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Master’s Thesis, 60 ECTS Social-ecological Resilience for Sustainable Development

Master’s programme 2015/17, 120 ECTS

Measuring

Sustainable Development Goals

- A Social-Ecological Perspective

Sophie Gripenberg

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ABSTRACT

The 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals provide benchmarks for global

sustainable development. However, there may be trade-offs between goals if they are not treated

as interlinked components of a larger system. The achievement of these goals then relies on

countries’ ability to monitor and measure them consistently and interdependently. This study

compares seven measures of development and welfare that goes beyond Gross Domestic

Product in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this study is to clarify

which measures are suitable for monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals. This is done

by assessing measure indicators similarities with the indicators suggested by the United Nations

for each goal. The study utilises a social-ecological framework emphasising the three

dimensions of sustainability: the economy, the society and the biosphere. The result of this

study indicates that measures, such as the Social Progress Index and Sustainable Society Index

are the most suitable for measuring the Sustainable Development Goals. However, none of the

chosen measures exhibit similarities with all the goals. The goals belonging to the society are

most covered, whereas goals belonging to the economy and biosphere being least covered. This

study suggests three possibilities for these results: First, measures that goes beyond Gross

Domestic Product view the progress of human prosperity from the dimension of society.

Secondly, measures are shaped and shape development issues where knowledge and trends lead

to bases of frameworks and indicators used, where certain topics, such as sanitation, is

overrepresented and infrastructure and technology underrepresented. Finally, measures

inclusion of the biosphere is based on human needs and direct interaction with ecosystems and

not the condition of ecosystem per se. This study propose that measures need to be

complemented from a social-ecological system perspective, to be useful for the achievement of

the Sustainable Development Goals.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

One year ago, I was convinced that I would never write any of my master thesis at all.

Sometimes life does not go as planned and suddenly you are facing challenges you never

thought you would encounter. When you do not have the ability to work or write as you

normally would, because all your effort needs to be placed somewhere else, a master thesis

seems to be not very important. However, with the break I took, and with the love of my

classmates and those I hold dear, I keep on going. I started my project without true aspiration

to finish it. I did it day by day and in environments I enjoyed. I got a wonderful supervisor,

Anne-Sophie Crépin, who was flexible and supportive to my needs. My project gave me back

the motivation, in the very best way I can, to make this world a better place.

The world nations have spoken and we need to find a way to make our common Sustainable

Development Goals come true. In my case my goal, to have a master degree, became my

method to again find life enjoyable.

Special thanks to those of you who have helped me with the language and most thanks to my

wonderful siblings, Marcus Gripenberg, Caroline Gripenberg and Louise Gripenberg, I have

the most honourable and important work in the world as your older sister.

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ACRONYMS

EPI Environmental Performance Index

GNHI Gross National Happiness Index

GPI Genuine Progress Index

IWI Inclusive Wealth Index

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

SES Social-Ecological System

SPI Social Progress Index

SSI Sustainable Society Index

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNU-IHDP United Nations University - International Human Dimensions

Programme on Global Environmental Change

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TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................7

AIMANDOBJECTIVEOFTHETHESIS.............................................................................................................9

THEORETICALFRAMEWORK..........................................................................................................10

SOCIAL-ECOLOGICALSYSTEMS..................................................................................................................10

ANALYTICALFRAMEWORK-THEWEDDINGCAKE.........................................................................................10

THESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOALS.....................................................................................12

METHODS......................................................................................................................................13SELECTIONOFMEASURES........................................................................................................................13

SEARCHINGFORSIMILARITIESBETWEENSDGSANDMEASURES......................................................................15

Criteriaforsimilarities..................................................................................................................15

MEASURESDISTRIBUTIONAMONGTHETHREEDIMENSIONSOFSUSTAINABILITY................................................16

EXTENTOFCOVERAGE............................................................................................................................16

MOTIVATIONOFTHEAPPROACHANDMETHOD...........................................................................................17

LIMITATIONSANDCONCERNSOFTHESTUDY...............................................................................................18

RESULTS........................................................................................................................................19

MEASURESSIMILARITIESWITHTHESDGS..................................................................................................19

SDGSEXHIBITMOSTSIMILARITIES............................................................................................................20

MEASURESDISTRIBUTIONAMONGTHETHREEDIMENSIONSOFSUSTAINABILITY................................................22

MEASURESCOVERAGEOFTHESDGS........................................................................................................24

DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................27SUITABLEMEASURESFORTHESDGS.........................................................................................................27

ASYSTEMPERSPECTIVE...........................................................................................................................28

CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................30

LITERATURECITED.........................................................................................................................31

APPENDICES..................................................................................................................................34

A1HISTORICALBACKGROUNDOFTHESDGS..............................................................................................34

A2CLASSIFICATIONANDCONCEPTUALISATIONOFMEASURES........................................................................35

A3DESCRIPTIONOFMEASURESANDLISTOFITSINDICATORS.........................................................................37

GenuineProgressIndicator...........................................................................................................37

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InclusiveWealthIndex..................................................................................................................39

EnvironmentalPerformanceIndex...............................................................................................40

GrossNationalHappinessIndex...................................................................................................42

SustainableSocietyIndex.............................................................................................................44

SocialProgressIndex....................................................................................................................46

BetterLifeIndex............................................................................................................................48

A4UNITEDNATIONSWEBSITESABOUTTHESDGS......................................................................................51

A5EXAMPLESOFMATCHINGINDICATORS..................................................................................................52

A6EXAMPLEOFRELATEDINDICATORS......................................................................................................52

A7DIFFERENCESBETWEENSDGSINDICATORSFROM2016ANDTHEREVISITED2017......................................53

LITERATURECITEDAPPENDICES....................................................................................................59

LISTOFFIGURES............................................................................................................................63

LISTOFTABLES..............................................................................................................................63

A8FINALLISTOFPROPOSEDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOALINDICATORS.............................64

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INTRODUCTION

In 2015, the United Nations (UN) adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (see

A1), which places sustainability and resilience at the heart of global development frameworks.

In particular, the Agenda focuses on achieving 17 ambitious Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) (UNDP 2015).

The main criticism of the adopted goals concerns the possibility of trade-offs if the SDGs are

treated separately and not as inter-linked components of a larger system. Research suggests that

some SDGs may be contradictory, inconsistent or can be poorly synchronized (Pogge and

Sengupta 2015, Allen et al. 2016, Spaiser et al. 2016, International Council for Science 2017).

Action to achieve one goal can hinder the achievement of other goals. For example, lifting

people out of extreme poverty (SDG1) tends to be correlated with immediate health benefits

(SDG3). Investing in fossil fuel power plants could be a low cost and relative rapid way of

improving both of the aforementioned goals but the use of fossil fuels may impinge on SDG13,

incorporating climate change action and adaption (Spaiser et al. 2016).

Another concern is potential contradictions between some of the goals with SDG8, which

involves a target of 7% annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for least developed

countries (Hedlund-de Witt 2014, Death and Gabay 2015, Hickel 2015, Tkacik 2015, Salleh

2016, Ward et al. 2016). While GDP growth has typically been used as a proxy for welfare

(Tkacik 2015), it tends to correlates with environmental degradation. Environmental changes,

on the other hand, can adversely affect long-term development by being associated with more

frequent and stronger flooding, droughts or rapid sea level changes (Turner 2008, Victor 2010,

Costanza et al. 2015). Another potential issue with GDP growth as a SDG target is that it implies

an increase in production and consumption (Hickel 2015), while current level of these activities

is beyond the planet’s sustainable capacity (Meadows et al. 2005). Leaders of poor countries

face the challenge of achieving the SDG growth target without impairing their ability to achieve

the SDGs related to conservation and restoration of the planet’s ecosystems. Hence, a

framework is required to go beyond the independent objectives of each SDG.

One way to ensure consistent and synchronized monitoring of the SDGs could be to measure

them in a social-ecological system (SES) framework, where humans and nature are seen as an

integrated whole with multiple and complex connections (Folke et al. 2016). This approach

could reconnect people with the biosphere and recognize the interactions and the

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interdependencies of the goals (Norström et al. 2014). Indeed, the 2030 Agenda itself reflects a

willingness to find alternative ways for measuring development, stating that ‘we are committed

to developing broader measures of progress to complement gross domestic product’ (UN

General Assembly 2015).

There have been few attempts to develop measures for the SDGs. Sachs, Schmidt-Traub and

Durand-Delacre (2016) propose a SDG Index and SDG Dashboard. Their method aggregates

different variables, based on SDG indicators, into a single index (Sachs et al. 2016). Their index

and the dashboard rank countries across the SDGs with the purpose to help countries identify

most urgent priorities. Likewise, Costanza et al (2016) propose an aggregated measure

Sustainable Wellbeing Index as a motivator and guide for change. Their index is based on the

following sustainable wellbeing sub-indices: Net Economic Contribution, Ecosystem Services

Contribution and Community Contribution, and an improvement in Sustainable Wellbeing

Index is best achieved if these three variables improve simultaneously (Costanza et al. 2016).

Aggregators of SDGs have several limitations. One example is their ability to compare between

different forms of capital. While converting different forms of capital to a present monetary

value facilities comparison, it assumes that human capital is exchangeable with natural capital

(UNECE/Eurostat/OECD 2013), hence, ignoring that there are natural limits to natural capital

reduction (Rockström et al. 2009).

Another way would be investigating already suggested measures, such as Genuine Progress

Indicator and Human Development Index, for the achievement of the SDGs. The advantage of

this approach is that it builds on vast stock of existing research and data on development

(Goossens et al. 2007, Stiglitz et al. 2009, Ragnarsdóttir et al. 2014, Schoenaker et al. 2015,

Neri et al. 2017). However, no study encountered explore existent measures possibilities as a

framework to monitor the SDGs from a SES perspective.

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Aim and objective of the thesis

The aim of this thesis is to assess the usefulness of existing measures for sustainable

development for monitoring the SDGs from a SES perspective. The objective is to identify

suitable measures of the achievement of SDGs that incorporate all three dimensions of

sustainability, the economy, the society and the biosphere, and compare these to the SDGs.

Suitability is further characterized by the following research questions:

• Which of the chosen measures exhibit similarities with the SDGs and how many of the

SDGs do they cover?

• Are those similarities distributed on the economy, the society and the biosphere

dimension according to a SES framework?

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Social-ecological systems

Using the concept of SES helps us understand the interplay between different SDGs and

whether specific measures view ecosystems as fundamental parts of human wellbeing and

societal development (Norström et al. 2014). The ‘social’ component relates to the human

dimension, including the economy, politics, technology and culture. The ‘ecological’

component relates to the thin layer of planet Earth where there is life - the biosphere. This

includes all living beings and their relationships, including humans, and their dynamic

interaction with the atmosphere, water cycles, biogeochemical cycles, and the dynamics of

Earth’s system as a whole (Folke et al. 2016).

