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Mechanical Evaluation of Recycled Post-Consumer
Foamed Polystyrene Food Ware as a Possible
Wood Substitute
by
Hanzel M. Orlanda
A Thesis Submitted to the School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Mapúa Institute of Technology July 2005
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the thesis prepared by Hanzel M. Orlanda entitled Mechanical Evaluation of Recycled Post-Consumer
Foamed Polystyrene Food Ware as a Possible Wood Substitute and that the said thesis has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee.
Marilen M. Martin Michelle Almendrala, PhD.
Thesis Adviser Course Adviser As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this thesis, presented before the committee on July 18, 2005, and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in
Chemical Engineering and Chemistry.
John Ysrael Baluyut, M.S. Engr. Richard Vinluan, M.S.
Panelist Panelist
This thesis is hereby approved and accepted by the School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry as fulfillment of the research proposal requirement for the degree in Bachelor
of Science in Chemical Engineering and Chemistry.
Luz L. Lozano, M.S.
Dean, School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
iii
ABSTRACT
The numerous advantages of foamed polystyrene (FPS) food ware over other food service wares increase its demand in food packaging services. The large demand for these products resulted to an accumulation of about 4-5 tons per day of post-consumer waste FPS in Metro Manila. The product made from recycling waste FPS in used oil is a probable wood substitute. This thesis aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of the recycled FPS as a wood substitute and to determine the waste FPS to oil ratio that would produce the strongest recycled product. Varying proportions of waste FPS were melted at temperatures of 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 ºC. The resulting products were evaluated of their compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and hardness. The ratio of 3 parts waste FPS to 1 part used oil yields the strongest product. The compressive strength and the modulus of rupture are increasing with temperature. For both of these tests, the 3:1 ratio tolerates the greater load. The hardness of the materials have hardness ranging from 4-5 or equivalent hardness of fluorite or apatite.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher graciously appreciates the assistance of those through whose
helpfulness made this research possible. To Engr. Manuel de Guzman and Mr. Jun
Braganza, thank you for giving this topic. To the Industrial Technology Development
Institute headed by Mr. Manny Navarro and to Sir Nelson and Sir Dondie, thank you for
helping and providing the materials needed in pursuance of this research.
To Engr. Roel John Judilla , Dean of School of Mechanical Engineering of
Mapúa Institute of Technology, Engr. Joselito Necessito, Sir Vergel and Sir Randy,
thank you for testing the recycled FPS.
To Mrs. Marilen Martin, thank you for being the adviser. To Dr. Michelle
Almendrala, thank you for all the help and assistance. To Sir John Baluyut, thank you for
the support, advice, and guidance in the aspiration to finish this thesis.
To all the friends of the researcher especially to mang seb, katkat, lorraine,
keywa, kat o, rica, karen o., karen g., rose, joy e., ger, and yas and to the fellow CCE
students karen e., mhel e., rannel, and mariz, thank you for the inspiring words of
encouragement that led to the completion of this thesis.
Thank you Tatay, Nanay, and Peewee for all the love and comfort you provide.
