Mechanical Engineering Safety Handbook

8/10/2019 Mechanical Engineering Safety Handbook

1/207

MECHANICJAL

SAFETY

ENGINEERING

(Properg

oJ'Engr.

Eilward Aog)

'[;tBLlr.

OF CONTENTS

'f

iTtE

L

t-tccupaiionai

Safefy and Healrlr Standards

(t)SHS)

iL

Roie

of

Supervisors

in

Sat'ety

trl P

onal Protective Equipment

iri.

&I

achine Guarding

Wotkins

Seleli

with

I'I

er:hines

t*'.

Boiler

1'I.

Ammonia

Hazards

V[

Heating,

Ventilating and Air

Conditioning

iH\,IAL]i

Vil.

Rule

l1?0

Unfiretl Fressure

\res-sels

t1-

Rule

1180 Internal

Cornbustion

Eneine

--='-'

X.

Rule ll90 Steam

Turbine

XI.

Electrical

Saferv

XII.

Fire

Safety

Xm.

Revise'r.t

Fire tlode

of

the Philippines

of 2tt08

XIV. Rule 1100 Gas and Electric

Weldin.e

and Clutting

ilperations

XV. Rule 1220 Elevators aird Re.iqted Equipur,-.ni

XVL

ldachine

Shop

Laboratory

Satety Guidelines

XVtr.

Job Hazard Analysis

XVIII.

C onstruction Safety

XtY. Accident Investigation

XX.

Earthquake

XXL Working

Places,

Ladders

and

Scaffolding

XXtr

Annual'Work

Accidental.

Illness Exposure

Data Report

PAGE

I

4

..,

13

1i

i9

64

69

CC

96

I00

112

121

I _12

I3l

l4l

r44

I51

l6l

168

170


2/207

10t22t2009

INTRODUCTION TO

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND

HEALTH STANDARDS

RULE tO4O HEALTH

AND SAFETY

COMMITTEE

1041

Gcicral

Requiremenls

't042

Types and

Compositim

of Health

end

Safety

Commilts

'1043

Duties ot the Health and Safety Committee

1(X4

Tem

of

Offic6

cf

Members

1045 Duties

of

Employers

1046

Duties of Workss

1047

Ddies

ot the

Safsiy

Man

1048

Other Types of

Salety Organizations

RULE 1O5O

NOTIF]CATION AND KEEPING OF

RECORDS

OF ACCIDEENTS AND/OR

OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES

1 051 Delinition

1052

Speial

PDvitlon

1053

Rrpdi

Rcquiwnlr

'1054

Kepine

ot

R@ds

1055

Evd@lim

ot

O$bilily

1056

Mcasu7lmf,l

ot

Pdhmere

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RULE

Iq'O

GENERAL PROVISION

,mrtup

1m

&fintons

lm3

Adnbt.lon :d

Enldcm{t

IAq$lhpdn hdigaimdRdil

[email protected] WG*d3ilWP.|sd.

1ffi

cnfd.n6ali,

ol Trade SrcrE

RULE IOIO OTHER SAFETY RULES

l0ll Pdilgdh

d

R6

t0l2

Sri.l Rr'k

1013

Hedoc

wdkpleG

RI,LE

IO2O

REGISTRATION

l@1 kCkffi

lE

Rqbn&b Ud

,m

P#

d

R{bt tq

l@a

Rqiffi

RUIE 1O O

TRAINING OF PERSONNEL

IN

OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY

AND

HEALTH

iBlfrffgPl@

1@ffi

lBTEhgdPdccndffi

180l Offi&nd.$bV clMd

tg@ffi hhffidc+&d

sY d&b

By virtue

of

the

powers

vested

in the

Department of

Labor

and Employment

under

Article

162 of the

Labor

Code of the

Philippines, this

Occupational Safety

and

Health Standards is hereby

promulgated

for

the

guidance

and compliance of all

concerned. This body of standards rules

and regulations shall

herearter be referred

to as

"Standards"

'-

Objective

The

ol,octive

of

this

Standard

is

to

protect

every

workingman

against the dangers of

injury, siciiness or

death

through

safe and

healthtul working conditions,

thereby assuring the

conservation

of valuaUle

manpower

resouices

and the

p,

evention of loss or damage

to lives

and

properties,

consistent

with national development

goals

and

with the State's commitment

for the total

development

of every

worker as

a

complete human

being. This

Standards shall apply to all

places

of

employment

except oti:r.vise

provided

in this

Standard.


3/207

10t22t2009

RULE 1060 PREMISES OF

ESTABLISHMENTS

'1060

0'l G.nral

Provisions

1061 Cmslrudion

and Maintenan@

'1062

Spae

Requiemsnt

1063 Wallsay

Surfa@

1064 Floor and Wall Op6ning

1065 Stairs

l()66 Wind@

Openings

1067

Fixsd

Laddqs

1068

Ovortlead Walks, Runways

and

Platfoms

1069 Yards

RULE

tOTO

OCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTROL

'1071

GenoEl Provisions

1o72

Threshold Limil Valucs

f6Airbom.

Conlaminanls

1073

Threshold

Limit Values forAirborne Contaminanls

(Tables)

1074

Physil

Agents

1075 lllumination

1

076 Gentral

Ventilation

1077 Working Environment

Measurement

RULE

11OO

GAS

AND

ELECTRIC

WELDING AND

CUTTING

OPERATIONS

110O

Ol GeneEl

Provisions

1

100 02 P6rsonal

Proteclive Equipmeni

1 100

03 Welding

or

Cutling

in Confined Spaces

RULE 1120 HAZARDOUS

WORK PROCESSES

'l't2'l

Underground

Tank and Similar Confined Spa@

Wqk

RULE

1lrrc

EXPLOSIVES

1

141 Grneral Provisions

:

'l

42 Delinitions

1 143

Aulhorizalion

1

,l44

Limilatiq

1

145

Quaniity

and Dis'ance Tables

'I

146

Storage

of Explosives

'1147

Rstrds

ot Dsposition ot Erplosives

RULE

1150

MATERIALS

TIANDLING AND

STORAGE

1'150.01

General

Provisions '

RULE 12(x)

