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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
STEVENS PARRINGTON TUCKER for the DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY(Name) (Degree)
in General Science (Physical Science) presented on 26 May 1972
Title: MEASUREMENTS OF THE ABSOLUTE VOLUME SCATTERING FUNCTION FOR GREEN
LIGHT IN SOUTHFargalm'ORNIA COASTAL WATERS
Abstract approved: Redacted for PrivacyWayne VAurt, Professor of Oceanography
In this work direct in situ measurements in deep water are
reported for the absolute volume scattering function [OM] for
scattering angles between 10 and 160 degrees from the forward
direction. The work entailed substantial modifications of the U. S.
Navy Electronics Laboratory's scattering meter (nephelometer)
described by Tyler and Austin [Applied Optics 3: 613-620 (1964)]
but heretofore unused.
Results are given for beam attenuation and absolute volume
scattering measurements of green light (dominant nm) insdominantcommercially distilled water, in various hydrosols containing poly-
styrene and divinylbenzine latex spheres of known sizes, in San
Diego harbor water for several runs at eight selected depths between
1 and 15 m, and in off-shore ocean waters west of San Diego,
California, at numerous depths from near the surface to more than
700 m. Data are reported for four separate off-shore cruises made
during July 1966 and August 1967.
The scattering data are presented graphically and in tabular form
and are interpreted in terms of temperature, beam attenuation, and,
for San Diego Bay, the tidal level and density structure of sea water.
Good agreement was found between scattering functions calculated
on the basis of Mie theory and laboratory tank observations with the
NEL meter. The observed scattering from 600-700 gallon batches of
commercially distilled water was in reasonable agreement with other
reported values for such easily contaminated large quantities of
water.
Comparisons are made between measurements made with the NEL
scattering meter operated in situ, on the one hand, and measurements
made with a Brice-Phoenix laboratory scattering meter on simul-
taneously collected Nansen samples. The dissymmetry ratio
[Z45135 = p(45)/(1 (135)] was consistently lower by an average factor
of more than two for the Brice-Phoenix as compared to the NEL
meter, for which the range was 12.0 Z 16.1 for San Diego Bay
water. These observed differences may be attributed in part, at
least, to settling of larger particles from the turbid harbor water
(beam attenuation coefficient ,^; 2 m-1), both in the Nansen bottles used
to collect water samples and in the scattering cuvette.
In off-shore waters Z was--in the ocean region investigated--seen
generally to decrease between a maximum of 9. 37 near the surface
(29 m) to a minimum of 1.98 at a relatively great depth (553 m). The
absolute volume scattering functions measured with the NEL scattering
meter are in reasonable agreement with other, less direct, observations
which have been reported.
Tentative calculations of the total scattering coefficient
[b = ffp(Q)d...a.] were made on the basis of Jerlov's [Reports of the41r
Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 3: 73-97 (1953)] hypothesis that
b = k p(45), taking k = 30 sr. This value for k gives plausible
results for b and the absorption coefficient based on absolute
values of p(45) for offshore waters. This value for the "constant"
k appears, however, to be too high for San Diego Bay in which at
times c - 30/3(45) < 0 .,_ and k = 12 sr gives somewhat more
reasonable results.
Unfortunately, simultaneous scattering measurements were not
available in the near-forward range of angles, i.e., 0 4. Q< 100 ,
within which a major portion of the scattered light is directed, thus
making it impossible to carry out the integration of /(9) to obtain b
directly.
Measurements of the Absolute Volume ScatteringFunction for Green Light in Southern California
Coastal Waters
by
Stevens Parrington Tucker
A THESIS
submitted to
Oregon State University
in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the
degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
June 1973
APPROVED:
Redacted for Privacy
Wayne V. urt, Major Professor, Professor of Oceanography
Redacted for Privacy
David L. Willis, Chairman, General Science Department
Redacted for Privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Date thesis is presented 26 May 1972
Typed by J. B. Madler for Stevens Parrington Tucker
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply indebted, to the late Dr. George F. Beardsley, Jr, ,
whose support and encou ragen-ient made the completion of this work
possible, To Dr, Wayne V, Burt I owe thanks for his encouragement
to pursue this study in the first place,
I owe special thanks to Mr, Kenneth V, Mackenzie of the Naval
Undersea Research and Development Center and former head of the
NEL Deep Submergence Group, for his support while I was at the
Navy Electronics Laboratory. Thanks are due also to Mr. Robert
Seeley who designed and constructed the projector lamp current
regulator and helped at sea.
I am indebted also to Senior Chief Petty Officer Douglas Tarvin,
USN, Captain of the YFU-45 and his crew for their help during
numerous cruises in 1965 and 1966; and to Lieutenant J. M. Rodgers,
USN, Captain of the USS REXBURG, and his crew for their assistance
during our several cruises in 1967.
Finally, and most especially, I am indebted to Mr. James Reese
of the Naval Undersea Research and Development Center, whose help
in all aspects of this work proved invaluable, including work at sea,
data reduction, and writing both the Mie scattering and data reduction
programs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. NEL SCATTERING METER 16
A. Introduction 16
B. Mechanical Modifications 20
1. Suspension Frame 20
2. Cable 22
3. Batteries 23
4. Battery Boxes 23
5. Power Supply Case 25
C. Electrical Circuit ry 27
1. Introduction 27
2. Deck Control Box 27
3. Motor Housing Circuitry 28
4. Detector 30
5. Projector 31
6. High Voltage Supply and Projector Servo 31
III. CALIBRATION OF THE NEL SCATTERING METER . 38
IV. MEASUREMENT PROGRAM 51
A. Introduction 51
B. Distilled Water 51
C. Scattering from Artificial Spheres 54
D. Laboratory Measurements on Samples ofSan Diego Bay Water 58
E. IN,leasure:-.1i':s of Sari Diego BayWater at t]-1e. NEL 59
F. Measurements in Coastal Waters off San Diego . . . 76
V. SUMMARY 105
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 107
APPENDIX A FORTRAN program used to reduce NELscattering meter data on the NEL CDC1604 computer 112
APPENDIX B FORTRAN program used to reduce Brice-Phoenix scattering meter data on the OSUCDC 330 digital computer 114
APPENDIX C FORTRAN program used to make Miescattering calculations on the NEL CDC1604 computer 117
APPENDIX D Graphs of absolute volume scatteringfunctions measured with the NELscattering meter 121
APPENDIX E Tables of absolute volume scatteringfunctions measured with the NELscattering meter 136
APPENDIX F Tables of absolute volume scatteringfunctions measured with the Brice-Phoenix scattering meter, 204
APPENDIX G Graphs of the total beam attenuationcoefficient (c) as a function of depthmeasured with the NOTS null-balancetransmissometer, USS REXBURG,21-24 August 1967 210
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Schematic diagram to show the basic 6instrumental geometry used in the measure-ment of p(g)
2. Photograph of the NEL scattering meter before 19modification. The projector housing is at theleft while the detector is on the right. Theblack box in front of the projector is a lighttrap. The black cylinders in front of thedetector and projector are light shields
3. NEL scattering meter support frame (a) and 21cable termination (b)
4. Type 30H battery (12 V, 100 AH) modified for 24use in high pressure oil bath (a). Battery boxschematic (b)
5. Block diagram showing the principal components 26of the scattering meter and the necessary con-necting cables
6. Motor housing switching circuitry 29
7. Block diagram of solid state servo illumination 32control unit
8. Schematic diagram of solid state servo 33illumination control unit
9. Photograph of the assembled instrumentpackage. Battery boxes are at each corner,while the Marine Advisers alpha-meter isto the left of the NEL scattering meter. Athermistor probe is shown strapped to theblack cylinder immediately beneath the pro-jector housing. The high voltage powersupply and photometer circuitry are in thecase at the far right-hand side. (The smallcylinder between the battery boxes on theleft contains a CO2 sensor. )
37
10. Volume calibration schematic: I./ = r2
= 48. 3 39cm. The photo-tube was normal 10 the cali-bration plate.
atic 42
Figure Page
12. Volume ratio by Tyler's procedure (1963). 46The solid line is a least-squares fit ofV 1(0)/A
13. Cross section of a diverging projector beam 48
14. Examples of raw data from several NEL 50scattering meter runs. Distilled water inlaboratory tank (a), San Diego Bay water atthe NEL barge (b). Offshore deep water (c)
15. Chart showing the locations of the oceanstations at which scattering measurementswere made off San Diego
52
16. Chart showing the locations of the NEL barge 53and the near-shore station in San Diego Bay
17. Scattering functions for distilled water 55
18. Scattering functions measured for latex 57spheres. Solid lines are best fits calculatedby Mie theory; dotted lines are measureds catte ring. Ordinates: relative scatte ringcoefficient. Abscissas: scattering angles indegrees. a = radius of spheres, m = relativerefractive index, and k = wave number
19. Volume scattering coefficient as a function 60of scattering angle for San Diego Bay waterin NEL tank, 18 May 1967. Vertical barsindicate probable uncertainties in the abso-lute values of p(Q)
20. Comparison between NEL and Brice-Phoenix 61scattering meters for San Diego Bay water,18 May 1967
21. Tidal level in San Diego Bay as a function of 65time during scattering meter lowerings A, B,and C from the NEL barge
22. Beam attenuation, absorption, and totalscattering coefficients, al, salinity, andtemperature as functions of depth forlowerings A (a), B (b), and C (c) at theNEL barge, 29-30 June 1967
23. Water density (C/t. ) plotted as a function ofbeam transmission (c) for each of the threecasts made at the NEL barge in San DiegoBay, 29-30 June 1967
67
68
Figure Page
24. Scattering for various depths. Values were 69averaged over two scans. NEL barge,29-30 June 1967
25. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for NEL bargelowering A of 29-30 June 1967 (perspectivedrawing)
26. Volume scattering coefficient as a-functionof scattering angle and depth for NEL bargelowering B of 29-30 June 1967 (perspectivedrawing)
27. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for NEL bargelowering C of 29-30 June 1967 (perspectivedrawing)
28. Comparisonments mades catte ring mete rs,29-30 June 1967
of relative scattering measure-with the NEL and Brice-Phoenix
run 1B, NEL barge,
29. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for YFU-45cruise of 21-22 July 1966 (perspectivedrawing)
30. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth for USSREXBURG cruise of 21-22 August 1967(perspective drawing)
31. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle for USS REXBURGcruise of 23-24 August 1967 (perspectivedrawing)
32. Volume scatteringof scattering angle19-20 July 1966
33. Volume scatteringof scattering angle21-22 July 1966
34. Volume scattering
21-LL Chu
coefficient as a functionand depth. YFU-45,
coefficient as a functionand depth. YFU-45,
coefficient as a functionand nth, REXBURG,
71
72
73
75
83
84
85
86
87
88
Figure Page
35. Volume scattering coefficient as a functionof scattering angle and depth. REXBURG,22-23 August 1967
36. Beam attenuation, absorption, and totalscattering coefficients and temperature asfunctions of depth. YFU-45, 19-20 July1966 (a) and 21-22 July 1966 (b)
37. Beam attenuation, absorption, and totalscattering coefficients and temperature asfunctions of depth. REXBURG, 21-22August 1967 (a) and 23-24 August 1967 (b)
38. Beam attenuation plotted as a function of(3(43), USS REXBURG, 21-22 and 23-24August 1967
89
92
93
94
39. Beam transmission, temperature, dissym- 95metry ratio, (3(90), and (0) for variousangles, as functions of depth, USS REXBURG,21-22 August 1967
40. Beam transmission, temperature, dis sym-metry ratio, 0(90), and AO) for variousangles, as functions of depth, USS REXBURG,23-24 August 1967
96
41. Dissymmetry ratio shown as a function of 98temperature, USS REXBURG, 23-24 August1967
42, c-Z 45 and c- g(90) plots, USS REXBURG, 99.13523-z4and
1967
43. Variation of 0 at 3(0) . . with depth, 100USS REXBURG, 23-24rikaiglial.119967
44. Example of plot of f2(0) as a function of /3(90) 102for 0 = 70°, USS REXBURG and NEL bargedata
45. Particle scattering coefficient R(0) as a 103function of angle. Comparison of NEL datafor June and August 1967 (solid line) withMorel's (1965) observations (crosses). Theuncertainties are those quoted by Morel.
46. Comparison of scattering functions measured 104\vit s c ii1 varioustypes of water
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1.
2.
Summary of data collected from the NELbarge located in San Diego Bay, 29-30June 1967
Summary of data collected from the YFU-45in the coastal waters off San Diego, 19-20July 1966
63
77
3. Summary of data collected from the YFU-45 .78in the coastal waters off San Diego, 21-22July 1966
4. Summary of data collected from the USSREXBURG in the coastal waters off San Diego,21-22 August 1967
5. Summary of data collected from the USSREXBURG in the coastal waters off San Diego,23-24 August 1967
80
81
Measurements of the Absolute Volume Scattering Function for GreenLight in Southern California Coastal Waters
I. INTRODUCTION
The area of oceanography known as "optical", and sometimes called
"hydrological optics", is concerned with the behavior of light in sea
water, either because such behavior is of intrinsic interest, or because
its study is of help in the interpretation of non-optical phenomena. The
source of the light studied may be natural in origin (e. g., the sun or a
bioluminescent organism) or artificial (e. g. , a lamp of some type) and
may be located within or outside the water mass in question as may be
the location of the light detector employed. The optical properties of
the oceans are separable into two distinct but closely related classes,
which are termed apparent or inherent, depending upon their nature
(Tyler and Preisendorfer, 1962). The former are affected by factors
external to the water mass studied, whereas the latter are affected
solely by the water itself, with its associated dissolved and particulate
matter, and are somewhat analogous to the intensive properties of
thermodynamics. The water sample whose inherent properties are to
be determined, in principle, may be located at the time of measurement
within the ocean itself (in situ) or in the laboratory (in vitro ). The
apparent properties must be measured in situ. The attenuation with
depth of submarine daylight (diffuse attenuation) is an example of an
apparent property, while the attenuation of a beam of artificial light with
distance along the beam corresponds to an inherent property. Theoreti-
cal relationships between the apparent and inherent properties have been
developed by Preisendorfer (1965), for example, but these have yet to
be fully tested empirically, due to the difficulties involved in making
2simultaneous measurements of multiple optical parameters at sea.
Thus for monochromatic, unpolarized light, if the volume absorption
coefficient is known from point to point within a water mass, along
with the volume scattering function, which depends upon the scatter-
ing angle, and provided that the source geometry is known, the other
optical properties such as vector radiance as a function of position
can be calculated.
Underwater optical characteristics, which are functions of wave-
length, depth, time, and position, are studied for a wide variety of
reasons. For marine biologists the intensity of submarine daylight
as a function of depth and wavelength is an important consideration in
the study of the growth and distribution of phytoplankton. Standing
crops may be estimated in terms of the ability of water in a given
area to transmit a beam of light over a short path (usually one meter
in length). In any work, either theoretical or applied, involving the
use of artificial light sources (very often beams), it is of prime
importance to know what are the scattering and absorbing properties
of the water as functions of position and wavelength. Because the
light scattering properties of seawater are very intimately connected
with the size, shape, composition, and numbers of the particles (or
bubbles) which may be suspended in it, measures of light scattering
are frequently used in the estimation of the particle content of the
water and in tracing suspended particulates to their sources. If the
particles are monodisperse and of simple geometric shape (contrary
to the normal regime in natural waters) it becomes possible to esti-
mate both their size and ',-;er density on the basis of measurements
3
of light scattering. Conversely, if a water mass possesses a
characteristic particle content, then light scattering measurements
can be used to trace the water mass.
Although laboratory measurements of light scattering from sea-
water samples may be useful in the characterization of water masses,
it is generally recognized that, if a knowledge of the scattering prop-
erties of the water in situ is desired, the scattering measurements
themselves must be made in situ, for the removal of a water sample
from the sea leads necessarily to an alteration in the distribution of
particles suspended in it; whether this be by the settling out of
particles which are no longer neutrally buoyant because of changes
in density and pressure; by the addition of contaminants in the pro-
cess of collecting, handling, and analysing the sample; by biological
activity as evidenced by either growth or decay; by chemical activity,
which may cause either the dissolution or precipitation of particulates;
or, finally, by simple change in pressure from the deep-sea environ-
ment to the laboratory, which may alter the size and shape of organic
or organic-derived particles.
The present paper is concerned with the in situ measurement (for
green light) in deep ocean water of two inherent optical properties,
namely the total (beam) attenuation coefficient and the absolute volume
scattering function between 10 and 160 degrees from the forward
direction. In this section both of these properties are defined, and
formulas for the theoretical calculation of the volume scattering
function are discussed.
4Consider a beam of monochromatic* light of diameter small
with respect to its length and directed in the positive x-direction in
the fluid of interest. Let I be the intensity of the light incident upon
a small volume A dx of the fluid, where A is the beam diameter.
The loss of beam intensity in traversing the distance dx is
dI = - c dx ( 1 )
where the constant of proportionality c is, by definition, the total
beam attenuation coefficient**. Integration of equation 1 over a path
of length x, with I0 the initial and I the final intensity gives
I= Ie -c x0 (2)
A further quantity which we shall have occasion to use is the beam
transmittance, T, obtained when both sides of equation 2 are divided
by Io:
T = I/Ioe-c x
(3)
In oceanography the customary units taken for c are m1, and T is
* It is to be understood that both the scattering and absorption coef-ficients are wavelength dependent.
** The notation used here is chosen to conform with that adopted bythe Committee on Radiant Energy in the Sea of the InternationalAssociation of Physical Oceanography (Jerlov, 1968, p. 2). Inthe past the symbol CC has often been used for the beam attenuationcoefficient. Hence, the name "alpha-meter". The term "extinc-tion'? has also commonly been used in the past to mean beam at-tenuation, although "extinction" has also been used by some authorswhen referring to the diffuse attenuation of downwelling submarinedaylight. Further confusion has resulted in the past from the useby some oceanographers of a decade attenuation coefficient ratherthan that which arises naturally, from equation (1) as can be seenfrom equation (2).
5
normally referred to a one-meter pathlength. The attenuation length
L is defined
L = 1/c (4)
The mechanisms by which light is removed from a beam passing
through a turbid medium (such as sea water) are four-fold and include
the effects of scattering by the water, b' , scattering by suspended
particulates, bp, absorption by the water, a' , and absorption by sus-w
pended particulates, aP
. a' and b' may be treated as sums of termsw w
involving pure water and the effects of whatever dissolved matter may
be present*. Thus,
at aw = a wand b' = b + b
w w d
(5a)
(5b)
The beam attenuation coefficient may thus be broken down:
total attenuation = absorption + scattering (6a)
c = a + b (6b)
Expanding (6b) we have:
c = a' + b' +a p+bp =aw+ ad + ap + bw + bd + bp (7)w w
The volume scattering function is defined as the radiant intensity,
dI(Q), from a volume element, dV, in a direction, Q, per unit of
irradiance, E, on the volume per unit volume:
pdI(r(g)
E dV0) [sr- 1 -m -1] (8)
These quantities are shown in Figure 1 below, which illustrates also
the basis for instruments used to measure the volume scattering-function in the angular range 170o >0 >10°.
In this !present i.c)n \Ye the effects of turbulence on thescattering a Ill s _ rer. rorz Eq. (10) below thatvariations in temperature, refractive index, or isothermal com-pressibility will alter the scattering coefficient.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram to show the basic instrumentalgeometry used in the measurement of pm.
The total scattering coefficient, b = bw + bd + by [ from (6b) and
is obtained by integrating (8) over all solid angles:
b= 1fi(Q) = fi(0) sin Q dQ (16 = 21r sinQ dQ (9)
477" o 0
(7)],
In (9) it has been assumed that the scattering function does not de-
pend upon the angle 6, i. e. for a given angle Q the scattering is
unifo rin around o t .
6
7
Historically, interest in the optical properties of the sea resulted
mainly from a desire to explain its color. We will not trace this
development here, but refer the reader to Aufsess' paper, "Die
Farbe der Seen" (1904) for a presentation of the early history*. The
first attempts to measure quantitatively the attenuation of light in
water were made at least as early as 1762 by Bouguer** (Aufsess,
1904). From the time of Aufsess' paper, in which he presents lab-
oratory measurements of the spectral dependence of the beam attenu-
ation coefficient for samples of pure water and water from various
German lakes, the technology has been available to make satisfactory
laboratory measurements of c. It was not until the beginning of the
nineteen-thirties, however, with the ready availability of photovoltaic
cells (notably selenium, at first), that the development of practical
in situ instruments for the measurement of the beam attenuation
became possible. Because the instrumentation for the in situ mea-
surement of c is relatively simple compared to that needed to obtain
p(8) or b, it is the only inherent optical property which has been
measured with any frequency by oceanographers during the past
thirty years or so. Even today it is the only inherent optical para-
rrrter measured in situ on a relatively routine basis.
* Two bibliographies in particular are very useful in this connectionalso. They are "A bibliography of the publications on the colour,transparency and penetration of daylight into natural waters"(Vransky and Markov, 1947) and "Transmission of light in water:An annotated bibliography" (Du Pre and Dawson, 1961).
**P. Bouguer, Optice, p. 30. Vienna 1762. Also see Traitd'optique sur la gradation de la lurnire. Paris, 1760.
8
Laboratory measurements of scattering relative to air for pure
water for a scattering angle 0 = 90° were reported by Raman and Rao
(1923). Shortly afterwards Ramanathan (1923) published the first labora-
tory measurements of the volume scattering function (relative to 90°)for
six angles between 30° and 150° for samples of pure water and sea
water from a number of locations. Ramanathan also noted the
fluorescence of some of his sea water samples and attributed this
(correctly) to the probable presence of dissolved organic material
in the water.
The development of the multiplier-phototube (ca. 1940) made
possible the design of practical instruments by physical chemists
for the laboratory measurement of the angular dependence of the
volume scattering function in liquids (Zimm, 1948; Brice, Halwer,
and Speiser, 1950). Laboratory measurements on sea water samples
have been made by a number of oceanographers during the past
twelve years (Sasaki, et al. , 1960; Hinzpeter, 1962; Spilhaus, 1965;
Beardsley, 1966; Morrison, 1967; Rozenberg, et al. , 1970; Pak,
1970) who have used such instruments to obtain values of /(0) rela-
tive to 0(90) for the approximate range of angles 30°e<0140°.
Geometrical considerations limit the angular range of these instru-
ments, which are based on the scheme illustrated in Figure 1. The
maximum angular range achievable is about 10°4 8 4170°. Beyond
these limits, because dV (0) csc 8 dV(90), the scattering volume,
as well as the uncertainty in this volume, become prohibitively
large. The measurement of fi(0) in the range 140°4 9...180° is not
neat interest ontrilrAtes 17)1.11: ,.-:.7!ry slightly
9to the total scattering coefficient b for large scattering angles. A
knowledge of the behavior of fi(Q) for the range 0 10° is highly
important, however, for the contribution of p(Q) to b in this range is
normally more than 70% for sea water (Morrison, 1967). Because
of this important contribution of scattering in the near-forward
direction, which is beyond the range of conventional scattering
meters, several meters have been designed which permit relative
measurements to be made near Q = 0° (Kozlyaninov, 1957; Ochakovsky,
1966; Duntley, 1963; Bauer and Ivanoff, 1965; Bauer and Morel, 1967;
Kullenberg, 1966; Morrison, 1967). Such forward-angle measure-
ments are not routinely made. Furthermore, it is believed that to
date (March 1972) no simultaneous in situ measurements of scatter-
ing for both wide and narrow angles have been made. In situ meters
to measure the relative volume scattering function at wide anglesof) ti o(10 < Q <170 ) have been employed by Jerlov (1961) and Tyler and
Richardson (1958).
The theoretical basis for an in situ instrument to be used to
measure directly the absolute value of the volume scattering
function at wide angles (10°k Q' l60 °) was described by Tyler (1963),
while the instrument itself (in its original configuration) was discussed
by Tyler and Austin (1964). It is this instrument, constructed jointly
by the Visibility Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
and the U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory* and capable of operation
*The Underseas Technology Section of NEL, which commissioned theinstrument, was recently merged with underseas sections of theNaval Ordnance Testinz Station (NOTS) to form a new organization,the Naval T:nri,,rso.a '7, 7 rd Develobrt-A.--nt Center (NT7C,), while
r icEi- have become the NavalElectronics Laboratory Center (NELC).
10
at extreme depths, which was used in a modified form for the present
study. The modifications of the instrument which we made and its use
will be discussed in the section below.
The scattering of light in natural waters may be considered as a
sum of three effects, namely the scattering by scattering centers
which are very small with respect to the wavelength in water (d<4, ),
scattering by particles of the order of magnitude of the wavelength
and somewhat larger, (d,IJA) and scattering by particles which are
very large with respect to the wavelength (d>>/.2). For d>>/t the
scattering is governed by geometrical optics and is normally not of
great importance in ocean waters. The first effect is termed
Rayleigh scattering after Lord Rayleigh (1871), who first solved the
problem of scattering in gases which obey Boyle's Law. A theory
of scattering in liquids, sometimes called fluctuation theory, was
developed by Smoluchowski (1908) and Einstein (1910). In this
theory the scattering is assumed due to the statistical fluctuations
in the density or concentration throughout the liquid. The theory
was modified by Cabannes (1921) to account for the fact that the
scattering centers in some liquids are not isotropic, which results
in incomplete polarization of the light scattered at 90°. It was further
modified to agree better with experiment by Vessot-King (Jerlov,
1968) to the following form, which differs by a factor of (n2-1-2)2/9.A.21. 5
from that which is, for example, given by Dawson and Hulburt (1941):
kT (n2 - 1)2 6(1 -f-g' ) 1 -g#= + cos2Q) (10)o 2 V 6 7S" 1
where io is the into incident (unpolarized) light; i is the'
11
intensity of light scattered atangle Q from the direction of the incident
beam; is the isothermal compressibility; k is Boltzmann's constant;
n is the index of refraction; T is the absolute temperature; and 5 is
the so-called polarization defect, which is defined as
ih /iv
where ih is the intensity of the light scattered at 90o having polari-
zation parallel to the plane of scatteringland iv is that polarization
perpendicular to the plane of scattering. The best measurement to
date ofS- is probably that of Morel (1966), who found = 0. 090
for pure water. Upon substitution into (10) we have:
i = 6. 02 io I kT (n2-1)2 (1 + O. 835 cos Q) (12)
Using equation (10) or (12) or the scattering observations of Morel
(1966) for pure water relative to benzene it is possible to calculate
bw in equation (7). From his measurements (relative to benzene) of
scattering from samples of highly filtered sea water, it is possible
also to estimate the contribution (bd) of the dissolved salts in sea
water to the total attenuation coefficient (equation (7)).