Thank you Mama, Tita Beth, Tita Eny, and cousins for the cheers and support. And most
of all, thank you to almighty God for giving the researcher all these wonderful people.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET.......................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLDGEMENT.................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..................................................... 4
Polystyrene..................................................................................................... 4 Foamed Polystyrene....................................................................................... 4 Mechanical Properties of Wood..................................................................... 8
Chapter 3: MECHANICAL EVALUATION OF RECYCLED POST-CONSUMER
FOAMED POLYSTYRENE FOOD WARE AS A WOOD SUBSTITUTE 9 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 9 Introduction.................................................................................................... 9 Methodology ................................................................................................ 11
Preparation of the Sample ...................................................................... 11 Hardness Test ......................................................................................... 13 Compressive Strength Test..................................................................... 13 Modulus of Rupture Test........................................................................ 14
Results And Discussion ............................................................................... 15
Melting of Waste FPS ............................................................................ 15 Hardness Test ......................................................................................... 15 Compressive Strength Test..................................................................... 15 Modulus of Rupture Test........................................................................ 16
Conclusion ................................................................................................... 17
vi
Recommendation ......................................................................................... 18 References .................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 4: CONCLUSION............................................................................................ 19 Chapter 5: RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................... 20 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 21
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Polystyrene mer unit........................................................................................ 4
Figure 2.2. Photon micrograph of FPS ............................................................................. 5
Figure 3.1. Used cooking oil............................................................................................ 12
Figure 3.2. Crushed waste FPS........................................................................................ 12
Figure 3.3. Cutting of recycled FPS................................................................................. 13
Figure 3.4. Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine........................................................... 14
Figure 3.5. Universal Testing Machine............................................................................ 14
Figure 3.6. Comparison of maximum strengths of 2:1 and 3:1 ratio vs. temperature ..... 16
Figure 3.7. Comparison of modulus of ruptures of 2:1 and 3:1 ratio vs. temperature..... 17
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Mechanical properties of some commercially important wood........................ 8
Table 3.1. Maximum stress of 2:1 and 3:1....................................................................... 16
Table 3.2. Mechanical properties of some commercially important wood...................... 17
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The first Earth Day, which occurred in 1970, signaled the development of a new
level of awareness and concern about the environment (Richardson, 1997). Since then
numerous efforts are being pursued to help minimize, if not eradicate, non-earth friendly
activities. The anti-litter campaigns during the 1970s, the Resources Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) passed by the federal government in 1976 which promotes reuse,
reduction, incineration of materials, and several groups and alliances were formed to save
used or waste materials for reprocessing into something useful, generally known as
recycling.
Polystyrene (PS) is the most recycled form of single-service food packaging
(PSPC, 1996). Fast food chains in Metro Manila like Jollibee, McDonald’s, Wendy’s,
and Chowking, use foamed polystyrene (FPS) for food packaging. Its numerous
advantages over other food service wares – low cost, free of odor and taste, excellent
thermal insulator, chemically inert, good dimensional stability and rigidity, and low
moisture absorption – increase its demand in food packaging services. However, the large
demand for these products resulted to an accumulation of waste FPS in dumpsites. In
particular, about 4-5 tons per day of post-consumer waste styropacks are being generated
in Metro Manila (M. Navarro, 2004). The non biodegradability of the waste FPS poses
an additional problem to its increasing volume. It does not break down, it clogs
drainages, and it stays in landfills for a long time which causes serious environmental
problems.
2
Because of the issues in recycling PS food packaging wastes, several recycling
programs are being studied and implemented to reduce these PS wastes that will be
economically sustainable. According to Raymond Ehrlich, Director of Environment,
Health and Safety for the Polystyrene Packaging Council, in about 10 years, total
polystyrene recycled essentially grew from zero pounds per year to approximately 50
million pounds per year.
In the Philippines, an FPS recycling plant was set up in 1995 in Sta. Maria,
Bulacan by the Polystyrene Packaging Council of the Philippines, Inc. (PPCP) to help
minimize FPS wastes. Its collection of FPS wastes has extended to schools within the
area. One of the problems that occurred in this program is the high transportation cost of
the pick-up and delivery of the wastes to the recycling plant. This made FPS recycling
unattractive.
The Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) under the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) helps in discovering innovations in FPS recycling.
“Melting of Waste FPS in Used Oil” is a project of ITDI that was pursued in
collaboration with PPCP. The project aims to develop suitable processing/recycling
techniques in order to convert post-consumer waste FPS into value added functional
products (M. Navarro, 2004). The recycled product is found to be a potential substitute
for wood. ITDI has already made chairs and tables out of this technology. Yet there is a
lack of information in the waste FPS to oil ratio and the heating temperature that would
produce the strongest recycled product.
