Measuring Aggression Expanded (2)

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P.O. Box 2395, Winter Park, Florida Phone: 407-628-2880 Fax: 407-671-1893Email: [email protected]

MEASURE HUMAN AGGRESSION, HOW TOWritten by Dr. John D. Byrnes

i

INTRODUCTION

The Complete Aggression Continuum provides a practical measurement of emerging human aggression.

This continuum is a synthesis of data, based upon the research of eminent scholars. The combined Primal

Aggression Continuum and Cognitive Aggression Continuum enable an individual to measure theemergence of aggression in others and in themselves. Whether applied in the workplace, schools or any

public venue where an incident may occur, our endeavor is to identify a terrorist, and in a broader sense,

to provide a practical tool to any individual who wishes to understand and counteract the emergence ofhuman aggression.

We as individuals have been measuring aggression subjectively since the beginning of human

communication. Behavioral scientists like Dr. Albert Mehrabianii have long demonstrated that 55% ofhuman social communications come to us in the form of facial expressions and body language. We have

been consciously and non-consciously assimilating value and meaning from those around us, not

necessarily through what they say but how they appear. Because we live in a more aggressive world ithas now become necessary for us to measure aggression more objectively; because to measure aggression

enables us to manage aggression more objectively.

IF YOU CAN MEASURE IT, YOU CAN MANAGE IT

A principle of Total Quality Management is, If you can measure it, you can manage it. This principle is

used to evaluate the productivity of an organization, of a plant, of a school district (student achievement

scores), or of employees as a group or individually. Safety engineers, risk managers, security managers

and human resource directors use performance measurement systems to convince CFOs and CEOs ofthe effectiveness of quality initiatives.

BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY

I had the pleasure of attending a number of behavior-based breakout sessions at several recent safety

conferences and I was impressed by the importance of the subject and its application for employersaround the world. I was, however, concerned with the terms used to describe the solutions. Words like

caring, anger, self-esteem, belonging, and feelings were described as the tools to implement behavior-

based solutions. Everyone in the room realized the importance of these words and they were

appropriately inspired by them; but whats next. How do you implement words like caring, anger, self-esteem, belonging and feelings? One persons caring can be anothers interference. How do you

measure caring? Doug Holtiii

, The Role of the Amygdala in Fear and Panic, and Dr. Joseph LeDouxiv

,The Emotional Brain, agree that feelings are red herrings, products of the conscious mind, labels given

to unconscious emotions. These subjective terms are obstacles for anyone who desires to measure, so

they can manage.

I experienced the same dilemma when I heard the term anger management. How could I measure

anger? However, I then discovered that I could measure aggression.

Web Site: www.AggressionManagement.comCopyright 2002


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PRIMAL AGGRESSION

The term aggression covers everything from the point where individuals are not coping with their anxiety,

through its ultimate expression: violence. [A potential aggressor channels his appraisal into some form ofcoping. The strength of the reaction is a direct function of the validity of the threat and the degree of

certainty that the threat will thwart an objective or a goal. Pierce J. Howard, Ph.D.v, The Owners Manualfor The Brain, Everyday Applications from Mind-Brain Research. Second Edition]. It is the feeling ofbeing threatened and the inability to cope with that threat that initiates aggression. The common thread

throughout this process is the release of adrenaline.

Lt. Col. Dave Grossmanvi

and Bruce Siddlevii

[the authors ofPsychological Effects of Combat, in The

Academic Press Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, 1999] have conducted landmark studies in

the area of how aggression induces adrenalines (or Epinephrine) influence on the heart rate and its

resulting body language, behavior and communication indicators (Figure 1, Appendix 1).

Figure 1



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Darren Laurviii

illustrates in his article titled The Anatomy Of Fear and How It Relates To Survival Skills

Training, the research of Dr. Joseph LeDoux of New York University, who stated, fear is a neural circuit

that has been designed to keep an organism alive in dangerous situations. Throughout his research, Dr.LeDoux has shown that the fear response has been tightly conserved in evolution throughout the

development of humans and other vertebrates. According to Dr. David Amaralix

the areas of the brainthat deal with fear are located in the phylogenetically older areas commonly known as the reptilian

brain. Dr. LeDoux and Dr. Amaral believe based upon their research that, learning and responding to

stimuli that warn of danger involves neural pathways that send information about the outside world to theamygdala, an almond-shaped gray area in the roof of the brains lateral ventricle. This area, in turn,

determines the significance of the stimulus and triggers emotional responses like running, fighting, or

freezing, as well as changes in the inner workings of the bodys organs and glands such as increased heart

rate.