To determine the scattering function for particles of diameter
approximately that of the wavelength of light (d'Z,,A.. ) Mie scattering
theory must be applied. Mie (1908) was the first to solve the prob-
lem of light scattering from spheres of arbitrary size. The develop-
ment of Mie's theory, starting with Maxwell's equations, is given
by Van de Hulst (1957) and by Born and Wolf (1959, pp. 630-661),
for example. ,vo pr:-,-.-ent only the basic equations of the Mie
theory following the notation of Van de Hulst.
Let Ho be the irradiance [watts/m2] of a beam of light of wave
number k = 2111/x (in the medium) incident on a sphere. Then at a
distance r from the sphere the scattered irradiance will be
H=2k2r2
Ho (11 + iz)
12
(13)
where i1
and i2
[= iv and ih of (11)] are the intensities of scattered
light having electric vectors respectively oriented perpendicular and
parallel to the plane of scattering defined by the directions of incident
and scattered light. Since
NH = V2-- p(Q) Ho (14)
in which N is the number of scatterers per unit volume and V is the
scattering volumes from (13) and (14) it is seen that for a single
scatterer,
(1/2) (i1 + i2)p (c)
k 2 (15)
Letting z = cos Q, the scattered intensities are obtained directly
from the amplitude functions of the scattered light, 1(Q) andS2(Q):
it S l(
18201
Ln=1
co
n=1
2n+1n(n +l)
2n+1n(n+1)
[An(z ) + Bn'tin(z )1nili
[Bnitrn(z) + Anien(z)]2
(16)
(17)
13In (16) and (17) An, Bn' fin' and fen have the following definitions:
er?n(z) = (d /dz) Pnl(z) (18)
ren(z) = z j n(z) -(1 - z2)1/2 (d /dz) filin(z) (19)
2n+1 S'(mka)Sn(ka)-mSn(mka)Sin(ka)An n(n +l) S;i(mka) 'n(ka)-m5n(mka)cn(ka)
2n+1Bn n(n+1) mS In( mka n(ka )-Sn(mka5n1 (ka )
(20)
(21)
1 iPn(z) is the associated Legendre polynomial of the first order; a is
the radius of the spherical particle; m is the refractive index of the
particle relative to the surrounding medium, i.e., m = nparticle/
nmedium. The other functions used in (20) and (21) are given by
(22) through (25):
Sn(Y) (11Y/2)1/2 jn+1 2(Y) (22)
Sn' (y) = (d /dy) Sn(y) (23)
n(y) = Sn(Y) + i Cn(Y) [i = (-1)1 /2] (24)
C1(y) = (ify/2)1/2 Nn+1/2(Y) (-1)n(ii,y/2)1/2j_n_1 (25)
,J;) (y) is a Bessel function of the first kind and is defined for general
values of)" Nn+1/2(y) is the Neumann function. The right-hand
member of (25) is obtained from the middle member using the
relation (Abramowitz and Ste gun, 1964; p. 358) given below:
cos is,'11 1 - (-11 isirAP" 1 (26)
14Exact solutions to the Mie -type scattering problem for a number
of simply-shaped particles other than spheres have been obtained
(Van de Hulst, 1957; chapters 15 and 16),but they are far more
complicated. It has not been until the last ten years or so, with the
general availability of large, high speed, digital computers, that it
has been practical to investigate numerically solutions to the Mie
problem over a wide range of parameters. Previously the calcu-
lations were very tedious and were generally limited to the ranges
of published tables of Mie functions.
Although for sea water samples the suspended particles are in
general neither spherical in shape nor uniform in size distribution
nor of uniform (or even well known) relative refractive index, Mie
calculations have been used with some success to interpret the
spectral dependence of the beam attenuation coefficient (Burt, 1954)
and laboratory measurements of the volume scattering function for
sea water samples from the deep ocean (Sasaki, 1960, 1968).
Spilhaus (1965) used the theory to explain the observed (smooth)
volume scattering functions obtained for most sea water samples in
terms of a number of superimposed mono-disperse particle systems.
Gordon and Brown (1971) have calculated (theoretically) volume
scattering functions for given distributions of particles of known
refractive index. Brown and Gordon (1972) have calculated tables
from which volume scattering functions may be determined with
relative ease on a desk calculator for certain fixed scattering angles,
refractive indices, and wavelengths. We applied Mie theory in this
of scat'.
known mono-disperse and poly-disperse particle systems.
15Our goal in the present study, which was carried out at the U.S.
Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, was to make for the
first time in situ measurements in deep ocean water of the absolute
scattering function [eq. (8)]. It was hoped initially that it would be
possible to observe in situ intermediate peaks in the scattering func-
tion such as the striking ones observed by Sasaki, et al. (1960) in
their laboratory analysis of samples collected at depths between
600 and 3000 rn. As we shall see, such peaks -- which are indica-
tive of mono-disperse or nearly mono-disperse particle distribu-
tions -- were not observed in the coastal waters off San Diego. In
the following section the instrumentation used to achieve our goal
is described.
16IL THE NEL SCATTERING METER
A. INTRODUCTION
The Navy Electronics Laboratory (NEL)* in situ light scattering
meter (nephelometer) was designed by John Tyler and Roswell Austin
of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Visibility Laboratory at the
request of the NEL Deep Submergence Group for use on the bathy-
scaph TRIESTE. The theory on which it is based has been presented
by Tyler (1963) while a description of the instrument as originally
constructed has been given by Tyler and Austin (1964).
Because of the use of the TRIESTE in the search for the nuclear
submarine THRESHER and because of the subsequent assignment of
the TRIESTE as an operational craft, the NEL scattering meter had
not been used until the summer of 1965, during whichI modified it
foi use from a surface vessel. The NEL scattering meter is unique
in that it is an in situ instrument capable of operation at great depths
and capable of yielding absolute values of the volume scattering
function, which has been measured previously in situ in surface
waters only.
The great weight of the meter (466 pounds in air without mounting
brackets, storage batteries, chart recorder, and the required-
approximately-ten gallons of transformer oil), a factor which pre-
cludes its use on submersibles with relatively small payloads such
as DEEPSTAR-4000, was the principal reason for the modifications
to allow its operation from a surface vessel.
*See footnote on p. 9. We will refer in this paper to the organization(,TEL) existing at the time our work was performed.
17
As modified and with the seven-conductor well-logging cable
purchased by the NEL Deep Submergence Group during the summer
of 1965, the scattering meter is completely self-contained, with the
exception of a ship-board chart recorder and a control box, and can
be lowered from a surface vessel to a depth of 4, 000 feet, the only
limitation being the cable length. Absolute values of the scattering
function were normally obtained to only 1, 000 feet, however, because
of the depth limitation of the Marine Advisers Model C-2a alpha-
meter (beam transmissometer) ordinarily used with the scattering
meter.
In this section the modifications to the original design of Tyler
and Austin (1964), which were made during the summer of 1965 and
afterward to allow the use of the scattering meter from a surface
ship,will be described.
As originally designed the scattering meter was to be de ck-
mounted on the deep submersible TRIESTE, which was to supply
electrical power for its operation in the form of 115 V AC to run the
synchronous motor used to vary the scattering angle and 24 V DC for
the high voltage power supply and the projector lamp. The high
voltage power supply was built into an EGG camera case and was
intended to be deck-mounted near the scattering meter. The recorder
used to plot the scattered light intensity as a function of scattering
angle was to be located within the sphere of the bathyscaph along
with a small control panel. The principal controls were on-off
switches for the scattering angle motor, for the projector, and for
the high voltage power supply, as well as a rheostat in series with
18the projector lamp, which was to be used manually by the operator
to maintain a constant lamp intensity as monitored by an International
Rectifier Corporation DP-3 photocell mounted in the projector
housing and connected to a microammeter on the control panel. A
photograph of the scattering meter before the modifications which
will be discussed below is given in Figure 2. As can be seen from
the photograph the meter was designed to be operated as shown, with
the optical bench above the motor housing.
To provide for the successful operation of the scattering meter at
great depths and from a surface ship, it was necessary to devise a
means of suspending it in the position for which it was designed, to
supply electrical power in situ, to ensure the constancy of the lamp
light intensity, and to record the data to be collected. In addition,
of course, it was highly desirable to make beam attenuation
measurements in conjunction with the scattering measurements in
order to allow the determination of the absolute volume scattering
function. Briefly, the solution of these problems entailed the con-
struction of a large framework on which all the in situ apparatus could
be mounted, the substitution of a 24-V DC motor for the 115-V AC
motor to be used with two 100-ampere-hour 12-V batteries in situ,
the construction of a transistorized servo-circuit to maintain a con-
stant lamp intensity, and the use of 3/8" diameter, 12, 500-pound
breaking strength, 7-conductor well-logging cable to lower the
equipment and to provide signal paths to the surface for control and
recording purposes. In the next section we will discuss the mechani-
cal aspects of the solution acionted.
Figure 2. Photograph of the NEL scattering meter before modification. Theprojector housing is at the left while the detector is on theright. The black box in front of the projector and facing thedetector is a light trap. The black cylinders in front of thedetector and projector are light shields.
,13
20B. MECHANICAL MODIFICATIONS
1. Suspension Frame
A large frame similar to the one depicted in Figure 3(a) was
built to support the scattering meter. Galvanized eyes are welded
to the tops of the corner uprights. These four eyes are connected
by shackles to four lengths of one-inch angle-iron, each approxi-
mately five feet long, which in turn have eyes welded to each end.
The four lengths of angle-iron are shackled together at their vertex
to a larger shackle which passes through the bottom of the well-
logging cable termination (Figure 3(b)). In Figure 3(a) the one-inch
angle-irons are indicated by the narrow lines which converge toward
a ring at the top of the figure. The frame and the battery boxes
described below are painted black over a Laminar undercoat. The
scattering meter is bolted across the suspension frame from one of
the long base members to the other at their midpoints, i.e., 49" from
the ends, so that the over-hanging optical bench which holds the
detector housing and which rotates with respect to the main housing
is protected by the 3/4" pipes shown in the sketch in Figure 3(a).
The two battery boxes to be described are placed in upright positions,
one on a bracket (not shown) which extends from the right-hand corner
of the frame nearest the bottom of the drawing in Figure 3(a), and the
other upon a supplementary support also not shown in the figure, but
just inside the far left-hand corner as viewed in that figure. The
Marine Advisers alpha-meter is clamped across the suspension
frame just to the right of the sloping braces on the 1 eft side of
.1-17ure 3(a) nc <- mete r.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. NEL scattering meter support frame (a) and cable termination (b).
N
222. Cable
The 3/8" externally armored well-logging cable which was
adopted is Vector type A-3003. It has six nylon jacketed No. 20
gauge cadmium-bronze conductors and a breaking strength of 12, 500
pounds. Because the cable is externally armored and can be
crushed if not properly handled, causing damage to the internal
conductors, the cable end-termination design sketched in Figure
3 (b) was adopted, the principal demensions being determined
mainly by the minimum allowable bending radius as specified by the
manufacturer. In the case of the cable used this radius is six inches.
Hence, the disk shown at the top of Figure 3(b) and around which the
cable is twice wrapped before passing through the guide is greater
than 12 inches in diameter, i. e. , 13 inches. Similarly, the radii
of curvature of the bottom one of the two spacers (cross-hatched in
the figure) are 6 inches. After passing through the guide the cable
passes through two brass clamps, one of which is illustrated. The
holes through which the cable passes along the lengths of the clamps
were reamed to 3/8" with 0. 004" shim stock in place between the
halves. Thus, with the shim stock removed, the clamps compress
the cable slightly when in use, preventing slippage. Upon passing
through the last clamp one end of the cable continues to the surface
vessel, while the other is spliced to a short length of rubber-coated
cable terminated by an underwater plug which mates with a bulkhead
connector on the motor housing. The large shackle used to connect the
suspension angle irons mentioned above passes through the small hole in
23disk shown in Figure 3(b). In use, the part of the termination shown
at the top of the figure is actually pointed downward, just opposite to
what might appear from the sketch.
3. Batte rie s
Two 100-ampere -hour, 12-volt batteries were prepared in a
manner which has been used successfully for a number of years on
TRIESTE. The tops of the batteries were sealed with an epoxy resin
and small polyethylene bottles were attached to each of the filling ports
as shown in Figure 4(a). Approximate dimensions are given in the
figure. In practice the bottles are attached to the battery filling
holes by means of threaded sleeves, and they are filled with electro-
lyte through a small hole in the "bottom" of each to about one half
their volume. The batteries are then placed in baths of transformer
oil* to prevent sea water from coming into contact with the electro-
lyte. As the small gas bubbles in the battery electrolyte are com-
pressed, electrolyte from the bottles is forced into the battery cells,
the oil filling a portion of the bottles which have small holes in
their bottoms but not entering the cells themselves.
4. Battery Boxes
A sketch giving the approximate dimensions of the battery boxes
designed for use with the scattering meter is presented in Figure
4(b). The sides and bottoms of the boxes are stiffened with angles
bent from sheet steel (not shown) which keep the batteries away from
*OT electrical insulating oil, Standard Oil Company of Californiadesignation VV-1-530 AA/12:9160-685-0913.
(a)
(b)
24
Figure 4. Type 30H batteiy (12V, 100 Ali) modified for use in highpressure oil bath (a). Battery box schematic (b).
25
the sides and allow the transformer oil with which they are filled to
flow freely. A small drain plug is provided at the bottom of, each box
as well as a plug in the lid which can be used for filling. Because of
the small size of these plugs it has been found convenient to fill the
boxes almost entirely before screwing the lids on and to speed up
draining by filling the boxes with (low pressure) compressed air from
time to time as the oil flows out through a hose attached to the drain
port. (Filling has also been speeded up through the use of a large
funnel constructed from a three-quart tin can. ) The stand-pipe
shown at one end of the box in the sketch allows sea water to enter
the bottom of the box to equalize the pressure between the inside and
the outside. It is bent over at the top to prevent the escape of oil to
the sea. The electrical leads for the batteries are brought out
through the sides of the boxes by means of Marsh and Marine
XSK-2S bulkhead connectors, which mate with the connectors on the
ends of cables C5 and C6 shown in Figure 5, a block diagram show-
ing the principal components of the scattering meter and the con-
necting cables used.
5. Power Supply Case
The EGG camera case which houses the high voltage power
supply (called the "photometer chassis" in the description of Tyler
and Austin (1964)) is mounted on its side along the right-hand (short)
side of the suspension frame as it is sketched in Figure 2(a). It is
connected to the motor housing assembly by a 12-conductor cable
terminated at each end by single 12-pin connectors. As originally
designed, 9 single-pin Mecca connectors were used to 17'715S through
MARINE ADVISERSALPHA METER
C3
MOTOR HOUSING CONTAININGSWITCHING RELAYS, MOTOR,AND ANGLE POTENTIOMETER
I PROJECTOR I I
Cl
BATTERYBOX 1 1
BATTERY)BOX 2
26
I DETECTOR IC2
C5 C4 HIGH ANDLOW VOLTAGEPOWER SUPPLYC8+ PROJECTOR
C6 SERVO
ALPHA METERREADOUT
4000' OF 7 CONDUCTORWELL-LOGGING CABLE
JUNCTION BOXAT WINCH
C7
MAIN SHIPBOARDCONTROL BOX
RECORDER
28 V D. C.BATTERY
Figure 5. Block diagram showing the principal components of thescattering meter and the necessary connecting cables.
the power supply end cap. A new cap was machined to accept a 27
single Marsh and Marine 12-pin connector. In addition it was
necessary to bore holes in the motor housing side plate (shown
prominantly in its unmodified state in Figure 2) to accept a number
of electrical bulkhead connectors, the necessity for which will be
shown in the following section.
C. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITRY
1. Introduction
The principal components of the scattering meter and the
necessary connecting cables are diagrammed in block form in
Figure 5. Four of the seven conductors leading to the surface are
used for control purposes, i.e., to operate three in situ relays
from the surface, while the other three conductors are used to
carry the output signals of either the scattering meter or the alpha
meter, which are fed respectively to a Varian Model G-22 two
channel chart recorder or a Moseley x-y plotter (one channel or
direction for scattered light intensity, the other for angle of
scattering) and the Marine Advisers alpha meter readout, Model
S-4a. In the following sections the various parts of the system will
be discussed in detail.
2. Deck Control Box
The deck control box can be operated up to 80 feet (the length of
cable C7) from the winch used to lower the scattering meter
assembly. A 28-V battery supplies power to operate the polarized
24-V DC in situ relays; one switch controls the operation of the
alpha-meter; another, the Operation of the scattering meter projector
28and high voltage power supply; and two more, the operation of the
angle controlling motor. A voltage divider is used to reduce the
output signals from the scattering meter to levels acceptable for the
10-MV full-scale chart recorder. Pilot lights indicate when the
corresponding relays are in operation. A junction box at the winch
is necessary to allow the rapid disconnection of the deck cable when
it is desired to lower or raise the scattering meter. This could be
avoided through the use of slip rings at the winch; however, the
instrument is not used to make continuous vertical measurements,
but must be stopped at a given depth for a time long enough to scan
through about 165° and to make a measurement of alpha, and no
significant amount of time is lost unplugging and plugging the deck
cable.
3. Motor Housing Circuitry
A diagram of the wiring inside the motor housing of the scatter-
ing meter is given in Figure 6. Shown are the bipolar signal and
control relays (I - IX) plus the power relays (X - XIII).
Relay REX with SW1 serve to reverse the motor; REXI is the
alpha-meter on-off relay; REXII is the motor on-off relay; and
REXIII is the lamp and power supply on-off relay. These four
relays are four-pole double throw types, having contacts rated at
15 amperes at 30 volts and 230-ohm, 24-volt coils. Before the use
of the relays in situ they were pressure tested in the laboratory to
6500 p. s. i. , at which pressure they operated satisfactorily.
The angle potentiometer R1 has been described previously
(Tyler and Austin, 1964). Resistor R2 is necessary to drop the
'7.1E TO
1j T4'AC
SITU
),TLY
AUXILIARY ALPHA 12 VSENSORS 1.1TM BATT/1315618 543
12 VBATT
R2Z5,16 02 IvA r7-MANN
ft+ ON1.41Pla
PP.O,TILGTOP.
1_
REEL
1
12 V BATT
Figure 6. Motor housing switching circuitry.
3012 volts from one of the batteries to the 6 volts required by the alpha-
meter lamp.
The 24-volt DC motor shown in Figure 6 replaces the 115 volt
synchronous motor with which the scattering meter was originally
equipped. The motor adopted was a Bodine Type NSH-54RL, 115-volt
DC motor rewound for use on 24 volts DC. The speed of the approxi-
mately 1800-rpm motor (as rewound and operating on 24 volts DC)
is reduced to about 29 rpm by a 60 to 1 reduction gear. The Type
NSH-54RL motor was chosen for rewinding because its external
dimensions were identical with those of the original motor, which
resulted in the elimination of possible mounting problems.
It is to be remembered that the inside of the motor housing is
completely filled with OT electrical insulating oil and that the motor
is operated in it. This factor necessitated the only modification of
the 24-volt DC motor itself, the removal of its internal fan in order
to prevent undue loading in the oil. Because the carbon brushes used
in the motor tend to wear out rather rapidly when operated in oil,
they were checked fairly often.
4. Detector
The detector was modified only insofar as the original Wratten
57 optical filter was replaced with a Wratten 61 filter (dominant
wavelength of 534 nm). Filters for the Marine Advisers alpha-
meter were made from the same sheet of Wratten 61 material.
An additional filter, a 2 mm thick Schott BG-18 glass filter, was
used in the alpha-meter to remove infra-red from the alpha-meter's
tungsten source.
31
5. Projector
The projector was modified only slightly: the leads from the
DP-3 lamp monitoring cell are now brought out through the pro-
jector housing by means of a two-pin bulkhead connector. This
modification was made necessary by the design of the projector
servo circuit discussed below.
6. High Voltage Supply and Projector Servo
As was pointed out above, the scattering meter was originally
designed in such a way that the constancy of the projector lamp
intensity be maintained manually by an observer inside the TRIESTE.
To avoid this manual operation the servo circuit, shown in block form
in Figure 7 and schematically in Figure 8, was designed by Mr. Bob
Seeley of the NEL Deep Submergence Group. The circuit maintains
a constant lamp intensity determined by the output of the monitor cell.
Details of this circuit are discussed elsewhere (Reese and Seeley,
1966).
The size and number of the cable conductors dictated that this
control be self-contained within the meter. The size of the control
unit was sufficiently reduced by the use of semiconductors to fit into
unoccupied space remaining in the power supply pressure case.
Operation of the unit is technically simple as demonstrated by
the block diagram in Figure 7. Large power transistors are placed
in series with the lamp filament. The voltage to the lamp is then
limited by two types of feedback: (1) coarse adjustment sets the
voltage by a standard electronic comparison technique; (2) a fine
control corrects the lanl-) to correspond to a correct lamp
SERIESPOWER CONTROLSOURCE ELEMENT
CONTROLCURRENT
VOLTAGE
CURRENTSOURCE ADDER
)-0
VOLTAGESAMPLER
LAMP I .) CONSTANTINTENSITY
INTENSITY
INTENSITYSAMPLER
TOTAL VOLTAGE COM- I NVER T:INGFEEDBACK STANDARD PARATOR AMPLIFIERCURRENT VOLTAGE
N/FEEDBACK INTENSITYFEEDBACKFEEDBACK ADDER
AMPLIFIER.
Figure 7. Block diagram of solid state servo illumination control unit.
-GROUND
+24 vdce.
HEAT SINK1 INT099 151
2.2K1
2N1307
1
'CIRCUIT
500 I
IN 297413(12V zener diode) 3K
PROJECTORrllauSIg_ _ _ 1
ITI
LL_ J
DP-3MON-
1
E '
Figure 8. Solid state servo illumination control unit.
34intensity as sensed by a monitoring cell. The coarse adjustment
sets the lamp voltage to the approximate range of operation if the
battery voltage should change. The fine adjustment corrects for
any change of intensity caused by aging of the lamp even though the
lamp voltage remains constant.
Figure 6 shows a series control element driven by a control
current. The control current is the sum of a nearly constant
current and the total feedback current. Negative feedback current
lowers the control current, and thus the lamp voltage, when the
intensity or voltage samples indicate that lamp voltage or intensity
is too high. Should lamp intensity or voltage become too low, less
feedback current would flow and the control current would increase,
permitting lamp voltage and intensity to increase.
The completed schematic is shown in Figure 7. Note that two
parallel germanium power transistors (Q1 and Q2) are used for the
series control element, to allow lowest possible collector-to-
emitter saturation voltage. Also, two transistors are required to
avoid thermal run-away in the event the lamp leads become shorted.
Should this happen, these transistors would have to dissipate about
75 watts of power.
A 680-ohm resistor provides the driving current for a mid-range
power transistor (Q3')which in turn drives the larger power transistors.
Feedback amplification and voltage feedback comparison both occur
in the same transistor (Q4). The voltage reference is a 12-volt
Zener diode with a temperature coefficient opposite but equal to that
of the emitter-to-base junction of Q4. Voltage is sampled by a
potential dividing network across the output voltage to the lamp.
35Intensity is sampled by an International Recitifier Corporation
DP-3 monitor cell which is mounted in the projector housing. This
cell is primarily a current source and therefore requires a low
impedance load, which is provided by the common base configu-
ration (Q5). The output current is then amplified by a common
emitter configuration (Q5) to give the intensity feedback current.
The large transistors (Q1 and Q2) control the lamp intensity.
Variable resistors have been added to both feedback paths to
vary the amount of control each exerts on the intensity of the lamp.
Using this system, intensity regulation of better than 1% is obtained.
The only change in the high voltage supply for the detector, with
the exception mentioned above of the replacement of the original nine
Mecca single-pin bulkhead electrical connectors by a single 12-pin
Marsh and Marine connector, was the provision for using the
voltage across a 6. 8-volt Zener diode as the angle potentiometer
reference voltage rather than the voltage applied to the filament of
the cathode follower.
Figure 9 shows a photograph of the assembled instrument package.
The deck control box is resting on top of battery box No. 2 in the
right foreground. At the left--between battery boxes 3 and 1-- is a
CO2 sensor. To the right of these battery boxes is the Marine
Advisers alpha-meter. The EGG camera case housing the high
voltage power supply and photometer circuitry is to be seen at the
far right. The thermistor probe is just below the forward end of
the light detector housing attached to the black cylinder at the right
of the scattering meter. The ruler lying on top of the black cylinder
36
(a second light attenuation meter, which proved to be very unsatis-
factory), is two feet in length. The entire instrument assembly is
resting on a standard pallet which is four feet square.
The depth of the instrument assembly was normally determined
roughly by a series of marks placed at regular intervals on the
well-logging cable. At the same time a more precise estimate of
depth was obtained from a Precision Depth Recorder or Gifft Depth
Recorder on which the in situ instrument was clearly evident.
Figure 9. Photograph of the assembled instrument package. Battery boxes are at each corner,while the Marine Advisers alpha-meter is to the left of the scattering meter. Athermistor probe is shown strapped to the black cylinder immediately beneath theprojector housing. The high voltage power supply and photometer circuitry are inthe case at the far right-hand side. (The small cylinder between the battery boxeson the left is a CO2 sensor. )
38
III. CALIBRATION OF THE NEL SCATTERING METER
Measurements made with the NEL scattering meter depend very
critically on calibration factors which include, among others, the
following: the accuracy with which the scattering volume is deter-
mined as a function (non-linear) of angle; the response (quasi-
logarithmic) of the photometer circuitry as a function of incident
irradiance; the measurement of the scattering angle; the stability
of the light output from the projector lamp; and the accuracy of the
determination of the total beam attenuation coefficient (alpha) both
during calibration and during in situ operation of the scattering meter.