Socio-ecological systems emerge of subsystem dynamics that are multileveled (Berkes and

Folke 1998). An important component is the adaptive dynamics and feedback processes

between their components (Cote and Nightingale 2012). Key drivers or changes, such as climate

change, could lead a SES on a new trajectory or rapid transition into qualitatively different

situations and configurations. Such systems also have self-reinforcing mechanisms that prevent

shifts into other trajectories (Walker et al. 2002).

Analytical framework - the wedding cake

There are several analytical frameworks conceptualising SES (Binder et al. 2011). A recent

novel approach reframes the SDGs in the, so-called, wedding cake (Folke et al. 2016). The

framework emphasises the importance of the biosphere for sustainable development by placing

SDGs belonging to the dimension of the economy as a subsystem of the SDGs belonging to the

dimension of society, which is a subsystem of the SDGs belonging to the biosphere (Folke et

al. 2016). The foundation of the biosphere is based on the concept of ‘planetary boundaries’.

There are nine planetary boundaries, which define a safe operating space for humanity, as

precondition for global sustainable development (Rockström et al. 2009). For this study, a

suitable measure has an SES outlook when including goals belonging to each of the three

dimensions. Measure coverage of SDGs belonging to the biosphere are considered important

for the achievement of other SDGs, since the biosphere underpins the future of humanity by its

providing resources (Folke et al. 2016). This analytical framework provides support to answer

research question two.

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Figure 1. The wedding cake. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals categorised in relation to the, from the bottom, the biosphere, the society and the economy. Redrawn from Folke et al. (2016) based on the presentation of Rockström and Dukadev (2014) at the 2016 EAT Forum (http://eatforum.org/event/eat-stockholm-food-forum-2016/#program) (Folke et al. 2016). The logos under the wedding cake are from Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform of United Nations, communication materials (http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/)

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THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The 17 SDGs include 169 targets, some of these relate to means of implementation. Each SDG

has about 5 to 12 targets (UN General Assembly 2015). To monitor these targets, the Inter-

Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) have

developed an indicator framework, where the 2016 version consists of 241 indicators. The total

amount of indicators are 230 though some are repeated for different goals (see A8) (IAEG-

SDGs 2016) .

Countries are committed to provide a systematic review every year and follow the

implementation of the 2030 Agenda at national and regional levels (United Nations Economic

Council 2016). To foster statistical capacity building and partnership, High-level Group for

Partnership, Coordination and Capacity Building of the 2030 Agenda has been established,

representing 23 national statistical officers. Relevant international stakeholders and

organisations will help to plan for improvement in availability and quality of sectoral data (UN

Statistics Division Statistical Services Branch). Further, a progress report based the proposed

UN indicators will be annually reported built on high-level political forums prepared by

Secretary-General in cooperation with UN systems (United Nations Economic Council 2016).

However, Resolution 70/1 is not a legal binding document. The implementation of politics

aimed at achieving the SDGs is guided by the purpose and principles of the Charter of the UN

with full respect for national law and other international declarations such as the one on Human

Rights (UN General Assembly 2015). The goals are considered as highly negotiated and

compromised with large effort on solidarity and financial support to be able to achieve them.

They form rather universal agreed upon values (Gaffney 2015).

A suitable measure could help countries with accountability by providing a way to demonstrate

progress through relevant quantifiable indicators and with a framed analysis highlighting

challenges and constraints, comparable among countries (Elgin-Cossart and Chandran 2016)

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METHODS

Selection of measures

To answer the research questions useful measures were searched for through the web and search

engine of Stockholm University Online Library and Google Scholar. The search words were;

welfare, economic welfare, well-being, social development, measuring welfare, measuring

development, sustainable development, measures for sustainable development, alternative

measures, conceptualise sustainable development, sustainable development indicators,

sustainability indices, index for sustainability, beyond GDP, replacing GDP and measures

beyond GDP. The literature review encountered 26 measures for development. A

conceptualisation of measures (see A2) was done to identify measures suitable for this study.

Three general categories of measures were identified:

• Economic measures – are monetary and comparable to GDP

• Well-being measures – seek to capture social factors

• Environmental measures – seek to capture environmental factors

The purpose was to create a baseline to find suitable measures, where categorisation facilitated

a diversity of measures aim. Nevertheless, measures only related to one dimension of

sustainability, such as the biosphere, were excluded. The measures were selected on the

following criteria’s:

• National applicable – indicators are fit for national scales

• Available information – measures have complete lists of indicators

• Inclusion of the three sustainability dimensions; the economy, the society and the

biosphere.

The methodology of the measures; if it is an aggregated single indices or not, if it measures

stock or flow, or, if it is subjective or objective were not included in the criteria. The SDGs

respective targets and indicators vary in this regard. Seven measures fulfilled the criteria and

were set up for the comparison: Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), Inclusive Wealth Index

(IWI), Environmental Performance Index (EPI), Gross National Happiness Index (GNHI),

Sustainable Society Index (SSI), Social Progress Index (SPI) and Better Life Index (BLI) (see

A3).

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Table 1. The chosen measures. The column to the left presents the measures (Measures), the middle column how they have been categorised in this study (Categorisation) and the column to the right explains why the measures were chosen for the study (Criteria met).

Measures Categorisation Criteria met

Genuine Progress

Indicator

Economic measure GPI complements GDP by including environmental and social

costs, such as cost of crime and cost of water and air pollution

( Anielski, M. and J. Rowe. 1998).

Inclusive Wealth

Index

Economic measure IWI measures a country’s productive base by its human and

natural capital. It includes indicators related to society, for

example educational attainment, and the biosphere, in terms

of natural capital like forest resources (UNU-IHDP and UNEP

2014)

Environmental

Performance

Index

Environmental measure EPI measures the well-being of the environment and its

relationship with human health. The EPI does not cover

economic performance to a large extent. It is chosen since it

covers such a wide range of the SDGs (Hsu, et al. 2016)

Gross National

Happiness Index

Well-being measure GNHI is subjective and includes several aspects covering

social issues and ecology, such as standard of living and

ecological diversity (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH

Reserach 2015).

Sustainable

Society Index

Well-being measure SSI covers a wide range of social indicators and some related

to the environment, like biodiversity. It measures

sustainability based on human-, environmental- and economic

well-being (van de Kerk et al. 2014).

Social Progress

Index

Well-being measure SPI has several social indicators and some related to the

environment with focus on measuring health and wellness

achieved in a society (Stern et al. 2016).

Better Life Index Well-being measure BLI indicators is based on what contributes to quality of life

and material living. Compared to the other selected measures

it includes economic indicators such as income and

employment (OECD Better Life Index 2017).

Information about the chosen measures and their indicators were collected from official

websites of organisations, institutions and universities related to each measure (see A3).

Information about the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, was collected from official UN websites

(see A4).

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Searching for similarities between SDGs and measures

To answer research question one, two measures, called matching and relating, has been

produced, along with associated criteria, to assess similarities between SDGs and a given

measure. The measures were then ranked, where measures having more matches and relating’s

with the SDGs, got a higher rank.

A matching occurred when a measure and the SDG used at least one common indicator. Some

variations in units, characteristics and timespan were allowed within the matching. The

technical concepts used within the SDG indicator did not need to have a clear definition. For

example, the SDG indicator 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio belonging to target 3.1, By 2030,

reduce the global material mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, matched with

SPI indicator of Maternal mortality rate, since the SPI indicator were useful for the 3.1 target

despite the 3.1.1 indicator measuring ratio and not rate (see A5) (IAEG-SDGs 2016).

When a measure indicator was relating, it related to the target of the SDG. To only compare

indicators, would have been too strict in search for similarities. If measures indicators related

to the target, it is still useful for monitoring the SDG even though variables measured could

differ. For example, the GPI indicator Cost of water pollution and the SDG indicator 6.1.1

Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services, measure different

things, thus both addresses healthy waters. If the measures indicator could be useful for

achieving the target, in this case 6.1. By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe

and affordable drinking water for all, it classified as related. (see A6) (IAEG-SDGs 2016).

Criteria for similarities

Only one indicator from a measure needed to be matched with one SDG indicator, to make that

measure a total match towards the SDG. Similarly, only one indicator from a measure needed

to be related with one target to make that measure related to the overall SDG. Some measures

indicators might relate to more than one target within the same SDG, however the amount of

related within one SDG did not change their ranking. One indicator from a measure could also

relate to more than one SDG. In this case, a relating occurred even though the indicator was

used for several SDGs. A measure could also have indicators matching and relating within the

same SDG, in that case matching was ranked first though similar indicators in this study were

considered more suitable for monitoring and measuring the SDGs. Comparing indicators

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sometimes meant that measures indicators had similarities that did not deliver to the goal. In

that case those indicators were not seen as matchings since they did not fulfil the SDG.

Some SDGs targets are means of implementation making them less comparable with measures

indicators. For this study, these targets and their respective indicators were included. The

reasons for their inclusion was: 1.) They were presented in line with other targets without minor

distinction when communicated by the UN 2.) They contained new areas, maybe not

traditionally seen as development issues. An example would be the indicator 9.c.1 Proportion

of population covered by a mobile network, by technology. Other goals did no cover

accessibility to technology (IAEG-SDGs 2016).

Measures distribution among the three dimensions of sustainability

To answer research question two, the wedding cake framework served to categorise the SDGs,

based on whether they focused on the economy, the society or the biosphere:

• The economy includes SDG 8, 9, 10 and 12.

• The society includes SDG 1, 2, 5, 7, 11 and 16.

• The biosphere includes SDG 6, 13, 14 and 15.

Each measures performance regarding matching and relating was divided between the three

dimensions. The objective was to identify measures that covering all three. These were ranked

higher and seen as more suitable for the achievement of the SDGs. Among these measures, the

measure covering more SDGs within one dimension were ranked higher and in cases where

measures covered all three dimensions and had similar amount of covering goals, the ones

matching compared to related were ranked higher.

Extent of coverage

A summary of measures combined coverage of all SDGs, categorised according to the

economy, the society and the biosphere, was made to identify to what extent measures capture

the SDGs. This summery provides credibility to measures suitability. The purpose is that the

wedding cake framework places eight goals as social and only four goals respectively belonging

to the economy and the biosphere. To assess coverage of all the SDGs, this study first calculates

the percentage of matching indicators within each SDG and secondly it calculates the

percentage of relating within each SDG, by all measures combined. To combine the percentage

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of coverage from both matching and relating, matching indicators were represented by their

specific target, for example target 8.1 represents indicator 8.1.1. Each target was only calculated

once even if several measures related to it. Even though measures might exhibit high degree of

similarities, the extent of coverage revealed how many of the 169 SDG targets the chosen

measures were covering.