According to Dr. LeDoux, Dr. Amaral and other neuroscientists, once the fear system of the brain detectsand starts responding to danger [primarily the amygdala which receives input directly from every sensorysystem of the body and can therefore immediately respond], and depending upon fear stimulus intensity,

the brain will begin to assess what is going on, and try to figure out what to do about it using the

following process. Information of the threat stimulus is detected via the senses of the body; sight, sound,touch, smell, taste. Information from one or all of these senses is then routed to the thalamus [a brain

structure near the amygdala that acts like an air traffic controller or a mail sorting station that sorts out

incoming sensory signals].

In a non-spontaneous threat situation, the thalamus will direct information received to the appropriate

cortex of the brain [such as the visual cortex], which consciously thinks about the impulse, assessing the

danger, and making sense of it. In a spontaneous surprise attack, information received by the thalamus isquickly re-routed to the amygdala bypassing the cortex (the thinking brain). The amygdala immediately

sets up a Survival Stress Reaction (SSR) or autonomic arousal into effect with the added benefit of what

neuroscientists call the Somatic Reflex Potentiation also commonly known as the startle circuit - orwhat I call The oh-god reflex [i.e., an exaggerated startle/flinch response].

Other protective reflexes include: sneezing, eye blinking, gag reflex, pulling away from a pain stimulus,laryngospasm [closing of the airway to prevent water into the lungs]. Darren Laur explains that in

response to an extreme unexpected spontaneous attack the body is hardwired to 1) push away, 2) push

away with a back/turn away, 3) pull away, 4) pull away with a back/turn away, 5) crouch with hands

coming up to protect the head, 6) crouch with hands up to protect head with back/turn away. After

passing directly through the amygdala, which initiates SSR and the oh-god reflex, sensory informationis then sent to the cortex. Once the cortex has received this information, the frightening stimulus is then

examined in detail to determine whether or not a real threat exists. Based upon this information, theamygdala will be signaled both to perpetuate the physical response and deal with the threat or abort

action. Because the amygdala is aroused before the cortex can accurately assess the situation, an

individual will experience the physical effects of fear even in the case of a false alarm.



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The direct effects of this threat stimuli is affirmed in a study conducted by Dr. Alexis Artwohlx

(author of

Deadly Force Encounters) between the years of 1994-1999, she interviewed 157 police officers that were

involved in deadly force shootings. Dr. Artwohls study revealed the following results specific toperception issues:

84% experienced diminished sound (auditory exclusion)79% experienced tunnel vision (peripheral narrowing)

74% experienced automatic pilot with little or no conscious thought

71% experienced visual clarity62% experienced slow motion time

52% experienced memory loss for part of the event

46% experienced memory loss for some of their own behavior

39% experienced dissociation; sense of detachment or unreality26% experienced intrusive distracting thoughts

21% experienced saw, heard, or experienced memory distortion

17% experienced fast motion time07% experienced temporary paralysis

Dr. Artwohls research is also echoed by other researchers (Soloman and Horn 1986; Hoenig and Roland1998; and Klinger 1998), who found the same perception issues.

As described in Darren Laurs article, these studies deal with the adrenaline response to a clear and

present threat within the area of use-of-force in law enforcement. Therefore their focus here is after

aggression had begun and how officers responded to existing aggressors. Their emphasis was not thesource or stimuli of aggression.

To identify the source of aggression, we turn to Dr. Archibald D. Hart (the author ofAdrenaline and

Stress, The Exciting New Breakthrough that Helps You Overcome Stress Damage)xi

. Dr. Hart hasconducted significant work relating stress and anxiety to adrenaline. Dr. Hart illustrates (Figure 2,

Appendix 2) that when an individual stops coping with their anxiety, their mind perceives this anxiety as

a threat. As with Dr. Pierce J. Howards statement above, it is at that point when an individual starts toproduce adrenaline, which triggers aggression.

Although, both Grossman/Siddle and Hart allude to each others areas of expertise, they do not completethe connection between the genesis of aggression through violence. To do that, I created the Primal

Aggression Continuum

. This Continuum illustrates adrenalines role in aggression from its genesis [the

inability to cope with anxiety] through its ultimate result [violence]. It measures the effects of emerging

adrenaline on heart rate and the resulting non-verbal leakage, or body language and behavior; and onthe verbal aggression scale that it produces both in an aggressor and in ourselves.



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P.O. Box 2395, Winter Park, Florida Phone: 407-628-2880 Fax: 407-671-1893Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.AggressionManagement.com

Copyright 2002

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Figure 2

Reading the work of these eminent scholars, one could see that they struggled to include Cognitive

Aggression within the body of Primal Aggression, a challenge I found impossible. Primal Aggression is

based upon the primal instinct of fight or flight, fueled by adrenaline and indicative of someone losingcontrol and attacking their victim; but what about the predator, the victimizer and the terrorist.