The calibration technique used followed closely that outlined by
Tyler (1963). A plastic diffusing calibration plate is driven along
the axis of detection and across the collimated light beam. Flux
received at the multiplier phototube, with the plate at a distance x
into the scattering volume, is proportional to the cross-sectional
area defined by the projection of the incident beam on the calibration
plate. (Refer to Figurel0 for this and the following discussion. )
The element of radiant intensity scattered from an illuminated
element of area, dA, of the plate in the direction of the photo
detector is
dJ = N dA, (27)
where N is the inherent radiance of the calibration in the direction
of the detector. The irradiance incident on the calibration plate is
H = Ho e-cl rl, (28)
Figure 10. Volume calibration schematic: r1 and r = 48.3 cm. The photo-tube was normal to the calibration plat g.
40where Ho is the irradiance at the projector, c1 is the total beam
attenuation coefficient, and r/ is the distance from the projector to
the calibration plate. We define the transmittance, T(9), of the cali-
bration plate for a beam incident on the plate at angle Q as the ratio
of flux scattered into the direction of the photodetector, per unit area
of the plate, to the normal component of the incident irradiance,
T(9) = N.Q./ H cos Q, (29)
where$1.. is the solid angle defined by the entrance pupil of the photo-
detector and its distance (r fromfrom the calibration plate.
The total flux received at the detector with the calibration plate
at position x is the integral of the flux scattered from the illuminated
area,
-n-J(X) =f-adJ = T(Q)H0e-cl(r1+r2) cos Q A(x) (30)
where A(x) = 5dA is an illuminated area over which J is constant.
The recorder reading, K, for the output of the multiplier photo-
tube is a function of the flux received:
K = F J(x)]. (31)
The integral of the recorded flux as a function of x is related to the
s catte ring volume,
(32)V =SA(x) dx,
by the integral
SS1J(x) dx = T(Q) e-cl(r1 cosQ V = J F -1(K) dx, (33)
41
where F 1(K) is the flux that corresponds to the inverse function
of (31).
To determine the absolute transmittance T(Q) of the calibration
plate at some angle QI' a source diffusion plate of area Al is placed
in front of the source (Figure 11a). Let the radiance of the source
plate be N1. Then, since there is spherical spreading between the
source and calibration plates, the irradiance at r1 (i. e. , incident on
the calibration plate) is
H1 = (Ai Ni/r ) (34)
The area of the calibration plate seen by the photodetector is A2.
The radiance of the calibration plate is N2, and the irradiance at
the phototube is
H2 = (A2N2/r22) e-c1r2 (35)
The effective entrance pupil of the photodetector is r22 SL. Thus, the
flux received is
F 1(K2) = H2r22 11... = N2A2.11 e-c1r2, (36)
where K2 is the reading caused by this flux. From equations (29)
and (36) the transmittance at angle Q1 is given by
T(Q1
) = [F-1(K2)e clr2]/(A2H
1 cosQ 1). (37)
With the calibration plate removed and the photodetector at
r1, r1 = r2 (Figure lib). The beam of detection again limits the
view of the detector to area The ir a.-1._a_ ce at he Detector
42
r1
CALIBRATION PLATE
SOURCEPLATE
r 2
(a) r1 and r2
= 48.3 cm;SI.1 = 0.0022 sr.
Q9 0 A2
111
MPT
(b) r1= 48.3 cm.
Figure 11. Schematics for T(e) calibration.
is then
Hi = (A21\T; ri 2) e -c1
r 1,
43
(38)
while the flux received by the detector and producing a reading K1 is
2F -1 (K1) = ri _CL) = NrAza e -c1
r1. (39)
In Figure the solid angle subtended by the source plate at r1 is
SI-1
= A1
/ r1
. From equations (34), (37), and (39),
[F-1(K2)ecirza] /[ F-1(Kos,11 cosQl]. (40)
The transmittance T(Q) at any other angle is given by the ratio
T(o) /T(o1) = F(Q)cosycosQ,
where the relative flux at angle 9 is defined as
F(.0) = F-1(K1g)/F-1(K2)
and F 1 (K' ) is the flux measured at Q.
From equations (40) and (41) T(Q) can be determined:
T(o)[F-1(K2)ecir24 F(o) /[F 1)111cos0],
(41)
(42)
(43)
where [F- (K2)ecirza] 1(K1).0.1] gives the absolute transmittance
at zero degrees and F(9)/cosQ gives the relative value at 9.
When the scattering meter is placed in an unknown hydrosol, the
radiant intensity scattered at angle o from the volume V is given by
J = 1)(9)HoVe-c2r1, (44)
where ca is the beam attenuation coefficient (alpha) of the unknown
hydrosol. The flux received by the detector at angle Q is
..CLJ e-c21.2 = F-1(KQ) =..D.13(Q)HoVe-c2(1.1+1.
44
(45)
The scattering volume is that volume illuminated during calibration
and is determined by equation (33).
V = [ASF1(K)dx] /F(Q),
where A is the following constant:
(46)
A = La1F-1(Ki)]/[F-1(K2)SLHoe-clrl]. (47)
Thus, the scattering function is given by
(0) = [T1F-1(K0)F-1(K2)F(Q)eclr2V[T2 YF1(K)dxF1(KysLi], (48)
where the transmissivity Ti is given by Ti = e -c.(r1+r
2) (i=1,2).
The photodetector was calibrated on a photometer before or after
each series of measurements at sea. A quartz-iodine lamp (effect-
ively a point source) was placed at distances along the photometer
bench corresponding to optical density increments of 0.1. The
detector response was found to be quasi-logarithmic with a range of
9. 0 log units.
The scattering angle was determined by the voltage drop across a
1000-ohm Helipot having a linearity of 0. 15 percent. For the 1967
cruises the angle calibration was determined by placing a 900 beam
splitter at the center of rotation of the scattering meter and scanning
through a complete angle cycle (0°--).-170°--o-0°). The calibration
constant was 17. 2° (+ 0. 7 °) per rriV. During 1967 the calibration
45
was accomplished by direct measurement of the scattering angle as
a function of potentiometer output voltage.
During the volume calibration procedure, both the diffusing
calibration plate and the recorder were driven by synchronous
motors. The times at which the calibration plate entered and left
the light beam were recorded and used to calculate the center of
the scattering volume. The area under the curves was found by
numerical integration with increments ax = 0.165 cm. Integrations
varied by only + 0. 5% for center point changes of 0.5 cm. Figure 12,
a plot of the volume ratio V/A, shows the dependence of scattering
volume on angle of incidence.
With the Varian two-pen recorder (Model G-22) used during the
1966 cruises and during the volume calibration, the photodetector
output voltage could be measured to within +0.1 mV, giving an
uncertainty in flux at midrange of +5%. High values of flux could
possibly be in error by as much as 20%. Similar uncertainties were
associated with the 1967 measurements in which a Moseley 8-1/2 x 11
inch x-y plotter was used.
The dependence of the scattering volume on Q is obtained from
measurements of the integral of flux and the flux ratio F(Q). At the
fluxes used, the error in the ratio V/A was approximately 15% for
the range of 15o< Q < 65o and Q >115 °. There is a greater error
between 65° and 115° because of the large value of dT(Q)/dQ.
Changes in volume, however, are small in this region, and values
can be extrapolated. For angles less than about 15o, forward
scattering becomes an irnoorta.nt factor, and can increase the
uncertainty by an additional 106;0.
46
10 50 90 130 170e (d egrees)
Figure 12. Volume ratio by Tyler's procedure (1963).The solid line is a least-squares fit ofV1 (6) /A.
47
To obtain the best estimate of volume ratio from the scattered
values of V/A, the function
V1
BL2 +(L tan 6 [2D sin Q + (L tan cos Q / tan Q) (49)
sin Q sin2Q - tan2 cos Q
was fitted by the method of least squares. This gives the angular
dependence for a volume illuminated by a beam which diverges
horizontally by an angle PS (see Figure 13). Based on direct
measurements of the projector beam in distilled water, L was found
to be 1. 0 cm and D was found to be 2.69 cm. The constants B and
6 were varied to obtain the best fit. The values chosen for Figure 12
were B = 0.72 and pS = 6°.
The volume scattering function was then calculated from the best
fit, V1 /A. Error in the relative shape of the curve of the scattering
function is estimated to be + 10%, and there is an uncertainty in the
absolute value of about + 20%. Uncertainty in scattering angle,
which includes recording errors, is about + 1.5%.
The raw strip-chart or x-y plotter records of data runs were
digitized using the electro-mechanical digitizer at the Oregon State
University Computer Center. The digitized records were then
processed on the NEL CDC 1604 computer using the data reduction
program given in Appendix A.
The Brice-Phoenix data were digitized by hand and processed at
Oregon State on the OSU CDC 3300 using the program given in
Appendix B. No discussion of the Brice-Phoenix meter will be
given here, as the details of its operation and use have been given
48
SOURCE
9h-- 0 --..1
CENTER OF ROTATION
OETECTOR
Figure 13. Cross section of a divergingprojector beam.
49
at length by numerous writers [Spilhaus (1965), Beardsley (1966),
Morrison (1967), Pak (1970)]. The instrument used was the same
one used by Morrison (1967).
Examples of raw data from several NEL scattering meter runs
are shown in Figure 14. The major part of the noise seen is not
instrumental but due to large particles or motes suspended within
the scattering volume. It is seen that the distilled water and deep
offshore water are relatively free of such motes, while San Diego
Bay water and offshore surface water contain numerous large
particles. The NEL meter with its relatively large scattering
volume (2..13 cm3 at 90o) is comparatively less sensitive to motes
than is the Brice-Phoenix meter with its much smaller scattering
volume. Although single particle scattering from motes in the
1-1000r range is used in a number of commercially available
instruments to count and determine the size distributions of sus-
pended particles, no quantitative estimate of the numbers or size
distributions of the motes detected with the NEL meter is possible,
because with that instrument there is no way of ascertaining the
rate of fluid flow through the scattering volume.
50
4
...... . .....
.......
-77
Figure
C: : ... ... :
S CAT T SRING1..x.any-ples of rawruns.Bay water at the(c).
ANGLE TLTINEAR sTAT,E)data from several NEL scattk-rir 2 meter
water in laboraory tank ta), :3anNEL barge (b), and deep off-shore water
51
N. MEASUREMENT PROGRAM
A. INTRODUCTION
The program of measurements undertaken with the NEL scatter-
ing meter may be divided conveniently into five sections: namely,
laboratory measurements (made in a 750 gallon tank) of the scatter-
ing from commercially distilled water; laboratory measurements of
the scattering from various size distributions of polystyrene latex
and divinylbenzene copolymer spheres; laboratory measurements of
the scattering fromnear-shore samples of San Diego Bay water; in
situ measurements at a fixed (anchor) station in San Diego Bay; and,
finally, in situ measurements at drift stations in the Pacific Ocean
to the west of San Diego. The locations of the in situ measurements
are shown in Figures 15 and 16.
B. DISTILLED WATER
The calibration procedures outlined above were carried out in
commercially distilled water in a black painted rectangular tank
large enough (3 x 5 x 7 feet) to accommodate the entire scattering
meter when removed from the supporting frame used at sea. The
water was delivered by tank truck by a San Diego water company and
pumped directly into the freshly cleaned tank, which was kept covered
with a large sheet of black polyethylene to reduce contamination due
to the settling of atmospheric dust and to keep out unwanted light
during measurements. The polyethylene sheet was removed only
when transferring the scattering meter to or from the tank.
As particle-free water is notoriously difficult to prepare, it was
not expected that the observed volume scattering function for such
52
NEL BARGE29-30 JUN 67
30'
1YFU-45
019-20 JUL 66
0 21-22 JUL 66
117°15'W
Figure 15. Chart showing the locations of the ocean stations atwhich scattering measurements were made offSan Diego.
u.,IQ
4
CZ
z
15'
13r 00K z>
0OND= Z--4 0 I11
Z:5 XI >Z M '
117° 14' W
JETTY
--aCD
xirm
m StiF(),
v, zr 0> xiz --40 i
131
Figure 16. Chart showing locations of the NEL Barge and the near-shore station inSan Diego Bay.
54
water would approach either the theoretical values of Le Grand (1939)
or the carefully measured laboratory values of Morel (1966) for
water which had been doubly distilled under vacuum without boiling,
Shown in Figure 17 are values for two of our tank runs, somewhat
similar tank values measured by Tyler (1961), careful laboratory
measurements of Dawson and Hulbert (1937), and the theoretical
values of LeGrand (1939). The pronounced forward scattering
observed on 18 May 1967 indicates that on that day our water con-
tained rather more large scatterers than the water used by Tyler.
From Figure 1 it is seen that the water used on 21 September 1967
is somewhat more contaminated with particles of the order of magni-
tude of 0.5 microns and larger than was the water of 18 May. The
beam transmission measured with the Marine Advisers Model 2-Ca
alpha-meter on 18 May was 95%/m (c = . 051 m1) while that ona
21 September was 9$ %/m (c 072 m-1). For comparison, the
carefully measured laboratory measurements of Clarke and James
(1939) and of Hulburt (1945) at 525 nm each gave 96.1%/m.
C. SCATTERING FROM ARTIFICIAL SPHERES
The over-all performance of the NEL scattering meter was
checked by using it to measure the scattering from aqueous sus-
pensions of monodisperse polystyrene latex and polydisperse
divinylbenzene copolymer spheres manufactured by the Dow Chemical
Company of Midland, Michigan. The spheres were added in small
quantities (the maximum was 5 cm3 of a suspension containing 10%
solids) to the tank of approximately 700 gallons of distilled water.
The polystyrene spheres were 0.234r. , 0. 500p , and 1. 099r in
55
100
101
T.....1I L0 0
o.
10 .\A0%
o .W F %,0 .
\- N 1,.
0 0
Q....
_.
_
N\. .0co----...:,V0
-.........Q.
0
0
0
0
COMMERCIALLY DISTILLED WATER21 SEP 1967TRANSMISSIVITY = 93 PERCENT
COMMERCIALLY OISTILLED WATER18 MAY 19G7TRANSMISSIVITY = 95 PERCENT
O TYLER (1961)
DAWSON AND HULBERT (1937 )
164
THEORETICAL LeGrand (1939)(536.8 nm)
H
. 5. 5
0 ,
-51015
55 95 1350 (degrees)
Figure 17. Scattering functions for distilled water.
56dia meter, while the divinylbenzene spheres were 6-14f, 12 -35p ,
and 25-55e in range. Of the latter only the results for the 6-14
spheres are shown in Figures 18a tol8b. Fresh distilled water was
used for each run, and the spheres were allowed to remain in the
tank for at least one-half hour prior to making measurements, in
order to ensure that their spacial distribution be uniform. Just
before the addition of spheres to the distilled water the volume
scattering function of the water itself was measured. This observed
function was then subtracted from the scattering function observed
after the spheres were added in order to obtain the volume scatter-
ing functions for the spheres shown in Figures 18a to 18d. The
resulting uncertainty in the relative shapes of the particle scattering
curves is in the neighborhood of twenty percent.
Following Heller and Pugh (1957), the index of refraction for the
polystyrene latex spheres relative to water was taken to be m = 1.20,
while that for the divinylbenzene spheres was taken to be m = 1.19.
The green Wratten 61 filter used in the NEL scattering meter both
in the tank and at sea has a dominant wavelength of 533.8 nm. The
solid curves in Figure 18 were obtained by means of the Mie scatter-
ing program listed in Appendix III. The value of ka [see equations (20)
and (21)] was varied until the best fit was obtained to the observed
functions. Curves for the 6-14p- spheres were calculated using a
Gaussian distribution about a mean diameter of 7.72/... with a stan-
dard deviation of 2.37/A . These values were determined by Dow
Chemical and are based on measurements on 1887 particles with a
Zeiss Particle Size Analyzer using a linear step-width. All the
SCATTERING ANGLE IN DEGREES
10
.1W
57
12-
zWE-4
1-1 -3o l0
i-x-44
O 10-415 35
A. 2a =ka =
r=4
E-4
100
E-4
U-1
1
55 75 95 115 135
O.234 p; m = 1.2;1.808.
155
0-2
10-3
10 0 15 35 55 75 95 115 135
10-415 35 55 75 95 115 135 155
B. 2a = 0.500y; m = 1.19;ka = 4.120.
100
10-1
10-2
-4155 10 15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155
C. 2a = 1.099y; m = 1.2; D.ka = 9.400.
2a = 6 to 14,p Gaussiandistribution, m = 1.2.
Figure 18. Scattering functions measured for latex spheres.Solid lines __pp ca1cuca b Le f;ctted
lines are meauf, sctofing. Ordinates: relative scat-tering coefficient; abscissas: scattering angles in degrees.a = radius of spheres, m = relative refractive index, andk = wave number.
58
calculated curves take into account the transmission characteristics
of the Wratten 61 filter.
It was possible to obtain fairly good fits for the 0.5r , the 1. 099r,
and the 6-14r spheres. Sizes agreed quite well with those given
by Dow Chemical. The nominal 0. sr spheres when measured with
an electron microscope were found to be 0. 55t , compared to the
0. 51p obtained for the best fit of the Mie theoretical function to the
observed data.
Fits for the 0.234r spheres were not good: the measured curve
had increasing slope with decreasing angle, while the theoretical
curve indicates it should decrease with angle. A possible reason for
the poor fit could have been that some clustering of the spheres had
taken place, causing them to appear larger than normal and non-
spherical. Scattering measurements of the spheres made with the
Brice-Phoenix meter were in essential agreement with those for the
NEL meter, although the green mercury line (546.1 nm) used for the
Brice-Phoenix meter was somewhat longer than the dominant wave-
length of the Wratten 61 filter.
The results of the scattering measurements on artificial spheres
and their agreement with values calculated from Mie theory encouraged
confidence in the ability of the NEL scattering meter to measure the
relative shape of the volume scattering function.
D. LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS ON SAMPLES OF SAN DIEGOBAY WATER
In order to compare further the NEL and Brice-Phoenix meters,
the NEL laboratory tank was filled on 18 May 1967 with San Diego
59Bay water pumped from a depth of 2.5 feet at the station 100 feet
from shore shown in Figure 16. The volume scattering function
of the water in the tank was then measured with the NEL meter
(Figure 19) and the relative scattering function was measured with
the Brice-Phoenix meter for a small sample taken from the tank.
Figure 19 shows the probable uncertainty in p(0) for three angles
as measured with the NEL meter. In addition scattering from a
sample of water taken directly from the bay at the pump inlet was
measured with the Brice-Phoenix. The results of these observations
are shown in Figure 20. The solid line is for the NEL meter, while
the crosses and circles are for the Brice-Phoenix, the sample having
been taken directly from the bay and from the tank, respectively.
The relatively poorer agreement between the NEL meter data and
the Brice-Phoenix direct sample (crosses) than for the Brice-Phoenix
tank sample (circles) is probably due to alteration of the suspended
particles on passing through the pump and long hose and also to con-
taminants (artifacts) in the large tank. The agreement between the
relative scattering curves for the two tank samples is fairly good.
That the Brice-Phoenix curve (circles) is somewhat flatter than
that obtained with the NEL meter (heavy solid line) is probably due
to settling out of some of the larger particles in the Brice-Phoenix
scattering cuvette and to differences in scattering volumes between
the two meters.
E. MEASUREMENTS OF SCATTERING FROMSAN DIEGO BAY WATER AT THE NEL BARGE
A series of lowering,s of the NEL scattering meter was made on
the night of 29-30 June 1967 from the NEL Barge, located in San
60
103
15 55 95Scattering Angle (degrees)
135
Figure 19. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle for Sari Diego Bay water in NEL tank, 18 May1967. Vertical bars indicate probable uncertainties inthe absolute values offi(Q).
6 -=----- = _ -----
.---
-r-
7_-
SURFACE_==ANATE
al
_ :JD IEG . =BAYSANoo--- ER ..0 -22
1111EMMO = Li13111 r IiiNMMIN=IMIMMOIMPM. .MILIMo .
NrIm7
6
lanWIM
4
11.111WNIs11111Maitsbn.
'
el.
.SENNOMMinilinli Mme-,...x iffilffigigniff=amisis
-..01111MEMIIMMEMEISMENIMMIIII
._
,_
10 40 70 100
e (degrees)130
Figure e 20. Comparison between NEL and Brice-PhoenixscatterinL meters for can L.,iego Bay wa',er,18 May 1967
61
62Diego Bay in about twenty meters of water near the middle of the
ship channel and about 2.5 n mi from the entrance to the bay (see
Figure 16. Lowered with the scattering meter were the Marine
Advisers alpha-meter (c-meter) and a thermistor temperature probe.
Immediately following the completion of scattering measurements at
a given depth a Nansen bottle was lowered to collect water samples
for later salinity analysis and for immediate measurement of the
relative scattering coefficient with the Brice-Phoenix meter. A
summary of the data collected during the three scattering meter
casts made on the night of 29-30 June 1967 is given in Table 1, while
the observed absolute volume scattering functions are given graphi-
cally in Appendix D and in tabular form in Appendix E. The total
scattering coefficient, b, was calculated following Tyler (1961),
Kullenberg (1968), Morrison (1970), and Beardsley, et al. (1970) on
the basis of Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis that b = 113(Q), where Q lies in
the vicinity of 45°. As we shall show, the "constant" k is very prob-
ably not a constant for all water types but a parameter which varies
somewhat from water mass to water mass. For our San Diego Bay
runs the value k = 30 sr (Kullenberg, 1968; Morrison, 1967) appears
to be much too high. Indeed, in some cases c - ki3(45) < 0, if this
value for k is assumed. For this reason we choose the value k = 12 sr
(Tyler, 1961; Beardsley, et al., 1970) for our calculations of b and a
for San Diego Bay. The value k = 30 sr is, however, far more
realistic a value when applied to our ocean measurements of July
1966 and August 1967, the value k = 12 sr giving for some of those
data values of b/c well below the value for distilled water based on
NEL Barge - San Diego Bay, 29-30 June 1967 (32° 42'12"N X 117°13'51"W)
Cast Hour De p[m]
Temp
[ CiSa lin[700]
Sigma-t
Tran[%/m1
c[m ]
p(45){sr-l_rn-1
b=12p(45)[m-1]*
a=c-b[m-l]*Er-l_rri-li
(90)Z
45135
Q
(E))'min[deg]
Tide
29 June 1967
Al 2215 1 22.1 9.4 2.36 . 119 1.43 . 93 . 0127 16.1 131 .701A2 2255 3 18.7 33.872 24.26 9.3 2.37 .108 1.30 1.07 .0122 15.1 124 .719A3 2310 5 17.1 33.838 24.65 9. 7 2.33 . 0918 1.10 1.23 . 0102 14.75 130 . 732A4 2334 7 15.8 33.750 25.01 13.9 1.97 .0602 .722 1.25 .00608 15.5 131 .762AS 2352 9 14.2 33.722 25.18 18.0 1.71 .0490 .588 1.12 .00580 13.6 130 .783
30 June 1967
A6 0012 11 14.1 33. 702 25. 19 17.7 1.73 . 0468 . 562 1.17 . 00589 12.9 130 . 814A7 0035 13 14.0 33.696 25.20 16.8 1.78 . 0519 . 623 1.16 . 00611 12.2 129 . 847A8 0055 15 13.7 33.678 25.25 15.5 1.86 . 0583 . 700 1.16 . 00738 13.8 132 .881B1 0140 1 18.3 33,897 24.38 9. 8 2. 32 . 0415 . 498 1.82 . 00497 13.4 130 . 954B2 0150 3 17.8 33.873 24.48 9.2 2.39 .0859 1.03 1.36 .00987 15.7 127 .969B3 0214 5 16.0 33.881 24.91 9.8 2.32 .0673 .808 1.51 .00756 13.7 130 1.002B4 0232 7 14.5 33.719 25.11 15.7 1.85 . 0460 . 552 1.30 . 00523 13.0 118 1.018B5 0247 9 14.1 33.693 25.17 12.6 2.07 0626 751 1.32 . 00754 12.8 127 1.030B6 0312 11 13.6 33.679 25.27 13.4 2.01 .0586 .703 1.31 .00703 12.7 125 1.040B7 0336 13 13.2 33.674 25.35 13.0 2.04 . 0648 . 778 1.26 . 00875 12.6 130 1.032B8 0348 15 13.1 33.665 25.36 13.1 2.03 . 0694 . 833 1.20 . 00857 12.5 127 1.027C1 0420 1 18.3 33.880 24.36 13.0 2.04 .0457 .548 1.05 .00557 12.8 125 .995C2 0432 3 17.7 33.827 24.48 9.1 2.40 .0639 .767 1.42 .00799 12.0 124 .984C3 0442 5 14.8 33.745 25.07 10.6 2.24 .0732 .878 1.28 .00805 14.0 127 .963C4 0451 7 14.7 33.718 25.08 11.1 2.20 .0697 .836 1.25 .00801 13.0 128 .947 #
*See text p. 62. Table 1. Summary of data collected from the NEL barge locatedin San Diego Bay, 29-30 June 1967
64
the careful observations of Clarke and James (1939) for c and the
theoretical value calculated by Le Grand (1939) for b, i.e.,
(b/c)525 nm = 039. Thus, it is seen that, at best, the values for
b given in our tables are approximations. Ideally, b should be
determined by integration of equation(9). Such an integration is not
possible, however, for our data do not extend beyond 10° in the
forward direction. Extrapolation in the region 155°, Q 180° does
not present a problem, as the backward scattering is not pronounced,
but, as we have pointed out, /3 (Q) for 0 < Q 10° contributes to a very
large extent to b, and extrapolation of p(Q) in this region is not a
satisfactory solution. Measurements of p(Q) to at least G = 0. 1° are
needed. Unfortunately an instrument to make such small angle
observations was not available at the time we made our wide-angle
measurements.