MACHINE GUARDING

1201

Definitions

1202 Provisions of

Guards

1203 Standard Machine Guards

1204

Machire

Guard

ai

Poinl

of

Operaiion

1

205

Transmission

Machinery Guarding

'1206

Woodworking

Machinery

1207 Guarding

Mechanical

Ptrer

Presses and Foot and

Hand

Power

Presses

RULE 1210

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

121

1

Philippine Electric Code

1212

Electrical

Safety

lnspclim,

1213lnspction

Fes

1214

Requirements in

the

Preparation

of

Electrical Plans

RULE 1O8O

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUTPMENT

AND DEYTCES

1081

General Provisrm

1082

Eye

and

Fae Prot$tion

'1083

Respiratory

Proteciion

1084

Head

Protstion

1085

Hmd

and Arm

Proteclion

1086

Safety

Belts. Lite Lines

aill Safety

Nel

1

087

Use

of

Safety

Shoes

RULE 1O9O HAZARDOUS

MATERIALS

1091

Scope

1092

Deliniiions

1093

General

Rules

1

094

Hot

and

Corrosive

Substances

1095

Stqage

1C6

Use

of

Lead

and

lts

CmpMds

RULE

1220 ELEVATORS AND

RELATED

EQUIPMENT

1221

Oefinitions

1222 Ge^et al Provisions

1223

General Requirerents

'1224

Standards

Requirmmts

'1225

Requirgrlanls

in the

Prcparation ol

Plans

RULE

1230 IDENTIFICATION OF

PIPING SYSTEM

1230 01

S@pe

1230 02

Standard

Requirments

'1230.03

Definitions

'1230,04

Melhods of iJentifietion

of Contents

of

Piping

Systms

1230.05

Visibility

'1230.06

Lotion of

Stenciled

or

Letiered Legends

1230 07

Type

and Size

of

Leners

for

Slencils

2

RULE I160 BOILER

1161 Detinitions

1

162

General Provisions

1

163

Power

Boilars

1

164

Heating

Boilers

1

165

Cleaning

and

Reparrs

i.166 Personal Proteclive

Equipment

1 167

Color

Coding

'l

168

Requirement in the Preparation

of

Boiler

Pressure

Vessels

Plans

RULE 1170 UNFIRED PRESSURE

VESSELS

117'l

Oefinitions

1 172

Steam

Healed

Pressure

Vessels

1173

Closed Stsam Healed

Pressure Vessels

'l

174

Open Steam

HeateJ

P:sssure

Vessels

1

175 Water

and

Air

Presilre

Tanks

1r?6

ts-i igsation

Tanks

1'177

Compressor

1

178

Gas Cylinders


4/207

1012212009

RULE

1410 CONSTRUCTION

SAFETY

'1411

Definitims

1412

General

Provasions

1413 Exevation

1414

Sftoldings

1415 Constructim Equipment

't416

Plant

and Equipment

'1417

Oemolition

14'18

Mechaniel

Demolition

14'19 Explosives

RULE

1420 LOGGING

'1421

Gereral Provisims

1422

Handtools

1423

General Logging Operations

1424

Use

and

Mainlenance of Power

Saws

1425

Logging

Engine

'1426

Logging

Engine

Operation

1427 f?d.ot

Yading

142E

Lines,

Blocks Rigging

RULE

1940 FIRE PROTECTION

AND CONTROL

1941 General

Provisims

1942

Delinitions

'1943

Building

Consiruclion

and Facilities

1944 Fire Fighting

Feilities

'1945

Flammable

and

Combustible

Liquids

1946

Cmbustible

Solids 1947

Electrical

lnstallation

1948

Alarm

Syslems

and

Fire Drills

RULE I95O

PESTICIDES

AND

FERTILIZERS

1951

Scop

1952 Definitions

1953 General

Provisions

1954

Pesticides

1955

Fertilizss

l

g5iDisposal

of Unwanted

Materials

RULE

1960

OCCIJT,'.TIONAL HEALTH

SERVICES

196't Generalffivisions

1962

Hazard@s Workplace

1963

Emergency

Health

ServicJs

1964 Trainino and

Qualifications

1

9o5 Dulies

of

Employers

'1966

Oc'upational

Health Program

'l

967

Physil

Examination

RULE I97O

FEES

1971

Genral

Provisions

1972

Explosives

1973

Local

Fabrition of

BoileryPressure

Vessls

i974

Certiiietes

of

Safety

Praclitioner/Consulianls

RULE

1980

AUTHORITY

OF

LOCAL

GOVERNMENT

1981

General

Provisions

1982

Authority

to

Chartered

Cities

1983

Authority

of

Municipalities

19E4

Authority

of

Other

Govemment

Ag-,;cies

'1985

Application

of this

Standard

of

Existing Plans

3nd

Authorities

1986

Duplication of

lnspeclion

RULE

I99O

FINAL

PROVIS'ON

'1991

Falss

Statement

cr

Representation

1992

Separability

1993

Resolution

of

Conflicts

and

OverlapDing

Jurisdicrions

1994

Repeal

of Prior

Sately

O.ders

1995

Penal

Provisions

1996

Effectivity

DEPARTMENT

OF

LABOR

AND

EMPLOYMENT

Contact

Details:

tions

Employment

treets

lntramuros,

Manila

Telephone:

(632)5273483,

527 347

2,

527

3481

Fax:

(632)5273483

Email:

[email protected]

Website:

www.bwc.dole.oov.oh

a

------.

:j==:F'

{\

CSTFMTE *rcCiEOBAru

OSH PRACJITIOHER

rliErmftrc

EOW

RD a.O.

AiO


5/207

equipment.

Grounding

should

be

provided

for

the

entire

system

and

indiviclual pieces

of

equipment.

Check

ground

connections

regularly

for

tightness.

Portable

Power

Tools

Saws

The

circular

saw

is

a heavy-duty

tool

with

interchangeable

blades

for

all types

of woodcutting.

The

saber saw

is

somewhat

smaller

and used for

smaller

woodcutting

jobs

and

curved

cuts. A

chainsaw

may

be

either

gasoline

or electrically

powered.

Follow

these safety rules when

using

saws:

o

Before

cutting, inspect

the

material

to

be

cut for

nails

or

foreign

objects.

o

Make

sure

blade

guards

are

in

place

and working properly.

o

Stay

alert

Saws

are noisy

and

the

sound

may

drown

out warning

shouts

or

instructions.

o

Wear

goggles

and

a

face

shield

to

protect

yourself

from

flying

debris

or sawdust.

.

lnspect blade

regularly.

First,

turn the

saw

off

and

unplug

it.

Don't

use

dull

or

loose

-.blades.

o

Don't

overload

the motor

by

pushing

too

hard

or

cutting material

that

is

too heavy.

o

Be

sure

you

have

firm

footing

and

balance

when

using

any

saw. Slips or falls

can

be

deadly

when

you're

holding

a

power

tool.

Portable

Drills

Variable

speed

drills

are versatile

topls

used

for

boring

holes,

turning screws,

buffing,

and

grinding.

Keep

these

pointers

in

mind

when

using

thern:

o

Select

the corr6ct

drill

bit

for

the

job

to

Ue

Oonl.

Use

only

sharp

biti.

o

Make

sure the material

being

drilled is

secured

or

clamped

firmly:

o

Hold

d-rill

firmly

and

at the

correct

angle.

Don't

force

it

to

work

or

lean

on

it

with

all

y'our

strength.

o

Always

remove

the bit

from

the

drill

when

you're

finished.

For

storing

a cutting

edge

to

drill

bits, use

a

drill bit

sharpener.

It

should

be

dogble-insulatecl

and

placed

flat

on a bench

surface.

Don't

forget

to wear

safety glasses

when

you

use the

sharpener.

Grinding

Wheels

Bench grinders

are

useful

for

sharpening,

shaping,

and

srnoothing

metal,

wood, plastic,

or

stone.

.

Keep

machine guards

in place

and

wear

ear

and

eye

protectiorr

o

Before

use,

make

sure

that

wheels

are

firmly

helcl

on spindles

and

work

rests

are

tight

o

Stand

to

one

side

while

starting

the motor,

until

operating

speed

is

reached-this

prevents

injury

if

a defective

wheel

breaks

apart.

o

Use

light pressuro

when

starting

grinding,

too

much

on a cold

wheel may

cause

failure.

18


6/207

kinds

of

protection

might be necessary. Hearing

protectiorr

may

be

needed

rvhen operating

noisy

machines.

To guard

the

trunk

of the body

from

cuts

or

impacts

heavy

or

rough-edged

stock,

there

are

certain protective coveralls,

jackets,

vests,

aprons,

and full-body

suits.