Motivation of the approach and method

Another approach, such as a literature review of expert’s opinion of measuring sustainable

development, could have provided understanding of the complexities when measuring the

SDGs. However, the time-frame of this study and the research gap found when analysing

previous studies, provide this study’s approach some advantages 1.) It can provide incentives

for countries to move beyond GDP, since data and information already exist, making it a cost-

effective and instant way to measure development. 2). Experts opinion and literature reviews

on this issue rely on subjective interpretations, complicating universal national assessments. 3.)

Existing measures needs to be tested and lunched within the global sustainable development

framework, if ever being adapted on a larger scale. Additional, the method to compare

indicators created a tangible comparison with the purpose to easily demonstrate the SDGs

inclusion in measures.

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Limitations and concerns of the study

The lack of comprehensive lists of indicators was a limitation when choosing and comparing

measures with the SDGs. Some measures were not chosen though information was lacking. In

some cases, the chosen measure was lacking an updated official list of indicators, hence, latest

list where used and sometimes complemented by reports or studies from governmental bodies

or institutions. This motivates for a future update of the study (see A3.)

Another limitation was that some measures had several indicators similar to indicators within

one specific SDG. This study did not to address each specific measure coverage of each SDG.

In other words, some measures might be more suitable for a specific SDG compared to other

SDGs. This study took a holistic approach in search for similarities and therefore lager in-depth

analyses were not possible.

The SDGs indicators, used in this study, have been revisited since the official published list of

indicators were launched in March 2016 (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev.1) (see A8). The total number of

indicators has only changed from 230 to 232. Most changes refer to language, specification in

characteristics, such as numbers, or referring’s to UN programmes, which the SDG target deals

with. These changes, based on a comparison analysis, did not seem to impact the results of this

study, however revised indicators published by UN could motivate for a future update of this

study (see A7).

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RESULTS

Measures similarities with the SDGs

The measure exhibiting most similarities with the SDGs is SPI. It matches 11 out of 17 goals.

EPI, GNHI and SSI, match five goals each. GPI and GNHI relate with most SDGs, 10 goals

each, while SSI and SPI, relate to 9 goals each. When aggregating measures matching and

relating to the SDGs, the most suitable are SPI covering 14 goals, SSI covering 13 goals and

GNHI covering 12 goals. In cases where a measure both matches and relates to one SDG, only

the matching is calculated for (Table 2).

Table 2. Measures matching and relating with the SDGs. The column to the left rank measures matching with SDGs (Matching), the column in the middle ranks measures relating to the SDGs (Relating) and the column to the right ranks measures aggregated matching and relating to the SDGs. Note that when a measure being matched and related to the same SDG, only the match has been calculated for, therefore, the right table is not the sum of measures numbers in the left and middle column (Matching and Relating).

Matching Relating Matching and relating

Measure Number

of SDGs

Measure Number

of SDGs

Measur Number

of SDGs

Social Progress

Index

11 Genuine Progress

Indicator

10 Social Progress Index 14

Environmental

Performance Index

5 Gross National

Happiness Index

10 Sustainable Society

Index

13

Gross National

Happiness Index

5 Sustainable Society

Index

9 Gross National

Happiness Index

12

Sustainable Society

Index

5 Social Progress Index 9 Genuine Progress

Indicator

10

Better Life Index 4

Better Life Index 6 Better Life Index 8

Inclusive Wealth

Index

1 Inclusive Wealth Index 4 Environmental

Performance Index

7

Genuine Progress

Index

0 Environmental

Performance Index

3 Inclusive Welfare

Index

5

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SDGs exhibit most similarities

The SDG that exhibit the most matches with measures are SDG6 Clean Water and Sanitation

and SDG15 Life on land, with four matches each. Three SDGs, 1 No Poverty, 7 Affordable and

Clean Energy, and 16 Peace Justice and Strong Institutions, exhibit three matching with

measures. SDG4 Quality Education, has five relating measures and one match. SDG10

Reduced Inequalities, relates to five measures, SDG13 Climate Action relates with four and

they exhibit no matches with measures. SDG3, No Hunger and SDG11 Sustainable Cites and

Communities, exhibit three relating’s, with none match each. The SDGs that have the fewest

similarities with the measures are SDG17 Partnership for the goals, only matching with SPI and

relating to SSI, and SDG9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, matching SPI and relating

to IWI (Table 3, 4 and 5).

Table 3. A comparison between the SDGs and the measures. The yellow colour represents a relating between the SDG and the measure, the green colour represents a match and the red colour stands for no match or relating between the SDG and the measure. Note that some measures being matched, green colour, could also have indicators being related to the same goal.

SDG GPI IWI EPI GNHI SSI SPI BLI

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

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Table 4. Ranking table of most matched, related and both matched and related SDGs.

Most matched SDG Most related SDG Most matched and related SDG

6 4 6

15 10 4

1 13 15

7 3 2

16 11 3

Table 5. Ranking table of least matched, related and both matched and related SDGs.

Least matched SDG Least related SDG Least matched and related SDG

10 17 17

12 9 9

13 5 5

17 7 12

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Measures distribution among the three dimensions of sustainability

SPIs exhibit most similarities with goals belonging to the society, six out of eight possible SDGs

has been matched. Three goals, 6 Clean Water and Sanitation, 14 Life below Water, and 15

Life on Land address the biosphere and only one goal, SDG9, in this case indicator 9.c.1

Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology, concerns the economy.

The goals SPI further relates to share the same representation among the three different

dimensions of sustainability. The related goals are: 10 Reduced Inequalities (economy), 11

Sustainable Cities and Communities (society) and 13 Climate Action (biosphere). The goals

that SPI do not cover are associated with poverty (SDG1), work and economic growth (SDG8)

and responsible consumption and production (SDG12) (Figure 2a).

SSI also share a similar distribution among the three dimensions of sustainability. It matches

society with SDG2 No Hunger and SDG7 Affordable and Clean Energy, economy with SDG8

Decent Work and Economic Growth and biosphere with SDG6 and SDG15. SSI relates to four

more goals in the society, two in the economy and SDG13, Climate Action, in the biosphere

(Figure 2b).

Most measures, GNHI, EPI, BLI and IWI, do not match with goals belonging to all three

dimensions of sustainability, only with one or two of them. EPI and GNHI lack matches with

economic goals (Figure 2c, d) while BLI lacks matches with biosphere goals (Figure 2g). When

similarities are searched for, where measures can match and relate, the exhibit similarities

toward goals are distributed among the three dimensions. GNHI and BLI then addresses all

three dimensions but only one goal in the biosphere being similar (Figure 2c, g), SDG6 Clean

Water and Sanitation, with indicators including quality of water use and safe drinking water.

EPI, has similarities with all the biosphere goals but lacks economic goals (Figure 2d). IWI

relating’s are distributed among the three dimensions even if it is similar to six SDGs (Figure

2f), while GPI ten relating’s are also distributed among the three dimensions (Figure 2e).

23

Figure 2. Each measure illustrated in the wedding cake framework. The top of the wedding cake indicates the measure. The first level is the measure similarity with the economic dimension. The second level is the measure similarity with the society dimension and the base of the wedding cake is the measure similarity with SDGs belonging to the biosphere. Each piece of the cake represents a SDG illustrated in the wedding cake framework (see page 11, figure 1). The red colour are SDGs where the measure has no similarities, the yellow colour are SDGs where the measure is related and the green colour are SDGs where the measure has a match.

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

24

Measures coverage of the SDGs

The goals mostly covered belongs to the social dimension of sustainability (Table 6, red rows).

The SDG mostly covered, by 60%, is goal 7 Affordable and Clean Energy (Table 6 and Table

7). Examples of similarities are target 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable

reliable and modern energy services and 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of

renewable energy in the global energy mix. Measures similarities with SDG1 No Poverty, cover

57% of its targets. Indicators being matched with EPI, GNHI and BLI are 1.4.1 Proportion of

population living in households with access to basic services and 1.4.2 Proportion of adult

population with secure tenure rights to land (..). Targets 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 are related to GPI and

IWI, dealing with reduced extreme poverty and social protection systems. SDG2, No Hunger,

has half of its targets covered. The goal concern people’s access to sufficient food, sustainable

food production systems and doubling agriculture productivity and farmers. SDG4, Quality

Education, also covered with 50%, consist of indicators such as 4.1, ensure girls and boys

complete free primary and secondary education, and 4.2, ensure girls and boys access to quality

early childhood development (Table 6 and Table 7).

The SDGs that have the highest percentage of their targets matching, are all associated with the

biosphere, except goal 7. These are SDG6 Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG15 Life on Land

and SDG14 Life below Water (Table 5). Most of the measures cover the same indicators for

goal 14 and 15, which deal with marine pollution, marine protected areas, fishery stock and

forest cover. The SDGs belonging to the economy are the ones that have the fewest of their

targets covered. An example is SDG8, covered by 23.52%. The indicators that matched concern

annual growth rate, average hourly earnings and unemployment rate. The least covered SDGs

are goal 17 Partnership for the goals, goal 12 Responsible Consumption and Production and

goal 13 Climate Action (Table 8). The measures that relate to goal 13, EPI, SSI and SPI,

measure greenhouse gas emissions while no indicator in that SDG do so.

When summarising to what extent the measures cover the SDGs, according to the wedding cake

framework, they cover economy by 32.50%, the society by 48.63% and the biosphere by

29.41%.

25

Table 6. Measures combined coverage of SDGs indicators and targets in percentage. Matched indicators, second column from the left, list indicators for each SDG being matched by measures. Matched indicators in percentage, the third column form the left, shows the percentage of indicators being match within each SDG. Related targets, second column from the right, list targets that the measures relate to. Related indicators in percentage, right column, is the percentage of targets for each SDG that the measures relate to. The background colours represent the different dimensions of sustainability: yellow for economic goals, red for social goals and green colour for environmental goals. Goal 17 is neutral and has a white background colour.

