือกไข่มีส่วนผสมส่วนใหญ่ประกอบไปด้วยแคลเซียมคาร์บอนเนตประมาณ 80 เปอร์เซ็นต์โดยทำการทดลองเปรยีบเทยีบกบัสารแคลเซยีมคารบ์อนเนต การเตรียมพลาสติกผสมใช้เครื่องผสมแบบเกลียวคู่ผสมเปลือกไข่และแคลเซียมคาร์บอนเนตที่อัตราส่วนผสม 5 ถึง 30 เปอร์เซ็นต์โดยน้ำหนักและนำไปฉีดขึ้นรูปด้วยเครื่องฉีดขึ้นรูปชิ้นงานจากนั้นนำไปทดสอบแรงดึง แรงกระแทก และดูลักษณะทางกายภาพด้วยกล้องอิเล็กตรอนแบบส่องกราด ผลการทดลองพบว่าค่าความเค้นแรงดึงของพลาสติกผสมมีค่าลดลงเมื่อเพิ่มปริมาณเปลือกไข่และแคลเซียมคาร์บอนเนต ค่ายังมอดลูสัมคีา่เพิม่ขึน้ตามปรมิาณการเตมิสารเตมิแตง่ทัง้คู ่และพบว่าสารเติมแต่งที่ทำการเคลือบผิวด้วยกรด สเตียริกมีค่าความเค้นแรงดึงต่ำกว่าสารเติมแต่งที่ไม่เคลือบผิวเล็กน้อย ในขณะที่ผลการทดลองการต้านทานแรงกระแทกพบว่าพลาสติกผสมสารเติมแต่งทั้งสองมีความต้านทานแรงกระแทกเพิ่มมากขึ้นตามปริมาณ สารเตมิแตง่ทีเ่ตมิลงไปและสารเตมิแตง่ทีท่ำการเคลอืบผวิ ด้วยกรดสเตียริกมีค่าความต้านทานแรงกระแทกได้ดีกว่าต่ำกว่าสารเติมแต่งที่ไม่เคลือบผิว ผลการทดลอง ชี้ ให้เห็นว่าเปลือกไข่สามารถเป็นสารเติมแต่งของพลาสติกพอลิพรอพิลีนได้ดีเทียบเท่ากับแคลเซียม
คาร์บอนเนต และการเคลือบผิวของสารเติมแต่งมีผลทำให้การกระจายตัวของสารเติมแต่งในเนื้อพอลิเมอร์ ดีขึ้น
Abstract
Egg shell powder has been used as a filler for
reinforcing thermoplastic, isotactic polypropylene
(iPP). Egg shell powder composed of about 80% of
CaCO3 and the left contains small amount of lipid
and protein. The PP-Egg shell and CaCO3
composites were prepared by twin screw extruder
and injection molding machine. The mechanical
properties of the composites were studied by tensile
tester, impact tester and scanning electron
microscope (SEM). Isotactic polypropylene
compounded with uncoated and stearic acid-coated
CaCO3 and egg shell particles in various filler
loadings, ranging from 5 to 30 wt.%. The tensile
stress for both compounds was found to decrease
with increasing amounts of filler. The young’s
modulus result was found the modulus increased
with increasing amount of fillers. Coated fillers gave
a little lower stress and young’s modulus than
uncoated. An increase in both fillers, over all the
impact strength was increased. The coated filler
* Lecturer, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology North Bangkok. 1 Author to whom correspondence should be addressed (02�132500 ext 4825; E-mail: [email protected])
10
วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกล้าพระนครเหนือ ปีที่ 18 ฉบับที่ 3 ก.ย. - ธ.ค. 2551 The Journal of KMUTNB., Vol. 18, No. 3, Sep - Dec. 2008
exhibited greater strength than another uncoated for
both CaCO3 and egg shell fillers. Lastly, the egg
shell fillers not only can be replaced CaCO3 filler
but they also quite improved the impact strength.