Workers

can

protect

their

hands

and

arms

from

the

same kinds of

injury with special

sleeves and

gloves. Safety shoes and

boots,

or

other acceptable

foot guards,

can shield

the feet

against

injury

when

handling heavy

loads

which

might drop.

It

is important

to

note

that

protective

clothing and

equipment

can create

hazards.

A

protective

glove

which

can

become caught

between

rotating

parts,

or a

respirator

face

piece

which

hinders

the

wearer's vision,

for

example,

require alertness

and continues

attentiveness

wherever they are

used.

Other clothing

may

present

additional

safety hazards.

For

example,

loose-fitting shirts

might

possibly

become

entangled

in

rotating spindles or

other

kinds

of

moving

rnachinery. Jewelries

such

as bracelets

and

rings

can catch on

machinery

parts

or

stock and

lead

to

serious

injury

by

pulling

a

hand into the

danger

area.

Some

Clneral

Safety

Rules

General

safety rules apply

to

both

stationary and

portable

equipment.

Never

let

ouercrrnfidence

lead

you

into

taking

unnecessary

risks. The

following

nrles

apply to every

macltine

or

power

tool

you

use:

.

Keep

your

work area well

lit

and dry.

o

Maintain

your

tools.

For

tibst and safest

perforrnance,

keep them sharp, oiled and

stored

in

a safe,

dry

place.

Regularly

inspect

tools, cords and

accessories.

Repair

or

replace

problem

equipment immediately.

.

KeeF

your

work

area

clean. Sawdust,

paper,

and oily

rags area ztfire

hazard

and can

damage

your

tools.

o

Use

sdfety features

like

three-prong

plugs,

double-insulated

tools,

and safety

switches. Make sure machine

guards

are

in

place

on

large

and small

equipment.

o

Use

protective

equipment

when

necessary.

This

rnight include satbty

glasses,

hearing

protection

and

respiratory

protection.

o

Dress

right.

Never wear clothing

jewelry

that

could

become entangled

in

power

tools.

o

Install or

repair

equipment only

if

you're qualified.

A faulty

job

may

cause fires

or

seriously

injure

you

or other workers.

o

Use the

right

tool

lorthejob Don't

lorcc

a srnall

tool to do

hcavy-drrty rvork

.

Keep

electric

cables and

cords clean,

liee

forrn kinks.

Never carry

a

tool by

its

cords.

Good

tool

habits soon

become second

nature.

Follow

the machine

safety

guidelines

at

your

workplace and the equipment

you

operate

will

serve

you

efficiently

and

safely.

Grounding

is

an

Important Precaution

Grounding is

one

of

the

most important

safety

measures

to

take when working

with

electric

equipment. lt

provides

a safe

path

for electricity,

preventing

leakage

of

current

in

circuits and

17


7/207

Machine

Guarding

Methods

There

are

many ways to

guard

machinery.

The

type of

operation,

size or bhape

of stock, method

of handling,

physical

layout

of the work

area, type

of material,

and

production

requirements

or

limitations

will

help determine

the appropriate

method

for

a

given

machine.

As

a

general

rule,

power

transmission

apparatus is best

protected

by fixed

guards

that

enclose

the

danger

area.

For hazards

at the

point

of operation,

where

moving

parts

actually

perform

work on

stock.

Several

kinds

of

guarding

are

possible.

Guards

can

be

grouped

under

five

general

categones:

Guerds ere

barriers

which

prevent

access to

danger

areas.

A

safey device may

perficrm

one several functions. It

may:

o

Stop the

machine if

a hand

or

any

part

of

the

body

is

inadvertently

placed

in

the

danger

area.

o

Restrain or

withdraw

the operator's

hands

from

the

danger area

during

operation.

o

=.Require

the

operator to

use

both

hands

on machine

controls. Thus keeping

both

hands

o

Provide

a barrier

that

synchronized

with the

operating

cycle of

the

rnachine

in

order

to

prevent

entry to

the danger

area during

the hazardous part

ofthe

cycle.

Guarding

by

location

or

distance has

many

applications.

A

thorough hazard

analysis

of each

machine

and

situation

is

necessary

before

attempting

this

technique. The machine

or

its

dangerous moving parts

must

be

positioned

so that hazardous

areas

are

not

accessible

or

do

not

present

hazard

during

the normal

machine

operation

to

guard

a

nrachine

location.

For

example,

locating

a

machine

so

that.a wall

protects

the

worker is

guarding

by location.

Feeding

and ejection methods

of

guarding

limit

hazards

associated

wittr

feeding

stock into

machines

once

it

starts

to

function.

Miscellaneous

aids do not provide

complete

prrctection

from

machine

hazards,

but

provide

an

extra

margin

of

safety.

On example

is

an

awareness

barrier.

An

awareness

barrier

serves

to

remind you

that

you

are approaching

a danger

area.

Personal

P

rotective

Eq

uipment

Engineering

oontrols

that

eliminate

the hazard

at the source

and do not

rely on

behavior fbr

their

effectiveness

offer

the

best and

mot

reliable

means

of

safeguarding. l"herefore,

engineering

controls

must

be

the employer's

first

choice for

eliminating

machine

hazards.

But

wherevei

engineering

controls

are not

available

or

are

not

fully

capable

of

protecting

you, you

must

wear

protective

clothing

or

personal

protective

equipment

(PpE).

PPE

is,

of

course,

available for

different

parts

of the

body.

Flarcl

hats

can

protect

the head

fbrm

the impact

of bumps

and

falling

objects

when

you

work

with

stock.

Caps ancl

hair

nets

can help

keep

your

hair from

being

caught in machinery

lf

machine

coolants

coulcl splash

or

particles

could

fly into

the operator'

eyes

of face,

the face

shields,

safety

goggles,

glasses,

or similar,

16


8/207

-__r--

and withdrawn.

Machinery

used for shearing operations includes

mechanically,

hydraulically,

or

pneumatically

powered

shears.

Bending

action

results

when

power

is

applied to a slide in

order to draw or stamp

metal or other

materials.

A hazard

occurs at

the

point

of operation

where

stock

is inserted, held, and withdrawn.

Power

presses, press

brakes,

and

tubing,

benders

all

use

bending

actions.

Guard

Requirements

What

must

a

guard

to

do

protect you

from

mechanical hazards?

Guards

must meet

these

minimum

general

requirements.

o

Prevent contact: The

guard

must

prevent

hands,

arms,

or

any

part

of

your

body or

clothing

from

making contact with dangerous moving

parts.

o

Secure: Guards should

not

be easy to remove

or alter;

a

guard

that can

easily

be

made

ineffective is

no

guard

at

all.

Guards

and safety

devices

should

be

made

of durable

material

that

will

withstand

the

conditions

of

normal use.

They

must

be firmly

."=secured

to

the

machines.

o

Protect

him

from falling

objects:

The

guard

should

ensure that

no

objects oan

fall into

moving

parts.

A small tool

which

is

dropped into

a

cycling

machine

could easily

become

projectile

that could strike and injure

someone.

o

Create

no new hazards: A guard

defeats

its

own

purpose

if

it

creates a

hazard

of

its

own

such

as shear

point,

a

jagged

edge, or

an unfinished

surface

which

can cause a

laceration.

