MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 3 8 3

Mechanical Behavior of Diamond and Other Forms

of Carbon Symposium held April 17-21, 1995, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

EDITORS:

Michael D. Drory Crystallume

Santa Clara, California, U.S.A.

David B. Bogy University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

Michael S. Donley Air Force Wright Laboratory

Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, U.S.A.

John E. Field University of Cambridge

Cambridge, United Kingdom

MIRTS! MATERIALS RESEARCH < SOCIETY

PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA

CONTENTS

Preface xi

Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings xvi

PARTI: PROCESSING AND STRUCTURE

'The Pressure-Temperature Phase and Reaction Diagram for Carbon 3

Francis P. Bundy

•Shock Wave Synthesis of Diamond and Other Phases 21 Paul S. DeCarli

'Theory of Some Carbon Solids 33 Marvin L. Cohen

•Relationship of Processing Conditions to Growth Rate and Quality of Diamond Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition 45

John C. Angus, William D. Cassidy, Long Wang, Yaxin Wang, Edward Evans, Christopher S. Kovach, and Michael A. Tamor

PART II: ELASTIC PROPERTIES AND DEFORMATION

•The Effect of Temperature on the Deformation of Diamond Surfaces 59 Chris A. Brookes, E.J. Brookes, and O. Xing

'High-Temperature Indentation of Natural Diamond and the Quest for Lonsdaleite 73

P. Pirouz, A. Qarg, X.J. riing, J. W. Yang, and S.Q. Xiao

•Indentation Characterisation of Carbon Materials 85 John S. Field and M. V. Swain

*The Mechanical Properties of CVD Diamond Films, and Diamond Coated Fibres and Wires 101

E.D. Nicholson, J.E. Field, P.O. Partridge, and M.ri.R. Ashfold

Elastic Properties of CVD Diamond Via Dynamic Resonance Measurements 115

Mark P. D'Evelyn, David E. Slutz, and Bradley E. Williams

Study of Mechanical and Elastic Properties of Diamond Films by Surface Acoustic Wave Spectroscopy (SAWS) 121

R. Kuschnereit and P. Hess

*lnvited Paper

Microhardness, Structure, and Composition Study of Amorphous Hydrogenated Boron Carbide 127

Shu-Man Lin, Dong Li, and Bernard J. Feldman

PART III: RESIDUAL STRESSES

'Measurement of Stress in CVD Diamond Films 135 K.J. Qray, J.M. Olson, and ti. Windischmann

"Residual Stress in Diamond and Amorphous Carbon Films 143 Joel W. Ager 111

Stress in Thin Diamond Films on Various Materials Measured by Microraman Spectroscopy 153

V.O. Ralchenko, E.D. Obraztsova, K.O. Korotushenko, A.A. Smolin, S.M. Pimenov, and V.O. Pereverzev

Residual Stresses Analysis in Diamond Layers Deposited on Various Substrates 159

D. Rats, L. Bimbault, L. Vandenbulcke, R. tierbin, and K.F. Badawi

Local Stress Assessment of CVD Diamond With Micro-Raman Spectroscopy up to 1200K 165

Li-Chyong Chen, Kuei-Hsien Chen, Yen-Liang Lai, and Jin-Yu Wu

PART IV: FRACTURE AND ADHESION

*An Indentation Test for Measuring Adhesion Toughness of Thin Films Under High Residual Compression With Application to Diamond Films 173

M.D. Droryand J.W. Hutchinson

Thin Film Decohesion and Its Measurement 183 A. Bagchi and A.Q. Evans

•Measuring the Adhesion of Diamond Thin Films to Substrates Using the Blister Test 197

Jim Sizemore, R.J. Hohlfelder, J.J. Vlassak, and W.D. nix

Adhesion Evaluation of CVD Diamond Films and Metal Reinforced Composite Diamond Films 209

D.F. Bahr, J.C. nelson, D. Zhuang, E. Pfender, J. Heberlein, and W.W. Qerberich

Adhesion and Young's Modulus of CVD Diamond Thin Films Grown Over Various Substrates 217

R. Ramesham, R.F. Askew, and N.F. Rose

Brazing Characteristics of Diamond on Various Substrates With Different Brazing Alloys 223

Cheng Tzu Kuo, Chii Ruey Lin, and How Min Lien

'Invited Paper

vi

'Fracture, Fatigue and Indentation Behavior of Pyroiytic Carbon for Biomedical Applications 229