And, the coated surface of filler associated with the
dispersion and distribution of filler.
Keywords: Polymer Composites, Calcium Carbonate,
Mechanical Properties, Filler, Egg
Shell, Impact Strength
1. Introduction
Nowadays, inorganic fillers play an important
role in plastics industry. The purposes of their use
do not only confine to the cost reduction, but to
improve mechanical performance like rigidity,
dimensional stability, toughness, and transparency
[1], [2] as well. The level of such improvement
depends significantly upon type, size and shape,
content, and surface treatment of the fillers [3]-[5].
The latter determines the interaction between the
polymer matrix and the fillers at the interface.
Among the various mineral fillers, calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) has been the most utilized
material, due partly to its availability and low cost
[6]. Egg shell powder was a natural material that
consists of inorganic fillers as �0% calcium
carbonate approximately [7].
Not only the presence but also the distribution
of the fillers affects a great deal the viscoelasticity
of the polymer matrix. The distribution of the filler
within the polymer matrix can be improved by
surface treatment with a dispersant, e.g. stearic acid,
which helps reduce the viscosity of the matrix and,
to some extent, prevent the fillers from forming a
network [1], [8], [�].
Thio et al. [1] investigated the toughening of
isotactic polypropylene (iPP) filled with CaCO3
particles of varying average diameters (i.e. 0.07, 0.7,
and 3.5 μm). In slow tension, addition of fillers
increased the modulus and decreased the yield
stress, irrespective of the filler type used. The strain
at break was found to increase with initial
incorporation of filler, but it was found to decrease
at higher loadings. Chan et al. [4] studied
crystallization and mechanical properties of iPP
filled with CaCO3 particles having the average
diameter of ca. 44 nm. They found that CaCO3
nanoparticles were an effective nucleating agent for
iPP. The modulus was found to increase by ca. 85%,
while the impact strength was found to improve by
ca. 300%, from that of neat iPP. The effect of
addition of talcum and CaCO3 particles on
mechanical and rheological properties of iPP was
reported by da Silva et al. [2]. They found that
marked improvement in the modulus, tensile stress
at break, and yield stress was observed for talcum-
filled iPP. Addition of the fillers enhanced the
impact strength, but, with increasing filler content,
the impact strength was found to decrease.
Though not totally relevant, Supaphol et al.
[10] investigated the effects of CaCO3 of varying
particle size (i.e. 1.�, 2.8 and 10.5 μm), content (i.e.
0 to 40 wt.%), and type of surface modification (i.e.
uncoated, stearic acid-coated, and paraffin-coated)
on crystallization and melting behavior, mechanical
properties, and processability of CaCO3-filled
syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP). It was found that
CaCO3 was a good nucleating agent for sPP. The
nucleating efficiency of CaCO3 for sPP depended
strongly on its purity, type of surface treatment, and
average particle size. Tensile strength was found to
11
วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกล้าพระนครเหนือ ปีที่ 18 ฉบับที่ 3 ก.ย. - ธ.ค. 2551 The Journal of KMUTNB., Vol. 18, No. 3, Sep - Dec. 2008
decrease, while Young’s modulus was found to
increase, with increasing Ca Both types of surface
treatment on CaCO3 particles helped improve
particle distribution, hence impact resistance.
Steady-state shear viscosity of CaCO3–filled sPP
was found to increase with increasing CaCO3
content and decreasing particle size.
In this paper focuses on mechanical properties
of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) compounded with
egg shell and CaCO3 particles having the mean
particle size of ca. 60 μm respectively. In order to
natural material and waste by product, egg shell
could be selected for substitute the CaCO3 particles
for economic reason. Also, the particle size of ca. 60 μm,
for using in this work, is the mainly cause on easily
preparation and cost for operation. The effects of
content (i.e. 5, 10, 20 and 30 wt.%) and surface
modification (i.e. neat and stearic acid-coated) of
the filler on such properties were thoroughly
investigated using a tensile tester, impact tester and
scanning electron microscope (SEM).