3
This thesis aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of the recycled FPS as a
probable substitute for wood and determine the waste FPS to oil ratio that would produce
the strongest recycled product.
This thesis will help in the reduction of waste FPS and frying oil in the
environment. It will benefit the FPS producers, food chain owners, the community and
the government.
The focus of this thesis is in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of
recycled FPS. The resistance to weathering exposure and the mechanism of the reaction
of used frying oil with the FPS is no longer assessed.
4
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Polystyrene
Polystyrene (PS) is a linear polymer composed of a long chain of styrene mer
units (Figure 2.1). According to A. Blaga, when heat is applied to a mass of polymer
having linear or branched molecules, the material will soften at a certain temperature and
flow. The melt temperature or the flow temperature for amorphous polymers of PS is
from 240 – 280 ºF (115.56 – 137.78 ºC). This temperature is very important in this thesis
because it is used as the basis for the loading temperature of the waste FPS.
Figure 2.1. Polystyrene mer unit
Foamed Polystyrene
Foamed polystyrene products are usually made from polystyrene resin that
contains a blowing agent (usually pentane, CO2, or butane). The blowing agent is injected
into the extruder and then into the die. Then the resin with blowing agent is “prepuffed,”
stored to allow equilibration of the expanded material and then processed into food
wares. In the final process, some additional expansion as well as molding occurs. The
H H
H
C C
5
blowing agent gradually diffuses out and is replaced by air. This makes the foamed
polystyrene 95% air and 5% of the plastic matrix (Figure 2.2).
Figure 2.2. Photon micrograph of FPS
Foamed polystyrene is easily recyclable because it is a thermoplastic.
Thermoplastic polymers soften when heated and harden when cooled. This heating-
cooling cycle can be repeated many times without chemical change, making it ideally
suited for forming without plasticizers or significant other additives in a wide variety of
products (PSPC, 1996).
Polystyrene Packaging Council in Washington DC, USA and Mega Packaging
Corporation in Laguna, Philippines are two companies that use high-temperature
machines to recycle FPS. PSPC uses an extruder at a temperature 400-440°F to melt the
washed, dried, and grinded polystyrene. The melted polystyrene is formed into pellets
and finally cooled in a water bath. Mega Packaging Corporation follows the same
principle but uses a different melting unit. A heated screw conveyor that is placed inside
6
their Mobile EPS recycling equipment melts the polystyrene chips. The process is easy to
conduct but the products formed from this process are too brittle.
Aside from the use of temperature to recycle FPS, reagents can be utilized to
recycle polystyrene. Williams and Cleereman provided a group listing of some of these
reagents (Table 10-17, Williams & Cleereman, 1952). One of the most coveted recycling
procedures that use reagents is the “Orange R-net System”. The FPS recycling system
developed by Sony Corporation in Japan uses the colorless, transparent liquid from the
peels of oranges and tangerine called d-Limonene. d-Limonene is a naturally occurring
simple monoterpene found in high concentration in orange peels. It was “not
recommended” by William and Cleereman because the plastic becomes very soft and was
unusable at the end of their test.
In the Orange R-net System, FPS is crushed and simply dissolved to the
limonene. The FPS dissolves naturally upon it immersion on the orange oil. The recycled
FPS can be reprocessed to a polystyrene resin and the residual limonene oil can be used
again. They claim that the recycled FPS is of high quality.
Florida Chemical’s technical grade d-Limonene has also been found to be an
effective solvent for dissolving and compacting expanded polystyrene (EPS). Florida
Chemical employs the same approach as Sony. Large blocks of expanded polystyrene is
said to be dissolved in a matter of seconds.