Sustainable

Development

Goals

Matched

indicators

Matched

indicators in

percentage

Related

targets

Related

targets in

percentage

Total coverage

in percentage

8 8.1.1, 8.5.2 11.76 8.4, 8.5, 8.10 16.66 23.52

9 9.c.1 8.33 9.2 12.50 25.00

10 10.1, 10.3, 10.7 33.33 30.00

12 12.2, 12.5,

12.8, 12.c

36.36 18.18

1 1.4.1, 1.4.2 16.66 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 42.85

57.00

2 2.1.1, 2.4.1 14.28 2.1, 2.3, 2,4 2.c 50.00 50.00

3 3.1.1, 3.2.1,

3.4.2, 3.6.1,

3.9.1

19.23 3.3, 3.4, 3.9 23.07 46.15

4 4.6.1 09.09 4.1, 4.2, 4.3,

4.7, 4.b

40.00 50.00

5 5.2.2, 5.3.1 14.28 5.2, 5.4, 5.c 33.33 44.44

7 7.1.1, 7.2.1 33.33 7.1, 7.2, 7.3,

7.b

80.00 60.00

11 11.6.2 6.66 11.1, 11.3, 11.6 30.00 40.00

16 16.1.1, 16.1.3,

16.1.4, 16.b.1

17.39 16.1, 16.3,

16.5, 16.7

33.33 41.00

6 6.1.1, 6.2.1,

6.3.1

27.27 6.1, 6.3 25.00 37.50

13 13.2 20.00 20.00

14 14.4.1, 14.5.1 20.00 14.1, 14.3 22.00 40.00

15 15.1.1, 15.1.2,

15.4.1

21.42 15.1 8.33 16.66

17 17.8.1 4.00 17.4 5.26 10.52

26

Table 7. Ranking table of measures combined coverage of specific SDGs.

SDG most covered when

matched

SDG most covered when related SDG most covered by matchings

and relating’s

7 7 7

6 2 1

15 1 2

14 4 4

Table 8. Ranking table of measures combined least coverage of specific SDGs.

Least matched SDG Least related SDG Least matched and related SDG

13 17 17

10 15 15

12 9 12

17 13 13

27

DISCUSSION

Suitable measures for the SDGs

There is no perfect measure for the SDGs: choosing existing alternative ways to measure

sustainable development implies missing some SDGs and their targets. However, the two

measures that exhibit the most similarities with the SDGs and cover the three dimensions of

sustainability are SPI and SSI. They are promising, but both have issues.

In particular, SPI currently does not cover SDGs related to poverty reduction, economic growth,

decent work, and responsible consumption and production. Including these areas requires

assessing whether they relate to Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Well-being or

Opportunity, which form the SPI’s basic framework. This also means that each SDG’s

performance must be embedded within these three dimensions of social progress. Hence, the

measure does not distinguish between indicators’ distribution among the three dimensions of

sustainability, decreasing the transparency reporting of the performance of each dimension. At

the same time, the holistic properties of SPI have the advantage that indicators related to the

economy, the society and the biosphere are all embedded within SPI. This is an advantage

because, for example, neglecting biosphere indicators, for example, would generate a lower

score in one of its bases. Taking a holistic approach to further develop SPI is probably necessary

but increases the risk to use it from a social progress perspective with no focus on the underlying

feedback mechanisms between goals based on a SES framework.

By contrast SSI, omits out goals 14, 11 and 9 (Marine Life, Sustainable Cities and Communities

and Industry, Innovation and Technology, respectively). It might, however, be easier to

complement SSI than SPI, using the wedding cake framework. This thesis suggests it could be

meaningful to complement SSI by applying indicators from goal 14 (a biosphere goal), for

Environmental wellbeing, goal 11 (a society goal) for Human wellbeing, and goal 9 (an

economic goal) for Economic wellbeing. Meanwhile, the three areas of wellbeing are

disaggregated and can be used to measure each of the three dimensions of sustainability

separately but not the inter-connections of the SDGs.

28

A system perspective

The combined coverage of similarities to measures among the three dimension varies. The

SDGs belonging to society have more similarities with measures than other SDGs; biosphere

SDGs have the fewest similarities, while economic SDGs claim the middle ground. There are

some possible explanations for this:

• To select alternative measures implies leaving out economic topics. Measures were

selected as alternatives to GDP with the criteria to cover several SDGs, therefore more

focused on ‘well-being’ and/or ‘human needs’. Measures being alternatives to GDP

seeks to complement economic welfare. As such, the measures might not have an

economic framework, leaving out areas as technology and infrastructure belonging to

SDG9. There are measures not covering general economic areas per se, however several

indicators relate to economic costs. GNHI has five indicators related to target 12.5 and

12.8 and GPI eight indicators related to target 8.4.

• Measures are being shaped and shape development issues where knowledge and trends

lead to bases of frameworks and issues to include. The major focus is societal, in

particular poverty, hunger, education and energy, which are areas being discussed for

decades when it comes to development of societies. This is also obvious from examining

which type of societal targets that the measures are covering. SDG1 No Poverty, for

example, has seven targets, of which four are related to measures. SDG5 is also one of

the goals exhibit least similarities with the measures, however having a half of its targets

covered. This indicates that measures differ regarding the inclusion of specific SDGs,

where these measures having similarities with several topics related to gender equality.

Two of these measures, SPI and SSI, are relatively new. Contrarily, the goals belonging

to the economy are also development issues, however not reflected in measures, for

example goal 12 Consumption and Production. One explanation could be that

consumerism and production respectively recently started to be viewed as cause and

means for long-term sustainable development.

• The SDGs linked to the biosphere, the base for human prosperity, are the least covered

by measures but also the ones having a higher percentage of matches. This could be

explained by measures such as GNHI and IWI almost exhibit no similarities with

biosphere goals. The biosphere goal exhibit most matches, SDG6 Clean Water and

29

Sanitation and SDG15 Life on Land, in percentage, could be explained by well-known

developed indicators. SDG6 interacts universally and directly with humans and is

therefore considered a necessity for humans, and in some conceptualisations, even

considered being a social goal. Additional, the SDG15 most matched indicator consist

of forest area covered, which is viewed as an important component of economic welfare

by some countries. Further, SDG13 Climate Action, mostly contain policy documents

and adaptation and lack quantitative indicators, as carbon dioxide emissions, a common

indicator among measures, resulting in measures being related instead of matched.

Indeed, measures are mostly focusing on human interaction with ecosystems, while the

condition of the ecosystem per se is neglected.

The three stated findings suggest that human systems are still the major focus when measuring

development, while the earth systems which human depends on are neglected. Researchers,

policy makers and stakeholders likely have more knowledge today regarding the interaction of

several development issues, otherwise alternative measures and including frameworks as the

SDGs would not have been developed. Still, the complexities SES face requires an approach

where humans, the society and economic goals are embedded within the biosphere to remain in

a safe operating space for humanity. Other areas mentioned by the SDG targets that do not have

similarities with the measures, such as restoring degraded soil, action towards the degradation

of natural habitat, and addressing the ocean acidification and inclusion of ecosystem values into

national planning, need somehow to be components of development measures.

Going beyond GPI requires countries to be fearless in implementing other more promising

measures. Countries face several issues and opportunities in this task since no single unit

measure can cover all the complexities related to sustainable development. There are concerns,

such as availability of data, how to interpret the results for policy-making, availability of

financial resources to implement the measure, and so on. A future update of this study could

include an updated list of indicators and assessment of their respective methodologies to find

ways to inter-link their components in relation to the SDGs. A more in-depth SES analysis

would then be possible. This study highlights some strengths and weaknesses of a few selected

measures in comparison to the SDGs. A good starting point when measuring sustainable

development, could be as Costanza et al. 2015 frame it; 'it is better to be approximately right

than precisely wrong’.

30

CONCLUSION

This study compared seven measures regarding their potential use as measures of achievements

of the SDGs. This study suggests that SPI and SSI to be the most suitable for measuring the

achievement of the SDGs, though they reflect all three dimensions of sustainability according

to SES framework. That said, existing measures are not yet well integrated in a SES perspective

where achieving the goals belonging to the biosphere should be a precondition for long term

human prosperity. Furthermore, economic SDGs are not fully consistent with measures having

goals belonging to the society and the biosphere. For this reason, it remains important to assess

the SDGs with measure frameworks that treat them as integrated-linked areas for sustainable

development. This thesis has argued that a system’s perspective is crucial to understanding the

interactions of different aspects of development and provides a guide to measures from a

system’s perspective.

31

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34

APPENDICES

A1 Historical background of the SDGs

The first of January 2016 the 2030 Agenda its

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) came into

force. The Agenda are world countries benchmark for

sustainable development for the upcoming fifteen

years. The SDGs are built on the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs), which targets were

supposed to be met by 2015 (Sustainable knowledge

platform of the United Nations). The MDGs were

adopted in 2000 by 189 countries. The MDGs consisted

of eight goals; eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,

achieve universal primary education, promote gender

equality and empower women, reduced child mortality,

improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental

sustainability and global partnership for development (UN MDGs). The MDGs have to some

extent been met, world population living in extreme poverty has declined more than half,

primary school enrolment rate in developing regions has reached 91%, the proportion of women

in parliament has doubled and ozone-depleting substances have been eliminated (UNDP and

World Bank 2016). The SDGs are broader and more inclusive then the MDGs (World Health

Organisation 2015). The process of creating the SDGs differed form the process of creating the

MDGs. The UN Conference on Sustainable Development Rio+20 (2012) launched a process to

develop a set of SDGs written in the outcome document The Future We Want (UN Department

of Economic and Social Affairs). The mandate to create a new development agenda was set by

the Intergovernmental 30 member Open Working Group (OWG) of the UN General Assembly

in 2013 (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations). OWG promised to include

relevant stakeholders from civil society, the scientific community and the UN organisations

(Open Working Group 2013). Hence, the umbrella of UN System Task Team on the Post-2015

UN Development Agenda, an inter-agency technical support team were established, with the

task of preparing issues to discuss with the OWG (UN Women). The group met during eight

sessions between 2013-2014. The outcome of those meetings were published on OWGs website

as a part of their transparency (Open Working Group on SDGs).

Brundtland Commission in1987 defined

sustainable development as: ‘development that

needs the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to

meet their own needs’ (Brundtland 1987).

A new definition has been suggested:

‘development that meets the needs of the present

while safeguarding Earth’s life support system,

on which the welfare of current and future

generations depends’ (Griggs et al. 2013)

Box 1. Definition of Sustainable Development

35

A2 Classification and conceptualisation of measures

There are several scholars that have classified and conceptualised measures going beyond Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) (Diener and Suh 1997, Boarini et al. 2006, Costanza et al. 2009, Bleys

2012). The following table summarises a few selected scholars’ classification of measures:

Table 9. Scholars classification of measures (Offer 2003, Goossens et al. 2007, Bleys 2012, Costanza et al. 2015). Criteria for classification, the second horizontal column, defines this study interpretation of scholar’s baseline for their classification. Classification lists the scholar’s categorisation of measures. Examples of measures lists measures that scholars give as an example for their categorisation in their literature. In the table according to the above column classification.

Scholars Costanza et al.

2015

Offer 2003 Goossens et al.