2. Experimental Details
2.1 Materials
A commercial grade of polymer resin of iPP
(1100NK) used in this study was supplied by Thai
Petrochemical Industry Public Company Limited
Co., Ltd. (Cholburi, Thailand). Certain properties of
the resin, provided by the manufacturer, are as
follows: MFR (2.16 kg at 230°C) = 11 g (10 min)-1,
tensile strength at yield = 36 MPa, elongation at
yield = 26%, flexural modulus = 1500 MPa, and
notched Charpy impact strength at 23°C = 2.� mJ. mm-1.
CaCO3 (analytical grade) was supplied by MERCK
Thailand that average (primary) particle size = 60
μm, and particle shape = cubic. The egg shell (hen)
was supplied by CPF feeds PLC. (Thailand). All of
shells have been first prepared by drying at 80oC on
2 hours. Then, the shell was grinding and sieving
(sieve analysis 60 μm) at room temperature. Partiall
y, egg shell and CaCO3 were modified with stearic
acid to facilitate particle dispersion and distribution
within the matrix as follow: 71.11g of stearic
acid was diluted in 1000 ml butanol and stirred.
Then, 8.33g of egg shell was added. The
composition was waiting for 24 hr., drying, and
lastly grinding.
2.2 Compounding
CaCO3 and egg shell were first dried in an
oven at 80oC for 24 hours and then pre-mixed with
iPP pellets in a tumble mixer for 15 minutes in
various compositional ratios (i.e. 5, 10, 20 and 30
wt.%). The pre-mixed compounds were then fed
into a BETOL 2525 co-rotating twin-screw extruder
operating at a screw speed of 60 rpm and a
temperature profile of 230 (die), 230 (metering
zone), 210 (compression zone) and 1�0oC (feed zone).
The extrudate was cooled in water and cut into
pellet form. All of samples in various compositional
ratios were molding in ENGEL injection molding
operating at 100 bar for injection pressure and
235oC on nozzle temperature.
2.3 Mechanical Testing and Imaging
A LLOYD LR 10 K tensile tester was used to
measure tensile stress and young’s modulus
following ASTM D 638-�4b. The impact resistance
property was measured by YASUDA impact tester
following ASTM D 256-�3a. Lastly, the JOEL JSM
5200 scanning electron microscope was used to
investigate the image of fillers on the iPP matrix.
12
วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกล้าพระนครเหนือ ปีที่ 18 ฉบับที่ 3 ก.ย. - ธ.ค. 2551 The Journal of KMUTNB., Vol. 18, No. 3, Sep - Dec. 2008
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler (%wt)
Ten
sile
str
ess
(kN
/m2)
caco3
egg shell
Figure 2. Comparison tensile stress on amount of fillers for iPP filled stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell.
3. Results and Discussion
Dependence of stress on amount of filler for
iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated
CaCO3 and egg shell is illustrated in Figure 1a and
1b. Apparently, within amounts of filler range
investigated (i.e. 5 to 30 wt %), both iPP compounds
exhibited and decrease in the stress value with
increasing amounts of fillers. The results could be
described on the ability to receive a stretching force.
The insertion of filler between molecular chains of
polymer is affect to intermolecular force and loosely
chain entanglement. Comparatively, the result of
CaCO3 and egg shell on tensile stress is showed in
figure 2. Tensile stress are not different as much at
low amount of fillers (i.e. 5-10 wt %). But, in case
of higher amount of fillers (i.e. 15-30 wt %) egg
shell composites exhibited lower stress than another.
It may be effect on the other compositions as other
type and shapes in egg shell on stretching force.