Sony and Florida Chemical have shown two effective methods in recycling
different kinds of polystyrene with d-Limonene. However, problems may exist in the
Philippines to collect orange peelings to extract d-Limonene from its oil. Philippines
don’t have the rich resources of orange as with Japan and Florida. It would entail a great
7
funding, if d-Limonene is insisted to be used, to research on the effectivity of our local
citrus fruits like dalandan, calamansi, and dayap. Moreover, the PS used by both of these
companies are clean PS, unlike in this thesis which recycles post-consumer FPS food
ware.
Styro Solve is a blend of natural terpenes derived from oranges, grapefruits, and
limes, together with a small amount of a biodegradable ester (Naitove, 2003). The active
ingredient in this poly gel is also d-Limonene. The difference of this technology with the
d-Limonene recycling systems of Sony and Florida Chemical is that it can handle FPS
packaging contaminated with food wastes. Nevertheless, this recycling system needs a
densifying machine called the Solution Machine. Purchasing this machine suitable for
cafeterias and commercial kitchen cause $4000-5000 or $100-120 for a one-month lease.
Industrialized gelation unit costs $12,000 and up or it leases for $375/month. This may
not be beneficial if it will be used in the Philippines.
University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) has devised another way to recycle PS. The
patent no.6334713 was awarded to UMR’s researchers for the process that dissolves PS
with acid methyl esters from soybean oil. This process can reduce a cubic yard of
polystyrene foam to about a quart and a half of liquid. The recycled product is useful for
making products to clean and coat metal walls and as a binding agent in road or plastics
manufacturing.
In this thesis, used coconut oil is utilized. Coconut oil, is classified as “good” at
25 ºC and “fair” at 50 ºC. Reagents categorized as “good” produce a slight clouding or
crazing of the plastic or slight coloring of the reagent. A “fair” reagent provides a visible
effect on the plastic and/or reagent. Some dimensional change is possible or weight loss
8
or gain. The deformation at higher temperatures of used oil in this thesis is expected
because of this study.
ITDI develops new ways in recycling FPS with the employment of used oils. One
of their projects is to recycle FPS with used motor oil. The motor oil is heated from 180-
240°C and the FPS is loaded into a fabricated melting unit (FMU). The product is a black
sold that can only be used as a source of fuel.
Mechanical Properties of Wood
Wood is naturally a very durable substance. It is widely employed for furniture,
floors, paper manufacture, and innumerable other purposes. Table 2.1 shows the
mechanical properties of some commercially important woods.
Common species names
Modulus of Rupture (kPa)
Compression Parallel to Grain
(kPa)
Compression Perpendicular to
Grain (kPa)
Alder, red 45,000 20,400 1,700
Beech 59,000 24,500 3,700
Cherry, black 55,000 24,400 2,500
Chestnut 39,000 17,000 2,100
Cottonwood, black 34,000 15,200 1,100
Cottonwood, Eastern 37,000 15,700 1,400
Hackberry 45,000 18,300 2,800
Table 2.1. Mechanical properties of some commercially important wood
ITDI already made recycled FPS food ware as chairs and tables, however, the
mechanical properties of this product has not been tested. In this thesis, the recycled
product will be tested of its mechanical properties and assess if it can be used as a wood
substitute.
9
Chapter 3
MECHANICAL EVALUATION OF RECYCLED POST-CONSUMER FOAMED
POLYSTYRENE FOOD WARE AS A WOOD SUBSTITUTE
ABSTRACT
The numerous advantages of foamed polystyrene (FPS) food ware over other food service wares increase its demand in food packaging services. The large demand for these products resulted to an accumulation of about 4-5 tons per day of post-consumer waste FPS in Metro Manila. The product made from recycling waste FPS in used oil is a probable wood substitute. This thesis aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of the recycled FPS as a wood substitute and to determine the waste FPS to oil ratio that would produce the strongest recycled product. Varying proportions of waste FPS were melted at temperatures of 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 ºC. The resulting products were evaluated of their compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and hardness. The ratio of 3 parts waste FPS to 1 part used oil yields the strongest product. The compressive strength and the modulus of rupture are increasing with temperature. For both of these tests, the 3:1 ratio tolerates the greater load. The hardness of the materials have hardness ranging from 4-5 or equivalent hardness of fluorite or apatite.