The edges

of

guards,

for instance,

should be

rolled or

bolted

in

such

a

way

that

they eliminate

sharp

edges

o

Create

no

interference:

You might

soon

override

or

disregard

anyguard

which

keeps

you

fro-m

doing

your

job

quickly

and comfortably.

Proper

guarding

can

actually

enhance

efficiency

since

it

can

relieve your

worries about

injury

If

possible,

one

should

be able to

lubricate

the

machine

without

removing

the

guards.

Even the

most

elaborate

guarding

system

cannot offer effective

protection

unless

you

know how

and why to use it.

You

should be

aware of the

following:

o

A

description

and

identification

of the

hazards

associated

with

particular

machines

o

The

guards

themselves,

how

they

provide protection,

and

the

hazards

for

which

they

are intended.

o

How

to

use

the

guards

and why.

o

How

and under what

circumstances

guards

can

be

removed,

and

by

whom

(in

most

cascs, repair

or maintenance

personnel

only).

o

What

to

do

(e.g.

contact

your

supervisor)

if

a

guard

is

damaged,

missing,

or unable to

provide

adequate

protection.

15


9/207

o

Other

moving parts,

or

parts

of the

machine

which move

while the machine

working,

can

include

reciprocating,

rotting

and transverse

moving parts

as

well

feed

mechanisms

and

auxiliary

parts

of

the machines.

Hazardous

Mechanical

Motions

and

Actions

Different

types

of

hazardous

mechanical

motions

and

actions

are

basic to

nearly

all

machines.

Recognizing them is the

first

step

you

can

take

toward protecting yourself from

the

dangers

they

present.

We

will

briefly

examine the following

types

of

hazards

in

turn.

Rotating

Motion

can

be dangerous; even

smooth, shaft

ends,

spindles,

and

horizontal

or

vertical

shafting

are

some examples

of

common

rotating

mechanisms

which

may be hazardous. There

is

added

danger

when bolts, nicks,

abrasions,

and

projecting

keys

or

set

screws

are

exposed

on

rotating

parts

on machinery.

In

running

nip

points,

or those locations

that

can

capture

body

parts

in rotating

machinery

parts,

are common,

but

dangerous

hazards

for

the

machine

operator. There

are three main

types

of

in-running nips:

o

*Parts

that

rotate

in

opposite

directions

while

their

taxes

are

parallel

to

each. These

parts

may

be

in

contact

or

in close

proximity

to

each

other.

In

the

latter case,

the stock

feed

between

the

rolls

produces

the nip

points.

This

danger

is

comrnor

on machinery

with

intermeshing gears,

rolling

mills,

and calendars.

o

Another

type

of

nip

point

is

created

between

rotating

and

tangentially moving

parts.

Some

examples would

be

the

point

of contact

between

a

power

transmission

belt

and

its

pulley,

a.

chain and

sprocket,

or

a rack

and

pinion.

.

NiP

points

can

also occur

between

rotating

and

fixed

parts

which create

a

shearing,

crushing, or

abrading

action, for

example,

spooked

hand

wheels

or

flywheels.

Reciprocating motions

niay be

hazardous

because,

during the

back-and-fortfr

or

up-and-down

motion,

you

might

get

struck by

or

caught

between

a

rnoving

and

stationary

pi.t.

Transverse

motion

(movement

in

a

straight, continues

lines)

creates

ahazardbecause

a

worker

may

be

get

struck

by

or

aught

in

a

pinch

or

shear point

by moving

part.

Cutting

action involves

rotating,

reciprocating,

or

transverse

motion. The

danger

of

cutting

action

exists

at

the point

of operation

where

finger,

head

and

arm

injuries

can

occur

and wheri

flying

chips

or

scrap

material

can

strike the

eyes

or

face.

Such

hazlrds

ar;

present

at

the

point

of

operation

in

cutting

wood,

metal,

or other materials.

Typical

machinL. having

cutting hazards

include

band saws,

circular

saws, boring

or drilling

machines,

turning

machines

(lathes),

or

milling

machines.

Punching

action

results

when

power

is

applied

to as

side

(ram)

for

blanking,

drawing,

or

stamping

metal

or

other

materials.

The

danger

of this

type

of action

occurs

at

the

point

of

operation

where

stock is

inserted,

held,

and withdrawn

by ha.nd,

typical

machinery

used

for

punching

operations

are

power

presses

and

ironworkers.

Shearing

action

involves

applying

power

to

a slide or

knife

in

order

to trim or

shear

metal

or

other

materials.

The hazard

occurs

at the

point

of operation

where stock is

actually

inserted,

held,

ls

AS

14


10/207

MACHINE

GUARDING

WORKING

SAFELY

WITH

MACHINES

While machines

allow

more

sufficient,

productive

work,

you

must

use

them

with

great

caution.

Safety should be

foremost in

your

mind.

When

working

with moving machine

parts.

[t's up

to

you

wear

protective

equipment.

Maintain

equipment, and

use

safety

features and tools correctly.

You

are

in

charge

of your own

personal safety

on

the

job.

Where Are the

Regulations?

The

Occupational

Safety and

Health Administration

(OSHA)

has

put

forth several

regulations

that

applies

to the

us

of electrically

powered

machinery.

There

are also

guarding

requirements

under

resistance

welding. These requirements

touch on

lockout/tag out

procedures

during

welding operations

and

point

of operation

guards

fbr

press

welding

rnachines.

In

generp_l

remember

that

any machines

part, function,

or

process

that

may

cause

injury

must

be

guarded.

Where

the

operation

of

a

machine

or

accidental contact

with

it,

can

injure

you

or

others,

the

hazard must

be

either

controlled or

eliminated.

Serious

Injuries

Are

Possible

Crushed

hands

and arms, severed

fingers,

blindness

the list

of

possible

machinery-related

injuries

is

as long

as

it

is

horrifying.

There

seems

to

be as many hazards

created

by

moving

machine

parts

as there

are types

of

machines.,Guards are essential for

protecting

workers

from

needless

and

preventable

injuries.

In

addition,

most

machines

and power

tools

are

Oo*o"O

by

electricity.

Elictrical

hazards

are

equally

debilitating.

Electricity

will

give

you

a shock if

you

accidentally

become a

ground.

Breathing

can

stop

and nerve

centers

may

be

temporarily

paralyzed.

Your heartbeat

is interrupted

so

blood

stops circulating.

Heat from

the

current

can

cause

internal

bleeding

and

destruction

of

nerves

or

muscles.

The

severity

of

injury

depends on

where

current

flows

and

how long, not

the

voltage. For

example, did

you

know

that

60/1000

of

an ampere can kill

you

if

it passes

through

the chest?

You

can see that

it's

absolutely

necessary

to

pay

attention

as

you

use

equipment.

A

machine

can

be

pretty

unforgiving if

you

slip-up

be sure

you're in

charge.

Where Mechanical

llazard

Occurs

These types

of dangerous

moving

part

need

guarding:

o

The

point

of

operation

or that

point

where

work is

performed

on

the material,

such as

cutting,

shaping,

boring, or

forming

of shock.

o

Power transmission

apparatus, or

the components

of the

mechanical system

which

transmit energy to the

part

of the

machine

performing

the work.

These

components

include flywheels,

pulleys,

belts, connecting

rods,

couplings,

cams,

spindles, chains,

cranks,

and

gears.