Intern, young’s modulus is showed in figure 3a and
3b. The modulus result was found the modulus
increased with increasing amount of fillers. Young’s
modulus is a linear ratio of stress and strain before
the occurrence of plastic region. An increase in
modulus may be the filler which inserting on the
polymer chain has more effective on the stain or
stretching in axial direction of the chain.
Comparatively, coated fillers gave a little lower
Figure 1 Dependence of stress on amount of fillers
for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic
acid-coated (a) CaCO3 and (b) egg shell.
(a)
(b) Figure 1 Dependence of stress on amount of fillers
for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a) CaCO3 and (b) egg shell.
3. Results and Discussion Dependence of stress on amount of filler for iPP
filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3
and egg shell is illustrated in Figure 1a and 1b.Apparently, within amounts of filler range investigated (i.e. 5 to 30 wt %), both iPP compounds exhibited and decrease in the stress value with increasing amounts
10
20
30
40
0 510152025303540
Filler (%wt)
Ten
sile
str
ess
(kN
/m2)
caco3
eggshell
Figure 2 Comparison tensile stress on amount of fillers for iPP filled stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell.
of fillers. The results could be described on the ability to receive a stretching force. The insertion of filler between molecular chains of polymer is affect to intermolecular force and loosely chain entanglement. Comparatively, the result of CaCO3 and egg shell on tensile stress is showed in figure 2. Tensile stress are not different as much at low amount of fillers (i.e. 5-10 wt %). But, in case of higher amount of fillers (i.e. 15-30 wt %) egg shell composites exhibited lower stress than another. It may be effect on the other compositions as other type and shapes in egg shell on stretching force. Intern, young’s modulus isshowed in figure 3a and 3b. The modulus result was found the modulus increased with increasing amount of fillers. Young’s modulus is a linear ratio of stress and strain before the occurrence of plastic region. An increase in modulus may be the filler which inserting on the polymer chain has more effective on the stain or stretching in axial direction of the chain. Comparatively, coated fillers gave a little lower stress and young’s modulus than uncoated. Due to the good dispersion and distribution of filler, the loosely chain and the decreasing of intermolecular force was appearance.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Uncoated
Coated
Filler (%wt)
Tens
ile S
tress
(kN
/m2 )
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Filler (%wt)
Tens
ile S
tress
(kN
/m2 )
Uncoated
Coated
Figure 2 Comparison tensile stress on amount of
fillers for iPP filled stearic acid-coated
CaCO3 and egg shell.
(a) (a)
(b) Figure 1 Dependence of stress on amount of fillers
for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a) CaCO3 and (b) egg shell.
3. Results and Discussion Dependence of stress on amount of filler for iPP
filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3
and egg shell is illustrated in Figure 1a and 1b.Apparently, within amounts of filler range investigated (i.e. 5 to 30 wt %), both iPP compounds exhibited and decrease in the stress value with increasing amounts
10
20
30
40
0 510152025303540
Filler (%wt)
Ten
sile
str
ess
(kN
/m2)
caco3
eggshell
Figure 2 Comparison tensile stress on amount of fillers for iPP filled stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell.