Z1435 is the so-called dissymmetry ratio often used in physical
chemistry, Z1345 = (1(45)/ p(135). The fact that it can be calculated
from relative, rather than absolute, values of fl(Q) makes it a
practical means of characterizing the shape of the volume scattering
function for a given water sample, and, hence, the water itself.45Morel (1965) has found Z135 to vary from region to region and, in
general, to decrease with increasing depth and with distance from
shore, e. g., Z1345 is 11.40 at a depth of 50 m in the Mediterranean
and 2.25 at 2500 m in the Tyrrhenian Sea. His observations are
borne out, as we shall see, by our measurements.
As is indicated in Table 1 and in Figure 21 (a plot of tidal level
as a function of time) our San Diego Bay observations from the NEL
barge were made over a considerable portion of a tidal cycle.
65
I I I I I I I
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8
29 JUN 67 30 JUN 67
Figure 21. Tidal level in San Diego Bay as a function of timeduring scattering meter lowerings A, B, and Cfrom NEL barge.
66
Figures 22a-22c show clearly the effect of the flooding tide. These
figures present various parameters (a, b, c, 0't' salinity, and
temperature) as functions of depth and suggest the presence of a
two-layered system: relatively warm, salty, turbid water is seen
to lie above somewhat colder, less saline, but denser and clearer
water, the interface between the lwo layers being at depths roughly
between 5 and 8 m. The upper layer is seen to decrease in thickness
as the colder bottom water progresses from the ocean into the bay
with the flooding tide.45The dissymmetry ratios observed (12. Zi35 < 16. 1) are some-
what higher than the highest value given by Morel (1965) (Z135 11.4),
but this is not surprising in view of the large values for beam attenu-
ation which we observed in the bay (1. 71< c < 2.36 m-1). The high
attenuation coefficients, in turn, reflect the fact that the bay is
narrow, shallow, confined, and somewhat polluted.
Figure 23 (plots of 0-t as a function of beam attenuation for the
three NEL barge runs) clearly shows the presence of the two layers
of water, one which is relatively more turbid and lies above about
3 m, and for which trt is less than about 24. 5, and the other, slightly
clearer, below about 8 m, and for which c't is greater than about
25. 1.
In addition to the basic scattering curves made for each depth and
for each lowering of the NEL scattering meter (see Appendix D) two
additional graphical means of presenting the data are employed for
both our San Diego Bay and offshore work. For the bay Figure 24
summarizes the scatterint7 data for cast A only, while the perspective
0
20
8 13 1833.4 33.6 33.823 24 250 1.0 2.0
23 °C34.0%.
26dt3.0 m-1 0
8 1333.4 33.623 24
I I
.12/3(45).1
29-30 JUN 67RUN A
(a)
1833.8252.0
23°C34.0 °/..26 ot4
ft)
10 10
0
15
(b)
833A23
13336241.0
1833.8252.0
23°C34.0°4.26 d,3.0 ret-1
(c)
Figure 22. Beam attenuation, absorption, and total scattering coefficients, cet, salinity, andtemperature as functions of depth for lowerings A(a), B(b), and C(c) at the NELBarge, 23-30 June 1967.
at25.4 ' I e613' I
11
25.2
25.0
24.8
24.6
24.4
Figure 23.
11
70-05
RUN C
5
RUN
NEL BARGE29-30 JUN 67
(depths in m)
1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4c (m-1 )
Water density (G') plotted as a function of beamtransmission (c.)tfor each of the three casts madeat the NEL barge in San Diego Ea-y, :19-30 June 1967.
68
10
10
1. 0-3
69
Ia0
8STATION DEPTH, m
$ ° 2St y e,it
1 0 1
2 0 3
3 v 5
4 7
5 0 9
6 11
7 0 13
8 a 15.* v fti ,7n
.{.
84 °O0a g c,e
i e : c , g
3 ° v7 6
ii!, vot a v F
ii° ,.,eI.:A va a.
6 9 A7 C0 C. V
087 0 !,8
i3i.., c
# A Avv v'oo 1 0 CI 0 0 eGyvv8 A vvo o,oV
Id AI A Cf a
C 'b.
A'1111:: a aa . &°:"4*. I la
O 0 9o 7 v
iif
15 35 55 75 95 115 135
Angle from Forward Beam (Q), deg.155
Figure 24. Scattering for various depths. Values were averagedover two scans. NEL barge, 29-30 June 1967.
70drawings in Figures 25 to 27 represent all the scattering data
collected on 29-30 June 1967. A distinctive feature of these curves
is the abrupt separation between those for depths of 5 m or less and
those for 7 m or more, a further indication of the layering present.
Little variation in overall shape from curve to curve is present,
although in these figures small, apparently regular,
variations are to be noted for angles between about 60 and 70 degrees
for runs B and C, and between about 130 and 150 degrees for runs A
and B. Such tiny "peaks" could be due to the presence of very large
numbers of some type of monodisperse or narrowly distributed (in
size) system of particles (a diatom bloom, for example) throughout
the water column and "superimposed" on the normal polydisperse
system.
As was pointed out above, a value of k = 12 sr was chosen to
satisfy Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis [b = k(45)] for the San Diego Bay
scattering data. In Figures 22a-22c it is seen that the absorption
coefficient is relatively constant below about 8 m. Close to the
surface it is observed to increase from run A to run B, and then
decrease to run C. The total scattering coefficient, b = c-a, is
rather larger above about 6 m in run A, while for runs B and C it
is fairly uniform throughout the water column, although for runs B
and C it is diminished in size near the surface compared with the
values found in run A.
The relative scattering data for San Diego Bay taken with the
Brice-Phoenix scattering meter for the Nansen samples collected
at each of the depths at which the NEL meter was used yielded values
71
30 JUNE 67
RUN A
2.0-3 i 1 1 I 1110 ho 7o loo 130 160
SCATTERING ANGLE (degrees)
3
5
ti
Figure 25. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatter-ing angle and depth for NEL barge lowering A of29-30 June 1967 (perspective drPwing).
72
10 40 70 100
SCATTERING ANGLE
Figure 26. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatter-ing angle and depth for NEL barge lowering B of29-30 June 1.96 :perspective: drawing).
73
Figure 27. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth for NEL barge lowering C of 29-30June 1967 (perspective drawing).
74
for Z430 [ =A40)/p(130)1 which were in every case well below the
corresponding ratios given by the NEL meter*. Indeed, the aver-
age40of the ratios Z130 /Z130 for some 17 runs is 2.14.
NEL B-PFigure 28 shows comparative relative scattering data for one of the
runs made at the NEL barge. The curve is typical of all 17 runs in
that that Brice-Phoenix results are consistently lower than those
obtained with the NEL meter in the forward, and higher in the back-
ward, direction, i.e. the curves are consistently flatter for the40
Brice-Phoenix. Furthermore, a plot of Z130 vs. Z 40 forNEL 130B-P
the San Diego Bay runs** does not give an even approximately smooth
curve: the points are badly scattered. The discrepancies between
the two meters for the bay runs are very probably due to two main
factors. One is the settling of larger particles out of the scattering
volume of the Brice-Phoenix meter after a sample had been placed
in the scattering cuvette and very possibly settling in the bottles to
which the water samples were transferred from the Nansen bottles
prior to scattering analysis. At each transfer of water the samples
were gently agitated to keep large particles in suspension but, at
the same time, to avoid introducing air bubbles. Samples, however,
were not stirred within the cuvette during measurementsas they
probably should have beenfor water having such low attenuation
lengths. The other factor is probably related to the very small
scattering volume used with the Brice-Phoenix meter, which leads
40*For purposes of co paring the data from the two meters Zi30 isused rather than Z 5
5because the Brice-Phoenix data were
taken only at discre_e angles separated by ten-degree intervalsbetween 30 and 130 degrees.
**Not presented here.
20
xEio880- 6
5L 403 3
2ci
a.6.5
75
1 1 1 1 1 I
,/,e//.
1
///
1
//
1
/
1 1 1 1 1
//
1 //
30 JUN 67S.D. BAYNEL BARGERUN: 13
1...a
...1
/.
-1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 I E.5.6 .8 1 2 3 4 56 810 20 30 50
P(e)relative (NEL meter)
Figure 28. Comparison of relative scattering measurements madewith the NEL and Brice-Phoenix scattering meters,San Diego Bay water, Run 1B, 30 June 1967.
76
to an output which tends to be very noisy at frequencies of the order
of . 01-1 Hz due to the presense of large particles (in effect, motes)
in the water. This, coupled with the fact that the Brice-Phoenix
measurements were made at discrete angles3is probably responsible
for much of the data scatter.
No comparis ons of the NEL and Brice-Phoenix meters were
possible for open ocean waters. An attempt was made to make
Nansen casts using the well-logging cable for the NOTS null-balance
transmissometer (see below) on the REXBURG cruises of 21-22 and
23-24 August 1967, but, because of poor wire angles and because
the cable tended to exude a gummy substance not unlike Cosmoline,
our messengers would not slide down to trip the Nansen bottles.
Quite probably settling would not have been a problem for offshore
waters as it was in San Diego Bay.
F. MEASUREMENTS IN COASTAL WATERS OFF SAN DIEGO
Trial runs in the coastal waters to the west of San Diego were
made with the NEL scattering meter from the YFU-45* late in the
summer of 1965 and early in 1966. Overnight cruises were made
out of San Diego on 19-20 and 21-22 July 1966. The locations of
these stations are shown in the chart in Figure 157 and summaries
of station data are given in Tables 2 and 3. Two additional cruises
were made in the same general region to the west of San Diego
aboard the USS REXBURG on 21-22 and 23-24 August 1967 (again
*The YFU-45 is a flat-bottomed boat designed originally as alanding craft but more recently used for cable laying and otherutility work.
YFU-45 - 31 °21.2'N x 117° 20.6'W - 19-20 July 1966
Flour Depth Temp[oc]
Trans[ % /m]
C[m-11
(45){sr-l_m-li
b=30/3(45)[m-liqm-li*
a=c-b fl(90)[sr-l-rn:1]
Z413")5
0poi?,[deg] d
p(45)rel9 0°
b/a* b/c*
19 July 1966
2110 SFC 19. 7
2140 25 13.31 53.9 .618 .00311 .0933 .525 .000445 9.89 126 6.99 .178 .151
2229 46 10.72 86.3 .147 .000396 .0119 .135 .0000898 3.84 100 4.41 .088 .081
2247 66 9.70 89.0 .117 .000237 .00711 .110 .0000748 2.63 103 3.17 .065 .061
2305 123 9.67 87.7 . 131 .000445 .0134 .118 . 000112 3.35 102 3.97 . 122 .114
2345 145 9. 58 90.6 . 099 . 000319 . 00957 . 089 . 0000849 3. 12 103 3. 75 , 107 . 097
20 July 1966
0013 183 9.24 86.5 .145 .000298 .00894 .136 .0000832 3.36 97 3.58 ..066 .062
0040 244 9. 02 86.2 . 149 . 000297 . 00891 . 140 . 0000769 3.37 100 3. 86 . 063 . 060
0113 305 8.23 89.0 .117 .000665 .0200 .097 .000198 2.98 100 3.36 .206 .171
*See text p. 62. Table 2. Summary of data collected from the YFU-45 in the coastalwaters off San Diego, 19-20 July 1966
YFU-45 - 21-22 July 1966 - 32° 17. 4'N x 117° 19. 4'W - Aveg. depth: 1230 M.
hour Depth[rn]
Temp[°C]
Trans[lo m]
Crrn_1]
(3(45)[sri_rninm_ii*im_ii*
b=30-/3(45) a=c-b p(90)
[sr-1-1-n-l]
z45135
(AOmin
[deg]
A(45)rel90°
b/a* b/c*
21 July 19662023 SFC 20. 78Z101 29 13. 89 67.9 .387 . 00636 . 191 .196 . 000679 11.7 115 9. 37 . 973 . 4932137 77 10.25 88. 1 .127 . 000699 . 0210 .106 . 000149 4. 01 109 4.68 .198 .1652207 132 9.85 90. 1 .104 . 00115 . 0345 .0695 . 000268 4. 13 109 4.29 .496 .3322232 183 9.53 90.2 .103 .000862 .0259 .0771 .000208 3.57 97 4.14 .335 .251', M5 220 9. 13 94. 1 .061 . 00134 . 0402 . 0208 . 000283 4. 30 106 4.75 1.93 .6592327 269 8. 64 93.5 .067 .000591 .0177 .0493 .000139 3.55 105 4.25 .360 .265
22 July 1966
0040 289 8. 66 93. 6 f 066 . 000997 . 0299 . 0360 000223 3. 96 103 4. 47 . 828 . 4530102 324 7. 85 93.4 1068 . 000702 . 0211 . 0469 000180 3.'31 106 3. 90 . 449 . 3100121 368 7.20 93. 1 , 071 . 000962 . 0289 .0421 000254 3.36 103 3.79 . 685 .4060142 439 6. 62 93. 5 067 . 000596 . 0179 . 0491 000188 2. 52 97 3. 17 . 364 . 2670205 503 6. 23 93.5 . 067 . 000648 . 0194 . 0476 000225 2.31 103 2. 8:: . 409 .2900222 552 5.80 93.5 ** 067 .000614 .0184 .0486 .000236 2.31 103 2.60 .379 .275
See text p. 62.Extrapolated values
Table 3. Summary of data collected from the YFU-45in the coastal waters off San Diego, 21-22 July 1966,
00
79
see Figure 15). Station data for these cruises are presented in
Tables 4 and 5.
It must be emphasized that the absolute volume scattering
function for an unknown hydrosol as measured with the NEL scatter-
ing meter depends on a simultaneous, or nearly simultaneous,
measurement of the total beam attenuation coefficient (c) in the
unknown hydrosol [see equation(48)]. The Marine Advisers alpha-
meter (c-meter) which we used to measure c during the sea runs of
July 1966 has a depth limitation of approximately 300 m. Thus,
prior to making the measurements below 300 m on 21-22 July 1966
we were forced to bring the instrument package to the surface and
remove the Marine Advisers meter. The deeper scattering measure-
ments were then made without simultaneous beam transmission
measurements. The absolute scattering functions for depths below
300 m are based on the assumption that, below that level, the
attenuation is an essentially constant function of depth. The deep
attenuation data obtained by Gilbert and Rue (1967) for the same
general ocean area with the NOTS null-balance transmissometer
(Hughes and Austin, 1965) tend to support this assumption as well as
do our own deep attenuation data taken during the following summer
on our 1967 REXBURG cruises with the same null-balance trans-
missometer. Thus, during the latter cruises there was no need to
extrapolate attenuation data, because c was measured to 1000 m.
The attenuation data taken on the REXBURG cruises of 21-22 and
23-24 August 1967 are given in Appendix G.
Graphs of the measured absolute volume scattering coefficient
as a function of scattering angle for our ocean cruises are given in
USS REXBURG - 21-22 August 1967 by (32° 31.5'N x 117° 31.9'W)
Hour Depth
[m]
Temp[°C]
TransVidmi
C
[m-1]
(45)
[srl-m1](45)
[m-1]*a= c-b[m-1]*
(90)-1[Sr -m ]
45'135
0/2,/fillin
[deg]
A45)rel900
b /a* b/c*
21 August 1967
(q)25 SFC 19. 171.335 9 16. 75 86.8 . 142 . 00185 . 055 . 087 . 00284 8.26 118 6. 50 . 642 , 391s'.353 23 14.34 90.2 103 . 00157 .047 . 056 .00232 7.83 118 6.75 .843 .457
22 August 1967
0009 43 13.96 86.9 . 140 . 00119 .036 . 104 . 00201 6. 12 112 5.90 .342 .2550025 61 12.20 86.0 . 151 . 000625 . 019 . 115 . 000176 110 3.55 .310 .Z360040 78 11.97 92.4 .0790 .000814 .024 .055 .000186 3.89 106 4.45 .447 .3091)059 101 11.51 93, 7 . 0651 . 000818 . 025 . 041 . 000167 4. 83 109 4.90 . 605 . 377)116 124 11.54 95. 1 . 0502 .000866 .026 .024 . 000175 5. 18 109 4.95 1.07 .5170132 146 11.24 93.7 .0651 .000822 .025 .040 .000166 4.91 106 4.95 .61 .380156 181 10.36 92.8 .0747 .000382 .011 . 063 .000122 2.50 100 3. 13 . 181 . 1530"222 220 9.90 91.9 0845 . 000745 . 022 . 062 . 000161 4.28 106 4. 63 .360 .260241 294 9.82('307 424 8.93 92. 3 . 0801 . 000412 . 012 . 068 . 000123 2. 60 101 3. 35 . 182 . 1540330 536 8. 02 92. 3 . 0801 . 000410 .012 . 068 . 000130 2.49 102 3. 15 . 181 . 1540352 660 7.40 91.8 . 0856 . 000377 .011 .074 . 000115 2.62 97 3.28 . 152 . 132
See textp. 62. Table 4. Summary of data collected from the USS REXBURG in the coastalwaters off San Diego, 21-22 August 1967
000
USS REXBURG - 23-24 August 1967 - (32° 31. 5'N x 117° 31. 9'W)
IIour Depth[m]
Temp[° C]
Trans[% /m]
Crm1J
(3(45)1 1,[sr 1-ml]
(45)r 1]''Im ]*
a=c-b-rm 1]
*
A(90)[sr-1-m1]
452135 OA(6)r 'r
[deg_
p(45)rel
90
b/a* b/c*
23 August 1967
2,330 SFC 20.23?350 5 19.7 89.6 . 110 .000787 .024 .086 .000138 5.40 109 5.70 .273 .215
24 Augtist 1967
0012 38 16.44 89. 0 . 117 . 00132 . 040 .077 . 000209 6.87 115 6. 30 . 511 .3380023 58 14.54 90.9 .0954 .000697 .021 .074 .000134 4.70 109 5.20 .281 .2190039 78 91.3 .0910 .000575 .017 .074 .000121 4.10 104 4.75 .233 .1900056 101 12.09 94.9 .0524 .000398 .012 .040 .000106 3.10 103 3.75 . 295 .2280110 121 11.22 95.1 .0502 . 000383 .011 .039 .000102 3.05 103 3.75 .297 .2290120 143 10.82 95. 1 .0502 .000367 .011 .039 .000102 2.67 103 3.60 .297 .2290132 163 10.26 95.2 .0492 . 000315 .0095 .040 . 000105 2.79 106 3.00 .248 .1920144 199 9.64 94.9 .0524 . 000337 . 0101 . 042 . 0000971 2. 57 103 3.47 .239 . 1930201 238 9. 38 94. 8 . 0534 . 000352 . 0106 . 043 . 0000977 2.28 103 3.60 .246 . 1980224 311 8. 52 94.9 . 0524 . 000256 . 00768 . 045 . 0000954 2. 18 97 2. 68 . 172 . 1460246 439 7. 330308 553 7. 09 94. 0 . 0619 .000260 . 00780 . 0541 . 0000999 1.98 103 2. 60 . 144 . 1260330 677 6. 531919 787 5. 36 92. 2 . 0812 . 000292 . 00876 .0724 . 000105 2. 14 97 2.78 . 121 . 108
See textp. 62. Table 5. Summary of data collected from the USS REXBURG in the coastalwaters off San Diego, 23-24 August 1967
CO
82
Appendix D, and the same data are given in tabular form in Appendix
E. To illustrate better the variation-of the observed scattering
functions with depth as well as angle perspective drawings, similar
to those prepared for the NEL barge measurements, are given in
Figures 29-31 for the off-shore cruises of 21-22 July 1966 and 21-22
and 23-24 August 1967. The observed scattering functions are seen
generally to decrease for a given scattering angle, to become flatter,
and to have decreasing angles of minimum scattering with increasing
depth. These trends are perhaps even more evident in Figures 32-35
in which the scattering functions for each depth (for a given cruise)
are superimposed. They indicate that the absolute number per unit
volume of water and the sizes of suspended particles tend to decrease
with increasing depth.
Some of the scattering curves appear to have some weak "structure"
associated with them. For example, at 324 and 503 m on 21-22 July
1966, in all the curves to 181 m (at about 65 degrees) for 21-22
August 1967, and at 311 m for 23-24 August 1967 Such structure is
probably an indication of the presence of an abundance of particles
having a characteristic, fairly narrowly spread, size distribution
which is superimposed upon the ordinary distribution in which
particles increase hyperbolically with decreasing size (Bader, 1970).
Unfortunately, none of these observed cases is so clear-cut as those
observed by Sasaki (1960). It is not surprising that the greatest
variability in beam attenuation was observed to be in the upper 150 m
or so, for it is this region which harbors the major source of
particulates, namely the standing crop of Dhvtoplankton and the
83
Figure 29. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and clepz:1-1 for YFU-4-5 cruise of 21-22 1966.
84
0
22 AUG 67
220
4.3j09
10 40 70 100 130 160SCATTERING ANGLE degrees)
I 42 5
61
535
Figure 30. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and deth for S'S REXBT2RG cruise of 21-22August 1967.
10
NES
24 AUG 6785
311
238
' 199163
143121
101 4'78
5833
t, 5to 140 70 100 130 160
SCATTERIN3 ANGLE (degrees
552
cr.)
787
Figure 31. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle for USS REXBURG cruise of 23-24 August 1967.
10
10 -3
10-4
.86
O
O
O
O
O
2 .
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
* 0e *
8 * OR 0o8°
00
A0 o 0
0
00 A p *.
0O 0
A
DEPTH, m
O 24.7
o 65.5
a 122.5
243.8
A 304.8
O
0 A CI
O .....°0 A Ao0 Az, o
fp' 8 O8O e 8 8 f'".o0
C
° 0 0 0 0 0 0 oe 0 0 e °
........ A>
15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155
Angle from Forward Beam (0), deg.
Figure 32. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth. YFU-45, 19-20 July 1966. (Valueswere averaged over two scans, )
10
10
rl
100
10
87
3
A
C oa
a
a
L
p
S
O
O
O
O
A 0,a
O oc
0 .00c=IAAOA°bg'a
° *0 8
DEPTH, m
29.3
76.8
a 182.9
289.0
552.3
o08Q a i 4
0 30 5 o ta
ISI
15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155
Angle from Forward Beam (0), deg.
Figure 33 . Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth, YFU-45, 21-22 July 1966..
88
10
104
DEPTH, m
o 23.6
o 124.5
O 219.5
A 535
a 661
0 a
00
a 0
0A
O
za 0r
0t
C 0 a
t
*r U
* ao 4 °
e '0
30a * aa,
c,000ac
g 90.0 a
26'Aa -°mSeWeeifilS4 8 .k" °* ° °0A A a A A o
* ; *. *
15 35 55 75 95 115 135 155
Angle from Forward Beam (8), deg.
Figure 34. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth, USS REXBURG, 21-22 August 1967.
10-2
1
10-4
89
0
0 o
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
00
0o
0 0a* o
a0
o aa 0 0
0
0 00a4 Ca I 0
0
i c0
0tc i g
p
DEPTH, m
38.1
0 77.7
° 162.8
237.7
737.4
°° ° cc coa co o o oocc,
c g* OA"
15 35 55 75 95 115 135
Angle from Forward Beam ( 8), deg.155
Figure 35. Volume scattering coefficient as a function of scatteringangle and depth, USS REXBURG, 22-23 August 1967.
90various detrital materials associated with it and the various
phytoplankton grazers. Because the phytoplankton tends to be
patchy in its distribution, it is not surprising that the observed
optical properties of such near-surface waters are also patchy.
Note, for example, the great variations in beam transmission
measured with the null-balance transmissometer in the upper 200 m
within a brief four-day period (Appendix G). In deeper water there
is much less short-term optical variability because the particle
distributions present are much less susceptible to rapid changes
than they are near the surface. Small, fairly short-term, optical
changes nevertheless may occur in deeper water due to shifting of
the California current and its associated undercurrent.
One would expect, also, to observe marked changes in the
inherent optical properties within some types of sonic scattering
layers and within the clouds of "snow" commonly observed from the
submersible DEEPSTAR-4000 in the same ocean area off San Diego
during the summer of 1966. Although we did not detect the presence
of sonic scattering layers on our Gifft precision depth recorder
during our off-shore measurement program, such layers were
routinely observed by others in the same general ocean areas we
occupied. Barham, et al. (1966), for example, in an area 11.5 n mi
NW of our July 19-20, 1966 station, reported a heavy surface
scattering layer to 65 fm, which weakened from 65 to 110 fm, and
became very light from 110 to 150 fm. In addition, they found:
"A well-developed non-migratory layer was present between 150 and
200 fm. This situation was static from shortly after sunset on 19
July until early dawn on 20 July. "
91
Figures 36 and 37 show beam attenuation (c) and temperature (T)
as functions of depth for the two YFU-45 cruises and the two
REXBURG cruises. In addition, Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis is again
(as for the San Diego Bay water) assumed, i. e., b = kp(45), enabling
us to plot a = c-b as a function of depth. Here, however, it is
assumed k = 30 sr, which is in accord with values for k obtained
by Kullenberg (1968) and Morrison (1967) for offshore waters.
Because of the uncertainties associated with k it must be understood
that a and b as presented in our tables and in Figures 36 and 37 are
at best guesses: too much reliance should not be placed on them.
The figures do show the presence of fairly well-defined mixed
layers, which extend to about 75 meters and with which are associ-
ated well-defined beam transmission minima. Absorption (as well
as scattering) appears to contribute rather strongly to these minima
and is certainly not constant with depth. This can be seen also from
Figure 34 in which the beam attenuation coefficient (c) is plotted as
a function of 13(43). If Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis holds, then
b = k'/3(43) (where the constant is taken as k' to distinguish it from
k, which is used with 4(45)), and c = a + k'fi(43). If a = a(z) = constant,
then Figure 38 should yield a straight line of slope k'. In fact,
Figure 38 does not show such a linear relationship between c and
(5(43), and we must conclude a(z) constant with depth.