2007

Bleys 2012

Criteria for

classification

The method of

the measures

The objective of

the measures

The measures

relation towards

GDP

The measures relation

towards definitions of

welfare (with sub-

categorisation)

Classification Adjusted

economics Extended

economic

accounts

Adjusting GDP Well-being

Subjective Social Indicators Replacing GDP Economic Welfare

Weighted Psychological

indicators Supplements GDP Sustainability

Examples of

measures Genuine

Progress

Indicator

Adjusted Net

Domestic Product Index of

Sustainable

Economic Welfare

Happy Planet Index

World Values

Survey

Human

Development

Index

Ecological

Footprint

Index Adjusted Net Savings

Gross National

Happiness

Index

Happy Life Years

Index Happy Planet

Index

Ecological Footprint

36

Costanza et al. (2015) group measures based on their method of calculation. The adjusted

economic measures are expressed in monetary units and are therefore easier to compare with

GDP but are complemented with social and environmental factors. The indicators normally

consider annual income, net savings, wealth and environmental costs and benefits. Subjective

measures focus on well-being as drawn from surveys. The result from subjective measures are

hard to compare between countries, since culture and societies differs and therefore might

require different indicators. Weighted measures rely on composite indicators that can be both

subjective and objective, such as housing, life expectancy, leisure time and democratic

engagement (Costanza et al. 2015).

Offer (2003) classifies extended economic accounts as measures adjusting traditional national

accounts by including social and environmental indicators. The other two classifications of

measures are based on social indicators pursues to capture human well-being while

psychological indicators seek to assess individuals’ personal experience (Offer 2003).

Goossens et al. (2007) classify measures as adjusting GDP, being measures containing

monetised value of environmental and social issues, replacing GDP, measures with focus on

human well-being rather than economic performance and supplementing GDP, measures

including only environmental and social data (Goossens et al. 2007).

Bleys (2012)’s classification of measures focuses on their usefulness for policy-making. Well-

being measures evaluates the life situation of individuals or groups of people. Economic welfare

measures relate to how the nation’s economy captures the overall level of well-being of its

citizens. Sustainability measures focuses on whether current levels of well-being and economic

welfare are sustainable (Bleys 2012).

37

A3 Description of measures and list of its indicators

Genuine Progress Indicator

The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) is designed to measure economic welfare derived from

economic activity, essentially counting the depression of community capital as an economic

cost. GPI is an updated version of the index of Sustainable Economic Welfare first proposed in

1989 by Daly and Cobb (Kubiszewski et al. 2013). The measure calculates personal

consumption expenditures, a measure of all spending by individuals and a major component of

GDP, and making more than 20 additions and subtractions to account for factors such as

monetary value of volunteer work and monetary costs of divorce, crime and pollution. GPI also

consider income distribution, where increased income from a relative poor citizen boost

economy more than the same amount increased by a rich (Costanza et al. 2015).

Alberta and Nova Scotia province in Canada have used GPI. Vermont and Maryland are

examples of two states where GPI has been applied in United States of America. Further, there

are papers on GPI for Hong Kong and Singapore (Maryland Department of Natural Resources,

Anielski, M. and J. Rowe. 1998, Hamilton et al. 2000, Anielski 2001, Costanza et al. 2004,

GPIAtlantic 2011, Delang and Yu 2015)

The indicators GPI consists of, has changed and varied since its release (Anielski, M. and J.

Rowe. 1998, Hamilton et al. 2000, Costanza et al. 2004). The indicators used for this study are

based on The Genuine Progress Indicator 2006 report. The report is the latest list of indicators

available at the time of research and published by Redefining Progress with one of the GPI

founders, Clifford Cobb, as a contributor (Talberth et al. 2007). Larger variances are not

expected compared to if another list had been used. In comparison with Alberta GPI 2001; it

adds Value of Free time as an unaccounted benefit and Services of highways is replaced by

Value of public infrastructure investment. Further, Cost of non-renewable resource use and cost

of family breakdown has been added as depreciation costs (Anielski 2001).

38

Table 10. The Genuine Progress Index indicators redrawn from the Genuine Progress Indicator Report 2006 of the United States (Talberth et al. 2007).

CONTRIBUTORS

Personal consumption expenditures

Income distribution index

Weighted personal consumption expenditures (adjusted for inequality)

Value of housework and parenting

Value of higher education

Value of volunteering work

Service of consumer durables

Services of highways

Net capital investment

DEDUCTIONS

Cost of crime

Loss of leisure time

Costs of unemployment and underemployment

Cost of consumer durable purchases

Cost of commuting

Cost of household pollution abatement

Cost of auto accidents

Cost of water pollution

Cost of air pollution

Cost of noise pollution

Loss of wetlands

Loss of farmlands

Loss of primary forest cover

Resources depletion

Carbon emissions damage

Cost of ozone depletion

Net foreign borrowing

39

Inclusive Wealth Index

The Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI) was launched at Rio+20 in 2012. The indices is based on a

joint initiative by UN University International Human Dimensions Programme on Global

Environmental Change (UNU-IHDP) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) (UNU-

IHDP and UNEP 2014). The IWI measures a country’s wealth by looking at its production

base, measured by the social value of each form of capital to capture where human well-being

is derived from. It aims to link the discounted present value of all future consumption

possibilities to the total worth of capital assets (or wealth) in an economy (Inclusive Wealth

Project 2014).

Equation 1. Inclusie Wealth Index equation. It is the sum of manufactires capital, natural capital and human capital (Inclusive Wealth Project 2014)

IWI = MANUFACTURED CAPITAL + NATURAL CAPITAL + HUMAN CAPITAL

Redrawn from the website of IWI, the calculation as the addition of present values of:

Manufactured capital (investment, depreciation rate, assets lifetime, output growth, population

and productivity), Natural capital (fossil fuels, minerals, forest resources, agriculture land and

fisheries) and Human capital (population by age and gender, mortality probability by age and

gender, discount rate, employment, educational attainment, employment compensation and

labour force by age and gender) (Inclusive Wealth Project 2014). The latest report from 2014

differs from the 2012 report. The former focuses on Human Capital while the later on Natural

Capital. Further, it includes data from 120 countries more, with an updated time horizon to

include data form 1990, 2008, 2009 and 2010 (Inclusive Wealth Project 2014). Further, the

three factors of oil capital gains, carbon damage and productivity has led to the Adjusted

Inclusive Wealth Index. The indicator of population and productivity is not included in 2014

report though it does not contribute to an asset rather it captures the contribution of several

‘missing’ assets. The 2014 report also keeps the damage of fossil fuel separated since the

damage cannot be related to an asset of a country. In the 2012 report, fossil fuels are included

as a stock. Adjusted Inclusive Wealth has been excluded from this study. This study uses both

the 2012 and 2014 report and the indicators listed for manufactures capital, redrawn from the

official website, as the baseline for the indicator comparison (UNU-IHDP and UNEP 2012,

2014).

40

Table 11. The Inclusive Wealth indicators (UNU-IHDP and UNEP 2012, 2014).

HUMAN CAPITAL

Population by age, gender, time

Mortality rates by age, gender, time

Discount rate

Employment

Educational attainment

Employment compensation

Labour force rates by age, gender, time

MANUFACTURES CAPITAL

Investment

Depreciation rate

Assets lifetime

Output growth

Population and productivity

NATURAL CAPITAL

Fossil fuel (oil, natural gas and coal)

Minerals (bauxite, nickel, copper, phosphate, gold, silver, iron, tin, lead and zinc)

Forest Resources (timber and non-timber forest resources)

Agricultural Land (cropland and pastureland)

Fisheries (fishery stock, value of captures fish, quantity of captured fish and rental rate)

Environmental Performance Index

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) was developed by Yale University and Columbia

University, firstly launched in 2002. The latest EPI version from 2014 is a project lead by Yale

Center for Environmental Law and Policy and Centre for International Earth Science

Information Network at Columbia University in collaboration with World Economic Forum

(Yale University 2017a). EPI have 20 indicators spanning over nine categories (Emerson et al.

2012). The categories are health impacts, air quality, water and sanitation, water resources,

agriculture, forests, fisheries, biodiversity and habitat and climate and energy. The EPI

calculation starts with transforming data to standardised comparable performance indicators.

The first step is to use raw values according to, for example, population or by using statistical

transformation, such as logarithmic transformation. The performance is calculated by using

‘proximity-to-target’ methodology, which assesses how a country is performing according to

an identified national or international policy target. Scores are converted to a scale of 0 to 100

41

by arithmetic calculation, where 0 begin with farthest from the target and 100 closest to the

target. Each indicator is weighted within each policy issue to create a single policy issue score.

The weighting is based on the quality of the dataset and how well the indicator fits the policy

issue (Yale University 2017b)

Figure 3. Environmental Performance Index. It ranks performance where 0 is the lowest performance of countries, shortest to their environmental targets, closer to the leftt side of the figure, and 100 is the highest performance of countries being closer to their environmental targets, at the right side of the figure (Hsu, et al. 2016)

Table 12. The Environmental Performance Index indicators redrawn from the 2016 year’s report (Hsu and Al. 2016).

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Environmental risk exposure

Household air quality

Air pollutions avg. exposure to fine particulate matter

Air pollution fine particulate matter exceedance

Air pollution avg. exposure to NO2

Unsafe drinking water

Unsafe sanitation

Water and Sanitation

ECOSYSTEM VITALITY

Trend in carbon intensity per kwh

Trend in carbon intensity

Species protection (national/global)

Terrestrial biome protection (national/global)

Marine protected areas

Fish stock

Tree cover loss

Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen use efficiency

Wastewater treatment

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Gross National Happiness Index

The term Gross National Happiness (GNH) was firstly used by His Majesty the Fourth King of

Bhutan, Gigme Singyew Wangchuck in the 1970s. GNH has been developed and now relies on

four pillars of development: good governance, sustainable socio-economic development,

cultural preservation and environmental conservation. The four pillars consist of nine domains;

psychological well-being, health, time use, education, cultural diversity and resilience, good

governance, community vitality, ecological diversity and resilience and living standards. The

domains represent the well-being of the Bhutanese people (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH

Reserach 2015). The Centre of Bhutan Studies has developed GNHI. It consists of 33 indicators

distributed on the nine domains. It is designed for government, non-governmental organisations

and business to increase GNH in Bhutan. Three rounds of surveys have been carried out with

the start of a pilot study in 2006-07. The latest study carried out in 2015 had a sample size of

7153 people demographically spread over Bhutan (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH

Reserach 2015).

It is a single number index where each domain is equally weighted. Within the domain objective

indicators are higher weighted while the subjective indicators are assigned lower weights (Ura

et al. 2012). An example would be psychological well-being, where the indicators are life

satisfaction, positive emotion, negative emotion and spirituality. Life satisfaction and

spirituality is weighted one-third while positive and negative emotion is weighted one of six.