of fillers. The results could be described on the ability to receive a stretching force. The insertion of filler between molecular chains of polymer is affect to intermolecular force and loosely chain entanglement. Comparatively, the result of CaCO3 and egg shell on tensile stress is showed in figure 2. Tensile stress are not different as much at low amount of fillers (i.e. 5-10 wt %). But, in case of higher amount of fillers (i.e. 15-30 wt %) egg shell composites exhibited lower stress than another. It may be effect on the other compositions as other type and shapes in egg shell on stretching force. Intern, young’s modulus isshowed in figure 3a and 3b. The modulus result was found the modulus increased with increasing amount of fillers. Young’s modulus is a linear ratio of stress and strain before the occurrence of plastic region. An increase in modulus may be the filler which inserting on the polymer chain has more effective on the stain or stretching in axial direction of the chain. Comparatively, coated fillers gave a little lower stress and young’s modulus than uncoated. Due to the good dispersion and distribution of filler, the loosely chain and the decreasing of intermolecular force was appearance.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Uncoated
Coated
Filler (%wt)
Tens
ile S
tress
(kN
/m2 )
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Filler (%wt)
Tens
ile S
tress
(kN
/m2 )
Uncoated
Coated
(b)
13
วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกล้าพระนครเหนือ ปีที่ 18 ฉบับที่ 3 ก.ย. - ธ.ค. 2551 The Journal of KMUTNB., Vol. 18, No. 3, Sep - Dec. 2008
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Filler (%wt)
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(M
Pa
)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(MP
a)
Uncoated
Coated
Figure 3 Young’s modulus is a function of amount of fillers for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
According to Figure 4a and 4b, the impact strength at a given amounts of filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell. Apparently, an increase in both fillers, over all the impact strength was increased. The coated filler exhibited greater strength than another uncoated for both CaCO3 and egg shell fillers. Due to coating with stearic acid on the surface of filler, tend to better dispersion and distribution of filler, the absorption of shock load or impact force could be greater. Interestingly, at high amount of filler (20-30 wt %)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(b) Figure 4 The impact strength at a given amounts of
filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
(see figure 4a.), the impact strength tend to decrease. But, in case of coated fillers are disappeared, which the strength gradually increased. The result can be suggested that at high amount of uncoated CaCO3
the agglomerate of CaCO3 was easily occurred. So, the reduction of the dissipated CaCO3 particles is affecting the impact strength. Relatively, the eggshell filler (see figure 4b.) present similarly behavior. Figure 5 shows impact strength as a function of filler
stress and young’s modulus than uncoated. Due to
the good dispersion and distribution of filler, the
loosely chain and the decreasing of intermolecular
force was appearance.
According to Figure 4a and 4b, the impact
strength at a given amounts of filler for iPP filled
both uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and
egg shell. Apparently, an increase in both fillers,
over all the impact strength was increased. The
coated filler exhibited greater strength than another
uncoated for both CaCO3 and egg shell fillers. Due
to coating with stearic acid on the surface of filler,
tend to better dispersion and distribution of filler,
the absorption of shock load or impact force could
be greater. Interestingly, at high amount of filler (20-
30 wt %) (figure 4a.), the impact strength tend to
decrease. But, in case of coated fillers are
disappeared, which the strength gradually increased.
The result can be suggested that at high amount of
Figure 3 Young’s modulus is a function of
amount of fillers for iPP filled both
uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.)
CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Filler (%wt)
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(M
Pa
)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(MP
a)
Uncoated
Coated
Figure 3 Young’s modulus is a function of amount of fillers for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
According to Figure 4a and 4b, the impact strength at a given amounts of filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell. Apparently, an increase in both fillers, over all the impact strength was increased. The coated filler exhibited greater strength than another uncoated for both CaCO3 and egg shell fillers. Due to coating with stearic acid on the surface of filler, tend to better dispersion and distribution of filler, the absorption of shock load or impact force could be greater. Interestingly, at high amount of filler (20-30 wt %)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(b) Figure 4 The impact strength at a given amounts of
filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
(see figure 4a.), the impact strength tend to decrease. But, in case of coated fillers are disappeared, which the strength gradually increased. The result can be suggested that at high amount of uncoated CaCO3
the agglomerate of CaCO3 was easily occurred. So, the reduction of the dissipated CaCO3 particles is affecting the impact strength. Relatively, the eggshell filler (see figure 4b.) present similarly behavior. Figure 5 shows impact strength as a function of filler
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Filler (%wt)
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(M
Pa
)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(MP
a)
Uncoated
Coated
Figure 3 Young’s modulus is a function of amount of fillers for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
According to Figure 4a and 4b, the impact strength at a given amounts of filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell. Apparently, an increase in both fillers, over all the impact strength was increased. The coated filler exhibited greater strength than another uncoated for both CaCO3 and egg shell fillers. Due to coating with stearic acid on the surface of filler, tend to better dispersion and distribution of filler, the absorption of shock load or impact force could be greater. Interestingly, at high amount of filler (20-30 wt %)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(b) Figure 4 The impact strength at a given amounts of
filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
(see figure 4a.), the impact strength tend to decrease. But, in case of coated fillers are disappeared, which the strength gradually increased. The result can be suggested that at high amount of uncoated CaCO3
the agglomerate of CaCO3 was easily occurred. So, the reduction of the dissipated CaCO3 particles is affecting the impact strength. Relatively, the eggshell filler (see figure 4b.) present similarly behavior. Figure 5 shows impact strength as a function of filler
Figure 4 The impact strength at a given amounts
of filler for iPP filled both uncoated and
stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.)