1


11/207

10t22t2009

Sal'etv

Shoes and

Boots

Gloves

FALL

PROTECTION

tx

i

t:'

GF

riln&,uLEWEBBNi

(71;

u* | ,i,:,/

*

See

it.

Analyze it.

Do

it

Accidents

don't

have

to

happen.

You have

a

choice

IL


12/207

10t22t2009

SELF.CONTAINED

BRf,

ATIIING APPARATTIS

(SCBA

)

lt

t

)

{rf

\

/,6#

r{

Air Purifying Respirators:

Respirators in rvhich

the air

you

breathe is

pulified

using

crrtridges

or

clnisten.

COMBINATION GAS AND VAPOR PARTICULATE


13/207

rci2z2009

Teaching Strategies

.

in-class discussion

.

personal

reflection

.

criticalthinking

.

questioning

.

demonstration

Lesson At A

Glance

lntroductoryActivity

-

{hat

is

PPE?

Learning

Activity

-

Types

of PPE

Learning Activity

-

Using

PPE

EquipmenUlnstructional

Aids

.

Handouts

(photocopy

for

class)

.

flipchart

or

whiteboard

.

power point presentation

or

.

visual

papers

Assessment

Strategies

'-

.

observation

Lesson Breakdown

Purpose

This

module is

designed to introduce

participants

to

various

types of PPE

used to minimize

exposure

to

hazards

Learning Oblectives

Participantswill

be able to:

.

demonstrate

appropriate choices

regarding

the use of

personal

protective

equipment

(PPE)

through scenario

evaluation

Conclude

Remihd

participants

that Personal Protective

Equipment

(PPE)

serves only to

reduce

the risk

of

INJUry,

1o

Personal

Protective

Equipment

Learning

Objectives

Participants

will:

.

demonstrate

appropriate choices

regarding

the

use

of

personal

protective

equipment


14/207

Torso

Protection

-

Use full aprons.

Lung

Protection

Use

respiratory

protective

equipment, among these are

the filter respirator,

gas

mask,

air

line

respirator,

contained breathing

apparatus and hose mask.

And for

those

who

work

at

high

levels,

belts and

life

lines must

be

used.

Your Responsibility to Report Hazards

Think

about the

potential

for

a hazardous situation

in

your

workplace.

Would

you

know what

to

do respond effectively?

How

do

you

report a safety

problem

orhazard?

A

hazard assessment

reflects

an employer's responsibility

to

provide

a

workplace free

of

recognized hazards

that are

likely

to

cause death

or

serious

harm.

Sirnilarly,

you

have

a

responsibility to report hazards

you

discover. In

addition

to

participating

in hazard assessments,

make these common sense rules

part

of

your

routine on the

job:

o

tdentiff

all

potential

hazards

before

you

begin a task.

o

Respect all

precautions

-

don't take

any

chances.

o

Check with a supervisor or

somebody

else

in

authority

if

you

are

unsure about

a

situation.

o

Know in

advance

the

potential problems

in

a

situation, and

what to

do

about them if

they happen.

o

Know

your

organization's

hazard

reporting

procedure.

o

Learn basic first-aid

procedures

and

use

them

on

the

job

only

if

your

employer

approves.

o

Report

any

hazagds

to a supervisor

or

designatJd person

as soon

as

you

becomo ware

of them.

Work

at Working Safety

,.

.'

Because

your

health

is

important to

you

and

yotrr

cmploycr.

take

thc

Following

points

to heart:

o

Use

common

sense regarding safety

on

the

job

and comply

with

any applicable

OSHA standards.

o

Work with

your

employer

in identiffing hazards

on the

job.

o

Report

any

job-related

injury or illness

promptly

and scek

recommcndod trcatment.

o

Follow

your employer's

safety and health rules and

regulations, including the

use

of

personal protective

equipment on

the

job.

The

goal

of

hazard

reporting

should be

to

make the

workplace

a safer environment

for all

the

employees. That

goal

needs

everybody's

support.


15/207

-T

Eye injuries not

only

disable a

person,

but they often disfigure him. Per-injury

cost

is high to

both

employee and employer.

Among the equipment

used to

protect

the eyes are:

cover

goggles, protective

spectacles,

meter

goggles

and welder's

goggles.

Other

typer;

of

PPE

are face shields,

bal

biting

helmets,

welding

helmets,

hand-hold

shield, acid

proof

hoods,

hoods with air supply.

Overcoming

Employee Complains

Perhaps the

most common

complaint

that

people

give

as to why

they

do not

want wear

goggles

is

that they

are uncomfortable.

That is

why

equipment

must

be

carefully fitted.

Protecting the Foot and

Legs

Where needed, safety shoes

must

be

worn and the supervisor must

see

to

it

that

workers

wear the

proper

pro_tection.

The

responsibility for

proper

care

of

safety

shoes

rests

with

the employee.

Among the safety

shoes worn

in industrial

establishments are:

o

Free shoes

(where

there are severe electrical hazards or fire und

.*pto.ion

hazards)

.

Gaiter

type

(to

protect

people

from splash of molten metal or from

welding sparks)

likelihood of

contact

with

energized

electrical

equipment

is remote,

for example in

construction

industries)

o

Leather

shoes

with wood soles or wood-soled sandals

(for

wet

work conditions)

o

Metatarsal

guard

shoes

(where

heavy

materials

such as

pig

iron

& heavy casting

are

handled)

.

--

.-

Leg

Protection

-

Use leggings or knee

pads.

Protecting the Head

Safety

hats are needed on

jobs

where person's

head

is

menaced

by

falling or

flying

objects or by

bumps. Impact

resistance is essential. Hats must be fire resistant

and

impervious to moisture,

where contact

with

energized circuits is

possible,

only hats

with

shells

made of non combustive

fitting

passing

through the shell.

Dar Protection

Excessive noise must be

-reduced

whenever

possible.

Ear

protection

should be used only as a

last

resort. Anrong the equipment used are

the

insert type

protectors

and

the muff type.

Hands and

Finger Protection

Depending

upon

the

hazard

or

work,

hands

and fingers

could

be

protected

through the use

of

asbestos

gloves,

rubber

gloves,

leather

gloves,

chrome-tanned

cowhide leather

gloves,

cotton or

fabric

gloves

and coated

fabric

gloves.


16/207

Statistics

(1997),

2.8

millio

That

works

out

to

an avera

dition,

an

average

of

l7

Ame

1996)

these

sobering

statistics

demonstrate

that

onditions

or

work

practices

in

their

workplaces everyday.

while

these

hazards

as much

as possible

at

the

source,

this

step

is

not

onal

Protective

Eouipment

(ppE)

completes

other

measures

your

employer

takes

to

create

a

safety

environment

for

you.

Where

are

the

Regulations

The

Occupational

Safety

&

Health

Administration

(oSHA)

has

issued

regulations

governing

the

use

of

PPE

in

general

inclustry.

You

can

find

them

at

29

CFR,

1910.132-13g.

your

employer

must

establish

and

administer

ppE

program.

Hazard

Assessrnent

and

Equipmcnt

Sclection

1.1 ,

t:,*

employer

must

assess your

workplace

to

determine

if

hazards

are present,

or

are

likely

to

be

present,

which

necessitate

the

use

of

PPE.

OSHA

does

not

want your

employer

to

rely

only

on

PPE

to protect

against

hazards,

but rather

to

use

PPE

along

with

guards,

engineering

controls,

and

sound

manufacturing

practices.