INTRODUCTION
The first Earth Day, which occurred in 1970, signaled the development of a new
level of awareness and concern about the environment (Richardson, 1997). Since then
numerous efforts are being pursued to help minimize, if not eradicate, non-earth friendly
activities. The anti-litter campaigns during the 1970s, the Resources Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) passed by the federal government in 1976 which promotes reuse,
reduction, incineration of materials, and several groups and alliances were formed to save
used or waste materials for reprocessing into something useful, generally known as
recycling.
Polystyrene (PS) is the most recycled form of single-service food packaging
(PSPC, 1996). Fast food chains in Metro Manila like Jollibee, McDonald’s, Wendy’s,
10
and Chowking, use foamed polystyrene (FPS) for food packaging. Its numerous
advantages over other food service wares – low cost, free of odor and taste, excellent
thermal insulator, chemically inert, good dimensional stability and rigidity, and low
moisture absorption – increase its demand in food packaging services. However, the large
demand for these products resulted to an accumulation of waste FPS in dumpsites. In
particular, about 4-5 tons per day of post-consumer waste styropacks are being generated
in Metro Manila (M. Navarro, 2004). The non biodegradability of the waste FPS poses
an additional problem to its increasing volume. It does not break down, it clogs
drainages, and it stays in landfills for a long time which causes serious environmental
problems.
Because of the issues in recycling PS food packaging wastes, several recycling
programs are being studied and implemented to reduce these PS wastes that will be
economically sustainable. According to Raymond Ehrlich, Director of Environment,
Health and Safety for the Polystyrene Packaging Council, in about 10 years, total
polystyrene recycled essentially grew from zero pounds per year to approximately 50
million pounds per year.
In the Philippines, an FPS recycling plant was set up in 1995 in Sta. Maria,
Bulacan by the Polystyrene Packaging Council of the Philippines, Inc. (PPCP) to help
minimize FPS wastes. Its collection of FPS wastes has extended to schools within the
area. One of the problems that occurred in this program is the high transportation cost of
the pick-up and delivery of the wastes to the recycling plant. This made FPS recycling
unattractive.
11
The Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) under the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) helps in discovering innovations in FPS recycling.
“Melting of Waste FPS in Used Oil” is a project of ITDI that was pursued in
collaboration with PPCP. The project aims to develop suitable processing/recycling
techniques in order to convert post-consumer waste FPS into value added functional
products (M. Navarro, 2004). The recycled product is found to be a potential substitute
for wood. ITDI has already made chairs and tables out of this technology. Yet there is a
lack of information in the waste FPS to oil ratio and the heating temperature that would
produce the strongest recycled product.
This thesis aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of the recycled FPS and
determine the waste FPS and determine the waste FPS to oil ratio that would produce the
strongest recycled product.
This thesis will help in the reduction of waste FPS and frying oil in the
environment. It will benefit the FPS producers, food chain owners, the community and
the government.
The focus of this thesis is in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of
recycled FPS. The resistance to weathering exposure and the mechanism of the reaction
of used frying oil with the FPS is no longer assessed.
METHODOLOGY
Preparation of the Sample
Post-consumer FPS food wares were taken from the storage area of ITDI. This
FPS wastes were brought to ITDI by fast food chains like Jollibee, McDonald’s,
12
Wendy’s, and Chowking. Waste FPS from Jollibee is the most abundant, so this is taken
as the sample.
Used cooking oil has been used for frying chicken in Jollibee (Figure 3.1). The
oil has been placed in a drum and all of the solids were already suspended at the bottom.
Figure 3.1 Used cooking oil
A fabricated melting unit (FMU) was provided by the ITDI. The FMU is where
the waste FPS were melted. An electric stove generates the heat in the recycling process.