egg shell.
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Filler (%wt)
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(M
Pa
)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Yo
un
g's
mo
du
lus
(MP
a)
Uncoated
Coated
Figure 3 Young’s modulus is a function of amount of fillers for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
According to Figure 4a and 4b, the impact strength at a given amounts of filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell. Apparently, an increase in both fillers, over all the impact strength was increased. The coated filler exhibited greater strength than another uncoated for both CaCO3 and egg shell fillers. Due to coating with stearic acid on the surface of filler, tend to better dispersion and distribution of filler, the absorption of shock load or impact force could be greater. Interestingly, at high amount of filler (20-30 wt %)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler ( %wt )
Imp
act
(kJ/
m2)
Uncoated
Coated
(b) Figure 4 The impact strength at a given amounts of
filler for iPP filled both uncoated and stearic acid-coated (a.) CaCO3 and (b.) egg shell.
(see figure 4a.), the impact strength tend to decrease. But, in case of coated fillers are disappeared, which the strength gradually increased. The result can be suggested that at high amount of uncoated CaCO3
the agglomerate of CaCO3 was easily occurred. So, the reduction of the dissipated CaCO3 particles is affecting the impact strength. Relatively, the eggshell filler (see figure 4b.) present similarly behavior. Figure 5 shows impact strength as a function of filler
(a) (a)
(b)
14
วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกล้าพระนครเหนือ ปีที่ 18 ฉบับที่ 3 ก.ย. - ธ.ค. 2551 The Journal of KMUTNB., Vol. 18, No. 3, Sep - Dec. 2008
uncoated CaCO3 the agglomerate of CaCO3 was
easily occurred. So, the reduction of the dissipated
CaCO3 particles is affecting the impact strength.
Relatively, the eggshell filler (figure 4b.) present
similarly behavior. Figure 5 shows impact strength
as a function of filler loading for all of CaCO3 and
egg shell filler. Apparently, impact strength of both
fillers has been significant. The egg shell fillers not
only can be replaced CaCO3 filler but they also quite
improved the impact strength. And, the coated
surface of filler associated with the dispersion and
distribution of filler. Figure 6a. and 6b. showed the
SEM photograph of 20 wt% of egg shell filled in
iPP matrix. Comparatively, the particle size of filler
showed a noticeable difference. Uncoated filler shows
the agglomerate particle. But, it was found to decrease
in coated fillers. These figures are supporting the
result of dispersion and distribution of filler.
4. Conclusion
In the present contribution, mechanical
property of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)
compounded with uncoated and stearic acid-coated
CaCO3 and egg shell particles in various filler
loadings, ranging from 5 to 30 wt.%. The stress for
both compounds was found to decrease with
increasing amounts of filler. The young’s modulus
was found the modulus increased with increasing
amount of fillers. Coated fillers gave a little lower
stress and young’s modulus than uncoated. Due to
the good dispersion and distribution of filler, the
loosely chain and the decreasing of intermolecular
force was appearance. The impact strength of both
fillers has been significant. An increase in both
Figure 5 Impact strength as a function of filler
loading for all of CaCO3 and egg shell filler.