If

the

hazards

cannot

be eliminated

(he

most

effective

way

of

control)

or

controlled

by

cngineering

dcsign,

and

I'PE

worn

by

employccs,

thc

supcrvisors

must

do

thc

Iirllowing:

'

Be

able

to

recognize

the

hazarcls,

be

familiar

with

the

best

safety

equipment

available

to

protect

against

these

hazards.

Know

the

procedu.J.

fo. supplyinjthe

equipment.

.

Know

how

to

maintain

and

clean

the

equipment

:

'

Develop

an

effective

method

for

persuading

all

employees

to

dress

safety

and

to

wear

the

proper

protective

equipment

when

they

should.

Getting

some

workers

to

use

protective-e.quipment

may

be

done

one

of

the

toughest

jobs

a

supervisor

must

face.

The

safe

rule

to

loliow

when

specil'ying

or

buying

,tt

,yp.. of

salety

equipment

is

to

insist

on

the

best

equipment

and

deal

wiih

reputable

firms.

Do

not

take

a

chance

on

inferior

items

just

because

they

may

be less

expensive.

Protecting

the

Eyes

Industrial

operations

expose

the

eyes

to

a

variety

of

hazarcl

flying

objects,

splashcs

ol'corrosive

liquids

or

molten

metal,

broken

glass,

dust

and

harmful

radiations

ar.

ion111on

examples.


17/207

These

ten

points

are

by

no

means

represent

all

that

a

superisor

might

reasonably

be

expected

to

knorr in

accident

prwentiort.

fr"y,

however,

give

a

broad

coverage

and

some control of the

Feople-Equipment-Machine

and

Environment

concept

so

neoessary

to

the

achievernent

of a

successfu

I safety

program.

o


18/207

.

The

supervisors and employee motivation

r

The

supervisor

and

job

economics

.

Organizational communication

'

Employee

training

r

The

supervisors and accident

prevention

Safety

Responsibility

of the

Line

Supervisor

The

largest

share

of

responsibility

in

the substantial

reduction

of

accidents and

injuries

on the

job

falls

on the shoulders

of

the supervisors, not

because

it

has

been arbitrarily

assigned

to

him, but

because

accident

prevention

and

production

control are

closely

associated

to

these

principle

responsibilities:

.

Establish

Worker

Methods

.

Gving

Job

Instructions

.

Assigning

People

to

Jobs

r

Supervising

People

at Work

.

Maintaining the Equipment

and the Workplace

.

Instill

Safety

Consciousness

.

Proper

Safety

Equipment

.

Education

Program

\.

Supervisor's

Role in Accident

Prevention

The

supervisor should know all

there

is

to

know

about

preventing

accidents, especially as such

knowledge relates

to the work

in his

own department.

In these

days

of

changing

technologies,

new

equipment

and mate.ials,

it

is

not

always

possible

to

know

all there

is

about

safety and

prevention

of

agcidents,

But

the

supervisor

should

be

interested

in

safety

and

should have

it

in

high

beam, must have

as

a

m-inimuni,

general

knowledge

of the basic elements necessary for

an

effective

safety

program.

:

It

is

a

must for

a su[lervisor

to

know:

'

Something about

the

general principle

of

machine guarding

and

how to recognize

a

hazard against

unreasonable mechanical

safeguards

can be built. Needless to

say, this

knowledge is

of little

value

to a

supervisor

who

thinks

that

an

occasional safety

inspection of his

department is

a

regular

job

for

somebody

else.

'

That

no manuf'acturing

or

processing

operation can

be made

fbolproof.

.

What

personal protective

equipment is

being used

in his

departnrent.

'

How

to

investigate

an

accident and

to

apply

corrective

action so that

this

will

not

happen

again.

.

Something about the

general principle

of

fire

prevention.

'

The

basic

role which good

housekeeping plays,

not

only

in

eliminating accidents,

but

also

in fire

prevention

and

in

occupational health

and

protection

of

personnel.

.

What mishaps

occurred in his

department?

'

Basic needs

of

his

personnel

and

the

value

of

human relations

and

proper

job

instruction.

'

That

the

modern management

concept

of

planning,

organizing, training and controlling

are

most important

to safety

and every

phase

of his

work.

5


19/207

ROLE

OF ST]PERVISORS

IN

SAFETY

What

makes

a supervisor?

The

supervisor

is

management on

the

front

line.

They

directly

influence

the

quality

and

quantity

of

goods

and

services

produced.

He

must be an employee

relation's

marL

a

production

man, an

instructor

and a

quality

control

man.

He has

to be both

friendly and at the

same

tiine

disciplinarian.

To fulfill his

responsibility

to

management and employees,

he must

learn

to

be at the

right place

at the right time.

That means

he

has

to be a

planer

not

only

for today,

but

tomorrow,

next

weelg

next month. He has to

anticipate demands and

meet schedules

in

a

manner, which will

benefit

the

company

and

its

employees.

Being

at

the

right

place

at

the

right

time

means

the supervisor

has to be, at times,

a

salesman,

father

confessor,

engineer,

pubtic

and

community

relations

man,

spokesman

for

rnanagement,

arbiter

and

many other things.

Among the troublesome aspects of a supervisor's

job

is

the

matter

of

a

discipline.

But

most

of

them agree that discipline

cannot be bought

about

by

use'of

threa.s or

punishment.

The

type of discipline

that

is

built on

fear is fast

disappearing

in

industry

today.

Supelvisors

are

getiing

far more satisfactory

resulrs

by building

the

morale

of

their

employees.

Discipline situations

arise

less frequently when employees are

happy

in

their

jobs.

Pointers

on

How

to

Boost

Morale of the Workers

Have

as

few

rules

aS

possible,

but

see

to

it

that

thel

are observed.

Involve

workers to

develop minimum workable units.

Remember

that workers are

people

and that they

prefer

to be

led.

Avoid

playing

favorites

-

treat

all workers alike.

Speak

to offenders

privately.

Make

sure

the worker is aware

of

and

knows the rules he broke,

if

not, see

that

he

ls

informed about it

and that

allworkers

know about

it.

Basic

Principle of Superuision

It

would

be difficult to esablish a

hard

and

fast set

of

rules that a supewisor should

go

-

by

in

every situation

with

which

he may

be

confronted.

There are, however, certain

principles that

are

applicable

to almost

all conditions and situations,

provided

a

person

understands

how

to apply

them.

A man

who fully

understands all of

his responsibilities

and

duties

as

well

as

his

authority,

he

will

obtain

bettcr

cooperation

from

his fellow

supervisors

and his

employees.

It would

be to his

advantage

to

have

a clean understanding of

company

policies

and to

know how to explain then to

the workers. He

should assume the

responsibility

not only for

the

quantity

and

quality

of

the

production

efforts

of his

employees,

but also

for

the actions

of

his employees.

t

I

4


20/207

Portable

Sanders

These

tools

make

finishing

work

faster.

Two

types are orbital

and belt.

Remember these

tips:

o

Arrange

the

cord so that it

won't be damaged

by the abrasive

belt

.

Keep

both

hands

on the tool for

good

control

.

Hold onto the

sander

when

you plug it.

.

Clean

dust

and chips

from

the motor

and

vent

necessary.

Miscellaneous Portable Tools

holes

regularly

and lubricate

when

Irnpact

Wrenches

-

They

operate on

electricity or

compressed

air and deliver

extra

power

and

torque for fastening

and

loosening

bolt

and

drilling.