A metal thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the melted waste FPS.
Steel molders of size 45 mm x 45 mm x 150 mm were also provided by the ITDI for the
recycled FPS.
250 grams of used cooking oil and 500 grams of waste FPS for 2:1 ratio or 750
grams for 3:1 ratio were weighed. Waste FPS were crushed to smaller pieces to fit the
FMU provided by the ITDI (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2. Crushed waste FPS
13
Used cooking oil was heated in an electric stove to 150 ºC before waste FPS is
loaded into the FMU. This temperature is based on the melt temperature of polystyrene.
The waste FPS were continuously charged to the FMU on a medium heat. Once all the
waste FPS had melted, a metal thermometer was placed on the mixture. The mixture was
heated until it had reached its desired temperature of 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 ºC. The
melted FPS was transferred immediately to steel molders. The melted FPS is allowed to
cool and harden for about an hour. Recycled FPS products were cut to various sizes for
testing (Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.3. Cutting of recycled FPS
Hardness Test
Hardness tests were executed in ITDI. A Standard Moh’s Scale is used to test the
materials. The various standards were scratched to the sample until a dent was visible.
Compressive Strength Test
Compressive strength tests were performed in the Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory of Mapúa Institute of Technology. A Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine
(Figure 3.4) was used to test the samples. The contact area of the samples with the
machine ranges from 25-26mm x 39-40mm.
14
Figure 3.4. Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine
Modulus of Rupture Test
Modulus of rupture tests were carried out in ITDI. A Universal Testing Machine
(Figure 3.5) was used to test the samples. The samples tested have dimensions of 25 mm
x 40 mm x 150 mm.
Figure 3.5. Universal Testing Machine
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Melting of Waste FPS
Melting of FPS corresponds to the transformation of this solid material to a
viscous liquid. At 150 ºC the waste FPS starts to melt because it already has exceeded its
melting temperature. The high temperature of the used cooking oil causes the air inside
the cell to vaporize and the steam produced by the oil to diffuse inside the cells. As the
temperature is increased, more gas accumulates into the cells and builds up pressure. The
thin walls of the cell cannot withstand the pressure and eventually, the bead collapses.
This causes the deflated beads to fuse together and eventually become a viscous liquid.
Hardness Test
Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to localize plastic deformation.
Moh’s Hardness Scale is a qualitative hardness indexing scheme. From this test, it shows
that the products have hardness ranging from 4-5 or equivalent hardness of fluorite or
apatite.
Compressive Strength Test
Compressive strength test was used to evaluate the behavior of FPS under large
and permanent stress. In Figure 3.6, the maximum strengths of both formulations
increased as the temperature is increased. This is explained by the viscosity of the
resulting melted FPS. At higher temperatures, the melted FPS is less viscous. This lower
viscosity allows the mixture to arrange itself in order and occupy the whole molder.
There are lesser voids in the higher temperature products than those cooked at low
temperatures.
16
The 3:1 ratio shows a higher tolerance to stress. Used oil acts as the lubricant in
this recycling process. Since the 2:1 ratio is more lubricated than the 3:1, it is easier for
the load to compress the recycled product.
COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM STRESS
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Temp (deg C)
Ma
x S
tre
ss
(k
Pa
) 2:1
3:1
Figure 3.6. Comparison of maximum stress of 2:1 and 3:1 ratio vs. temperature
Temperature 2:1 Max Stress (kPa) 3:1 Max Stress (kPa)
160 9370 10780
170 12490 14230
180 18970 21020
190 19090 22350
200 19440 23870
Table 3.1. Maximum stress of 2:1 and 3:1
Modulus of Rupture Test
The modulus of rupture test is conducted to the material to the point of failure.
The 3:1 ratio at 200 °C is the sample that carries the heavier load before fracture.
Viscosity, like the compressive strength test, is the primary reason for this trend.