Figure 6 The SEM photograph of 20 wt% of egg
shell filled in iPP matrix (a.) Coated
egg shell (b.) Uncoated egg shell.
loading for all of CaCO3 and egg shell filler. Apparently, impact strength of both fillers has been significant. The egg shell fillers not only can be replaced CaCO3 filler but they also quite improved the impact strength. And, the coated surface of filler associated with the dispersion and distribution of filler. Figure 6a. and 6b. showed the SEM photograph of 20 wt% of egg shell filled in iPP matrix. Comparatively, the particle size of filler showed a noticeable difference. Uncoated filler shows the agglomerate particle. But, it was found to decrease in coated fillers. These figures are supporting the result of dispersion and distribution of filler.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler (%wt)
Imp
act
Str
eng
th(k
J/m
2)
CaCO3 coated
Egg shell coated
CaCO3 uncoated
Egg shell uncoated
Figure 5 Impact strength as a function of filler loading for all of CaCO3 and egg shell filler.
(a)
(b) Figure 6 The SEM photograph of 20 wt% of egg shell
filled in iPP matrix (a.) Coated egg shell (b.) Uncoated egg shell.
4. Conclusions In the present contribution, mechanical property
of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) compounded with uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell particles in various filler loadings, ranging from 5 to 30 wt.%. The stress for both compounds was found to decrease with increasing amounts of filler. The young’s modulus was found the modulus increased with increasing amount of fillers. Coated fillers gave a little lower stress and young’s modulus than uncoated. Due to the good dispersion and distribution of filler, the loosely chain and the
loading for all of CaCO3 and egg shell filler. Apparently, impact strength of both fillers has been significant. The egg shell fillers not only can be replaced CaCO3 filler but they also quite improved the impact strength. And, the coated surface of filler associated with the dispersion and distribution of filler. Figure 6a. and 6b. showed the SEM photograph of 20 wt% of egg shell filled in iPP matrix. Comparatively, the particle size of filler showed a noticeable difference. Uncoated filler shows the agglomerate particle. But, it was found to decrease in coated fillers. These figures are supporting the result of dispersion and distribution of filler.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Filler (%wt)
Imp
act
Str
eng
th(k
J/m
2)
CaCO3 coated
Egg shell coated
CaCO3 uncoated
Egg shell uncoated
Figure 5 Impact strength as a function of filler loading for all of CaCO3 and egg shell filler.
(a)
(b) Figure 6 The SEM photograph of 20 wt% of egg shell
filled in iPP matrix (a.) Coated egg shell (b.) Uncoated egg shell.
4. Conclusions In the present contribution, mechanical property
of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) compounded with uncoated and stearic acid-coated CaCO3 and egg shell particles in various filler loadings, ranging from 5 to 30 wt.%. The stress for both compounds was found to decrease with increasing amounts of filler. The young’s modulus was found the modulus increased with increasing amount of fillers. Coated fillers gave a little lower stress and young’s modulus than uncoated. Due to the good dispersion and distribution of filler, the loosely chain and the
15
วารสารวิชาการพระจอมเกล้าพระนครเหนือ ปีที่ 18 ฉบับที่ 3 ก.ย. - ธ.ค. 2551 The Journal of KMUTNB., Vol. 18, No. 3, Sep - Dec. 2008
fillers, over all the impact strength was increased.
The coated filler exhibited greater strength than
another uncoated for both CaCO3 and egg shell
fillers. Lastly, the egg shell filler not only can be
replaced CaCO3 filler but they also quite improved
the impact strength. And, the coated surface of filler
associated with the dispersion and distribution of filler.
5. Acknowledgments
Partial supports received from Department of
Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science,
King Mongkut’s University of Technology North
Bangkok and from The science and Technology
Research Institute, King Mongkut’s University of
Technology North Bangkok are gratefully
acknowledged.
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