COGNITIVE AGGRESSION

I realized early on that there were two distinct types of aggression: the aggressor who loses control, andthe deliberate aggressor. The Cognitive Aggression Continuum needed to measure what went on in the

mind of a deliberate aggressor. Here I went to the work of Dr. Friedrich Glasl, Professor at Salzburg

University in Austriaxii

. Dr. Glasl developed the Model of Conflict Escalation (Figure 3, Appendix 3),which I realized addressed deliberate aggression prior to conflict. It therefore became the basis for

Cognitive Aggression. After simplifying and placing Dr. Glasls Model of Conflict Escalation within the

structure of Aggression Management, it became an excellent tool for measuring aggression invictimizers, predators (criminal behavior) and terrorists (one who seeks to create terror in their victim).


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Figure 3

From these elements, I was able to develop the Primal Aggression Continuum and the Cognitive

Aggression Continuum. The Cognitive Aggression Continuum (figure 4, Appendix 4) illustrated

first followed by the Complete Aggression Continuum (Figure 5, Appendix 5; a combined illustration

of both Primal and Cognitive Aggression Continuums Stages); refined over years, these AggressionContinuums illustrate an effective means of measuring human aggression.

Cognitive Aggression Continuum (Figure 4, Appendix 4) illustrates its inexorable connection with PrimalAggression within the context of the Escalation Phase and Crisis Phase. It presents the classic Cognitive

Aggression synergies, of progressive loss of trust, suspicion of anothers intent, feels of threat by

anothers intent and turning a victims community against them. Your community is defined as thoseindividuals whom you like and respect, and in return whom you desire to like and respect you. This type



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of aggression is more conscious i.e.: deliberate. It is possible that an individual has perpetrated this

behavior enough that this behavior has become non-conscious. Where Primal Aggression is fueled by

adrenaline, this aggression is fueled by intent. What is your intent with this individual, is it their bestinterest and your, in other words a win/win relationship. Or is it your intent to victimize this individual.

You become a victimizer, a predator (criminal intent) or a terrorist (one who wishes to instill terror in

their victims). You also realize that beyond the forth stage of Cognitive Aggression, once you have losttrust in the intent of this other individual, it becomes increasingly more difficult for you to self-help

yourself from the binds of aggression escalation.

Figure 4

The Primal Aggression Continuum (as illustrated within Figure 5, Appendix 5) on the other hand,

represents that classic response to a feeling of threat (the primal instincts of fight, flight or freeze). This

aggression is fueled by adrenaline (the chemical of aggression) and is indicative of an individual losingcontrol and attacking their victim. Measured by adrenalines effects on behavior, body language and

communication indicators, the Primal Aggression Continuum becomes an effect means to measure

aggression attributed to losing control in others and in ourselves.



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Figure 5

THREE-WAY TEMPLATE

The Complete Aggression Continuum (Figure 5, Appendix 5) represents Primal and Cognitive

Aggression as well as a three-way template. First, a template to identify where an aggressor is on theContinuum, thereby enabling the Aggression Manager the opportunity to select the appropriate skills

needed to defuse the aggressor. Aggression caught before conflict will enable the Aggression Manager to

prevent conflict. The second template is used to identify and measure an Aggression Managersaggression. This enables the Aggression Manager to use physiological skills offered to control their

adrenaline and thereby providing the opportunity to respond effectively and professionally. Finally, the

Complete Aggression Continuum provides a clear clinical method for documentation.

CAN WE MEASURE THE AGGRESSION OF A TERRORIST?

Typically an aggressor escalates up both the Primal Aggression Continuum and the Cognitive

Aggression Continuum concurrently. However, it is possible to escalate up the Cognitive Aggression

Continuum and not yet be in the presence of your victim, as in the case of a terrorist. Although we focushere on terrorism, this could represent any person who is prepared to give up their lives for a cause. A

person who goes through the cognitive process of preparing to give up their lives for cause takes on

specific body language, behavior and communication indicators. A Wall Street Journalarticle explains



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how Bostons Logan Airport is training 200 Massachusetts state troopers to watch for things such as

darting eyes and hand tremors and to conduct rapid-fire questioning to find inconsistent stories.

Terrorists behave differently than legitimate people, says Rafi Ron, an Israeli security consultant, whocontends well-trained body-language profilers might have spotted and questioned some of the September

11th hijackers by very basic behavior pattern recognition work. However, there is a difference between

profiling and identifying and measuring emerging aggression, according to the U.S. Secret Servicesreport on Targeted Violence in Schools. Although this report deals with students, it also applies to adults.