Surveys conducted in Bhutan give respondents a GNH profile where sufficiency for each

indicator is measured. Adding up the weights of the sufficient indicators give each respondent

a GNH score showing the share of the domains in which sufficiency is achieved. At least two-

thirds has to be sufficient for a person to be considered ‘happy’ (Centre for Bhutan Studies and

GNH Reserach 2015). The indicators have sub-indicators with a related survey question each.

Most questions are based on rankings from five to a higher value (where the highest and the

threshold is different for different questions), some are Yes or No questions and some measures

stock, for example hours of sleep (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Reserach 2015).

After the ‘happy’ identification of respondents, the information is aggregated into a measure

reflecting the GNH across Bhutan. It is a single number index ranging from zero to one.

43

Equation 2. Gross National Happiness equation. Happy people (HH) are added with the extent of sufficiency that not-yet-happy-people enjoy. The second term is calculated by multiplying the percentage of people who are not yet happy (HU, which is 100% minus HH) by the average percentage of domains in which not-yet-happy people have sufficient achievements AU

suff (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Reserach 2015)

GNH = HH + (HU *AUsuff)

The indicators used for this study is based on a list provided at the official website of Gross

National Happiness. The indicators were not always clear and therefore complemented with the

2015 GNH Survey Report (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Reserach 2015). During time

of finishing the study and preparation for publication, the website has been re-arranged and the

original list is not to be found. However, since all the indicators has been doubled checked

against the report. The comparisons are still considered to be valid.

Table 13. The Gross National Happiness Index indicators redrawn from the 2015 Gross National Happiness Survey Report (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Reserach 2015).

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING

Life satisfaction

Spirituality

Positive emotion

Negative emotion

HEALTH

Self-reported health status

Healthy days

Disability

Mental health

EDUCATION

Literacy

Schooling

Knowledge

Value

CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND RESILIENCE

Speak native language

Cultural participation

Artisan skills (Zorig chusum skills)

Driglam Namzha (code of etiquette and conduct)

GOOD GOVERNANCE

Government performance

Fundamental rights

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Services (electricity, health care, source of water, waste disposal)

Political participation

COMMUNITY VITALITY

Donation (time and money),

Community relationship (sense of belonging)

Family (quality of relationship)

Safety (victim of crime)

ECOLOGY DIVERSITY and RESILIENCE

Ecological issues (different kinds of pollution and natural catastrophes)

Responsibility towards environment

Wildlife damage (rural)

Urban issues

LIVING STANDARDS

Assets

Housing

Household per capita income

TIME USE

Work (including domestic work)

Sleep

Sustainable Society Index

In 2006, by the initiative of Guert can de Kerk and Arthur Mark, the Sustainable Society

Foundation was established with the main objective to develop Sustainable Society Index (SSI).

The SSI framework is based on three domains of well-being; human, environmental and

economic, with two-three categories each. The human well-being consists of Basic Needs,

Personal Development and Health, and Well-balanced Society. The environmental well-being

consists of Natural Resources and Climate and Energy. Finally, economic well-being consists

of Transition and Economy. Each category have two to four indicators, totally there are 21

indicators within the SSI framework (Sustainable Society Foundation 2017a).

SSI aggregates the geometric average for each indicator, within each domain of well-being.

They are weighted equally since Sustainable Society Foundation finds no scientific basis for

weighting them differently. Further, geometric allows no compensation in accordance with

strong sustainability, where low scores could compensate for high scores. The totals are also

weighted according to population size (Sustainable Society Foundation 2017b). SSI has been

developed for 158 countries at national level and data has been presented every second year

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since 2006 and there is also a summary of the last 10 years of global development progress

according to SSI (Sustainable Society Foundation 2017c).

This study used the SSI indicators from the report Sustainable Society Index 2014 (Sustainable

Society Foundation 2017d). During time of writing 2016 years data, covering 154 countries,

was available, however no publication was done related to its method and the indicators used

(Sustainable Society Foundation 2017e).

Table 14.The Sustainable Society Index indicators redrawn from the Sustainable Society Index 2014 report (van de Kerk et al. 2014).

BASIC NEEDS

Sufficient Food

Sufficient to Drink

Safe Sanitation

HEALTH

Education

Healthy Life

Gender Equality

PERSONAL and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Income Distribution

Population Growth

Good Governance

NATURAL RESOURCES

Biodiversity

Renewable Water Resources

Consumption

CLIMATE and ENERGY

Energy Use

Energy Saving

Greenhouses Gases

Renewable Energy

TRANSITION

Organic Farming

Genuine Saving

ECONOMY

Gross Domestic Product

Employment

Public Debt

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Social Progress Index

The organisation the Social Progressive Imperative was founded in 2012 with the aim to create

an index measuring social progress. The definition is ‘the capacity of a society to meet the basic

human needs of its citizens, establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities

to enhance and sustain the quality of their lives, and create the conditions for all individuals to

reach their full potential’. In 2014 the first official Social Progress Index (SPI) report was

published (Worldwatch Institute Europe 2014). SPI consists of three dimensions; Basic Human

Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing and Opportunity. These dimensions consist of four

components each, where Basic Human Needs refers to Nutrition and Basic Medical Care, Water

and Sanitation and Shelter and Personal Safety. Foundations of Well-being refer to Access to

Basic Knowledge, Access to Information and Communications, Health and Wellness and

Environmental Quality. Opportunity refers to Personal Rights, Personal Freedom and Choice,

Tolerance and Inclusion and Access to Advanced Education (Stern et al. 2016). Each

component is a composed set of indicators aggregated using a weighted average, where the

weights are set by principal component analysis. The components overall final score is

weighted equally with other components in its own dimension. The three dimensions final score

is then comparable among countries (Stern et al. 2016). The latest report from 2016 includes

160 countries since these countries can provide reliable data according to the organisations

criteria (The Social Progress Imperative 2017).

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Table 15. The Social Progress indicators redrawn from the Methodological Report 2016 (Stern et al. 2016).

NUTRITION AND BASIC MEDICAL CARE

Undernourishment

Depth of food deficit

Maternal mortality rate

Child mortality rate

Deaths from infectious diseases

WATER AND SANITATION

Access to piped water

Rural access to improved water source

Access to improved sanitation facilities

SHELTER

Availability of affordable housing

Access to electricity

Quality of electricity supply

Household air pollution attributable death

PERSONAL SAFETY

Homicide rate

Level of Violent crime

Perceived criminality

Political terror

Traffic deaths

ACCESS TO BASIC KNOWLEDGE

Adult literacy rate

Primary school enrolment

Lower secondary school enrolment

Upper secondary school enrolment

Gender parity in secondary enrolment

ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

Mobile telephone subscriptions

Internet users

Press Freedom Index

HEALTH AND WELLNESS

Life expectancy at 60

Premature deaths from non-communicable diseases

Obesity rate

Suicide rate

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

48

Outdoor air pollution attributable deaths

Wastewater treatment

Greenhouse gas emissions

Biodiversity and habitat

PERSONAL RIGHTS

Political rights

Freedom of speech

Freedom of assembly/association

Freedom of movement

Private property rights

PERSONAL FREEDOM AND CHOICE

Freedom over life choices

Freedom of religion

Early marriage

Satisfied demand for contraception

Corruption

TOLERANCE AND INCLUSION

Tolerance for immigrants

Tolerance for homosexuals

Discrimination and violence against minorities

Religious tolerance

Community safety net

ACCESS TO ADVANCED EDUCATION

Years of tertiary schooling

Women’s average years in school

Inequality in the attainment of education

Globally ranked universities

Percentage of tertiary students enrolled in globally ranked universities

Better Life Index

Better Life Initiative is an Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)

project with the aim to develop better statistics to measure well-being and quality of life of

people and households. The initiative started at the World Forum on ‘Statistics, Knowledge and

Policies’ in Palermo 2004 and were further developed by two more forums in Istanbul in 2007

and then after the Global Project on Measuring the Progress of Societies in Busan 2009. In 2011

OECD released its first report ‘How’s Life?’ (OECD Better Life Initative 2011).

49

The Better Life Index is one of the initiatives core projects. The index is a web-based tool where

people can weight indicators differently according to their own priorities and then compare

them with other people or with the non-weighted data of OECD. The indices is updated annually

and covers data from the 35 OECD countries including the Russian Federation, South Africa

and Brazil (OECD Better Life Initiative 2017).

Better Life Index is built on eleven topics each with one to four indicators being average

weighted. The eleven topics are Housing, Income, Jobs, Community, Education,

Environmental, Civic Engagement, Health, Life Satisfaction, Safety and Work-Life Balance.

(OECD Better Life Initiative 2017).

Table 16. The Better Life Index indicators redrawn from the official website of the Better Life Index (OECD 2013).

HOUSING Dwelling without basic facilities Housing experience Rooms per person INCOME Household net adjusted disposable income Household net financial wealth JOBS Labour market insecurity

Employment rate

Long-term unemployment rate

Personal earnings

COMMUNITY

Quality of support network

EDUCATION

Educational attainment

Student skills

Years in education

ENVIRONMENT

Air pollution

Water quality

CIVIL ENGAGEMENT

Stakeholder engagement for developing regulations

Voter turnout

HEALTH

Life expectancy

50

Self-reported health

LIFE SATISFACTION

Life satisfaction

SAFETY

Feeling safe walking alone at night

Homicide rate

WORK-LIFE BALANCE

Employees working very long hours

Time devoted to leisure and personal care

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A4 United Nations websites about the SDGs Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (n.d.). Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals.

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-

goals/overview/open-working-group-on-sustainable-development-goals/en/.

IAEG-SDGs. 2016. Final list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG

Indicators. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/.

IAEG-SDGs. 2017. Revisited list of global Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG

Indicators. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/.

Open Working Group on SDGs (n.d.). Open Working Group On Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations Department

of Social and Economic Affairs. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/owg.html

Open Working Group. 2013. Sustaianble development: implementation of the Agenda 21, the Programme for the Futher

Implementation of the Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the United

Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Sixty-seventh session. Agenda item 20. By the Co-Chairs of the

Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals addressed to the President of the

General Assembly. Available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/67/941&Lang=E.

Sustainable Knowledge Platform of the United Nations (n.d.) Communication materials. United Nations. Available at:

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/

Sustainable Knowledge Platform of the United Nations (n.d.). The Sustainable Development Agenda. Sustainable knowledge

platform of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/.

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (n.d.). Future We Want - Outcome document. United Nations Department of

Economic and Social Affairs. Available at: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform:

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html.

UN General Assembly. 2015. Resolution adopted by the General Assemly on 25 September 2015. Page 70/1. Transforming our

world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations General Assembly. Available at:

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

UN MDGs (n.d.). News on Millennium Development Goals. Millennium Development Goals knowledge platform of United

Nations. Available at: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/.

UN Women (n.d.). The process to identify the Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations Women. Available at:

http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/post-2015/sustainable-development-goals.