17
COMPARISON OF MODULUS OF RUPTURE
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Temp (deg C)
MO
R (
kP
a)
2:1
3:1
Figure 3.7. Comparison of modulus of rupture of 2:1 and 3:1 ratio vs.
temperature
Temperature 2:1 MOR (kPa) 3:1 MOR (kPa)
160 657.636435 966.3574242
170 803.576658 1108.432001
180 870.0902931 1200.236846
190 917.0905029 1351.962775
200 1016.271444 1300.856052
Table 3.2. Modulus of Rupture of 2:1 and 3:1
CONCLUSION
The ratio of 3 parts waste FPS to 1 part used oil yields the strongest product. The
mechanical evaluation of the recycled FPS food ware shows that the compressive
strength and the modulus of rupture are increasing with temperature. For both of these
tests, the 3:1 ratio tolerates the greater load. The hardness of the recycled products does
not depend on the temperature of the used oil. They have hardness ranging from 4-5 or
equivalent hardness of fluorite or apatite. In comparison of the recycled FPS with wood,
18
the recycled product can deal with as much compression as the wood, however it will
easily break. Thus, recycled FPS can be a wood substitute for short time use only.
RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that reinforcements should be added to the recycled FPS to
enhance its mechanical properties. These reinforcements may be waste materials such as
foil packs, polyethylene cups, or other kinds of plastics.
The resistance to weathering exposure and the mechanism of the reaction of used
frying oil with the FPS should be assessed as a continuation of this study.
REFERENCES
Brydson, J.A. (1975). Plastics Materials (3rd ed.). London, England: Butterworth
& Co. Ltd. Callister, W.D. (2000). Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction (5th
ed.). Philippines: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ehrlich, R. J. (2004). The Economic Realities of Recycling. Arlington, Virginia:
Polystyrene Packaging Council. Mapleston, P. (August,1993). Chemical recycling to remove waste mountains...
someday. Modern Plastics International. New Jersey, USA:McGraw-Hill. Mega Packaging Corporation in Laguna, Philippines. Expandable Polystyrene
and the Environment: The Facts and the Fallacies.
Navarro, M. M. Functional Products from Waste Foamed Polystyrene. ITDI. Patton, W. J. (1976) Plastics Technology: theory, design, and manufacture.
Reston, Virginia: Reston. Richardson, T. L., & Lokensgard, E. (1997). Industrial Plastics: Theory and
Application. (3rd ed.). Albany, New York:Delmar. Williams, J.L., & Cleereman, K.J. (1952). The General Physical Properties of
Polystyrene. Styrene: Its Polymers, Copolymers, and Derivatives. New York, New York:Hafner.
19
Chapter 4
CONCLUSION
The ratio of 3 parts waste FPS to 1 part used oil yields the strongest product. The
mechanical evaluation of the recycled FPS food ware shows that the compressive
strength and the modulus of rupture are increasing with temperature. For both of these
tests, the 3:1 ratio tolerates the greater load. The hardness of the recycled products does
not depend on the temperature of the used oil. They have hardness ranging from 4-5 or
equivalent hardness of fluorite or apatite. In comparison of the recycled FPS with wood,
the recycled product can deal with as much compression as the wood, however it will
easily break. Thus, recycled FPS can be a wood substitute for short time use only.
20
Chapter 5
RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that reinforcements should be added to the recycled FPS to
enhance its mechanical properties. These reinforcements may be waste materials such as
foil packs, polyethylene cups, or other kinds of plastics.
The resistance to weathering exposure and the mechanism of the reaction of used
frying oil with the FPS should be assessed as a continuation of this study.
21
REFERENCES
Blaga, A. Plastics. Institute for Research Construction. Brydson, J.A. (1975). Plastics Materials (3rd ed.). London, England: Butterworth
& Co. Ltd. Callister, W.D. (2000). Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction (5th
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