The use of profiles is not effective either for identifying students who may pose a risk for targeted

violence at school or once a student has been identified for assessing the risk that a particular studentmay pose for school-based targeted violence. It continues; An inquiry should focus instead on a

students behaviors and communications to determine if the student appears to be planning or preparing

for an attack. The basis for Aggression Management is the use of behavior, body language and

communication indicators to measure emerging aggression. The Wall Street Journal article goes on toquote David Harris a law professor at the University of Toledo College of Law, who is extremely

concerned that the use of profiling raises the specter of anxious travelers coming under suspicion when

theyre just nervous about flying. The possibility of an innocent person harassed and or accused ofterrorism that concerns Professor David Harris and other civil libertarians can be substantially solved

through the ability to measure emerging aggression accomplished through the use of the Aggression

Continuums. Although body language profilers do use behavior and body language to some degree,Aggression Management provides a proven method of measuring these elements. Making it easier for

an interviewer to measure the ticket-holder indicators for terrorism. The important question becomes:"Do I allow this person on that plane?" If you cannot measure aggression, you cannot answer that

question. This is illustrated by the incident with Richard Reed, the shoe bomber. Security professionals

kept Reed from boarding the plane because they knew intuitively that Reed was a problem. They werereading his body language, behavior and communication indicators. But because they were unable to

measure his aggression, i.e.: his potential to be a terrorist, they had no sound basis to keep him from

boarding the plane the next day.

Whether you are a safety engineer, risk manager, security manager or human resource director, virtually

all individuals in civilized society are becoming more aggression-vigilant. One of the greatest human

fears is uncertainty. One of our greatest anxieties stems from our inability to get their arms around thesubject of aggression. The solution is to be able to measure aggression, in agreement with the axiom If

you can measure it, you can manage it. Can you identify someone who intends to do harm to you or

your loved ones? In the vast majority of cases, the answer is yes.

John D. Byrnes, D.Hum.

President, Center for Aggression Management



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APPENDIX

SECTION



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APPENDIX 1



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APPENDIX 2



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APPENDIX 3



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APPENDIX 4



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APPENDIX 5



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REFERENCE

SECTION



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iDR. JOHN D. BYRNES, Founder & President, Center for Aggression Management, P.O. Box 2395, Winter Park, FL 32790,Phone: 407-628-2880; Email: [email protected]; Web Site: www.AggressionManagement.com;

Author:Before Conflict, Preventing Aggressive Behavior; ISBN: 0-8108-4398-6, ScarecrowEducation Book Press, Lanham,MD, 2002. Dr. Byrnes has published articles with: The Aggression Continuum: A Paradigm Shift, Occupational Health and

Safety, 1999 Stevens Publishing Corporation;Aggression in the Workplace, Insights - The AON Risk Services RiskManagement and Insurance Review, 4th Edition, 1998; Managing Workplace Aggression, Public Risk - Published by the Public

Risk Management Association, 1993; Risk Review, Florida Society for Healthcare Risk Management, August 1996;

Aggression: The Early-Warning Signs, Safety Check - Rodale Press,Draining Away Aggression: Use the Same TechniquesLaw Officers Use to Keep Cool under Fire, Safety Check - Rodale Press;How to Plan for a Safe Escape, Safety Check -

Rodale Press;Recognizing Mounting Anxiety: In Extreme Situations, A Life May Depend On It, Workplace ViolencePrevention Reporter; Safe or Sorry? Don't Overlook Warning Signs of Workplace Aggression, Professional Safety; Training

May Help Prevent Tragedies, Business Insurance; Training is Key to Averting Workplace Violence, Employee Services

Management, May/June 1997. Dr. Byrnes has been interviewed by the Wall Street Journal; Business Insurance Magazine;

Safety+Health (National Safety Council); Professional Safety (ASSE); Risk Management Magazine (RIMS); HRMagazine(SHRM); CONTROLLER Magazine;Public RiskMagazine (PRIMA); American Health Consultants, Hospital Employee

Health Magazine; Reuters Wire Service; CNN.COM; Knight Ridder Newspapers; Workplace Violence Prevention Reporter -James Publishing; TODAY, Gannett Suburban Newspapers; Black Enterprise Magazine; The Cincinnati Enquirer; SouthFlorida Sun-Sentinel; Yomiuri Shimbun; LA Times; The Orlando Sentinel; St. Petersburg Times; The Gazette, Montreal,

Canada; Wired News; Global Energy Business;About.com, The Human Internet; NewsNet5; Denver Post; Rocky Mountain

News; Federal Times; The Atlanta Journal; Washington Office; The Synergist; Long-Term Care Administrator - Published by