UNDP and World Bank. 2016. Transition from the MDGs to the SDGs. United Nation Development Programme and the

World Bank Group. Available at: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/sustainable-development-

goals/transitioning-from-the-mdgs-to-the-sdgs.html.

UNDP. 2015. World leaders adopt Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations Development Programme. Available at:

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2015/09/24/undp-welcomes-adoption-of-

sustainable-development-goals-by-world-leaders/

United Nations Economic Council (UNESC). 2016. Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals - Report of the

Secretary-General. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Available at: http://ggim.un.org/docs/WG6/SG-

SDG-Report-2016-EN.pdf

United Nations Statistics Division Statistical Services Branch (n.d.) Cape Town global action plan for Sustainable Development

Data. United Nations Statistics Division Statistical Services Branch. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. New

York. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/hlg/Cape-Town-Global-Action-Plan/

World Health Organisation. 2015. From MDGs to SDGs, WHO launches new report. World Health Organisation. Available

at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/mdg-sdg-report/en/.

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A5 Examples of matching indicators

The SDG indicator 3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, has

been matched with the EPI indicator Household air quality. The indicators are outlined

differently but both deals with health risk exposure, in this study regarded as being similar

measures.

SDG2 End Hunger, has one indicator 2.4.1, Proportion of agricultural area under productive

and sustainable agriculture, where its definition is not clear regarding what is meant by

productive and sustainable agriculture. However, a match has been made with the SSI indicator

of Area for Organic Farming in % of total agricultural area of a country. This study assume

that organic farming partly belongs to the definition of sustainable agriculture and therefore

seen as a match.

Another uncertainty regarding an SDG indicator definition would be the SDG indicator 14.4.1,

Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels, which has been matched with

EPIs indicator of Fish stocks marine, which calculates countries total catch, reproduction and

replacement of fish. What is meant with biologically sustainable levels is not defined but this

study assume that reproduction and replacement could be part of the criteria.

A6 Example of related indicators

SDG13 Climate Action relates to SSI and SPI since they are measuring CO2 emissions.

However, there is no target or indicator under SDG13 dealing with reduction of CO2 emissions

(IAEG-SDGs 2016). This study assumes that such indicators still goes under the theme of the

overall goal, Climate Action and therefore could be useful for its achievement.

SDG1 No Poverty, target 1.2, By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women

and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions,

is another complex comparison. The GPI measures inequality by the Gini-coefficient, which is

a different tool than the suggested SDG indicator that measures the population below the

international poverty line. However, the use of Gini-coefficient could still help to reach the

target of reducing people living in poverty since a higher inequality rate suggests that there are

people living in relative poverty. In this study, GPI is related with target 1.2.

53

A7 Differences between SDGs indicators from 2016 and the revisited 2017

The major change is that the 2016 list of SDG indicators are 230, while 2017 has 232 indicators.

When including repeated indicators, same indicators used for different targets, the listed has

been changed from 241 to 244. In the 2016 list indicator 7.a.1 and 13.a.1 is the same. Therefore

repeated, in the 2017 list indicators 1.5.4, 11.6.2 and 13.1.3 are instead repeated (IAEG-SDGs

2016, 2017)

Table 17. Changed SDG indicator from 2016 to 2017. The column to the left list indicators used in 2016 version. The second column to the left briefly mentions the change in indicators. The first listed indicator is from 2016 and the second is form the 2017. The second column from the right answering yes or no to whatever the indicator has been match or related in this study. The column to the right explains if there is a possibility that the 2017 indicator could be related or matched in this study to the measures.

Indicator What’s new Matched or relate in this

study

Possibility for a new

match or relating

1.5.1 Formulated differently.

1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing

persons and persons affected by

disaster per 100,000 people

1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing

persons and directly affected

persons attributed to disasters per

100,000 population

No Change in sentence do not

change the comparison in

similarities.

1.5.2 Formulated differently.

1.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss

in relation to global gross domestic

product (GDP)

1.5.2 Direct economic loss

attributed to disasters in relation to

global gross domestic product

(GDP)

No No

1.5.3 Now refers to a specific framework

of measures.

No To refer to a specific

framework does not

change this study

comparison since major

54

1.5.3 Number of countries with

national and local disaster risk

reduction strategies

1.5.3 Number of countries that

adopt and implement national

disaster risk reduction strategies in

line with the Sendai Framework for

Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

characteristics are not

included in this study.

1.5.4 One indicator has been replaced

with two more specific ones.

1.a.1 Proportion of resources

allocated by the government

directly to poverty reduction

programmes

1.5.4 Proportion of local

governments that adopt and

implement local disaster risk

reduction strategies in line with

national disaster risk reduction

strategies

1.a.1 Proportion of domestically

generated resources allocated by the

government directly to poverty

reduction programmes

No The first indicator is

similar enough to the new

ones for a match or

relating to be made if there

were any similar indicators

among the measures.

1.a.3 A complete new indicator.

1.a.3 Sum of total grants and non-

debt-creating inflows directly

allocated to poverty reduction

programmes as a proportion of GDP

No The indicator is basically

an aid indicator for poverty

reduction programmes,

where none of the

measures in this study

measures poverty reduction

per se.

2.b.1 One indicator has been removed,

therefore the next coming has

changed number.

No Producer Support Estimate

has been omitted, which

has not been match or

related in this study and

therefore makes no

55

2.a.2 Total official flows (official

development assistance plus other

official flows) to the agriculture

sector

2.b.1 Producer Support Estimate

2.b.2 Agricultural export subsidies

2.a.2 Total official flows (official

development assistance plus other

official flows) to the agriculture

sector

2.b.1 Agricultural export subsidies

difference in search for

similarities.

3.3.2 The indicator’s number has changed

to 100.000 people instead of 1000

people.

3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per

1,000 population

3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per

100,000 population

A measures is related with

target 3.3 By 2030, end the

epidemics of AIDS,

tuberculosis, malaria and

neglected tropical diseases

and combat hepatitis,

water-borne diseases and

other communicable

diseases.

The similarity comparison

make any difference if the

indicators unit has changed

from 1000 to 100,000

people.

3.8.2 Formulated differently.

3.8.2 Number of people covered by

health insurance or a public health

system per 1,000 population

3.8.2 Proportion of population with

large household expenditures on

health as a share of total household

expenditure or income

No The chosen measures do

not cover health insurance

or debts.

7.a.1 Formulated differently.

7.a.1 Mobilized amount of United

States dollars per year starting in

2020 accountable towards the $100

billion commitment

No No

56

7.a.1 International financial flows to

developing countries in support of

clean energy research and

development and renewable energy

production, including in hybrid

systems

8.9.2 Formulated differently.

8.9.2 Number of jobs in tourism

industries as a proportion of total

jobs and growth rate of jobs, by sex

8.10.1

8.9.2 Proportion of jobs in

sustainable tourism industries out of

total tourism jobs

No It is more specific by

adding sustainable

tourism, however none of

the measures include

tourism.

11.5.1 Formulated differently.

11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing

persons and persons affected by

disaster per 100,000 people

11.5.2

11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing

persons and directly affected

persons attributed to disasters per

100,000 population

No Nothing about disasters in

the measures.

11.5.2 Formulated differently.

11.5.2 Direct economic loss in

relation to global GDP, damage to

critical infrastructure and number of

disruptions to basic services,

attributed to disasters

11.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss

in relation to global GDP, including

disaster damage to critical

infrastructure and disruption of

basic services

No No

57

11.b.2 More specific.

11.b.2 Number of countries with

national and local disaster risk

reduction strategies

11.b.2 Proportion of local

governments that adopt and

implement local disaster risk

reduction strategies in line with

national disaster risk reduction

strategies

No

No

13.1.1 The last two has switched places.

13.1.1 Number of countries with

national and local disaster risk

reduction strategies

13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing

persons and directly affected

persons attributed to disasters per

100,000 population

No No

13.1.2 The last two has switched places

and a new one is added.

13.1.2 Number of deaths, missing

persons and persons affected by

disaster per 100,000 people

13.1.2 Number of countries that

adopt and implement national

disaster risk reduction strategies in

line with the Sendai Framework for

Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

13.1.3 Proportion of local

governments that adopt and

implement local disaster risk

reduction strategies in line with

national disaster risk reduction

strategies

No No

58

16.4.2 Formulated differently.

16.4.2 Proportion of seized small

arms and light weapons that are

recorded and traced, in accordance

with international standards and

legal instruments

16.4.2 Proportion of seized, found

or surrendered arms whose illicit

origin or context has been traced or

established by a competent

authority in line with international

instruments

No The measures do not

contain indicators related

to arms trade.

59

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63

List of Figures Figure 1. The wedding cake.. ............................................................................................................................... 11Figure 2. Each measure illustrated in the wedding cake framework.. ............................................................. 23Figure 3. Environmental Performance Index. ................................................................................................... 41

List of Tables

Table 1. The chosen measures.............................................................................................................................. 14Table 2. Measures matching and relating with the SDGs.. ............................................................................... 19 Table 3. A comparison between the SDGs and the measures.. ......................................................................... 20 Table 4. Ranking table of most matched, related and both matched and related SDGs. .............................. 21 Table 5. Ranking table of least matched, related and both matched and related SDGs. ............................... 21 Table 6. Measures combined coverage of SDGs indicators and targets in percentages. ................................ 25 Table 7. Ranking table of measures combined coverage of specific SDGs. ..................................................... 26 Table 8. Ranking table of measures least combined coverage of specific SDGs…………………………….26 Table 9. Scholars classification of measures ……………………………………………………………………35 Table 10. The Genuine Progress Index indicators………………………………….………………………….38 Table 11. The Inclusice Wealth Index indicators………………………………………………………………40 Table 12. The Environmental Performance Index indicators………………………………….……………..41 Table 13. The Gross National Happiness Index indicators……………………………………………………43 Table 14. The Sustainable Society Index indicators…………………………………………………...………45 Table 15. The Social Progress Index indicators………………………………………………….…………….47 Table 16. The Better Life Index indicators..........................................................................................................49 Table 17. Changed SDG indicator from 2016 to 2017…………………………………………………………53

Equation 2. Incluvise Wealth Index equation. ................................................................................................... 39 Equation 1. Gross National Happiness equation. .............................................................................................. 43 Box 1. Definition of Sustainable Development. .................................................................................................. 34

Final list of proposed Sustainable Development Goal indicators

The following global indicator framework was developed by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) and agreed to, as a practical starting point at the 47th session of the UN Statistical Commission held in March 2016. The report of the Commission, which included the global indicator framework, was then taken note of by ECOSOC at its 70th session in June 2016.

The global indicator list is contained in the Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev.1), Annex IV and provided below.

The list includes 230 indicators on which general agreement has been reached.