Don't

force

a wrench

to take on a

job

bigger

than it's

designed

to

handle. Don't

use standard hand sockets

or driver

parts

with an

impact

tool,

they

can't take the sharp blows.

Don't'

reverse direction

of

rotation while the trigger

is

depressed.

Soldering

frons or "Guns"

-

They

can

be dangerous

because

of

the

heat

they

generate.

Handle

with

care-ttrey easily

cause

third degree

burns.

Always assume

that

a

soldering

iron is hot. Rest

a

heated

iron

on

a

rack

or metal

surface.

Never

swing an

iron

to

remove

solder.

Hold

small

soldering

jobs

with

pliers,

never in

your

hand.

When

cool,

store

it in its

assigned

area.

Glue

Guns

-

A

glue gun

can be real

time

saver.

However,

because

it

generates

temperatures

as

high

as

450

degrees

F,

avoid contact

with

the

hot

nozzle

and

glue.

Shop

Vacuums

-

They

enable

you

to

keep

a

safe

and

clean

work

place.

Use

the conect hose

size

and

accessory

for

the

job

you're

doing.

Clean

frlters regularly

and

never

use

your

vacuum

to

pick

up flammable liquids

or

smoldering

materials.

Safety

Rules for

Stationary

Machinery

These

are the big

wbrkhorses

of the shop and

plant.

Remember

to

always

stay alert

and

work

with

caution.

These

tools

are

powerful

and often more complicated

than

their smaller

cousins.

First,

a few

general

rules

that apply to

opcrating

nrachincs:

o

Use

all

guards

and safety

devices that are designed

to be used with the equipment.

o

Never use a dull

blade or cutting

edge.

o

Make

adjustments and accessory

changes

when

machinery is

turned

off and

unplugged.

o

If

you're

tired, take a

break.

Also

don't take

your

eyes

off

your

work

or talk

to

anyone

as

you

use the tools.

o

Dress right;

don't

wear loose

fitting

clothing that

can

get

caught

Table

Sarv

This

saw

has a large

circular blade

used

to

make

a

variety

of cuts

in

wood or other

material:

o

Never

reach

over the saw to

push

stock

that

has

been sawed.

19


21/207

Stand

slightly

to

one side, never

in

line with

the saw. A

"kickback"

occurs

when

material being

cut

is

thrown

back toward the operator.

Never

use

a dull blade.

Don't

cut

"freehand"

or

attempt to

rip

badly

warped wood.

Use the

splitter

guard.

Don't

drop

wood

on an unguarded saw.

Radial-Arm

Saw

Often

called

the number

one

multipurpose

saw

in

the

shop,

this

sarv blade

is

rnounted

on a

moveable

head,

and

slides

in tracks or along

a

shaft.

Most

have

built-in

safety

devices

such

as

key

switches

to

start

them,

blade

guards,

anti-kickback

pawls,

and

blade

brakes.

Follow

these

precautions:

o

The

saw and

motor

should always

be

returned

to the

rear

of

the

table

against

the

column

after a cut

is made.

o

Of

the motor

slows

while cutting

it

means

it

is

overloaded. This

can

be clue

to

low

.-voltage,

bad blades,

or

materials

being fed

too

fast.

o

Keep the machine in

good

alignment and adjustment

to

prevent

excessive vibration.

Drill

Press

The

stationary drill

press

is a

larger,

more

powerful

version

of

a

portable

cirill.

Rernember

to:

o

Clamp

or

securely

fasten

the material

being drilled whenever

possible.

o

Make sure

any

attachments'are fastened

tightly.

Miscellaneous

Stationary

Tools

Power

Sartders

-

These

machines

do

finishing

work

in

a

fraction

olthe tiine

it

would take

b5,

hand. Always

select

the

correct

grade

of abrasive

for

the

job.

Move the work

around

to

avoid

heating

and burning

a

portion

of

the disk,

belt,

or

wood.

Itenrember

to

use

the dLlst collector

iI'

the

sander

has

one.

Shapers

-

A shaper

is

used

mainly

fbr

grooving

and

fluting

woocls.

It

can Lre clangerous

because

of

its

high

speed

and because

the

cutters are

difficult to

guard

cornpletely.

When using a shaper,

avoid

loose

clothing,

wear

eye

protection

and make

sure

the

cutters

are

sharp

and securely

fastened.

Welding lVlachines

-

The high-intensity

are of even

small

welding machines can

cause severe

burns.

Non-flammable

clothing

and

hand

and eye

protection

are

needed to

protect

against

hot

sparks

and

molten

metal.

Keep-

the area

around

ihe

welding

operation

clean-hot

sparks can

start

fires.

a

a

o

a

20


22/207

l

.Walrk

at

lVorklng

Safrily

,

Ptupcrcare

and

safety

when

using machinery

is vital.

l.

Rgspect

your

equipment,

know

the

dangers'it

presents,

and

take

safety

precautions

necessary

to

work without idury.

_2

Maintain

equipment

with

regular

servicing

and

good

practices.

3.

If

you donlt know how to

use

a

particul

r

piece

of

eq

f

be

afraid

to

admit

it.

Find

someone

who

does

and

learn

from

an

experienoed

worker.

4-

Thi+

s{et-y

gn

the

job

to

ensure

that

you

and

your

equipment

will have

a

long

and

productive

life.

21


23/207

Slide

1

Slide 2

This

presentation

is designed

to assist

trainers

conducting

OSHA

1O-hour

General

lndustry

outreach training

for

workers.

Since workers

are

the target audience,

this

presentation

emphasizes

hazard identification,

avoidance,

and control

-

not

standards.

No attempt has

been made

to treat the topic

exhaustively.

lt

is

essential

that trainers

tailor their

presentations

to

the

needs

and understanding

of their

audience.

This

presentation

is

not

a

substitute for

any

of

the

provisions

of the Occupational

Safety

and Health Act

of 1970

or for

any standards issued

by

the U.S.

Department of Labor.

Mention

of

trade

names,

commercial

products,

or

organizations

does

not

ifiply

endorsement

by

the

U.S.

Department

of

Labor.

29

CFR 1910,

Subpart O

22


24/207

Slide

3

Slide

4

Slide

5

All

parts

of

the

machine

which

move while

the machine

is

working can

cause

mechanical

hazards.

These

can

include

reciprocating,

rotating,

and

transverse

moving

parts,

as

well

as

feed mechanisms

and

auxiliary

parts

of the

machine.

1

s1

o.2lztaltel

tll

a

iiil

23


25/207

Slide 6

Slide 7

ln-running

nip

point

hazards

are

caused

by

the

rotating

parts

on

machinery. There

are three

main

types of

in-running

nips.

Parts

can

rotate

in opposite

directions

while their

axes

are

parallel

to

each

other.

These

parts

may

be in contact

(producing

a nip

point)

or

in

close

proximity

to

each other

(where

the stock fed between

th6

rolls

produces

thenip

points).

This

danger

is common

on

machinery

with in-termeshing

gears

and

rotating

cylinders.

Another

type

of

nip

point

is

created

between

rotating and

tangentially

moving

parts;

for

example,

a chain

and a sprocket,

a

rack

and

pinion,

or

the

point

of

contact

between

a

power

transmission

heli

and

its

pulley.