American College of Health Care Administrators; and Safety Check - Published by Rodale Press; Florida Society forHealthcare Risk Management - an affiliate of the Florida Hospital Association; Global Television Network-Quebec, Canada;

WCPX-TV Channel 6; WESH-TV Florida's 2 NBC; WOFL Fox35-TV; The Wall Street Journal Radio Network: Work &

Family; WOMX-FM Radio 105.1; WCFB-FM Radio Star 94.5; WHTQ Radio 96.5; WHOO Radio 990; WDBO-AM Radio

580; WWKA-FM Radio K92; WTKS-FM Real Radio 104.1 WLOQ-FM Radio 103.1; News Talk Television - Gannett Co.Inc.; Radio KRRF Denver, 1280 Ralph; Kool 105 KXK Los Angles; CBS New Radio; and WMAL, ABC affiliate in

Washington, DC.

ii

ALBERT MEHRABIAN, PH.D.,came to psychology with B.S. and M.S. degrees in engineering from the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. He received his Ph.D. from Clark University and in l964 commenced an extended career of teaching

and research at the University of California, Los Angeles. He currently devotes his time to research, writing, and consulting as

Professor Emeritus of Psychology, UCLA. Professor Mehrabian is known for his pioneering work in the field of nonverbalcommunication (body language). His experiments helped identify nonverbal and subtle ways in which one conveys like-

dislike, power and leadership, discomfort and insecurity, social attractiveness, or persuasiveness. Communication and

leadership trainers and political campaign managers have often relied on these findings. Additional applications have led to

methods for selecting personal names that are conducive to a desirable impression profile (ethical-caring, popular-fun,successful, masculine-feminine) and methods for selecting product, service, or company names that enhance consumer appeal.

Dr. Mehrabian's background in engineering and natural science has provided him with a distinct approach to his work in

psychology. Knowing that it is impossible to test the validity of ideas without measures, he has devoted much of his thirty-

three years of research to the development of psychological scales. His numerous psychometric scales are used both nationally

and internationally to help identify individuals with high levels of "emotional intelligence," or more precisely, those who are

likely to succeed in various areas of life, high achievers, individuals with strong social and communication skills, or those whohave a high capacity for empathy and emotional intelligence in intense person-oriented work. Several of Dr. Mehrabian'smeasures are particularly suited for identifying prospective employees' potential problems with depression, anxiety,

somatization, panic disorder, psychopathy, racism, hostility, or violence. Dr. Mehrabian's approach to these problems includes

a unique "opaque" (or camouflaged) system of measurement to obviate response distortions by those tested. Other application

of his work have helped identify optimum emotional characteristics of top-level athletes and workers in high-stress situations

and the emotional climate at work that is conducive to high levels of worker morale and productivity. Professor Mehrabian'smajor theoretical contributions include a three-dimensional mathematical model for the precise and general description and

measurement of emotions. His emotion scales can be used to assess the emotional impact of a workplace, a specific packaging

idea, an advertisement, or a psychotropic drug. His parallel three-dimensional temperament model is a comprehensive system


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for describing and measuring differences among individuals (e.g., emotional intelligence, extroversion, achievement, empathy,

depression, hostility, cooperativeness). Albert Mehrabian has served as consulting editor to Sociometry, Journal of Nonverbal

Behavior, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. He is currently consulting editor of Journal of Psychology and

is a frequent contributor to psychological journals and has authored a large number of books and scientific articles. His booksinclude "Tactics of Social Influence," "Silent Messages," "Nonverbal Communication," "Public Places and Private Spaces,"

"Basic Dimensions for a General Psychological Theory," "Eating Characteristics and Temperament," "Your Inner Path to

Investment Success: Insights into the Psychology of Investing," and "The Name Game: The Decision that Lasts a Lifetime."iiiDOUG HOLTiii, The Role of the Amygdala in Fear and Panic, 1998,Serendip, Bryn Mawr College

ivDR. JOSEPH LEDOUX of New York University. His research and that of fellow scientists, reported at the 24th annual

Mathilde Solowey Award Lecture in the Neurosciences at NIH on May 8, 1996, has shown that the fear response has been

tightly conserved in evolution, and probably follows much the same pattern in humans and other vertebrates. Observed NIMH

director Dr. Steven Hyman, "Joseph LeDoux's investigations of how the brain processes fear and forms emotional memories

are pathbreaking science in their own right; they also provide the most important current leads for research on anxiety

disorders." Recent Research Articles: Weisskopf, M., Bauer, E. and LeDoux J.E. (1999) L-type voltage gated calcium

channels mediate NMDA-independent associative long-term potentiation at thalamic input synapses to the amygdala.J.Neuroscience. 19:10512-10519. Amorapanth, P., LeDoux, J.E., Nader, K. (2000) Different lateral amygdala outputs mediate

reactions and actions elicited by a fear-arousing stimulus.Nature Neuroscience. 3:74-9. Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., LeDoux, J.E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval.Nature 406:722-6.