In Figures 39 and 40are plotted a number of different parameters
as functions of depth, including beam transmission, temperature,
dissymmetry ratio, p(90), and AA) for various angles between 10
and 55 degrees. At all these angles ,/3(9) is sensitive to changes in
100
200
L300
,100w
500
600
700
800
12 17 22 °C.4 .5 .6 m-1
a= c-
A kb.-300(45)
z
YFU-4519-20 JUL 66
(a)
E
0
2 7 12 17 22°C.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 rrt 1:
100
200
300
400
500
600 b = 30(3(45)
700
800
T
YFU-4521-22 JUL 66
I I I
(b)
Figure 36. Beam attenuation, absorption, and total scattering coefficientsand temperature as functions of depth. YFU-45, 19-20 July1966(a) and 21-22 July 1966 (b).
.046 14
.08 .12 .2162°n-1-C1
100
200
.s00
,100
11500
bDO
700
800
b= 303(45) REXBURG21-22 AUG 67
I.
(a)
Figure 37.
I I I
100
200
300
E
14000
500
600
700
800
6.04 .08
14.12
30p45)REXBURG23-24 AUG 67
22°C.16 m-li
(b)
Beam attenuation, absorption, and total scattering coefficientsand temperatures as functions of depth, REXBURG, 21-22 August1967(a) and 23-24 August 1967(b).
.16
U
.08
.040
94
I I I I I
a 21-22 AUG 6723-24 AUG 67
0 +
0 0 0
0
0
4. 4.
0
I I I
am.
.4 .8 1.2
p(430) (sr-l_km-1)1.6 2.0
Figure 38. Beam attenuation (c) plotted as a function offl(43°),USS REXBURG, 21-22 and 23-24 August 1967.
13(90) (sF1M-1) 0%Trans / m 85
10 490
fice) 100 161 io2 o3I 1111111 1 1 1111111 1 1 111111
2.10-495
95
3.10-4100
100
200
300
DEPTH (m )
400
500
600
700
8007345-15
Temp (°C)
n
01
2
2
43
648
510
612
7 8 9 1014 16 18 20
Figure 39. Beam transmission, temperature, dissvmetry ratio,
Zpth, USS .a..EXBuRG, 21-22 August 1967.(90), an-i/i t:-) nor vario7_,.s c..7,-,i011-3 of
-4p(go)(sr-l-mi0 10 2,10-4
%Trans/17185 90 9r
p(8) 10° 11)
0 I I 1111j Is 1 1 1 1 11
100
200
300
DEPTH (m)
400
500
600
700
800
Z45 0135
Temp(°C)
96
3,10-4110
103
TT
25° 90) 1 °10T kd'
23-24 AUG 67
4
3I I
75 6
I I
10 12 14
1 9 10
I I
16 18
Figure 40. Beam trar.-r_ratio,/9 (9,2:L .-)) for various an:41es, as functionsof depth, USS REXBURG, 21-22 August 1967.
97the particle content of the water, although it is more sensitive at
the smaller angles. Below 250 to 300 m depth (i.e., below the
the rmocline) forfor all angles is almost constant with depth,45although transmission is seen to decrease slightly. Z135 also pro-
vides a signature useful in describing the water masses present.
For August 1967 Z1345 varies from 8.26 to 5.40 near the surface to
about 2 at 787 m. Morel (1965) has found comparable near-surface
values in the English Channel (8. 60 at 40 m) and deep values in the
Mediterranean (4.45 and 2.95 at two 800 m stations) and Tyrrhenian45(2.25 at 2, 500 m). A plot of Z135 as a "function" of temperature is
given in Figure 41 (USS REXBURG data, 23-24 August 1967). Save
at the surface (5 m) Z1435 is seen to decrease in typical fashion.
almost monotonically with decreasing temperature. Figure 42 gives45plots of beam transmission (c) and 90) as "functions" of Z135' again
for the REXBURG cruise of 23-24 August 1967. Below about 100 m
the water is seen to be quite uniform as compared with the surface
layer.
The general decreasing trend of Q at ((;))
with increasingminimumdepth is shown in Figure 43. Larger particles (which scatter in the
forward direction) are seen to become less and less a factor with
increasing depth. For pure molecular scattering (d<:<., ), the
scattering is, of course, symmetric about 900 .
Our REXBURG data were used to test Morel's (1965) hypothesis
as to the invariance of the scattering coefficient due to particles.
Following his notation, and letting the volume scattering function
be designated r,,, the ass-un-intion. is that the observed scattering
20
18
16U0
98
t I
2 3 4
Z45135
5 6 7
Figure 41. Dissymetry ratio shown as a function of temperature,USS REXBURG, 23-24 August 1967.
99
45Figure 42. c-Z135 and c-fi (90) plots, USS REXBURG, 23-24 August1967.
200
400
a_w0
600
800
100
90I I I I 1
100 110
e (degrees) for a(e)r minimum120
Figure 43. Variation of Q at g(9) minimums with depth, USSREXBURG. 23-24 August 1967.
101
is the sum of two effects, one due to the water and ions (subscript
0), and the other due to the suspended particles (subscript p). Thus,
at 90° r90 = (r90)0 + (r90)p; and at 8, re= (r0
)0
+ (r )p . If the
scattering coefficient due to the particles is invariant, then
(r )p /(r90)p = constant = RA' which upon substitution gives
re = (re)0 + Re [r90 - (r90)0], the equation of a straight line of
slope R which passes through the point [(re)0, (r90)0] representative
of optically pure sea water.
To determine R(6) a series of plots of g(0) as a function of p(90)
was made (see Figure 44, which shows the plot for 6 = 70°). From
the slopes of the resulting straight lines R(8) was found as a function
of 8. R(e) as a function of 6 is given in Figure 45.. The agreement
with Morel's observations is seen to be very good, i.e., the particle
scattering in San Diego waters is seen to be almost identical to that
in French waters. This is not to say, however, that the absolute
volume scattering function has a universal distribution with depth,
merely that (3(6) relative tends toward a universal limit R(8).
Finally, in Figure 46 a comparison is made between a number of
waters measured with the NEL meter. Noteworthy is the observation
that the deep offshore water scatters less than the sample of
"distilled" water analyzed in the NEL tank (small dots).
102
164 10-2
Figure 44. Example of 7.:Ilot cf(2(P) as a function of (90) forQ = TO°, LSS G and EL barge data.
Figure 45.
40 70 100 130SCATTERING ANGLE (degrees)
Particle sca ttering coefficient R(9) as a function ofangle. Comparison of NEL data for June and August1967 (solid line) with Morel's (1965) observations(crosses). The uncertainties are those quoted byMorel.
103
10
10
104
104
7"0
OOe DISTILLED WATER IN TANK
0 0 SAN DIEGO BAY WATER
00 SAN DIEGO SHALLOW COASTAL WATER < 100 m
00
00
SAN DIEGO DEEP WATER > 300 m
0000
00000 0.00.
®0® ee00e0e0oeeeec
O
RD.
aIIes#
Elm 0
. mu0 ., 8191.,_ =S-mllommu
4*...A ......"4. . Vit+"*.+44
I
15 55 95 135Figure 46. Comparison of scattering functions measured with the
NEL scattering meter in various types of water.
105
V. SUMMARY
In this work we have for the first time made direct in situ
measurements in deep water of the absolute volume scattering
function A(C))] for scattering angles between 10 and 160 degrees
from the forward direction. The work has entailed substantial
modifications of the NEL scattering meter (nephelometer) described
by Tyler and Austin (1964), which has heretofore been unused.
Reported are results of beam attenuation and scattering measure-
ments for green light (Adominant = 533. 8 nm) in commercially dis-
tilled water, in various hydrosols containing polystyrene and
divinylbenzine latex spheres of known sizes, in San Diego harbor
water at eight selected depths between 1 and 15 m, and in off-shore
ocean waters west of San Diego, California, at numerous depths from
near the surface to more than 700 m. Data are reported for four
separate off-shore cruises made during July 1966 and August 1967.
The scattering data are presented graphically and in tabular form
and are interpreted in terms of temperature, beam attenuation, and,
for San Diego Bay, the tidal level and density structure of sea water.
Good agreement was found between scattering functions calculated
on the basis of Mie theory and laboratory tank observations with the
NEL meter. The observed scattering from 600-700 gallon batches of
commercially distilled water was in reasonable agreement with other
reported values for such easily contaminated large quantities of water.
Comparisons were made between measurements made with the
NEL scattering meter or:..erat-;:c., situ, on t_hi ri neasure-
ments made with a Brice-Phoenix- laboratory scattering meter on
106
simultaneously collected Nansen samples. The dissymmetry ratio45[Z135 = ((45)/ (3(135)] was consistently lower by an average factor
of more than two for the Brice-Phoenix as compared to the NEL
meter, for which the range was 12. 0 Z 16.1 for San Diego Bay
water. These observed differences may be attributed in part, at
least, to settling of larger particles from the turbid harbor water
(beam attenuation coefficient 2 m -1 ), both in the Nansen bottles
used to collect water samples and in the scattering cuvette.
In off-shore waters Z was--in the ocean region investigated--seen
generally to decrease between a maximum of 9. 37 near the surface
(29 m) to a minimum of 1. 98 at a relatively great depth (553 m).
The absolute volume scattering functions measured with the NEL
scattering meter are in reasonable agreement with other, less
direct, observations which have been reported.
Tentative calculations of the total scattering coefficient
[b = f fi(C)) d9.] were made on the basis of Jerlov's (1953) hypothesis1/
that b = k0(45), taking k = 30 sr. This value for k gives plausible
results for b and the absorption coefficient based on absolute values
of 0(45) for offshore waters. This value for the "constant" k appears,
however, to be too high for San Diego Bay water, for there at times
c - 30(45) 0, and k = 12 sr gives somewhat more reasonable
results.
Unfortunately, simultaneous scattering measurements were not
available in the near-forward range of angles, i.e., 0< (;) 100 ,
within which a major portion of the scattered light is directed, thus
making it impossible to carry out the integration of (3(8) to obtain b
directly.
107
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Aufsess, Otto, 1904. Die Farbe der Seen. Anna len der Physik 13:678-711.
Bader, Henri. 1970. The hyperbolic distribution of particle sizes.Journal of Geophysical Research 75: 2822-2830.
Barham, E. G., I. E. Davies, and J. W. Wilton, 1966. Bio-acoustics.NEL Deep Submergence Log No. 2 for the period 3 July through3 September 1966, p. 15-26. U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory,San Diego, California.
Bauer, D., and A. Ivanoff. ,.965. Au sujet de la me sure du coefficientde diffusion de la lumiere par les eaux de mer pour des anglescompris entre 14 et 1°30'. Comptes Rendus de l'Acadmie desSciences 260: 631-634.
Bauer, D., and A. Morel. 1967. Etude aux petits, angles de l'indicatricede diffusion de la lumiere par les eaux de mer. Anna les deGeophysique 23: 109-123.
Beardsley, G. G., Jr. 1966. The polarization of the near asymptoticlight field in sea water. Ph. D. thesis. Cambridge, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology. 119 numb. leaves.
Beardsley, George F., Jr., Ha song Pak and Kendall Carder. 1970.Light scattering and suspended particles in the easternequatorial Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research75: 2837-2845.
Born, M., and E. Wolf. 1959. Principles of optics. Pergamon, NewYork. 803 p.
Brice, B. A., M. Halwer, and R. Speiser. 1950. Photo-electriclight scattering photometer for determining high molecularweights. Journal of the Optical Society of America 40: 768-778.
Brown, 0. B., and H. R. Gordon. 1972. Tables of Mie scatteringfunctions for low index particles suspended in water. Universityof Miami Optical Physics Laboratory and Rosentiel School ofMarine and Atmospheric Science, Miami. MIAPH-OP-71-5,6 p. , plus table.
Burt, W. 1954. Specific scattering by uniform minerogenicsuspensions. Tellus 6: 229-231.
Cabannes, Jean. E:u.: -la is iGii la ,icre. 'oar les npleculesdes gaz transparents. ..11.1.13.-..ales de Physique 15: 5-152.
108
Clarke, George, and Harry James. 1939. Laboratory analysis of theselective absorption of light by sea water. Journal of theOptical Society of America 29: 43-55.
Dawson, L, H., and E. 0. Hulburt. 1937. The scattering of lightby water. Journal of the Optical Society of America 27: 199-201.
Dawson, L. H., and E. 0. Hulburt. 1941. Angular distribution oflight scattered in liquids. Journal of the Optical Society ofAmerica 31: 554-558.
Duntley, S. Q. 1963. Light in the sea. Journal of the OpticalSociety of America 53: 214-233.
Du Pr& E. F., and L. H. Dawson. 1961. Transmission of light inwater: An annotated bibliography. NRL Bibliography No. 20.U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.
Einstein, A. 1910. Theorie der Opalesenz von homogene Fltissigkeitenund Flussigkeitsgemisdren in der Nahe des kritischen Austandes.Anna len der Physik 33: 1275-1298.
Gilbert, Gary D., and Richard 0. Rue. 1967. Light attenuationmeasurements off the coast of Baja California. U. S. NavalOrdnance Test Station, China Lake, California. NOTS TP4343. 72 p.
Gordon, H.R., and 0. B. Brown. 1971. Theoretical modeling oflight scattered by hydrosols Transactions, American Geo-physical Union 52: 245.
Heller, Wilfried, and Thomas Pugh, 1957. Experimental investigationson the effect of light scattering upon the refractive index ofcolloidal particles. Journal of Colloid Science 12: 294-307.
Hinzpeter, H. 1962. Messungen der Streufunktion und derPolarisation des Meerwassers. Kieler Meeresforschungen18: 36-41.
Hughes, Richard S., and Roswell Austin. 1965. Deep-sea lightattenuation measurements with a null-balance transmissometer.U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, California.NOTS TP 3748.
Hulburt, E. 0. 1945. Optics of distilled and natural water. Journalof the Optical Society of America 35: 698-705.
Ier lov, N. G. 1953. Particle distribution in the ocean. Reports ofthe Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 3: 73-97.
is rlov, N. G. - Ontica I n a siaren-lents in the 1.774. rthAtlantic. .:;:efilcielar.c.icln. Iran Oceanografiska InstitutetGOteborg 30: 1-40.
109
Jerlov, N. G. 1968. Optical Oceanography. Elsevier, Amsterdam.194 p.
Kozlyaninov, M. V. 1957. New instrument for measuring the opticalproperties of sea water. Trudy Inst. Okeanol., Akad. Nauk25: 134-142. [English translation: Office of Technical Services,U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. JPRS:2097-N, OTS: 60-11, 147, 24 December 1959.]
Kullenberg, G. 1966. Internal report. University of Copenhagen.Cited by Jerlov (1968).
Kullenberg, G. 1968. Scattering of light by Sargasso Sea water.Deep-Sea Research 15: 423-432.
Le Grand, Yves. 1939. La pe/netration de la lumiere dans la mer.Anna les de l'Institut Oceanographique 19: 393-436.
Mie, G. 1908. Beitrg.ge zur Optik trilber Medien, speziell kolloidalerMetallOsungen. Anna len der Physik 25: 377-445.
Morel, Andre. 1965. Interpretation des variations de la forme del'indicatrice de diffusion de la lumiere par les eaux de mer.Anna les de Geophysique 21: 281-284.
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Morrison, Robert E. 1967. Studies on the optical properties of seawater at Argus Island in the North Atlantic Ocean and in LongIsland and Block Island Sounds. Ph. D. thesis. New York,New York University. 108 numb. leaves. (A summary of thiswork is given in the Journal of Geophysical Research 75: 612-628,January 20, 1970, under the title: Experimental studies on theoptical properties of sea water. )
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Preisendorfer, Rudolph W. 1965. Radiative transfer on discretespaces. Pergamon. New York. 462 p.
110
Raman, C. V. , and K. S. Rao. 1923. On the molecular scatteringof light in liquids and the determination of the Avogadro constant.Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 45: 623-640.
Ramanathan, K. R. 1923. On the colour of the sea. PhilosophicalMagazine and Journal of Science 46: 543-553.
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111
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APPENDICES
PROGRAM SCAT FDIMENSION A(63, 51), B(100), D(100), DAT(100), LINE(101), N1(93), N2(63)
*, N3(63), N4(63), N5(63), N6(63)DO 2 J=1, 19READ 3, B(J), Ni(J), N2(J), N3(J), N4(J), N5(J), N6(J)
2 READ 4, (A(J, I), I=1, 51)3 FORMAT(1F5. 3. 6A8)4 FORMAT(E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X,
*E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X, E7. 3, 1X)DO 8 K=1, 19J=0DO 5 JI=10, 160, 3J=J+1ANG=. 0174533 *J1V=. 19608*(. 155/SINF(ANG)+. 041378*(2. 8306*SINF(ANG)+. 041378
**COSF(ANG)/TANF(ANG))/(SINF(ANG)**2-COSF(ANG)**2*. 011046)))V1=.05336/SINF(ANG)D(J)=A(K, J)*V/V1A(K, J)=26. 7548*A(K, J)/B(K)
5 D(J)=26. 7548*D(J)/B(K)B(K)=-1*LOGF(B(K)))PRINT 7, N1(K), N2(K), N3(K), N4(K), N5(K), N6(K), B(K)PRINT 402
402 FORMAT(1H , 38X, 33HSCATTERING CURVE USING COM VOLUME )
PRINT 403403 FORMAT(1H , 54X, 12HSIGMA(THETA) )
PRINT 404104 FORMAT(1H , 19X, 4H10-4, 16X, 4H10-3, 16X, 4H10-2, 16X, 4H10-1, 16X, 4H10-0)
DO 405 J=1, 101105 LINE(J)=1H.
PRINT 413, LINE413 FORMAT(1H , 18X, 101A1)
DO 406 J=1,101406 LINE(J)=1H
KI=0DO 589 K2=10,160,3KI=KI+1
589 DAT(KI)=0.0KI=0DO 600 K2=10,160,3KI=KI+1IF(1-105)600,8,588
588 A(K,KI)=D(KI)600 DAT(KI)=(4+.434294*LOGF(A(K,KI)))*20
J=0DO 411 JI=10,160,3J=J+1LINE(1)=LINE(21)=LINE(41)=LINE(61)=LINE(81)=LINE(101)=1HIIF(DAT(J) )408,408,503
503 IF(DAT(J)-100.5)504,408,408504 JI1=DAT(J)+1.3
LINE(JI1)=1HXDAT1=10**(DAT(J)/20-4.0)
511 PRINT 512,DAT1,JI,LINE512 FORMAT(1H ,2X,E10.4,2X,13,1X,101A1)
GO TO 410408 PRINT 407,JI,LINE
407 FORMAT(1H ,14X,I3,1X,101A1)410 LINE(JI1)=1H411 CONTINUE
DO 415 J=1,101415 LINE(J)=1H.
PRINT 413,LINE8 CONTINUE7 FORMAT(1H1,6A8,9H ALPHA = ,F5.3)
END
PROGRAM SCAT 4COMMON HEAD( 10), NF1(180), NF2(180), NF3(180), NF4(180), F1(4), F2(4), hi
3F3(4), F4(4), AS(180), CAS(180), P(180), BETA(180), LINE(101), R(4), 03CAL(4), TITLE(6) 7i
DO 110 L=1, 180 H
110 AS(L)=0. 0READ 103,(F1(I), I=1, 4)READ 103, (F2(I), I=1, 4) ti
,-1
READ 103, (F3(I), I=1, 4) o
READ 103, (F4(I), I=1, 4) ui trQ
103 FORMAT (4F6. 3) P
READ 105, (CAL(LAMDA), LAMDA=1, 4) ;a),`'
105 FORMAT (4E14. 7) -:,-. co
READ 107, (R(LAMDA),LAMDA=1, 4) 0cra ta.
107 FORMAT (4F6. 5)READ 1112, K1, K2, KDK, K3, K4, K5, K6 (Y) fc
1112 FORMATFORMAT (7(14, 1X)) CD CD
1010 READ 101, IP, LAMDA, POI, TIME, DATE, TITLE 01 fa,
101 FORMAT (I1,1X,P.,1X, I3, 1X, A4, lx, A8, lx, 6A8) su
IF (LAMDA) 500, 500, 501 td501 CONTINUE
IF (IP) 500, 500, 502 on
502 CONTINUEREAD 102, P(1), NF1(1), NFZ(1), NF3(1), NF4(1), (P(K), NF1(K), NF2(K), 0.
3NF3(K), NF4(K), K=K1, K3, KDK)102 FORMAT (9(1X, F3. 0, 411))
IF(KDK. EQ. 10) 610, 10211021 IF (KDK. EQ. 5)605, 500610 READ 104, (P( K), NF1(K), NF2(K), NF3(K), NF4(K), K= K4, K2, KDK))
GO TO 1015104 FORMAT (3(1X, F3. 0, 4I1))
605 READ 108, (P(K), NF1(K), NF2(K), NF3(K), NF4(K), K=K4, K5, KDK)READ 106, (P(K), NF1(K), NF2(K), NF3(K), NF4(K), K=K6, KZ, KDK)
108 FORMAT (9(1X, F3. 0, 411))106 FORMAT (4(1X, F3. 0, 4I1))
1015 PRINT 1020, IP, LAMDA, TIME, DATE, TITLE1020 FORMAT (1H1, lx, I1, lx, I1, A4, 1X, A8, lx, 7A8)
C LOG PLOT OF BETAPRINT 402
402 FORMAT(1H , 57X, 16HSCATTERING CURVE,!!)PRINT 403
403 FORMAT (1H , 59X, 11HBETA(THETA), /)PRINT 404
404 FORMAT(1H , 28X, 4H10-3, 16X, 4H10-2, 16X, 4H10-1, 16X, 4H10-0, 16X, 4H10+1,316X, 4H10+2)DO 405 J=1, 101
405 LINE(J)=1H.PRINT 413, LINE
413 FORMAT(1H , 30X, 101A1)DO 406 J=1, 101RI1=( P(1 )= POI)*F1( LAMDA )**NF1(1 )*F2( LAMDA )**NF2( 1 )*F3( LAMDA )**NF3(
31 )*1-4( LAMDA )**NF4(1 )DO 88 K=K1, K2, KDKBLUNDR =((3. 14159)/(180. ))*FLOAT(K)AS( K )=(( P(K )- POI) *F1(LAMDA)**NF1(K)*F2(LAMDA)**NF2(K)*
3 F3(LAMDA)**NF3(K)*F4(LAMDA)**NF4(K)*CAL(LAMDA)*SIN(BLUNDR))/(RI1)4 )
88 CONTINUEDO 89 K-5, 180, 5CAS(K) =0
89 CONTINUEDO 99 K=K1, K2, KDKL=-1*K+180
99 CAS(K)=AS(K)=2*R(LAMDA)*AS(L)406 LINE(J)=1H -
DO 411 K=5, 180, 5
LINE(1)=LINE(21)=LINE(41)=LINE(61)=LINE(81)=LINE(101)=1HIIF (CAS(K)) 408, 408, 504
504 IF (CAS(K). GT. 100. CR. CAS(K). LT, O. 001)505, 503505 WRITE(61, 92) CAS(K)92 FORMAT (E20.6)
GO TO 408503 ELM=((((ALOG( CAS(K)))/2. 30259)+3. )*20. +1. )
J=IFIX(ELM)LINE(J)=1HXPRINT 512, CAS(K), K, LINE
512 FORMAT(1H , 4X, E14. 4, 7X, I3, 2X, 101A1)GO TO 410
408 PRINT 407, K, LINE407 FORMAT(1H , 25X, I3, 2X, 101A1)410 LINE(J)=1H411 CONTINUE
DO 415 J=1, 101415 LINE(J)=1H.
PRINT 413, LINEPUNCH 336, IP, LAMDA, TIME, DATE, TITLE
336 FORMAT(I1, 1X, I1,1X, A4. 1X, A8, lx, 6A8)PUNCH 333, (K, LAMDA, IP, CAS(K), K=K1, K2, KDK)
333 FORMAT(3I4, E14. 4)GO TO 1010
500 END
PROGRAM MIETYPE DOUBLE SX, SY, CX, SX1, SY1, CX1, T, S, YA, Yl, A2, Al, B1, B2, D1, D2,
*Ail , AI2, ZA, SQR1, SQI1, SQR2, SQI2TYPE COMPLEX C, Cl, A, B, WA, Z1, Z2, WB n 0DIMENSION SX(200), SY(200), CX(200). SX1(200), SY1(200), CX1(200), w Pd
*T( 200), S(200), YA(200), Y1(200), A1(200), A2(200), B1(200), B2(200), n H*D1(200), AI1(200), AI2(200), ZA(200), C1(200), C(200), A(200), B(200),*WA(200), Z1(200), Z2(200), D2(200), WB(200), SQR1(200), SQR2(200),*SQI1(200), SQI2(200)DO 90 K =DO 85 M =
1,1,
25
cn
o0 01
X = M*2Y = X *( 1 +. l*K ) (i)
I = 0SX(1) = SINF(X)SX(2) = SINF(X)/X-COSF(X)SY(1)=SINF(Y) nSY(2)=SINF(Y)/Y-COSF(Y) t:J
CX(1)=COSF(X)CX(2)=COSF(X)/X+SINF(X) a, (I)
SX1(1)=COSF(X)SX1(2)=COSF(X)/X-SINF(X)/X**2+SINF(X) o (1).SY1(1)=COSF(Y)SY1(2)=COSF(Y)/Y-SINF(Y)/Y**2+SINF(Y) 1-d pl.