Please note that the total number of indicators listed in the final indicator proposal is 241. However, since nine indicators repeat under two or three different targets (see below), the actual total number of individual indicators in the list is 230.

Indicators in the final list that repeat are the following:

1) 7.a.1/13.a.1 2) 8.4.1/12.2.1 3) 8.4.2/12.2.2 4) 10.3.1/16.b.1 5) 10.6.1/16.8.1 6) 15.7.1/15.c.1 7) 15.a.1/15.b.1 8) 1.5.1/11.5.1/13.1.2 9) 1.5.3/11.b.2/13.1.1

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Annex IV

Final list of proposed Sustainable Development Goal indicators *

Sustainable Development Goal indicators should be disaggregated, where relevant, by income, sex, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability and geographic location, or other characteristics, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics (General Assembly resolution 68/261).

Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda) Indicators

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day

1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural)

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age

1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services

1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and by type of tenure

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters

1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 peoplea

1.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)a

1.5.3 Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategiesa

__________________

a An open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction

established by the General Assembly (resolution 69/284) is developing a set of indicators to measure global progress in the implementation of the Sendai Framework. These indicators will eventually reflect the agreements on the Sendai Framework indicators.

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Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda) Indicators

1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions

1.a.1 Proportion of resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programmes

1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection)

1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions

1.b.1 Proportion of government recurrent and capital spending to sectors that disproportionately benefit women, the poor and vulnerable groups

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round

2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment

2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age

2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)

2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment

2.3.1 Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size

2.3.2 Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status

2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality

2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture

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Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda) Indicators

2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed

2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long-term conservation facilities

2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction

2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries

2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures

2.a.2 Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector

2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round

2.b.1 Producer Support Estimate

2.b.2 Agricultural export subsidies

2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility

2.c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio

3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate

3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate

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Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda) Indicators

3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations

3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 1,000 population

3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000 population

3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population

3.3.5 Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases

3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being

3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease

3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate

3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

3.5.1 Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders

3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined according to the national context as alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol

3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries

3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes

3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods

3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group

3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all

3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population)

3.8.2 Number of people covered by health insurance or a public health system per 1,000 population

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution

3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services)

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Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda) Indicators

3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning

3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate

3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older

3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all

3.b.1 Proportion of the population with access to affordable medicines and vaccines on a sustainable basis

3.b.2 Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health sectors

3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States

3.c.1 Health worker density and distribution

3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks

3.d.1 International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes

4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex

4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education

4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being, by sex

4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sex

4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university

4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex

4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship

4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill

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Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda) Indicators

4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations

4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated

4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy

4.6.1 Percentage of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex

4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development

4.7.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development, including gender equality and human rights, are mainstreamed at all levels in: (a) national education policies, (b) curricula, (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment

4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all

4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to: (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions)

4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries

4.b.1 Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships by sector and type of study

4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States

4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex

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5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age

5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18

5.3.2 Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age

5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location

5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life

5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments and local governments

5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions

5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care

5.6.2 Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee women aged 15-49 years access to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education

5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws

5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure

5.a.2 Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control

5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women

5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex

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5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

5.c.1 Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

6.3.1 Proportion of wastewater safely treated

6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

6.4.1 Change in water-use efficiency over time

6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)

6.5.2 Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time

6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies

6.a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan

6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management

6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management

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Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity

7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology

7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP

7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology

7.a.1 Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment

7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support

7.b.1 Investments in energy efficiency as a percentage of GDP and the amount of foreign direct investment in financial transfer for infrastructure and technology to sustainable development services

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries

8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita

8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors

8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person

8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services

8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex

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8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead

8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP

8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP

8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value

8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities

8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities

8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training

8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training

8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms

8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour, by sex and age

8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment

8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status

8.8.2 Increase in national compliance of labour rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status

8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products

8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate

8.9.2 Number of jobs in tourism industries as a proportion of total jobs and growth rate of jobs, by sex

8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all

8.10.1 Number of commercial bank branches and automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults

8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider

8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries

8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements

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8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization

8.b.1 Total government spending in social protection and employment programmes as a proportion of the national budgets and GDP

Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all

9.1.1 Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road

9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport

9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries

9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita

9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment

9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets

9.3.1 Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value added

9.3.2 Proportion of small-scale industries with a loan or line of credit

9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities

9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added

9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending

9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP

9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants

9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States

9.a.1 Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure

9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities

9.b.1 Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added

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9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020

9.c.1 Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average

10.1.1 Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population

10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status

10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income, by age, sex and persons with disabilities

10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard

10.3.1 Proportion of the population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed within the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law

10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality

10.4.1 Labour share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers

10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations

10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators

10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions

10.6.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations

10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies

10.7.1 Recruitment cost borne by employee as a proportion of yearly income earned in country of destination

10.7.2 Number of countries that have implemented well-managed migration policies

10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements

10.a.1 Proportion of tariff lines applied to imports from least developed countries and developing countries with zero-tariff

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10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes

10.b.1 Total resource flows for development, by recipient and donor countries and type of flow (e.g. official development assistance, foreign direct investment and other flows)

10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent

10.c.1 Remittance costs as a proportion of the amount remitted

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing

11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons

11.2.1 Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities

11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries

11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate

11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

11.4.1 Total expenditure (public and private) per capita spent on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by type of heritage (cultural, natural, mixed and World Heritage Centre designation), level of government (national, regional and local/municipal), type of expenditure (operating expenditure/investment) and type of private funding (donations in kind, private non-profit sector and sponsorship)

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 peoplea

11.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss in relation to global GDP, including disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic servicesa

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11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities

11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted)

11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities

11.7.2 Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months

11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning

11.a.1 Proportion of population living in cities that implement urban and regional development plans integrating population projections and resource needs, by size of city

11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

11.b.1 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030a

11.b.2 Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategiesa

11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

11.c.1 Proportion of financial support to the least developed countries that is allocated to the construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient and resource-efficient buildings utilizing local materials

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries

12.1.1 Number of countries with sustainable consumption and production (SCP) national action plans or SCP mainstreamed as a priority or a target into national policies

12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

12.2.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP

12.2.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP

12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses

12.3.1 Global food loss index

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12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment

12.4.1 Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement

12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per capita and proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment

12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse

12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material recycled

12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle

12.6.1 Number of companies publishing sustainability reports

12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities

12.7.1 Number of countries implementing sustainable public procurement policies and action plans

12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature

12.8.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development (including climate change education) are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment

12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production

12.a.1 Amount of support to developing countries on research and development for sustainable consumption and production and environmentally sound technologies

12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products

12.b.1 Number of sustainable tourism strategies or policies and implemented action plans with agreed monitoring and evaluation tools

12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities

12.c.1 Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of GDP (production and consumption) and as a proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuels

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Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impactsb

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

13.1.1 Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategiesa

13.1.2 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 peoplea

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning

13.2.1 Number of countries that have communicated the establishment or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (including a national adaptation plan, nationally determined contribution, national communication, biennial update report or other)

13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning

13.3.1 Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula

13.3.2 Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions

13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible

13.a.1 Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment

13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities

13.b.1 Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities

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b Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

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Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution

14.1.1 Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density

14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans

14.2.1 Proportion of national exclusive economic zones managed using ecosystem-based approaches

14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels

14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations

14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics

14.4.1 Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels

14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information

14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas

14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiationc

14.6.1 Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism

14.7.1 Sustainable fisheries as a percentage of GDP in small island developing States, least developed countries and all countries

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c Taking into account ongoing World Trade Organization negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mandate.

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14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries

14.a.1 Proportion of total research budget allocated to research in the field of marine technology

14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets

14.b.1 Progress by countries in the degree of application of a legal/regulatory/policy/institutional framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries

14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of “The future we want”

14.c.1 Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources

Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements

15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area

15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type

15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally

15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management

15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world

15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area

15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development

15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity

15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index

15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species

15.5.1 Red List Index

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15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed

15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits

15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products

15.7.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked

15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species

15.8.1 Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species

15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts

15.9.1 Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020

15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems

15.a.1 Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems

15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation

15.b.1 Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems

15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

15.c.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age

16.1.2 Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and cause

16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months

16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live

16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children

16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month

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16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitation

16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18

16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all

16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms

16.3.2 Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population

16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime

16.4.1 Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)

16.4.2 Proportion of seized small arms and light weapons that are recorded and traced, in accordance with international standards and legal instruments

16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms

16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months

16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 months

16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels

16.6.1 Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)

16.6.2 Proportion of the population satisfied with their last experience of public services

16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels

16.7.1 Proportions of positions (by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groups) in public institutions (national and local legislatures, public service, and judiciary) compared to national distributions

16.7.2 Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population group

16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance

16.8.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations

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16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age

16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements

16.10.1 Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months

16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information

16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime

16.a.1 Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles

16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development

16.b.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

Finance

17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection

17.1.1 Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP, by source

17.1.2 Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes

17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries

17.2.1 Net official development assistance, total and to least developed countries, as a proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee donors’ gross national income (GNI)

17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources

17.3.1 Foreign direct investments (FDI), official development assistance and South-South Cooperation as a proportion of total domestic budget

17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United States dollars) as a proportion of total GDP

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17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress

17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services

17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries

17.5.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries

Technology

17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism

17.6.1 Number of science and/or technology cooperation agreements and programmes between countries, by type of cooperation

17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed

17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed

17.7.1 Total amount of approved funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies

17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology

17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet

Capacity-building

17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation

17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries

Trade

17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda

17.10.1 Worldwide weighted tariff-average

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17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020

17.11.1 Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports

17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access

17.12.1 Average tariffs faced by developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States

Systemic issues

Policy and institutional coherence

17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence

17.13.1 Macroeconomic Dashboard

17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development

17.14.1 Number of countries with mechanisms in place to enhance policy coherence of sustainable development

17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development

17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned results frameworks and planning tools by providers of development cooperation

Multi-stakeholder partnerships

17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all countries, in particular developing countries

17.16.1 Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the sustainable development goals

17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships

17.17.1 Amount of United States dollars committed to public-private and civil society partnerships

Data, monitoring and accountability

17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts

17.18.1 Proportion of sustainable development indicators produced at the national level with full disaggregation when relevant to the target, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics

17.18.2 Number of countries that have national statistical legislation that complies with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics

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17.18.3 Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully funded and under implementation, by source of funding

17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries

17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing countries

17.19.2 Proportion of countries that (a) have conducted at least one population and housing census in the last 10 years; and (b) have achieved 100 per cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registration

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