Doron, N. N., LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Cells in the posterior thalamus project to both amygdala and temporal cortex: A

quantitative retrograde double-labeling study in the rat.J. Comp. Neurol. 425:257-74. Schafe GE, Atkins CM, Swank MW,Bauer EP, Sweatt JD and LeDoux JE (2000) Activation of ERK/MAP kinase in the amygdala is required for memory

consolidation of pavlovian fear conditioning.J. Neurosci 20: 8177-87. Recent Reviews: Fanselow, M. S. and LeDoux, J. E.

(1999) Why we think plasticity underlying Pavlovian fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala.Neuron 23:229-

232. LeDoux, J.E. (2000) Emotion circuits in the brain.Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23:155-184. Rogan MT, Weisskopf MG, Huang

Y-Y, Kandel ER, and LeDoux JE (2001) Long- Term Potentiation in the Amygdala: Implications for Memory. In C. Hlscher(ed) Neuronal Mechanisms of Memory Formation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 58-76. Book: LeDoux, J.E.

(1996) The Emotional Brain.New York,Simon and Schuster. LeDoux J.E. (2002) Synatpic Self. New York, Viking.

vPIERCE HOWARD, PHD: Dr. Howard is director of research for the Center for Applied Cognitive Studies in Charlotte, NorthCaroline. Since the fist edition ofThe Owners Manual for the Brain, Dr. Howard has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show,

been interviewed for Playboy, and has conducted countless seminars around the world.

vi LT. COL. DAVE GROSSMAN: Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing, The Psychological Cost of Learning To Kill in War and

Society, Little, Brown and Company, New York. (Pulitzer Nominated); Lt. Col. Dave Grossman & Bruce Siddle,Psychological Effects of Combat, an Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, Academic Press, 1997; Lt. Col. Dave

Grossman, "Terrorism and Local Police." Law and Order: The Magazine for Police Management, Dec 2001. Reprinted in Ohio

Police Chiefmagazine, Summer 2002; Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, "Cops, Kids, Killing and Video Games: The Psychology ofConflict, the Media's Role in Creating an Explosion of Violent Crime, and the Implications to Law Enforcement," Illinois Law

Enforcement Executive Forum, Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board, August 2001; Lt. Col. Dave

Grossman, & Siddle, B.K., "Critical Incident Amnesia: The Physiological Basis and Implications of memory Loss DuringExtreme Survival Situations." The Firearms Instructor: The Official Journal of the International Association of Law

Enforcement Firearms Instructors, Issue 31/Aug 2001; Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, "Pulling the Plug on Kids and Violence.Study Confirms Obvious: Less TV = Less Violence." American Family Association Journal, Oct 2001; Strasburger, V., & Lt.Col. Dave Grossman, "How Many More Columbines? What Can Pediatricians Do About School and Media Violence."

Pediatric Annals, 30:2/Feb 2001; Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, "Teaching Kids to Kill." National Forum: Journal of the Phi Kappa

Phi National Honor Society, Fall, 2000; Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, "Human Factors in War: The Psychology and Physiology of

Close Combat." Australian Army Journal, Issue 1/99; Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, "Trained to Kill: Are We Conditioning Our

Children to Commit Murder?" Christianity Today, cover story, August 10, 1998. (Received national writing award, translatedand reprinted in periodicals in eight languages; and reprinted in over a dozen U.S. and Canadian periodicals, to include:

Hinduism Today, US Catholic, and Saturday Evening Post.); Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, "Cops, Kids, Killing and Video Games:


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The Psychology of Conflict, the Media's Role in Creating an Explosion of Violent Crime, and the Implications to Law

Enforcement," The Law Enforcement Trainer: The Official Journal of the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers, vol.

13, Number 3, May/June 1998; Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, "Moral Approach Only the Start," Army: Journal of the Association

of the US Army, May 1984.

viiBRUCE SIDDLE: Mr. Siddle is a 24-year law enforcement veteran whose entire career has focused on Use-of-Force and close

quarter combat training. He is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of PPCT Management Systems, Inc., one of the largestresearch-based Use-of-Force training organizations in the United States. Mr. Siddle is best known for establishing a research

methodology of tactical, legal and medical research to the field of subject control. Through the PPCT organization, he has

produced research projects which range from the development of Use-of-Force policies, the medical implications of subjectcontrol techniques, learning styles of criminal justice officers and analyzing competency based training methods relating to