CX1(1)=- SINF(X)CD a)
CX1(2)=-SINF(X)/X-COSF(X)/X**2+COSF(X) 01 "C(1 )=SX(1)+(0. , +1. ycx(i)C(2 )=SX(2)+(0. , +1. pcX(2)C1(1)=SX1(1)+(0. , +1. )*CX1(1)C1(2)=SX1(2)+(0. , +1. )*CX1(2)A(2 )=(SY1(2 )*SX(2)-Y /X*SY(2 )*SX1(2 ))/(SY 1(2 )*C(2 )-Y /X*
*SY(2)*C1(2))B(2)=(Y/X*SY1(2)*SX(2)-SY(2)*SX1(2))/(Y/X*SY1(2)*C(2)-
*SY(2)*C1(2))10 I=I+1
SX(I+2)=(2*I+1)*SX(I+1)/X-SX(I)SY(I+2)=(2*I+1)*SY(I+1)/Y-SY(I)CX(I+2 )=(2*I+1)*CX(I+1)/X- CX(I)C(I+2)=SX(I+2)+(0. , +1 )*CX(I+2)SX1(I+2)=SX(I+1)-(I+1)*SX(I+2)/XSY1(I+2)=SY(I+1)-(I+1)*SY(I+2)/YCX1(I+2)=CX(I+1)-(I+1)*CX(I+2)/XC1(I1-2)=SX1(I+2)+(0. , +1)*CX1(I+2)A(I+2)=(SY1(I+2)*SX(I+2)-Y/X*SY(I+2)*Sx1(I+2))/(SY1(I+2)*C(I+2)
*-Y/X*SY(I+2)*C1(I+2))B(I+2)=(Y/X*SY1(I+2)*SX(I+2)-SY(I+2)*SX1(I+2))/(Y/X*SY1(I+2)
**c(I+2)-SY(I+2)*C1(I+2))IF(I-1, 5)12, 12, 170
12 JI = 5JI1 = 180/JI + 1DO 80 J=1, JilZ1(J)=0,Z2(J)=0,D1(1)=0,D2(1)=0,T(J) = COSF(JI*(J-1)*. 017453293)S(J) = (SINF(JI*(J-1)*. 017453293))**2YA(1)=1, 0YA(2)=3. *T(J)YA(3)=7. 5*T(J)**2-1, 5Y1(1)=0. 0Y1(2)=3. 0Y1(3)=15. 0*T(J)
140 N=014 N=N+1
YA(N+3)=T(J)*(2*N+5)/(N+2)*YA(N+2)-(N+3)/(N+2)*YA(N+1)Y1(N+3)=(2*N+5)*YA(N+2)+Y1(N+1)IF(N-1. 5)120, 120, 121
120 L=0121 L=L+1
WA(L)=(2*L+1)/(L*(L+1))*(A(L+1)*YA(L)+B(L+1)*(T(J)*YA(L)*-S(J)*Y1(L)))
WB(L)=(2*L+1)/(L*(L+1))*(B(L+1)*YA(L)+A(L+1)*(T(J)*YA(L)'c-S(J)*Y1(L)))Z1(J)- Z 1(J)+WA(L)Z2(J)=Z2(J)+WB(L)IF(J-1. 5)15, 15, 65
15 A1(L)=A(L+1)A2(L)=(0. , -1. )*A(L+1)B1(L)=B(L+1)B2(L)=(0. , -1. )44B(L+1)IF(L-1. 5)19, 19, 18
18 D1( L)= D1( L- 1) +ABSF(A1(L- 1)) +ABSF(B1(L -1))D2(L)=D2(L-1)+ ABSF(A2(L-1))+ABSF(B2(L-1))
19 IF(L-3. 5)70, 70, 2020 IF(D1(L)-D1(L-1)-. 0000001)25, 25, 7025 IF(D1(L-1)-D1(L-2)-. 0000001)30. 30. 7030 IF(D2(L)-D2(L-1)-. 0000001)35, 35. 7035 IF(D2(L-1)-D2(L-2)-. 0000001)75. 75. 7065 IF(L-1)170, 170, 7670 IF(L-8-1. 240C)73, 73, 7573 IF(L-I)170, 170, 10
170 IF(L-N-2)121, 121, 1475 PRINT 100, L76 SQR1(J) = Z1(J)
SQR1(J) = SQR1(J)*2SQI1(J) = (0.. +1. )*Z1(J)SQI1(J) = SQI1(J)**2 1-AI1(J) = SQR1(J) + SQI1(J) 1-
SQR2(J) = Z2(J)s1)
SQR2(J) = SQR2(J)**2SQI2(J) = (O. , +1)*Z2(J)SQI2(J) = SQI2(J)**2AI2(J) = SQR2(J) +SQI2(J)ZA(J)=AI1(J)+AI2(J)IF(J-1. 5)78, 78, 79
78 Z = Y /XPRINT 105, X, Z
79 J1 = (J-1)*JIPRINT 110, J1, AI1(.1), J1, AI2(J), J1, ZA(J)
80 CONTINUE85 CONTINUE90 CONTINUE
100 FORMAT(31H1 THE SERIES TERMINATED AFTER, 14, 10H TERMS,105 FORMAT(23H MIE FUNCTIONS ALPHA = . F6, 3, 5H M = , F6, 3)110 FORMAT(5H AI1(, 13, 3H)= . E15. 7, 6H AI2(, 13, 3H)= . E15. 7,
*4H ZA(, 13, 3H)= , E15. 7)END
1----
Graphsfunctions
APPENDIX
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130
1301
REXBURGz al 100 mc .0651 TT,
10 (90).000167
1
21
10 70 130
-r- _I_
t-t--
10 70 130 10 70e (degrees)
130
-t c _
22 AUG 67 ---:-.REXBURG
__
z= 1 8 1c = .±0747 =7--
.000122
J
--_-_--;--,-
--,, .f--- 4--
0115
killDM
1111I II
121=1101111111111171III lin 1 6"I I OM
-
tr ----.fi,11111
MEE
......m. 11141. ONO INOWIMMON.I.
_____2,-......----'"1-......-L.q. -1
t-,_ 1 t , t ' --'--
, 1 t . !-- . ---
1 if
X10
cD
70 130
---,--_ -,-- I-- 22 AUG 67;-- REXBURG
-,I
z 'a 1425_
m _c = 0 8 0 1.
, , .000123L
+
,.H
,1
-,
--,, - t
.
4 ' -*. -- --r
t----- -T---- 2,-- 1 rf -----
_T;----f- 4 _4____:-4-T-
.-- ...,.-,
_t _f_ ..__,.____f__
. 4f '
' - -
i 1
-10
10 70 130: T__
22 AUG 67REXBURGz 535 mc .0801
±-=,( 90 ) =.000130
1
-210
103
104
70 130 10 70 130
.77
m -----,
I-.._.,__.
.4_4- ..LI-
I
22 AUG 67'REXBURGZ = 661c = .0856
A(90)0000115
-. _ _
------17:77
;
II
----]-t-- i :
-1---,1
,
IL i_-- -i
1
IMEMMOIMMIIMMIM1.11MINM211
IMM =MEM .
-T
-1.-.--r-'-:
.---,/
r-f--- i-,---I
-,--f
.-----,
' i--r--
rr-- i - --t -I
_ _._ _
-1_ I
, ,,
70 130ilINONSIS SISPOSSY OSSISSU insOSISM OS. OOOO evot sse ..1/
.111.1........y.,._
-.- 23 AUG 67f -------79 r., REXBURG
11-t , z 38 m
11 ......,S1.11410.11M0111.1.10.0. c .117----,
L fi (90) seL._, r L
-.00O209
.
a : i --.;-..-.-11111111.1. ..........."r '
V-....1_11:71/
- ..
1. -
;-
00.11.414SSONI S.W.SIMOS SS
. -
ONO WIMMAISSWSSaMs Via ammo . ,,,._._.
,- -i
1
_ -r
8
0
-210
103
-410
132--, --1
67 ---....T-
-
-11
1----1-----7-4 23. AUGRExBuR, G
= -!-- z - 5 m_ __.,, . . _ _ _
...
.....=aa. C la .110-
'g(90) =
. .000787..,- .
. : = ,
- ...-
.----
i
1.-.
, /1 '..,_:_____.-f- ..--.--..--
7 . ., 1._.
- -: ,
t
Ng --- . .rf =0.-.
-.... .
111.1.11116
-----
'.1
-----.r--
r . .
--1
10
18
0
-210
10
10
70 1301---
,
-, f-
24 AUG 67 -_-.:_..REXBURGz = 58 m
.--
C mg .0954-,,
.000134 ITT
--+
4i
1I_
,----
-t- 7--- I ----1--
r t- -1---, .
\.
7
.. +-
T-
I
.
.
:
.H\ -4-- ----j"----4- ,-- .-.
----
s7."--.--..--...-.-,----
-: -7-7-1
:
.
10 70 130 10e (cecres
70 130
=N.11111
t-
0001111=I=
1111111111111=I
214. AUG 67REXBURGz 78 mC .0910
( 90 ).000121
11111111111IMMO 1011=IIINiMMI.MIL'110111111111=111 111111111111=11 Ma:=1=1=1 1111211:1111
11MO MOM.1111!
1-=
104M W..= is141=111111
70 130-
. i- 1-7-7,--.-- F67
=
I
H
r -21.t AUG,-
!-- REXBURG' z =121m
.0502--I-- 4.-- /3( 90)
,.
-1-.4
.000102,
. I
i !
-'
.--- +_.__-:_,---.-7-71-
_t__
.a-
-10 70 130
-210
1331-- t- hr
_,__.,-,
--= estim=nramt 24 AUG 67 ---.7i-
REXBURG ----
i =z= 101m -EA---1
---- --in-------,= ^ = *052 4'
.000106 _1
Immuressomirsomutn."'"""IIMICEM1173811=111 U.:
4EIMEMANIMUlati Zr "' -1
r
... .. VI Sad .0,---.4-'
eaMil
i --1--=----_-r
10
18
0
-210
103
104
70 130---
-
! 1-
-i
-,24REXBURGz
fi(90)
---d
AUG 67 -----1
= 143 ra_
- 40502 -7i _...4'
000102. --
7''- -
.
4-----
4 -_ _.
477'. ,
, ."----.-!.
-:-FIT-.7------t----"rP"-Tfr-- F.---TE-=-r---.- 1
,
,
.
4
10 70 130
't------I-- ' 1 L----.
24 AUGREXBURGz = 163c = .0492
fl(90).000105
I-
:=-67
m
-=
--- 1-7.7_ _t___ ,-II=11
1-
, -A
.1_-1
IMMIMIlleis
----'=MIMEWii 1111111111111111!
4- =ir ---,-1
MEE= t-
-1
70 130
10
-210
10
104
134-.,
,
-1- r-
24 AUG 67REXBURGz = 199 mc = .0524 ..
73( 90) =00000971'
i,_
i_ r--i--- f-
ff,
----4,-Fi' ' ---4"-- _ ____
!
.I4
_I.
1
====_ MIlik _ M
_-
_ _
ir
, tt
1
1 t--
--"------7------1-E,
.
1 -4_ .
4__ iL I--
4
l
10 70 130
10
IM
70 130 10 70 130
4____ ___
2)4REXBURGz ...
c ..fi(90)
.
__.t. --,AUG 67
552 m.0619
=0000999'7
---
7'
t1
--,-1
__ ---'t
,
. -I I-
, t--t- --'-, -
._4
, .
-7- I
1- _
i .
._ :H
-210
103
104
135
==.=AUG 67
REXBURGz = 787 mc = .0812 _
g(90) = ,.000105
ass -.24,----T-
-4-:_,,--
F-_ ._ _
i- -h--- -I i-1 f _
. I_ -_
'--- 1_f' . 1-:
.
- 7_44
;
-1
. -._
, 4i '-' --, I : --:-.T1
I I
...........e4.'''r'"
-1"1
_ _ _4=7_f_liiiit i
L71-r--"____
-4--
-
427
-t -I--
10 70 130 10 70e (degrees)
130
136
APPENDIX E
Tables of absolute volume scattering functionsmeasured with the NEL scattering meter
137NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: yFU-45
Date: 19 Jul 1966
Hour: 2140
Run:
Lat: 32° 16.2'N
Long: 117°19.9"ff
Depth: 25M
t = 13.31°C
T = 53.9(%/m)
= .618
452135 = 9.89
p(90) =. 000445(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees )
p(e)(sr-m)
-1/3(e)
RELATIVE
10 88 .0004641 1.042
13 91 .0004360 .9789
16 94 .0004140 .9294
19 .02294 51.52 97 .0003928 .8820
22 .01747 39.23 100 .0003700 .8307
25 .01309 29.38 103 .0003457 .7762
28 .009853 22.12 106 .0003261 .7322
31 .007853 17.63 109 .0003129 .7026
34 .006032 13.54 112 .0003106 .6973
37 .005259 11.81 115 .0003144 .7059
40 .004160 9.341 118 .0003136 .7041
43 .003503 7.865 121 .0003092 .6942
46 .002919 6.555 124 .0003065 .6882
49 .002460 5.524 127 .0003070 .6894
52 .002081 4.673 130 .0003124 .7015
55 .001774 3.984 1 133 0003104 .6968
58 .001478 3.319 136 .0003171 .7119
61 .001224 2.747 139 .0003194 .7170
64 .001044 2.344 142 .0003233 .7258
67 .000936 2.102 145 .0003230 .7251
70 .0008365 1.878 148 .0003307 .7426
73 .007642 1.716 151 .0003440 .7724
76 .0006766 1.519 154
79 .0006158 1.383 157
82 .09U557- 1.252 160
85 .00C3026 1.128
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU -45 Lat: 32° 16.2'N T = 86. 3( % /m)
Date: 19 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.9'1ff Wd= .147
Hour: 2229 Depth: 46M 45Z135 = 3.843
Run: t = 10.72°C
p(90)= .0000898(sr
138
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (9)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1 RELATVIE
10 .01918 213.5 88 00009057 1.008
13 .01304 145.2I
91 00008945 .9959
16. .006326 70.42 94 0000893 .9949
19 .00442 49.26 I 97 0000872 .971
22 .00310 34.54 100 0000856 .953
25 .00254 28.37 I 103 0000872 .971
28 .00184 20.46 106 0000870 .969
31 .00138 15.35 I 109 0000884 .984
34 .000975 10.85 I 112 0000896 .997
37 .000798 8.88 I 115 0000915 1.019
40 .000446 4.97 I 118 0000923 1.028
43 .000440 4.90 121 0000928 1.034
46 .000375 4.17 124 0000950 1.058
49 .000320 3.56 i 127 0000991 1.103
52 .000283 3.15 130 0001012 1.127
55 .000245 2.73 133 0001019 1.135
58 .000209 2.33 136 0001038 1.155
61 .000192 2.14 139 0001092 1.215
64 .000172 1.91 142 0001076 1.198
67 .000154 1.71 I 145 0001131 1.259
70 .000134 1.49 I 148 0001184 1.318
73 .000117 1.30 151 0001219 1.357
76 .000108 1.20 154
79 .000102 1.14 I 157
82 .000100 1.11 160
..0000958 i
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: 111FU-45
Date: 19 Jul 1966
Hour:2247
Run:
Lat: 32° 16.2'N T = 89. 0(% /m)
Long: 117° 19. 9'W (Y-' = .117
Depth: 66M 45Z135 = 2.63
t = 9. 70°Cp(90) = . 0000748(sr
1-m-1)
139
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE (3(e)
(degrees)(sr-m)
-1(e)
RELATIVE
10 .008372 111.9 88 .00007466 .9981
13 .005273 70.49 91 .00007486 1.001
16 .003554 47.51 94 .00007335 .9806
19 .002552 34.12 97 .00007165 .9579
22 .001837 24.56 100 .00007138 .9542
25 .001323 17.69 103 .00007170 .9585
28 .001069 14.29 106 .00007307 .9769
31 .0008422 11.26 109 .00007472 .9990
34 .0006839 9.144 112 .00007537 1.008
37 .0004789 6.402 115 .00007594 1.015
40 .0003183 4.255 118 .00007628 1.020
43 .0002627 3.512 121 .00007787 1.041
46 .0002240 2.994 124 .00008161 1.091
49 .0001956 2.615 127 00008234 1.101
52 .0001689 2.259 130 100008599 1.150
55 .0001557 2.081 133 100008956 1.197
58 .0001357 1.814 136 .00009030 1.207
61 .0001238 1.655 139 .9000928241_2241 ___
00009999 1.28364 .0001135 1.518 1
142
67 .0001037 1.386 145 00009729 1.30170 .0.0009475 1.267 148 ,0001008 1.34873 .00009002 1.204 1
151 0001035 1.38376 1.00008491 1.135 154
79 .00008083 1.081 157
82 .00007775 1.039 160
83 .00007603. 1.016
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45
Date:19 Jul 1966Hour: 2305
Run:
140
Lat : 32° 16.2'N T = 87.7(Vm)Long: 117° 19.9'W C't = .131Depth: 123M 45Z135 = 3.35t = 9. 67°C
p(90)=.000112(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
0(e)(sr-m)
-1(3(e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
0(e)RELATIVE
10 .01318 118.2 88 .0001135 1.018
13 .006711 60.19 91 .0001105 .9910
16 .003586 32.17 94 .0001088 .9759
19 .002562 22.98 97 .0001065 .9555
22 .001992 17.87 100 .0001047 .9392
25 .001488 13.34 103 .0001045 .9370
28 .001107 9.931 10G .0001068 .9580
31 .0009294 8.335 109 .0001096 .9833
34 .0008069 7.237 . 112 .0001116 1.001
37 .0006775 6.076 115 .0001141 1.023
40 .0005803 5.204 118 .0001168 1.047
43 .0004906 4.400 121 .0001211 1.086
46 .0004192 3.759 124 .0001241 1.113
49 .0003599 3.228 127 .0001258 1.128
52 .0003088 2.769 130 .0001274 1.142
55 .0002798 2.510 133 .0001300 1.166
58 .0002501 2.243 136 .0001334 1.196
61 .0002249 2.017 139 .0001362 1.221
64 .0001919 1.721 142 .0001420 1.274
67 .0001746 1.566 145 .0001469 1.318
70 .0001624 1.457 148 .0001550 1.390
73 .0001495 1.341 151 .0001588 1.424
76 .0001385 1.242 154 .0001654 1.484
79 .0001304 1.170 157
82 .0001250 1.121 11
85
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32° 16.2'N
Date: 19 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.9'W
Hour: 2345 Depth: 145M
Run: t = 9.58°C
141
T =90.6(%/rn)
04.= .099
7 45= 3.12
p(90) =. 0000849(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)
(sr-m)1
0 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
10 (G)
RELATIVE
10 .01072 126.2 88 .0000863 1.017
13 .004282 50.44 91 .0000842 .991
16 .003037 35.78 94 .0000839 .988
19 .002006 23.63 97 .0000822 .969
22 .001396 16.44 100 .0000813 .957
25 .001019 12.00 103 .0000806 .950
28 .0008454 9.958 103 .0000810 .954
31 .0006830 8.045 109 .0000817 .963
34 .0005587 6.581 112 .0000836 .984
37 .0004715 5.554 115 .0000840 .990
40 .000411 4.840 118 .0000865 1.018
43 .000353 4.154 121 .0000872 1.027
46 .000301 3.551 124 .0000908 1.069
49 .000250 2.943 127 .0000935 1.101
52 .0002204 2.596 130 .0000967 1.139
55 .0002117 2.493 133 .0001013 1.193
58 .0001851 2.181 136 .0001027 1.209
61 .0001650 1.943 139 .0001039 1.224
64 .0001445 1.702 142 .0001082 1.275
67 .0001274 1.501 145 .0001098 1.293
70 .0001173 1.382 148 .0001128 1.329
73 .0001097 1.292 151 .0001178 1.387
76 .00009940 1.171 1 154
79 .00009486 1.117 157
82 .00009412_
1.109 i_
6 D CJC,-1.390 1. 0;8
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 320 16.21N T = 86. 5(%/m)
Date:20 Jul 1966 Long: 117°19.911ff 06= .145
Hour: 0013
Run:
Depth: 183M
t = 9.24°C
142
m 454135 = 3.36
(3(90) = . 0000832( s r-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
0 ( e)(sr-m)
-1/3(e)
RELATIVE
10 88 .00008495 1.021
13 .00557 66.92 91 .00008234 .9895
16 .00350 42.07 94 .00008034 .966
19 .00120 24.01 97 .00007823 .940
22 .001337 16.06 100 .0000794 .954
25 .000957 11.50 103 .0000790 .950
28 .000746 8.969 106 .0000794 .954
31 .000619 7.442 109 .0000800 .962
34 .000503 6.039 112 .0000811 .975
37 .000418 5.022 115 .0000810 .973
40 .000378 4.538 118 .0000819 .984
43 .000333 4.006 121 .0000833 1.000
46 .000280 3.368 124 .0000842 1.012
49 .000241 2.893 127 .0000849 1.020
52 .000220 2.646 130 .0000858 1.031
55 .000192 2.307 133 .0000875 1.052
58 .000175 2.103 136 .0000892 1.072
61 .000157 1.890 139 .0000913 1.097
64 .000139 1.665 142 .0000915 1.100
67 .000124 1.493 145 0000966 1.161
70 .000115 1.385 148 0001001 1.203
73 .000106 I 1.276 151 0001007 1.210
76 .000101 1.215 154 10001015 1.220
79 .0000953 1.145 157
-, - /- t1 /- ,, l -eN
85
.