R.O. Ritchie, R.H. Dauskardt, W.W. Qerberich, A. Strojny, and E. Lilleodden

"Fracture Toughness of Diamond Measured by Vickers Indenter Reloading Technique 255

Sergey N. Dub

Synthetic Diamond Strength Enhancement Through High Pressure/High Temperature Annealing 267

W.E. Jackson and Steven W. Webb

Threshold Crack Size in a Pyroiytic Carbon for No Growth Under Cyclic Stress 273

Ling Ma, Oeorge H. Sines, and C. Barclay Gilpin

The Unique Strength of Diamond 281 John J. Oilman

Fracture Toughness and Subcriticai Crack Growth in CVD Diamond 289 A. Kant, M.D. Drory, and R.O. Ritchie

PARTV: FRICTION AND WEAR

"Diamond Films for Tribomechanical Systems 297 H.J. Boving, W. tiänni, M. Maillat, J.P. Dan, and P. niedermann

Morphological Control of Diamond Thin Films: Its Influence on Friction and Wear 307

Andrew L. Yee, Hockchun Ong, and R.P.ti. Chang

Frictional Behavior of C60 Microparticle-Coated Steel 313 Wei Zhao, Jinke Tang, Ashok Puri, Alexander U. Palster, and William B. Simmons, Jr.

Friction and Wear of Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon 319 S.L. tieidger

"The Erosive Behaviour of Diamond 327 CS. James Pickles, E.J. Coad, Q.H. Jilbert, and J.E. Field

Vibrational Signatures of Diamond Surfaces 339 Th. Köhler, Th. Frauenheim, D. Porezag, and 14. Pederson

Diamond {111} Surface: Graphitization or Reconstruction? 349 O. Jungnickel, D. Porezag, Th. Frauenheim, W.R.L. Lambrecht, B. Segall, and J. С Angus

"Invited Paper

VII

PART VI: APPLICATIONS

•Processing-Microstructure-Tensile Property of Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon Composite 361

Jyh-Ming Ting

Deposition of Diamond-Like Carbon Films by PECVD 373 Kyu Chang Park, Soo Chul Chun, Kyo Jun Song, Min Park, Myung tiwan Oh, Seong Soo Choi, Jung Пае Park, in Sang Yang, and Jin Jang

Mechanical Properties of Diamond Fibres 379 N.M. Everitt, R.A. Shatweli, E. Kalaugher, and E. Nicholson

Effect of Microstructure in Metal Reinforced Composite CVD Diamond Films on Mechanical Properties 385

J. W. tioehn, D.F. Bahr, J. Heberlein, E. Pf ender, and W.W. Oerberich

*Diamond-Like Carbon Films for Silicon Passivation in Microelectromechanical Devices 391

M.R. Houston, R.T. Howe, K. Komvopouios, and R. Maboudian

Adhesion of Polymers to Synthetic Diamond Films 403 Earl W. Stromberg and Michael D. Drory

"Diamond-Like Carbon Deposition for Tribological Applications at Los Alamos National Laboratory 411

K.C. Walter, M. Nastasi, H. Hung, P. Kodali, С Munson, I. Henins, and Б.Р. Wood

"Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Superhard Amorphous Coatings 423

Michael A. Tamor

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Mechanical Deformation of Ultra-Thin Amorphous Carbon Films 431

J.N. Qlosli, M.R. Philpott, and J. Belak

Stability, Chemical Bonding and Vibrational Properties of Amorphous Carbon at Different Mass Density 437

Th. Köhler, Th. Frauenheim, and Q. Jungnickel

Nanoindentation and Nanoscratching of Hard Carbon Coatings for Magnetic Disks 447

T.Y. Tsui, Q.M. Pharr, W.C. Oliver, CS. Bhatia, R.L. White, S. Anders, A. Anders, and I. Q. Brown

Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Hard Carbon Films Prepared by Cathodic Arc Deposition 453

Simone Anders, Andre Anders, Joel W. Ager, III, Zhi Wang, George M. Pharr, Ting Y. Tsui, Ian Q. Brown, and C. Singh Bhatia

Invited Paper

viii

A Comparative Study of Residual Stresses and Microstructure in a-tC Films 459

L.J. Martinez-Miranda, J.P. Sullivan, T.A. Friedmann, M.P. Siegal, T. W. Mercer, and n.J. Dinardo

Correlations Between the Substrate Temperature, Properties and Tribological Performance of Sputter-Deposited Amorphous Carbon Films 465

E. Mourner, P. Juliet, E. Quesnel, Y. Pauleau, and M. Dubus

Author Index 471

Subject Index 473

ix