Use-of-Force training. Mr. Siddle's specific interest and field of research is the analysis of the survival-learning theory as it

relates to motor performance capabilities under combat stress. Mr. Siddle has been a guest speaker for hundreds of agencies

and associations throughout the United States, including the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, the International

Association of Chief's of Police, the National Sheriff's Association, the International Association of Firearms Instructors, the

Academy for Criminal Justice Sciences and the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers. Personally Instructed and

Actively Consults For: The United States Air Force, The US Department of State, The Hong Kong Government, The USDepartment of Defense, The Central Intelligence Agency, The US Department of the Navy's Redcell, The US Department of

the Armys Delta Force, The US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, & Firearms, The United Kingdom Police and Prison AgenciesThe Royal Protection Group for the Queen of England, The Federal Bureau of Investigation Hostage Rescue Unit, The US

Secret Service Counter Assault Team & Firearms Training Unit. PPCT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.: Established in 1980 by

Bruce and Sandy Siddle, PPCT Management Systems, Inc. has become an internationally recognized authority on research-based use-of-force and tactical team training for criminal justice agencies. The corporation specializes in training instructors for

police, corrections, security, and military academies throughout the world. PPCT is currently divided into four divisions;

training, publishing, computer-based training via Internet, and products (which are distributed under PPCT Products, Inc.).

Training Division: PPCT is best recognized for developing training systems based on documented tactical, legal, and medical

research. This unique approach allows PPCT to design training systems that are quick and simple to learn, and easy to retain,while reducing the potential for significant injuries. This combination has become immediately popular with administrators and

field officers, for they now have use-of-force training, which is reliable and defensible in court. From 1980 to 1987, PPCT

concentrated on the development of nonlethal force subject control systems. By 1988, a methodology for assimilating

documented tactical, legal, and medical research became the foundation of PPCT training systems -- now the standard forcriminal justice use-of-force training. Since this time, PPCT has expanded its research to become an international authority in

nonlethal force subject control, tactical firearms and officer survival training. In 1994, PPCT introduced a course for

professional women to combat workplace physical sexual harassment. In 1995, a course followed for the healthcare communityto control violent patients. PPCT is currently developing a "Violent Student Management" course for the educational field.

Today, PPCT has become one of the largest use-of-force training organizations in the world - training over 25,000 instructors

since 1990 and an estimated 40,000 instructors since 1980 throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom,

Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, and Australia.

viiiDARREN LAURillustrates in his article titled The Anatomy Of Fear and How It Relates To Survival Skills Training,

copyrighted 2002 of Integrated Street Combatives, Victoria, BC Canada.

ixDR. DAVID AMARAL, professor of psychiatry and neuroscience, University of California,EDUCATION:1972 B.A.,

Psychology Northwestern University, 1977 Ph.D., Neurobiology and Psychology University of Rochester, 1977-1980 N.I.H.Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,Missouri;AWARDS: McKnight Foundation Scholars Award, 1981, Sloan Foundation Fellow, 1983, NIMH MERIT Award,

1989, Outstanding Teaching Award - Department of Neuroscience UCSD 1988/1989, Outstanding Teaching Award -

Department of Neuroscience UCSD 1991/1992, Human Frontier Science Award, 1992 1995, Human Frontier Science

Award, 1996 1999, Elected to Associate Membership - Neuroscience Research Program, 1997;ACADEMIC

APPOINTMENTS: 1999 - Beneto Foundation Chair, UC Davis, 98 - Research Director, the M.I.N.D. Institute, UC Davis, 95 -Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neuroscience, UC Davis, 95 - Core Investigator, California Regional

Primate Research Center, UC Davis, 97 - 2000 Chair, Doctoral Program in Neuroscience, UC Davis, 91 - 1995 Affiliate


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Investigator, California Regional Primate Research Center, UC Davis, 93 - 1995 Professor and Director, Center for Behavioral

Neuroscience SUNY at Stony Brook, 87 - 1993 Associate Professor, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 90 - 1994

Adjunct Professor, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 90 - 1994 Adjunct

Associate Member, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, 87 - 1990 AdjunctAssociate, Professor, Department of Neurosciences University of California, San Diego, 84 - 1986 Assistant Professor, The

Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 82 - 1987 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosciences University of

California, San Diego, 81 - 1984 Staff Scientist, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 80 - 1981 Research Associate, TheSalk Institute for Biological Studies;RECENT PUBLICATIONS: Journal Articles: 1999 Henke K, Kroll NEA, Behniea H,

Amaral DG, Miller MB, Rafal R, Gazzaniga MS. Memory Lost and Regained Following Bilateral Hippocampal Damage.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11(6) pp. 682-697, 99 Jongen-Rlo A, Pitknen A, Amaral DG. Distribution ofGABAergic Cells and Fibers in the Hippocampal Formation of the Macaque Monkey: An Immunohistochemical and in Situ

Hybridization Study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 408: 237-271, 00 Hamam B N, Kennedy TE, Alonso A, Amaral DG.