.0000889
Ship:Date:Hour:
Run:
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
YFU-4520 Jul 19660043
Lat: 31° 21.2' N
Long: 117° 20.6'W
Depth: 244M
t = 9. 02 °C
T = .862
04.=
45135
.149
3.37
143
p(90) =.0000769(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
10 88 .0000794 1.03
13 .00510 66.5 91 .0000756 .984
16 .00285 37.1 94 .0000736 .957
19 .00179 23.3 97 .0000732 .952
22 .00119 15.5 100 .0000730 .949
25 .00106 13.8I
103 .0000744 .967
28 106 .0000752 .978
31 .000560 7.28 I109 .0000771 1.00
34 .000462 6.01 I 112 .0000774 1.01
37 .000418 5.44 115 .0000783 1.02
40 .000387 5.04 118 .0000795 1.03
43 .000334 4.34 121 .0000819 1.06
46 .000279 3.63 124 .0000827 1.08
49 .000231 3.00 127 .0000835 1.09
52 .000207 2.70 130 .0000859 1.12
55 .000191 2.48 133 .0000858 1.12
58 .000166 2.16 136 .0000895 1.16
61 .000155 2.01 139 .0000934 1.22
64 .000132 1.72 142 .0000956 1.24
67 .000118 1.54 t 145 .0000979 1.27
70 .000109 1.42 148 .000103 1.34
73 .000102 1.33 151 .000105 11.37
11.4076 .0000993 1.29 154 .000108
79 .0000902 1.17 L 157
82 .0000352 1.11 i 'CO
i.000C,334; 1.09
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
YFU-45
20 Jul 1966
0115
Lat :31°21.2v N
Long: 117°20.61 W
Depth: 305M
t = 8.23°C
144
T = .890
°6= .117
45135 = 2.98
p(90) =.000198(sr-l-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
OM(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)(Ye)
(sr-m)1
a(e)RELATIVE
10 88 .000198 .9995
13 .00542 27.4 91 .000198 1.0002
16 .00418 21.1 94 .000196 .989
19 .00327 16.5 97 .000191 .968
22 .00268 13.5 100 .000188 .952
25 .00211 10.6 103 .000189 .955
28 .00170 8.62 106 .000189 .955
31 .00144 7.29 109 .000198 .999
34 .00123 6.24 112 .000200 1.011
37 .00108 5.46 115 .000203 1.028
40 .000935 4.73 118 .000209 1.0643 .000742 3.75 121 .000207 1.0546 .000627 3.17 124 .000210 1.0649 .000582 2.94 127 .000223 1.13
52 .000505 2.55 130 .000227 1.15
55 .000465 2.35 133 .000223 1.13
58 .000406 2.05 136 .000223 1.13
61 .000362 1.83 139 .000230 1.16
64 .000325 1.65 142 .000238 1.21
67 .000362 1.83 145 .000239 1.21
70 .000299 1.51 148 .000241 1.22
73 .000273 1.38 151 .000255 1.29
76 .000250 1.27 154 .000262 11.32
79 .000234 1.18 157
82 .0C::14 1.03 -,--_,__
145NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45
Date: 21 Jul 1966
Hour: 2103
Run:
Lat:32o17.4'N
Long: 117°19.4V
Depth: 29.4M
t = 13.89°C
T = 67.9(Vrn)
CL = .387
45Z135 = 11.7
p(90) =.000679(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
0(0)
(sr-m)1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
1 LAT(ED)
REIVE
10 .4340 639.4 88 .0006943 1.023
13 .2086 307.3 91 .0006711 .9887
16 .1233 181.6 94 .0006374 .9390
19 .08885 130.9 97 .0005748 .8468
22 .05317 78.33 100 .0005628 .8291
25 .04233 62.36 103 .0005399 .7954
28 .02948 43.43 106 .0005235 .7713
31 .02153 31.72 109 .0006071 .8944
34 .01479 21.79 -112 .0005021 .7396
37 .01119 16.48 115 .0004950 .7292
40 .009188 13:54 118 .0004975 .7329
43 .007271 10.71 121 .0005110 .7528
46 .005899 8.690 124 .0005312 .7825
49 .004187 6.168 127 .0005195 .7653
52 .003406 5.018 130 .0005305 .7815
55 .002878 4.240 133 .0005401 .7957
58 .002376 3.500 136 .0005447 .8024
61 .002037 3.001 139 .0005472 .8062
64 .001847 2.721 142 .0005640 .8309
67 .001520 2.239 145 .0006007 .8849
70 .001364 2.009 148 .0006220 .9163
73 .001183 1.743 151 .0006362 .9373
76 .001065 1.569 154 .0006511 .9593
79 I. 0009530 1.404 157
i82 .0008222,
1.211 1_
85 ;.0007530 1.109 1
146NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32° 17. 4'N T = 88. 1(Jm)
Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long: 117° 19.4'1ff 06 = .127
Hour: 2113 Depth: 76.8M 452135 = 4.01
Run: t = 10.25°Cp(90) =. 000149(sr
1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)-1
(sr-m)
(3 (8)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees )
p(e)-1
(sr-m)
0(8)RELATIVE
10 .02573 172.2 88 .0001561 1.045
13 .02035 136.2 91 .0001461 .9779
16 .01224 81.95 94 .0001448 .9693
19 .009032 60.46 97 .0001435 .9606
22 .005528 37.00 100 .0001437 .9618
25 .003327 22.27 103 .0001442 .9653
28 .002297 15.38 106 .0001452 .9719
31 .001697 11.36 109 .0001430 .9569
34 .001296 8.677 112 .0001446 .9678
37 .001091 7.303 115 .0001470 .9839
40 .0009284 6.218 118 .0001489 .9970
43 .0007610 5.094 121 .0001538 1.029
46 .0006683 4.474 124 .0001588 1.063
49 .0005541 3.709 127 .0001608 1.077
52 .0004706 3.150 130 .0001653 1.106
55 .0004299 2.877 133 .0001710 1.144
58 .0003861 2.584 136 .0001765 1.181
61 .0003225 2.158 139 .0001843 1.234
64 .0002783 1.863 142 .0001865 1.248
67 .0002494 1.670 145 .0001864 1.248
70 .0002244 1.502 148 .0001894 1.268
73 .0002196 1.470 151 .0001935 1.295
76 .0001975 1.322 is-_,_ a .00019851 1.329
79 .0001784 1.195 157 .0002051 1.373
82 .00-1168') 1.120 , r n_,..._
83 1.0001657 1 1 -+,7:1
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: .YFU -45 Lat: 32° 17.4'N T = 90.1 ( % /m)
Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4V 114%= .104
Hour: 2207 Depth: 131.7M 45Z135
= 4.13Run: t = 9.85°C
(3(90) =. 000268(sr-1 -m- 1)
147
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
1(3 ( e )
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
1(3 (e)
RELATIVE
10 .04172 155.6 88 .0002733 1.019
13 .02272 84.76 91 .0002655 .9903
16 .01588 59.22 94 .0002556 .9534
19 .01060 39.54 97 .0002450 .9137
22 .007284 27.17 100 .0002434 .9079
25 .005273 19.67 103 .0002427 .9054
28 .003994 14.90 106 .0002389 .8912
31 .002989 11.15 109 .0002368 .8831
34 .002162 8.066 112 .0002391 .8918
37 .001995 7.440 115 .0002408 .8981
40 .001650 6.156 118 .0002423 .9037
43 .001281 4.778 121 .0002420 .9026
46 .001064 4.044 124 .0002503 .9338
49 .0009349 3.487 127 .0002592 .9668
52 .0008505 3.172 , 130 .0002658 .991355 .0007122 2.656 133 .0002743 1.023
58 .0006743 2.515 136 .0002802 1.045
61 .0006067 2.263 139 .0002940 1.097
64 .0005812 2.168 142 .0003084 1.150
67 .0005076 1.893 145 .0003165 1.181
70 .0004354 1.624 148 .0003267 1.219
73 .0003967 1.480 151 .00033571 1.252
76 .0003661 1.366 154 .00033821 1.261
79 .0003349 1.249 157
82 .0003053 1.139 160 _I33
I .0002 o3 1.083
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat:32°17.4'N
Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4'1ff
Hour: 2232 Depth: 182.9M
Run: t = 9. 53°C
T = 90. 2(%/m)
= .10345
2135 = 3.57
148
p(90) = . 000208(sr1-rn-
1)
ANGLE(degrees)
0(e)(sr_m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
10 .02586 124.0 88 .0002160 1.036
13 .01436 68.88 91 .0002048 .9823
16 .009846 47.22 94 .0002031 .9740
19 .006901 33.10 97 P.0001975 .9470
22 .005073 24.33 100 .0001995 .9570
25 .003715 17.82 103 .0002031 .9742
28 .002915 13.98 106 .0002047 .9818
31 .002084 9.997 109 .0001994 .9563
34 .001772 8.501 112 .0002005 .9617
37 .001494 7.168 115 .0002049 .9826
40 .001174 5.632 118 .0002111 1.013
43 .0009619 4.614 121 .0002148 1.030
46 .0008126 3.897 124 .0002236 1.072
49 .0006775 3.250 127 .0002278 1.092
52 .0005922 2.840 130 .0002296 1.101
55 .0005372 2.576 133 .0002359 1.132
58 .0004814 2.309 136 .0002445 1.173
61 .0004281 2.053 139 .0002481 1.190
64 .0003726 1.787 142 .0002549 1.222
67 .0003555 1.705 145 .0002707 1.298
70 .0003289 1 1.577 148 .0002718 1.303
73 .0003010 1.444 151 .0002782 1.334
76 .0002770 1.329 154 .0002797 1.342
79 .0002592 1.243 157 .0002861 1.372
,-).'..),. .0002433 1 1.167 I
160 .0002915 1.398
1.0002232
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
.Ship : YFU -45 Lat: 32° 17. 4'N T = 94.1(%drn)
Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long: 117°19.4V 06= 0.061
Hour: 2305 Depth: 219.5M 45Z135 = 4.30
Run: t = 9.13°C
149
p(90) =.000283(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
0 (e)RELATIVE
10 .03138 110.8 88 .0002894 1.022
13 .01826 64.51 91 .0002799 .9887
16 .01274 45.01 94 .0002740 .9677
19 .008794 31.06 97 .0002699 .9533
22 .006761 23.88 100 .0002671 .943425 .005165 18.24 103 .0002654 .937428 .003945 13.94 106 .0002643 .9337
31 .003372 11.91 109 .0002655 .9378
34 .002532 8.945 112 .0002678 .946137 .002091 7.385 115 .0002694 .9518
40 .001675 5.918 118 .0002738 .9673
43 .001515 5.352 121 .0002783 .9829
46 .001259 4.447 124 .0002833 1.001
49 .001082 3.822 1 127 .0002922 1.032
52 .0009112 3.219 130 .0003017 1.06655 .0007922 2.798 133 .0003081 1.088
58 .0006842 2.417 136 .0003152 1.113
61 .0006193 2.187 139 .0003311 1.170
64 .0005374 1.898 142 .0003311 1.170
67 .0004908 1.734 145 .0003375 1.192
70 .0004536 1.602 148 .0003541 1.251
73 .0004119 1.455 151 .0003715 1.312
76 .0003682 1.301 154 .0003813 1.347
79 .0003516 1.242 157 .0003900 1.377
82 .0003250 1.1-18 i --
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45
Date: 21 Jul 1966
Hour: 2327
Run:
Lot:32°17.4'N
Long:117°19.4"ff
Depth: 268.9M
t = 8.64°C
T = 93.5 (% /m)
= 0.066
452135 = 3.55
150
r 1-rxi 1)p(90) = . 000139(s
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 ( e )
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
10 .01662 120.0 88 .0001416 1.022
13 .009890 71.41 91 .0001370 .9892
16 .005823 42.05 94 .0001353 .9772
19 .004271 30.84 97 .0001345 .9711
22 .003209 23.17 100 .0001339 .9666
25 .002481 17.92 103 .0001326 .9572
28 .001880 13.57 106 .0001321 .9539
31 .001514 10.93 109 .0001367 .9870
34 .001186 8.565 112 .0001371 .9896
37 .0009693 6.998 115 .0001379 .9959
40 .0008537 6.164 118 .0001420 1.025
43 .0006656 4.806 121 .0001459 1.05346 .0005505 3.974 124 .0001455 1.05149 .0004847 3.500 127 .0001485 1.07252 .0004130 2.982 130 .0001546 1.11655 .0003649 2.635 133 .0001601 1.15658 .0003170 2.289 136 .0001690 1.22061 .0002841 2.051 139 .0001713 1.23764 .0002612 1.886 142 .0001772 1.28067 .0002290 1.653 145 .0001845 1.33270 .0002145 1.549 148 .0001862 1.34473 .0001947 1.406 151 .0001881 1.35876 .0001796 1.297 154 .0001896 1.369
79 .0001694 1.223 157
32 .0001605 1.159 160
.001518- 1.096
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32° 17.4'N T = 93. 6(%/m)
Date: 21 Jul 1967 Long: 117°19.4MT w..= .066
Hour: 0040 Depth: 289M 45Z135
= 3.96Run: t = 8.66°C
151
p(90) =.000223(sr-l-m4)
ANGLE(degrees)
3(e)(sr-m)
1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)0 ( e )
(sr-m)1
/3(e)RELATIVE
10 .02070 92.83 88 .0002264 1.015
13 .01330 59.63 91 .0002213 .9924
16 .01147 51.45 94 .0002126 .9531
19 .007523 33.74 97 .0002084 .9347
22 .005326 23.88 100 .0002092 .9381
25 .003920 17.58 103 .0002000 .8970
28 .002885 12.94 106 .0002026 .9084
31 .002224 9.973 109 .0002012 .9022
34 .001757 7.879 112 .0002068 .9272
37 .001428 6.401 115 .0002154 .9661
40 .001104 4.951 118 .0002160 .9684
43 4.662 121 .0002228 .9989
46 .0009750 4.372 124 .0002235 1.002
49 .0008250 3.700 127 .0002324 1.042
52 .0007009 3.143 130 .0002353 1.055
55 .0005872 2.633 133 .0002453 1.100
58 .0005071 2.274 136 .0002550 1.143
61 .0004565 2.047 139 .0002678 1.201
64 .0004051 1.817 142 .0002803 1.257
67 .0003684 1.652 145 .0002918 1.308
70 .0003225 1.446 148 .0003015 1.352
73 .0003050 1.368 151 .0002978 1.336
76 .0002799 1.255 154 .0003209 1.439
79 .0002692 1.207 157
82 .0002642 _L-1 _,,-,-. C...D 160
-85 .0002460 1_3
Ship:
Date:
152NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
YFU -45
21 Jul
Lat: 32° 17.4'N
1966 Long:117° 19.4'W
T =
06 =
93.4(%/m)
0.068
Hour: 0102 Depth: 324M 45=
Run: t = 7.85°C2135
3.90
p(90) =. 000180(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3(e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(e)RELATIVE
10 .01871 103.9 88 .0001775 .9861
13 .01131 62.83 91 .0001812 1.007
16 .007064 39.25 94 .0001856 1.031
19 .005040 28.00 97 .0001851 1.028
22 .003464 19.26 100 .0001807 1.004
25 .002593 14.40 103 .0001671 .9284
28 .002038 11.32 106 .0001624 .9024
31 .001600 8.890 109 .0001670 .9276
34 .001325 7.361. 112 .0001789 .9939
37 .001111 6.171 115 .0001803 1.002
40 .0009369 5.205 118 .0001810 1.006
43 .0007778 4.321 121 .0001883 1.046
46 .0006644 3.691 124 .0001953 1.085
49 .0005761 3.201 127 .0002047 1.137
52 .0005167 2.871 130 .0002210 1.228
55 .0004575 2.542 133 .0002153 1.196
58 .0003850 2.139 136 .0002102 1.168
61 .0003681 2.045 139 .0002221 1.234
64 .0003114 1.730 142 .0002169 1.205
67 .0002721 1.512 145 .0002236 1.242
70 .0002511 1.395 148 .0002479 1.377
73 .0002306 1.281 151 .0002486 1.381
76 .0002264 1.258 154 .0002478 1.377
79 .0002091 1.162 157
82 .0001915 1.032- 160___
85 1.0001912- 1,c -z-
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
153NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
YFU-45
21 Jul
0121
1966
Lat:32° 17.4'N
Long: 117°19.4'1ff
Depth: 368M
t = 7.20°C
T =
°' =
m 454, 135
93. 1( % /m)
0.071
= 3.36
pow = . 000254(sr
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
((30)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1o(e)
RELATIVE
10 .02013 79.36 88 .0002618 1.032
13 .01319 51.98 91 .0002497 .9844
16 .008369 32.99 94 .0002436 .9600
19 .005823 22.95 97 .0002438 .9611
22 .004419 17.42 100 .0002374 .9359
25 .003525 13.89 103 .0002333 .9194
28 .002883 11.36 106 .0002376 .9366
31 .002092 8.246 109 .0002396 .9443
34 .001710 6.739 112 .0002403 .9472
37 .001417 5.587 115 .0002476 .9760
40 .001185 4.671 118 .0002535 .9992
43 .001047 4.128 121 .0002602 1.026
46 .0009094 3.585 124 .0002609 1.029
49 .0007791 3.071 127 .0002678 1.055
52 .0006890 2.716 130 .0002789 1.099
55 .0006055 2.387 133 .0002838 1.118
58 .0005186 2.044 136 .0002850 1.123
61 .0004648 1.832 139 .0002992 1.180
64 .0004251 1.676 142 .0003208 1.264
67 .0003861 1.522 145 .0003216 1.268
70 .0003492 1.376 148 .0003151 1.242
73 .0003324 1.310 151 .0003269 1.289
76 .0003081 1.214 154 .0003365 1.327
79 .0002917 1.150 157
82 .0002339 1.119 160 i
85 .00,..,z/1_ ...0
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat:32° 17.42N T = 93.5( % /m)
Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4V W.,= .067
Hour: 0142 Depth: 439M 45Z135
= 2.52Run: t = 6.62°C
154
p(90) 000188(s r-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
0(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)(e)-m)
-1(3(e)
RELATIVE
10 .01007 53.64 88 .0001883 1.003
13 .007846 41.80 91 .0001874 .9984
16 .005592 29.79 94 .0001834 .9771
19 .003899 20.77 97 .0001791 .9543
22 .002790 14.86 100 .0001791 .9542
25 .002195 11.70 103 .0001857 .9894
28 .001593 8.485 106 .0001830 .9750
31 .001310 6.978 109 .0001881 1.002
34 .001146 6.105 112 .0001903 1.014
37 .0009486 5.054 115 -.0001973 1.051
40 .0007523 4.008 118 .0002030 1.082
43 .0006523 3.475 121 .0002080 1.108
46 .0005667 3.019 124 .0002111 1.125
49 .0004791 2.553 127 .0002159 1.150
52 130 .0002256 1.202
55 .0004145 2.209 133 .0002335 1.244
58 .0003722 1.983 136 .0002381 1.268
61 .0003158 1.682 139 .0002461 1.311
64 .0002970 1.583 142 .0002526 1.346
67 .0002793 1.488 145 .0002635 1.404
70 .0002613 1.392 148 .0002735 1.457
73 .0002475 1.319 151 .0002794 1.489
76 .0002283 1.217 154 .0002894 1.542
79 .0002142 1.141 157
82 .0002045 1.U9.3 160
85 .000159 1.0 -
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat: 32°17.4'N T = 93.5(%/m)
Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long:117°19.4'W OL = 0.067
Hour: 0205 Depth: 503M 45Z135 = 2,31Run : t = 6.23 °C
&(90) =.000225(sr
155
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(e)RELATIVE
10 .01075 47.87 88 .0002442 .9989
13 .007174 31.96 91 .0002147 .9563
16 .005539 24.67 94 .0002132 .9496
19 .004255 18.95 97 .0002167 .9651
22 .002941 13.10 100 .0002193 .9767
25 .002257 10.05 103 .0002136 .9515
28 .001744 7.766 106 .0002185 .9732
31 .001379 6.142 109 .0002210 .9843
34 .001196 5.328 _ 112 .0002295 1.022
37 .001000 4.456 115 .0002312 1.030
40 .0008362 3'.725 118 .0002364 1.053
43 .0007271 3.239 121 .0002477 1.103
46 .0006089 2.712 124 .0002525 1.125
49 .0005284 2.354 127 .0002578 1.148
52 .0004688 2.088 130 .0002664 1.187
55 .0004143 1.845 133 .0002708 1.206
58 .0003735 1.664 136 .0002850 1.269
61 .0003410 1.519 139 .0002877 1.281
64 .0003227 1.437 142 .0002933 1.307
67 .0003024 1.347 145 .0002983 1.329
70 .0002899 1.291 148 .0003051 1.359
73 .0002788 1.242 151 .0003195 1.423
76 .0002739 1.220 154
79 .0002627 1.170 157
82 .000246D 1.100 160
85 .03:-._:,J3 1.027
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: YFU-45 Lat : 32° 17.4'N T = 93.5(%/m)Date: 21 Jul 1966 Long :117° 19.4'W OG = 0.067Hour: 0222 Depth: 552M 45Z135 = 2.31Run: t = 5.80°C
156
p(90) =. 000236(sr -1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
13(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVE
10 .01469 62.29 88 .0002389 1.013
13 .008466 38.79 91 .0002344 .9936
16 .005615 23.80 94 .0002371 1.005
19 .003902 16.54 97 .0002339 .9917
22 .002994 12.69 100 .0002304 .9765
25 .002471 10.48 103 .0002291 .9713
28 .001857 7.872 106 .0002286 .9690
31 .001529 6.480 109 .0002321 .9838
34 .001274 5.230 112 .0002333 .9892
37 .0009787 4.149 115 .0002396 1.016
40 .0008202 3.477 118 .0002466 1.045
43 .0007055 2.991 121 .0002538 1.076
46 .0006365 2.6y3 124 .0002594 1.100
49 .0005901 2.502 127 .0002626 1.113
52 .0005282 2.239 130 .0002707 1.148
55 .0004805 2.037 133 .0002785 1.181
58 .0004336 1.838 136 .0002880 1.221
61 .0003839 1.627 139 .0Q02962 1.256
64 .0003646 1.546 142 .0003065 1.299
67 .0003413 1.447 145 .0003198 1.356
70 .0003109 1.318 148 .0003216 1.363
73 .0003008 1.275 151 .0003232 1.370
76 .0002889 1.225 154 .0003272 1.387
79 .0002702 1.146 157 .0003382 1.434
82 .0002586 1.096 160
85 .30 2323 1.G0J
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 157
Ship: NEL Tank T = .125
Date: 18 May 1967 06= 2.079
Hour: " 4541135 13-5
Run: 0: p214,55160: p25,56 p(90) = .004653
ANGLE(degrees)
'3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3(e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
10 1.669 358.7 88 .004933 1.060
13 1.021 219.5 91 .004598 .9882
16 .5991 128.8 94 .004235 .9101
19 .4394 94.44 97 .003992 .8580
22 .2966 63.75 100 .003791 .8148
25 .2084 44.79 103 .003519 .7564
28 .1490 32.02 106 .003240 .6964
31 .1179 25.35 109 .003155 .6781
34 .08688 18.67 112 .003094 .6649
37 .06952' 14.94 115 .003010 .6469
40 .05587 12.01 118 .002931 .6299
43 .04346 9.340 121 .002822 .6064
46 .03473 7.464 124 .002767 .5948
49 .02625 5.641 127 .002733 .5873
52 .02050 4.406 130 .002754 .5920
55 .01835 3.944 133 .002775 .5963
58 .01633 3.509 136 .002769 .5952
61 .01459 3.135 139 .002782 .5979
64 .01253 2.693 142 .002751 .5912
67 .01029 2.211 145 .002764 .5940
70 .008431 1.812 148 .002790 .5996
73 .007654 1.645 151 .002856 .6138
76 .006961 1.496 154 .002853 .6131
7g .006323 1.359 157 .002894 .6219
82 .005004 1.2691 160
85 I 1 1 .7, 5
158NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
9. 4(%/m)
2.364
Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T =
Date: 29 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"NV OL =
Hour: 2246 Depth: 1M 45Z1 35
Run: IA t = 22. 1 °Cp(90)
9.788 == 16.1.6059
= 0127(sr- -m)
-1
ANGLE(degrees)
0(9)
(sr-m)-1
(9)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(9)RELATIVE
10 88 .01337 1.054
13 3.744 295.2 91 .01233 .9724
16 2.326 183.4 94 .01144 .9019
19 1.386 109.3 97 .01057 .8335
22 .9404 74.16 100 .009812 .7738
25 .6968 54.95 103 .009156 .7221
28 .5408 42.65 106 .008601 .6783
31 .3980 31.39 109 .008202 .6468
34 .2993 23.61 . 112 .007867 .6204
37 .2282 18.00 115 .007615 .6005
40 .1815 14.31 118 .007417 .5850
43 .1452 11.450 121 .007202 .5680
46 .1136 8.957 124 .007128 .5622
49 .08615 6.794 127 .007083 .5586
52 .06674 5.264 130 .006995 .5517
55 .05431 4.283 133 .006968 .5495
58 .04725 3.726 136 .008041 .6342
61 .04076 3.214 139 .008408 .6631
64 .03457 2.727 142 .008578 .6765
67 .02968 2.341 145 .008633 .6808
70 .02600 2.050 148 .008528 .6725
73 .02269 1.789 151 .008839 .6971
76 .01911 1.507 154 .009349 .7373
79 .01659 1.308 157
82 .01547 1.220 160
J3 ..2_,,t4_,_ 1.,.37
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12"N T = 9. 3( % /m)
Date: 29 Jun 1967 Long:117°13151"W (X, = 2.364
Hour: 2257 Depth: 3M
Run: 2A t = 18.7°C
159
45135
=9.229 = 15.1.6109
(1913) =.0122(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr -m) -1
(e)RELATIVE
10 4.748 390.8 88 .01278 1.052
13 3.260 268.3 91 .01184 .9745
16 1.808 148.8 94 .01064 .8759
19 1.253 103.2 97 .009837 .8096
22 .8599 70.77 100 .009062 .7458
25 .6067 49.93 103 .008642 .7113
28 .4515 37.16 106 .008401 .6915
31 .3558 29.29" 109 .008202 .6750
34 .2684 22.09 112 .007982 .6569
37 .2036 16.76 115 .007736 .6367
40 .1633 13.44 118 .007479 .6156
43 .1286 10.59 121 .007321 .6026
46 .1039 8.549 124 .007236 .5956
49 .07718 6.352 127 .007264 .5978
52 .05830 4.799 130 .007275 .5988
55 .05042 4.150 133 .007326 .6029
58 .04473 3.682 136 .007470 .6148
61 .03914 3.222 139 .007800 .6420
64 .03339 2.748 142 .008076 .6647
67 .02795 2.301 145 .008206 .6754
70 .02271 1.869 148 .008346 .6869
73 .02068 1.702 151 .008404 .6917
76 .01866 1.536 154 1 .008619 .7094
79 .01626 1.338 157 I .008906 .7330
3 .01363
.
1.126
NEL SCATTERIZTG METER DATA SHEET
9.7(%/m)
2.333
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
NEL Barge
29 Jun 1967
2315
3A
Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T =
Long:117° 13151"VI06 =
Depth: 5M 45135
t = 17. 1 °C
(90)
160
9.276 - 14.75.6282
= .0102 ( s r-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 ( e )
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(e)
RELATIVE
10 4.771 466.3 88 .01111 1.086
13 2.946 288.0 91 .009789 .9569
16 1.694 165.6 94 .008927 .8726
19 1.157 113.1 97 .008083 .7901
22 .7537 73.67 100 .007771 .7596
25 .5573 54.48 103 .007335 .7170
28 .4204 41.10 106 .007046 .6887
31 .3201 31.29 109 .006752 .6600
34 .2318 22.66 112 .006752 .6600
37 .1789 17.49 115 .006472 .6327
40 .1388 13.57 118 .006390 .6246
43 .1111 10.86 121 .006284 .6143
46 .08679 8.484 124 .006078 .5941
49 .06839 6.686 127 .006106 .5968
52 .05500 5.376 130 .005950 .5816
55 .04431 4.331 133 .006050 .5914
58 .03909 3.821 136 .006615 .6466
61 .03254 3.181 139 .007193 .7031
64 .02849 2.785 142 .007344 .717967 .02477 2.421 145 .007546 .737670 .02096 2.049 148 .007812 .7636
73 .01839 1.798 151 .008041 .7860
76 .01564 1.529 154 .008170 .7986
79 .01356 1.325 157 .008991 .8789
82 .01324 1.29 1. 160
83 .c.1.208 1.1 j, H
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T = 13.9(%/m)
Date: 29 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"Iff OL = 1.966
Hour: 2340
Run: 4A
161
Depth: 7M 45 10.041=
t = 15.8°C15.5Z
135=
.6495
p(90) =.00608(sr-1-m.-4)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)-1
(sr-m)
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1 IEREgTV
10 3.335 548.2 88 .006417 1.055
13 2.008 343.1 91 .005917 .9726
16 1.174 192.9 94 .005541 .9108
19 .8023 131.9 97 .005248 .8625
22 .5220 85.80 100 .004936 .8113
25 .3825 62.87 103 .004642 .7630
28 .2892 47.53 106 .004288 .7048
31 .2113 34.74 109 .004217 .6932
34 .1415 23.26 112 .004136 .6799
37 .1093 17.96 115 .004096 .6732
40 .08606 14.14 118 .003989 .6557
43 .07069 11.620 121 .003873 .6367
46 .05628 9.251 124 .003746 .6158
49 .04476 7.356 127 .003609 .5931
52 .03585 5.892 130 .003599 .5916
55 .02857 4.696 133 .003594 .5908
58 .02349 3.861 136 .004130 .6789
61 .01953 3.210 139 .004417 .7260
64 .01641 2.697 142 .004457 .7326
67 .01397 2.296 145 .004439 .7295
70 .01249 2.053 148 .004610 .7577
73 .01128 1.855 151 .004945 .8128
76 .009876 1.623 154 .005216 .8573
79 .008679 1.427 1 157
82 .002037 1.321,
160
e_ . 546 1.240 ;t
162
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12"N T = 18.0(%/m)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51 "W AL = 1.704
Hour: 0004 Depth: 9M.6268
45 8.543 = 13.6135
Run: 5A t = 14.2°C(9 O) = .00580(sr4-m4)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
10 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)1
0 (e)RELATIVE
10 2.473 426.8 88 .006183 1.067
13 1.552 267.9 91 .005601 .9664
16 .8761 151.2 94 .005459 .9420
19 .5954 102.7 97 .004876 .8414
22 .4126 71.20 100 .004624 .7979
25 .2891 49.89 103 .004302 .7423
28 .2216 38.23 106 .004107 .7087
31 .1668 28.78 109 .003915 .6755
34 .1225 21.14 112 .003701 .6387
37 .09339 16.12 115 .003540 .6109
40 .07234 12:48 118 .003572 .6163
43 .05798 10.01 121 .003580 .6178
46 .04525 7.809 124 .003598 .6209
49 .03800 6.557 127 .003466 .5981
52 .03055 5.272 130 .003394 .5854
55 .02493 4.302 133 .003406 .5877
58 .02077 3.584 136 .003746 .6464
61 .01766 3.048 139 .003967 .6846
64 .01545 2.666 I 142 .004019 .6935
67 .01293 2.231 145 .004044 .6978
70 .01078 1.861 I 148 .004146 .7155
73 .009936 1.715 I 151 .004406 .7603
76 .008642 1.491 154 .004596 .7932
79 .007601 1.312 157 .0049911 .8612
_C--,=% 1 ',')r
35 .006642 1.146I!