Nip

points

can

also occur

between

rotating

and

fixed

parts

which

create

a shearing,

crushing,

or abrading

action;

for

example,

spoked handwheels

or

flywheek;,

screw

conveyors,

or

the

periphery

of an abrasive

24


26/207

Slide

8

wheel

and

an

in.correctly

adjusted

work rest.

PreventContact-Agood

safeguarding

system

eliminates

the

possibility of

the

operator or

other

workers

placing parts

of

their

bodies

near hazardous

moving

parts.

Secure

-

A

safeguard

that can

easily

be

made ineffective is

no

safeguard

at

all.

Guards and

safety

devices

should be made

of

durable

material that will

withstand

the

conditions

of

rormal

use

and

be flrmly

secured to

the

mac]rine.

Protect

from

fallinq-objects

-

A

small

tool

which

is dropped

into

a cycling

machine

could easily

become

a

projectile

that could

strike

and injure someone.

Create

no new hazards

-

A

safeguard

defeats

its

own

purpose

if it

creates

a

lrazard of

its

own

such

as

a

shear

point,

a

jagged

edge,

or

an

unfinished

surface

which

can cause

a

laceration.

The

edges

of

guards,

for

instance,

should be rolled

or

bolted

in

such

a

way

that they

eliminate

sharp

edges.

Create

no interference -

Any

safeguard

which

impedes

a

worker

from

performing

a

job

25


27/207

Slide9

Slide 10

quickly

and

comfortably

might

soon

be

overridden

or

disregarded.

Proper

safeguarding

can actually

enhance

efficiency

since it

can

relieve the

worker's

apprehensions

about injury.

Allow

safe

lubrication

-

Locating

oil reservoirs

outside the

guard,

with

a line

leading to the

lubrication

point,

will

reduce

the

need

for the

worker to

enter

the

hazardous

arca.

1910.212(a)(2)

As

a

general

rule,

power-

transmission

apparatus

is

best

protected

by fixed

guards

that

enclose

the danger

area.

For

hazards

at

the

point of operation,

where

moving

parts

actually

perform

work

on stock, several

kinds

of safeguarding

are

possible.

26


28/207

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide

13

An

interlocked

guard

may use

electrical,

mechanical,

hydraulic,

or

pneumatic

power

or any

cornbination

of

these.

lnterlocks

should

not

prevent

"inching"

by

remote

control, if

required.

Replacing

the

guard

should not

automatically

restart

the

machine.

Adjustable

guards

are useful

because they allow

flexibility

in

accommodating

various

sizes of

stock,

but,

because

they

require

adjusting,

they

are subject to

human

error.

Self-adjusting guards

avoid

the

potential

for human

error

associated

with

adjustable

guards.

27


29/207

Slide

14

Slide

15

L_'

Slide

16

28


30/207

Slide

17

Slide

18

Tripwire

cables must

be

manually reset

to

restart the

machine.

This

kind

of control

requires

a

part-revolution

clutch, brake,

and

brake

monitor if

used

on a

power

press

as shown.

A similar

device, known

aS

a

two-hand

trip, requires

concurrent

application

of both of

the

operator's control

buttons to

activate

the machine cycle, after

which

the

hands are

free.

This

device

is

used

with machines

equipped

with full-revolution

clutches,

The

trips

must be

placed

far

enough

from the

point

of operation

to

make

it

impossible

for

the operators

to

move

their hands from the

trip

buttons

or handles

into

the

point

of

operation

before

the

first

half

of the

cycle

is

completed to

prevent

them

from

being

accidentally

placed

in

the danger

area

prior

to

the

slide/ram or

blade

reaching the full

"down"

position.

29


31/207

Slide

19

Slide 20

Another

potential

application

of

this

type of device

is

where the

gate

is

a component

of

a

perimeter

safeguarding system.

Here

the

gate

may

provide

protection

not only to the

operator

but to

pedestrian

traffic

as

well.

One

approach to safeguarding

by location

is

shown

in

this

photo.

Operator

controls

may

be

located

at

a

safe

distance from

the machine if

there

is no reason

for

the

operator

to

tend

it.

Another

approach

is

to

locate

the

machine

so that

a

plant

design

feature,

such as

a

wall,

protects

the

worker and other

personnel.

Enclosure

walls or

fences

can

"also

restrict access to_machines.

Another

possible

solytion

is

to

have

dangerous

parts

located

high

enough

to

be out of the

normal

reach

of any

worker.

30


32/207

Slide

21

Many

feeding

and ejection

methods

do not

require

operators

to

place

their hands

in

the

danger

area. ln

some

cases,

no

operator

involvement

is

necessary after

the

machine

is

set

up. ln

other

situations,

operators

can manually

feed

the

stock

with

the assistance

of a

feeding

mechanism.

Properly

designed

ejection

methods

do

not

require

operator

involvement

after

the machine

starts to

function.

Using

feeding

and

ejection

methods does not eliminate the

need

for

safeguarding.

Guards

and

other

devices must be

used

wherever

they

are

necessary

to

provide

protection

from

hazards.

Automatic

feeds reduce

the

operator

exposure

during the

work

process,

and sometimes

do

not

require

any

effort by

the

operator

after

the

machine

is set

up

and

running.

The

power

press

,ni*n in

the

photo

above

has

an automatic

feeding

mechanism.

Notice

the

transparent

fixed

enclosure

guard

at the

do :ger area.

31


33/207

Slide 22

Robots

may

create

hazards

themselves.

lf

they

do,

appropriate

guards

must be

used.

The

most

common

technique

is

to

use

perimeter

guarding

with

interlocked

gates.

The

American

National

Standards

lnstitute

(ANSI)

safety

standard

for

industrial robots,

ANSt/RtA

R15.06-1999,

presents

certain basic

requirements

for

protecting

the

worker.

However,

when a

robot

is

used in

a

workplace,

the

employer

should accomplish

a

comprehensive

operational

safety

and health

hazard

analysis

and

then

implement an

effective

safeguarding system

which

is

fully

responsive to the

situation.

[Various

effective

safeguarding

techniques

are

described

in ANSI 811.19-1990

(R1ee7).I

Studies

in

Sweden

and Japan

indicate that many robot

accidents

c id

not,occur under

normal

operatihg cohditions, but

rather

during

programming,

program

touch-up,

maintenance,

repair,

testing, setup, or

adjustment.

During

these

operations,

workers

may

temporarily

be

within

the

robot's

working

envelope where

unintended

operation

could

result in

injuries.

32


34/207

Slide

23

Slide

24

Slide

25

Miscellaneous aids,

such as

these,

do

not

give'complete

protection

from

machine

hazards,

but

may

provide

the

operator with an

extra

margin of

safety.

1e10.212(a)(3)(iii)

33


35/207

Slide

26

Slide 27

Slicle 28

1e10.212(a)(5)

1910.215(aXa)

1e10.215(bXe)

34


36/207

Slide

29

Slide

30

i

_-t

Slide

31

1910.219

35


37/207

Slide 32

For

more information

on this

subject,

see

the

following

OSHA

publication

available at

www.osha.gov:

Concepts

and Techniques

of

Machine

Guarding

-

OSHA

3067

36


38/207

Republic

of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT

OF LABOR AND

EMPLOYMENT

lntramuros, Manila

RULE 1

160

Boiler

1161 : Definitions :

(1)

"Steam

Boilefl shall

mean a

Documents

Mechanical Engineering Safety Handbook