Morphological and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Layer V Neurons of the Rat Entorhinal Cortex. Journal of

Comparative Neurology 418:457-472, 00 Jongen-Rlo AL, Amaral DG. A Double Labeling Technique Using WGA-

apoHRP- Gold as a Retrograde Tracer and Non-Isotopic in situ Hybridization Histochemistry for the Direction of mRNA.

Journal of Neurology Methods 101:1:9-17, 00 Loftus M, Knight RT, Amaral DG. An Analysis of Atrophy in the Medial

Mammillary Nucleus Following Hippocampal and Fornix Lesions in Humans and Non-Human Primates. ExperimentalNeurology 163: 180-190, 00 Stefanacci L, Amaral DG. Topographic Organization of Cortical Inputs to the Macaque Monkey

Amygdala: A Retrograde Tracing Study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 421:52-79, 00 Lavenex P, Amaral DG.Hippocampal-Neocortical Interaction: A Hierarchy of Associativity. Hippocampus 10:420-430,Book Chapters: 1999 Amaral

DG. Anatomical Organization of the Central Nervous System. Chapter 17 in Principles of Neural Science (Fourth Edition)

E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz, T.M. Jessel (Eds.). pp. 317-336, 99 Amaral DG. The Functional Organization of Perception andMovement. Chapter 18 in Principles of Neural Science (Fourth Edition) E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz, T.M. Jessel (Eds.) pp.

337-348, 99 Kobayashi Y, Amaral DG. Neuroanatomy of the Hippocampal Formation and Perirhinal and Parhippocampal

Cortices. In: Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy (Ed.) F. Bloom. pp. 285-401.

x DR. ALEXIS ARTWOHL: During her 16 years as a private practice clinical and police psychologist she provided traumaticincident debriefings and psychotherapy to officers and their family members at multiple agencies in the Pacific Northwest. Dr.

Artwohl provides training and consultation across the USA and Canada. She consistently receives excellent ratings from the

many police officers she has trained across North America. In January 1999 Dr. Artwohl closed her clinical practice to join her

husband, Assistant Chief Dave Butzer, in his retirement from the Portland Police Bureau. They can now devote all their effortsto training and consultation. Dr. Artwohl is co-author of the acclaimed book, Deadly Force Encounters, written with retired

police officer Loren W. Christensen.

xiDR. ARCHIBALD D. HART: Dr. Hart is currently Senior Professor of Psychology and Dean Emeritus of the Graduate School

of Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California. He also serves as the Executive Editor and Director of

International Relations for the American Association of Christian Counselors, a 35,000-member organization with membersfrom all around the world.Having trained originally in South Africa, where he is licensed as a clinical psychologist, Hart firstcame to the United States in 1971 to do a Post Doctoral Fellowship at the Graduate School of Psychology, Fuller Theological

Seminary. In May 1973, he joined the faculty. He is licensed in the state of California as a psychologist and specializes in

psychotherapy from a Christian orientation, stress management and the use of biofeedback techniques, neuro-psychodiagnosis

and cognitive approaches to psychology. His major research interests are in the area of the vocational hazards of the ministryand stress management. Dr. Hart lectures widely to church groups and ministers on topics of stress and stress management,

emotions and how to handle them from a Christian perspective. He maintains an active private practice and continues a prolificpublishing career, writing numerous journal and magazine articles in addition to books. His books include Children and

Divorce (W Publishing Group),Adrenalin and Stress (W Publishing Group), The Sexual Man (W Publishing Group), Secrets of

Eve, (W Publishing Group) which was co-written with his daughter Katherine Weber, and The Anxiety Cure (W Publishing

Group) which is being re-released as a trade paper conversion in June 2001. His next new project with W Publishing Group,Unmasking Male Depression, releases in April 2001.

xiiDR. FRIEDRICH GLASL: Dr. Glasl, author ofConfronting Conflict, A First-aid Kit for Handling Conflict, Hawthorn Press,

Gloucestershire Great Britain, professor of politics and economy, management consultants, lecturer in organizational


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development and conflict management at the University of Salzburg, guest professorship at several universities, author of

numerous specialized technical publications and articles. 1967 beginning of the advisory activities (NPI Holland), particularly

in industry and banks, public administrations, research organizations and hospitals. Emphasis: Conflict management in

organizations as well as within the political and international range. Dr. Glasl is a industry leader in occupation training toorganizational development and conflict consultation. (TRIGON)

Documents

Measuring Aggression Expanded (2)