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 17.7 (%/nn)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13151"106= 1.732
Hour: 0018
Run: 6A
Depth: 11M
t = 14.1°C
163
45 8.088 -2135 = 12.9
.6269
p(9 0) =. 0058 9(sr
ANGLE(degrees)
j3(e)(sr-m)
1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
10 2.057 349.2 88 .006220 1.056
13 1.328 225.4 91 .005727 .9722
16 .8094 137.4 94 .005239 .8892
19 .5115 86.83 97 .004784 .8122
22 .3517 59.70 100 .004466 .7581
25 .2657 45.10 103 .004316 .7326
28 .2034 34.53 106 .004097 .6954
31 .1578 26.78 109 .003955 .6714
34 .1154 19.60 112 .003856 .6545
37 .09030 15.33 115 .003743 .6354
40 .06922 11.75 118 .003681 .6248
43 .05498 9.332 121 .003678 .6244
46 .04398 7.466 124 .003615 .6137
49 .03312 5.622 127 .003608 .6124
52 .02685 4.558 130 .003567 .6055
55 .02307 3.916 133 .003581 .6079
58 .01987 3.373 136 .003749 .6364
61 .01777 3.016 139 .003847 .6531
64 .01528 2.593 142 .003923 .6659
67 .01279 2.171 145 .004136 .7022
70 .01045 1.773 148 .004383 .7441
73 .009704 1.647 151 .004591 .7794
76 .008849 1.502 154 .004758 .8078
79 .007860 1.334 157 .004937 .8381
82 .007225 1.226 1160
:::., .(,,u.)7.,_-_ 1.13..
164NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T =
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117°13'51"W Wd=
Hour: 0046
Run: 7A
Depth: 13M
t = 14.0°C
16. 8(%/m)
Z45 8.641
= 12.2135 .7072
p(90) = . 00611(sr-1-rri1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
/3 (e)RELATIVE
10 2.444 400.1 88 .006399 1.048
13 1.485 243.2 91 .005963 .9763
16 .9459 154.9 94 .005542 .9072
19 .6628 108.5 97 .005179 .8479
22 .4350 71.21 100 .004835 .7916
25 .3188 52.19 103 .004571 .7483
28 .2408 39.43 106 .004312 .7059
31 .1846 30.23 109 .004174 .6834
34 .1340 21.94 _ 112 .004159 .6809
37 .1033 16.92 115 .004065 .6655
40 .07881. 12'.90 118 .004023 .6586
43 .06147 10.060 121 .003906 .6394
46 .04844 7.931 124 .003778 .6185
49 .04164 6.818 127 .003696 .6052
52 .03463 5.670 130 .003663 .5997
55 .02761 4.521 133 .003927 .6429
58 .02261 3.701 136 .004516 .7394
61 .01849 3.027 139 .004725 .7735
64 .01635 2.677 142 .004592 .7518
67 .01465 2.398 145 .004587 .7510
70 .01324 2.168 148 .004849 .7938
73 .01179 1.930 151 .005147 .8426
76 .01014 1.660 154 .005472 .8960
79 .008578 1.404 157
92 .007803 1.277
83 .007128 1.167
NEL SCATTERING IETER DATA SHEET
Ship : NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T = 15.5(%/m)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117°1v 51"mroe.= 1.858
Hour: 0101
Run: BA
165
Depth: 15M 45 8.286Z135
= 13.8t = 13.7°C
.6009
p(90) =. 00738( sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
/3(9)
(sr-m)1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
10 2.895 392.5 88 .007807 1.058
13 1.902 257.9 91 .007161 .9709
16 1.245 168.8 94 .006651 .9018
19 .7170 97.20 97 .006161 .8352
22 .4757 64.49 100 .005913 .8016
25 .3433 46.54 103 .005596 .7587
28 .2594 35.16 106 .005206 .7059
31 .1990 26.98 109 .004940 .6698
34 .14E17 19.89 112 .004771 .6468
37 .1161 15.74 115 .004661 .6319
40 .09023 12.23 118 .004542 .6157
43 .07133 9.671 121 .004542 .6077
46 .05601 7.593 124 .004401 .5967
49 .04633 6.281 127 .004307 .5839
52 .03940 5.342 130 .004131 .5600
55 .03272 4.435 133 .004068 .5515
58 .02694 3.653 136 .004615 .6256
61 .02228 3.021 139 .004867 .6598
64 .01906 2.585 142 .005046 .6841
67 .01676 2.272 145 .005147 .6978
70 .01489 2.019 148 .005289 .7171
73 .01323 1.794 151 .005372 .7282
76 .01133 1.537 15-1 .005450 .7388
79 .009674 1.312 157 .006009 .8147
82 .009041 __.-
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 9.8(%/m)
Date : 30 Jun 1967 Long : 117° 13' 51"W = 2.313Hour : 0142 Depth: 1M
Run: 1B t = 18.3°C
166
45 8.769 _-135 .6547 13.4
(3(90) =.00497(sr
-1-rn-
1)
ANGLE(degrees)
13(e)(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
0(e)-1
(sr-m)
(e)LARE TIVE
10 2.556 513.8 88 .005298 1.065
13 1.523 306.2 91 .004812 .9674
16 1.027 206.4 94 .004438 .8923
19 .5954 119.7 97 .004188 .8420
22 .4166 83.75 100 .004030 .8103
25 .3031 60.94 103 .003931 .7903
28 .2145 43.13 106 .003834 .7708
31 .1560 31.36 109 .003728 .7494
34 .1201 24.13 112 .003655 .7348
37 .09211 18.52 115 .003532 .7100
40 .06798 13.52 118 .003430 .6895
43 .05161 10.380 121 .003302 .6638
46 .03961 7.963 124 .003193 .6420
49 .03185 6.404 127 .003119 .6270
52 .02582 5.191 130 .003092 .6217
55 .02149 4.320 133 .003099 .623158 .01810 3.639 136 .003335 .6705
61 .01559 3.134 139 .003648 .7334
64 .01368 2.751 142 .003870 .7780
67 .01194 2.401 145 .003920 .7881
70 .01031 2.073 148 .003978 .7998
73 .008986 1.807 151 .004017 .8076
76 .007275 1.463 151 .004065 .8173
79 .006404 1.287 157
82 .006106 1.227 t
, c -,
a..::3757: 1.137
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T = 9.2(70/m)
Date : 30 Jun 1967 Long : 117° 13' 51"W aL = 2.386
Hour: 0152 Depth : 3M 45 9.719Z135 - .6188
Run: 2B t = 17. 8°C
167
= 15.7
p(90) =.00987(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
13(e)(sr-m)
1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE p(0)
(degrees)(sr-m)
1(3 (e)
RELATIVE
10 3.143 318.5 88 .01073 1.087
13 2.906 294.5 91 .009436 .9563
16 1.939 196.5 94 1 .008826 .8945
19 1.171 118.7 97 I .008328 .8440
22 .7259 73.57 100 .007986 .8094
25 .5268 53.39 103 .007665 .7768
28 .4070 41.26 106 .007257 .7355
31 .3144 .31.86 109 .006908 .7001
34 .2329 23.61 -112 .006532 .6620
37 .1820 18.45 115 .006252 .6337
40 .1473 14.93 118 .006151 .6234
43 .1140 11.550 121 .006014 .6095
46 .08686 8.803 124 .005911 .5990
49 .06126 6.209 127 .005890 .5969
52 .04919 4.986 130 .005977 .6058
55 .04307 4.365 133 .006016 .6097
58 .03765 3.816 136 .006151 .6234
61 .03333 3.378 139 .006227 .6311
64 .02752 2.789 142 .006484 .6571
67 .02321 2.352 145 .006743 .6834
70 .01964 1.991 148 .006991 .7085
73 .01850 1.875 151 .007197 .7294
76 .01685 1.708 154 .007252 .7350
79 .01457 1.476 157
82 .01286_
- 33 .01174
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge
Date: 30 Jun 1967
Hour: 0223
Run: 3B
Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T = 9. 7(%/m)
Long : 117° 13' 51"W OL = 2.313
Depth: sm
t = 17.1°C
168
45Z
8.713= 13.7
135 .6381
p(90) =. 0102(si1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)-1
(sr-m)
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1/3(e)
RELATIVE
10 2.640 349.1 88 .007936 1.049
13 1.425 188.4 91 .007376 .9753
16 .9688 128.1 94 .007073 .9353
19 .6372 84.25 97 .006509 .8607
22 .4739 62.65 100 .006197 .819425 .3471 45.89 103 .005761 .7618
28 .2717 35.92 106 .005610 .7418
31 .2101 27.78 109 .005284 .6987
34 .1699 22.46 112 .005110 .6757
37 .1302 17.22 115 .004991 .6599
40 .09872 13.05 118 .004867 .6435
43 .07972 10.540 121 .004862 .6429
46 .05899 7.800 124 .004826 .6381
49 .04004 5.294 127 .004844 .6405
52 .03150 4.165 130 .004771 .6308
55 .03001 3.968 133 .004798 .6344
58 .02754 3.642 136 .004839 .6399
61 .02573 3.403 139 .004812 .6362
64 .02061 2.725 142 .004954 .6550
67 .01734 2.293 145 .004922 .6508
70 .01332 1.761 1148 .004995 .6605
73 .01276 1.687 151 .004991 .6599
76 .01211 1.601 154 .005106 .6751
79 .01069 1.414 157 .005362 .7090
22 .009638 1.274 160
.00.2014 i 1.192
NEL SCATTERING .1ETER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 15. 7(%/m)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51"W CV, = 1.845
Hour : 0235
Run: 4B
Depth: 7M
t =14.5°C
169
45 9.036135
=.6933
13.0
p(9 0) =. 00523( sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)pc A )
(sr-m)-1
o(e)RELATIVE
10 2.675 511.9 88 .005592 1.070
13 1.807 345.8 91 .005041 .9648
16 1.052 201.3 94 .004720 .9034
19 .5619 107.5 97 .004430 .8478
22 .4132 79.07 100 .004179 .7999
25 .3183 60.91 103 .003932 .7525
28 .2398 45.89 106 .003750 .7178
31 .1780 .34.06 109 .003556 .6806
34 .1285 24.59 112 .003396 .6499
37 .09679 18.52 115 .003262 .6244
40 .07385 14.13 118 .003182 .6090
43 .05624 10.760 121 .003219 .6161
46 .04271 8.174 124 .003323 .6361
49 .03409 6.524 127 .003321 .6356
52 .02926 5.600 130 .003273 .6264
55 .02600 4.977 133 .003333 .6379
58 .02153 4.121 136 .003767 .7210
61 .01728 3.307 139 .003998 .7652
64 .01456 2.786 142 .004099 .7844
67 .01259 2.409 145 .004182 .8004
70 .01125 2.153 148 .004262 .8158
73 .01000 1.914 151 .004382 .8387
76 .008573 1.641 154 .004522 .8655
79 .007294 1.396
1.279
157
16082 .006633
-35 .006229 1 1.192
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T = 12. 6( % /m)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51"W-06= 2.071
Hour: 0249 Depth: 9M
Run: 5B t = 14.1°C
170
45 8.471 = 12.8"135 .6640
(3(90) =.00754(si. 11171)
ANGLE(degree
s)
(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1_0(e)
RELATIVE
10 3.490 462.8 88 .008064 1.069
13 2.412 319.8 91 .007280 .9654
16 1.404 186.2 94 .006500 .8620
19 .7977 105.8 97 .005725 .759222 .5798 76.89 100 .005560 .737325 .4250 56.36 103 .005358 .710528 .3211 42.58 106 .005188 .688031 .2403 31.87 109 .004963 .658234 .1772 23.50 112 .004839 .6418
37 .1349 17.89 115 .004729 .6272
40 .1022 13.55 118 .004656 .617443 .07670 10.170 121 .004592 .608946 .05748 7.622 124 .004541 .602249 .04519 5.993 127 .004507 .597752 .03783 5.017 130 .004548 .603155 .03322 4.405 133 .004711 .6247
58 .02961 3.927 136 .005156 .6837
61 .02549 3.380 139 .005211 .6910
64 .02088 2.769 142 .005257 .6971
67 .01722 2.283 145 .005289 .7014
70 .01488 1.973 148 .005624 .7458
73 .01319 1.749 151 .005963 .7908
76 .01153 1.529 154 .006142 .8145
79 .01018 1.350 157
82 .009537 1.771 1=0
85 _173
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T = 13.4(%/m)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"W 06 = 2.010
Hour : 0314
Run: 6B
Depth: 11M
t = 13.6°C
171
45 8 2152135 12.7
.6445
p(90) =.00703(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
pe)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees )
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
_0(e)RELATIVE
10 2.656 367.1 88 .007642 1.056
13 1.573 217.5 91 .007030 .9718
16 1.000 138.3 94 .006491 .8973
19 .6798 93.98 97 .006131 .8475
22 .4761 65.82 100 .005748 .7945
25 .3474 48.02 103 .005280 .7299
28 .2622 36.24 106 .005005 .6918
31 .2008 27.76 109 .004922 .6804
34 .1489 20.58 . 112 .004826 .6671
37 .1179 16.30 115 .004718 .6522
40 .09014 12.46 118 .004565 .6311
43 .06952 9.610 121 .004488 .6204
46 .05438 7.517 124 .004399 .6081
49 .04201 5.808 127 .004422 .6113
52 .03270 4.520 130 .004459 .6164
55 .02894 4.001 133 .004556 .6297
58 .02588 3.577 136 .004716 .6519
61 .02305 3.187 139 .004856 .6713
64 .01970 2.724 142 .004962 .6859
67 .01639 2.266 145 .005181 .7162
70 .01349 1.864 148 .005337 .7378
73 .01238 1.711 151 .005500 .7603
76 .01128 1.560 154 .005635 .7790
79 .009739 1.346 157
82 .008860 1.225 160
85 .008323 ; 1.151
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
NEL SCATTERING nETER DATA SHEET 172
12.6
1 -1-m )
NEL Barge
30 Jun 1967
0334
7B
Lat: 32° 42' 12" N T
Long:117° 13' 51 "W =
Depth: 13Mz135
45
t = 13.2°Cp(90)
13. 0(% /m)
2.040
7.622 -.603
=.00875(sr
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)-1
(sr -m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
e(e)'
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
10 2.9528 337.7 88 .009481 1.0842
13 1.563 178.7 91 .008374 .9576
16 .9867 112.8 94 .00776 .888
19 .6693 76.53 97 .00743 .849
22 .4781 54.67 100 .00715 .817
25 .3716 42.49 103 .00662 .7567
28 .2705 30.93 106 .00647 .740
31 .2063 23.59 109 .00622 .711
34 .1528 17.48 112 .00610 .697
37 .1234 14.12 115 .00596 .681
40 .1029 11.76 118 .00576 .659
43 .0792 9.051 121 .00559 .639
46 .06041 6.908 124 .00545 .623
49 .04723 5.402 127 .00529 .605
52 .03573 4.085 130 .00517 .591
55 .02918 3.336 133 .00520 .595
58 .02867 3.278 136 .00531 .607
61 .02581 2.952 139 .00549 .627
64 .02239 2.5608 142 .00564 .645
67 .01865 2.1325 145 .00570
70 .01566 1.7908 148 .00583 .667
73 .01458 1.6675 151 .00596 .681
76 .01319 1.5086 14 .00609 .696
79 .01172 1.3405 157 .00656 .750
82 .01103 1.2615 1[.2.2
85 .01023 1.1b7
173NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T = 13.1(%/m)
Date: 30 Jun 196.7 Long:117°13' 51"W 06 = 2.033
Hour: 0351 Depth: 15M 45 8.0289 =
Run: 8BZ135
t = 13.1°C12.5
.640
(90) =00857(sr
-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
/3(e) /3(e)
(sr-m)-1 tRELATIVE
10 2.9628 345.80 88 .008858 1.0338
13 1.7530 204.60 91 .008424 .9832
16 1.1408 133.15 94 .00794 .927
19 .7454 87.000 97 .00730 .852
22 .5112 59.668 100 .00689 .804
25 .3847 44.903 103 .00649 .758
28 .2914 34.015 106 .00619 .722
31 .2240 .26.140 109 .00593 .692
34 .1652 19.284 112 .00573 .668
37 .1275 14.886 115 .00555 .648
40 .1018 11.885 118 .00550 .642
43 .08087 9.4388 121 .00543 .634
46 .06275 7.3240 124 .00540 .630
49 .04850 5.6603 127 .00525 .612
52 .03706 4.326 130 .00536 .625
55 .03209 3.7450 133 .00536 .626
58 .02868 3.3472 136 .00554 .647
61 .02631 3.0704 139 .00565 .659
64 .02269 2.6480 142 .00594 .694
67 .01920 2.2408 145 .00623 .728
70 .01585 1.8500 148 .00636 .742
73 .01447 1.6894 151 .00638 .744
76 .01308 1.5269 I 154 .00642 .749
79 .01170 1.3652-
157 .00661 .772
82 .01069 1.2472 160
-35 .009692 ).1")-13
174NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat: 32° 42' 12"N T =13. 0( % /m)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long:117° 13' 51"V/06 = 2.040
Hour: 0421 Depth: 1MZ
45-
8.500 = 12.8Run: 1C t =18.3°C
135 .6628
(90) = .00557(si - )
ANGLE(degrees)
/3(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees )
(3(e)
(sr-m)-1 REgT7VE
10 .9451 400.56 88 .002466 1.0453
13 .5722 242.53 91 .002306 .9774
16 .3494 148.10 94 .002098 .8893
19 .2326 98.581 97 .001983 .8403
22 .1733 73.428 100 .001859 .7880
25 .1189 50.413 103 .001808 .7663
28 .08817 37.370 106 .001733 .7343
31 .06791 28.782 109 .001653 .7007
34 .05066 21.470 112 .001613 .6838
37 .03850 16.317 115 .001568 .6648
40 .02947 12.490 118 .001555 .6590
43 .02320 9.8347 121 .001501 .6362
46 .01848 7.8333 124 .001477 .6261
49 .01413 5.9881 127 .01485 .6294
52 .01078 4.5706 130 .001482 .6281
55 .009521 4.0352 133 .001508 .6392
58 .008643 3.6633 136 .001592 .6746
61 .007558 3.2034 139 .001640 .6951
64 .006325 2.6806 142 .001672 .7088
67 .005231 2.2170 145 .001665 .7055
70 .004587 1.9439 148 .001716 .7273
73 .004238 1.7961 151 .001828 .7747
76 .003656 1.5494 15a .001836 .7781
79 .003141 1.3308 157
82 .002913 1.235 160
83 .002616 1.637
175NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat:32° 42' 12"N T = 9. 1( % /m)
Date: 30 Jun 1967 Long: 117° 13' 51"WOG = 2.408
Hour: 0430 Depth: 3M 45 8.257Z135 .687
12.0
Run: 2C t = 17.7°C
P(9o) = .00799(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1/3(e)
RELATIVE
10 2.889 361.7 88 .0083968 1.0513
13 1.693 211.9 91 .0077821 .9743
16 1.0548 132.1. 94 .00745 .932
19 .6356 79.57 97 .00687 .860
22 .4779 59.84 100 .00652 .817
25 .3553 44.49 103 .00619 .776
28 .2730 34.18 106 .00581 .728
31 .2081 26.05 109 .00555 .695
34 .1620 20.29 - 112 .00544 .682
37 .1315 16.47 115 .00525 .657
40 .09929 12.43 118 .00537 .673
43 .07798 9.764 121 .00536 .671
46 .06004 7.518 124 .00526 .658
49 .04543 5.688 I
127 .00538 .673
52 .03474 4.350 130 .00537 .672
55 .03144 3.937 133 .00534 .668
58 .02850 3.568 136 .00556 .696
61 .02539 3.179 139 .00556 .696
64 .02201 2.756 142 .00578 .724
67 .01845 2.310 145 .00591 .740
70 .01453 1.820 148 .00607 .760
73 .01353 1.694 151 .00614. .769
76 .01227 1.537 154 .00626 .784
79 .01088 1.3617. 157
82 .01006 ] _.=J _ ..
83 .009160; 1.147
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
NEL SCATTERING ETER DATA SHEET
NEL Barge
30 Jun 1967
0440
3C
Lat :32° 42' 12" N T = 10.6 (70/m)
Long: 117° 13' 51"Wclea = 2.244
Depth: 5M
t = 14.8°C
176
45 9.110 =14.0Z .651135
(3(90) =.00805(sr -na 1)
-
ANGLE(degrees)
/3(e)
(sr-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
10 2.890 359.0 88 .008610 1.069
13 1.669 207.3 91 .007771 .965
16 1.161 144.2 94 .00722 .897
19 .723 89.79 97 .00675 .839
22 .501 62.24 100 .00653 .811
25 .372 46.20 103 .00628 .781
28 .285 35.43 106 .00600 .746
31 .226 28.09 109 .00579 .720
34 .174 21.65 . 112 .00579 .720
37 .139 17.22 115 .00575 .714
40 .108 13.45 118 .00544 .676
43 .0875 10.870 121 .00535 .665
46 .0663 8.230 124 .00515 .640
49 .0488 6.067 127 .00493 .613
52 .0385 4.778 130 .00501 .622
55 .0333 4.136 133 .00529 .657
58 .0294 3.653 136 .00521 .648
61 .0262 3.259 139 .00552 .686
64 .0220 2.730 142 .00572 .710
67 .0177 2.202 145 .00572 .710
70 .0148 1.834 148 .00595 .739
73 .0137 1.706 151 .00616 .765
76 .0127 1.577 154 1.00646 .802
79 .0110 1.365 157
82 .0102 1.273 irn
35
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: NEL Barge Lat : 32° 42' 12" N T = 11.1 (% /m)
Date : 30 Jun 1967 Long : 117° 13' 51'1104 = 2.202
Hour: 0449
Run: 4C
177
Depth: 7M 45 8.696Z135 13.0
t = 14.7°C .670
p(90) =.00801(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
0(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 ( e )
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
/3(e)RELATIVE
10 3.424 427.5 88 .008358 1.044
13 1.986 248.0 91 .007835 .978
16 1.215 151.7 94 .00720 .899
19 .7773 97.05 97 .00695 .868
22 .5555 69.36 100 .00656 .819
25 .4117 51.41 103 .00607 .757
28 .3056 38.16 106 .00606 .757
31 .2331 29.11 109 .00567 .707
34 .1840 22.98 112 .00552 .689
37 .1402 17.51 115 .00529 .661
40 .1051 13.12 118 .00536 .669
43 .08201 10.240 121 .00524 .654
46 .0635 7.923 124 .00503 .629
49 .0488 6.087 127 .00485 .605
52 .0373 4.658 130 .00486 .607
55 .0330 4.117 133 .00510 .637
58 .0291 3.635 136 .00549 .686
61 .0262 3.267 139 .00548 .684
64 .0227 2.840 142 .00565 .705
67 .0197 2.456 145 .00562 .702
70 .0163 2.034 148 .00563 .703
73 .0142 1.774 151 .00589 .736
76 .0129 1.613 154 .00617 .770
79 .0111 1.391 157
82 .00979 1.223 lr-0
85 .00903 1.127
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
178NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
USS Rexburg
21 Aug 1967
2335
Lat:32°31.5'N
Long:117°31.9'1ff
Depth: 9.15M
t = 16.75°C
T =
W,=
452135
p(90)
.868
.142
6.628.26=
.801
=. 00284(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
/3(0)
(sr-m)-1
13 (0)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
a (e)
RELATIVE
10 .1013 365.5 88 .0002912 1.025
13 .0529 186.1 91 .0002806 .988
16 .0327 115.2 94 .000262 .922
19 .0244 85.9 97 .000245 .863
22 .0153 54.0 100 .000241 .849
25 .0117 41.1 103 .000230 .809
28 .00854 30.05 106 .000219 .770
31 .00682 24.0 109 .000215 .756
34 .00495 17.4 112 .000213 .749
37 .00377 13.3 115 .000212 .744
40 .002866 10.09 118 .000211 .743
43 .00217 7.65 121 .000215 .757
46 124 .000212 .748
49 .00130 4.57 127 .000214 .753
52 .001054 3.71 130 .000215 .755
55 .000919 3.23 133 .000218 .768
58 .000820 2.89 136 .000233 .820
61 .000741 2.61 139 .000240 .844
64 .000657 2.31 142 .000241 .850
67 .000552 1.94 145 .000248 .873
70 .000455 1.60 148 .000255 .897
73 .000435 1.53 151 .000259 .912
76 .000411 1.45 154 .000263 .927
79 .000352 1.24 157 .000270 .950
82 .000335 1.18 160
85 .0u i4 1.10
Ship:
Date:
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 179
USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5'N
21 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.9V
T =
06=
.902
.103
Hour: 2350 Depth: 23.6M 45 6.95
Run: t = 14.34°C135 .888= 7.83
p(9O) = . 00232(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)-1
(sr -m)-1
(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
/3 ( e )
RELATIVE
10 .0679 292. 88 .0002422 1.042
13 91 .0002275 .979
16 .0414 178. 94 .0002169 .933
19 .0264 114. 97 .0002086 .897
22 .0175 75.5 100 .0002020 .869
25 .0121 52.3 103 .0002013 .866
28 .00838 36.1 106 .0001955 .841
31 .00599 25.8 109 .0001921 .827
34 .00426 18.3 112 .0001902 .818
37 .00320 13.8 115 .0001881 .809
40 .00243 10.44 118 .0001873 .806
43 .00188 8.07 121 .0001870 .805
46 .00148 6.39 124 .0001869 .804
49 .00119 5.12 127 .0001914 .824
52 .000964 4.15 130 .0001941 .835
55 .000860 3.70 133 .0001964 .845
58 .000759 3.27 136 .0002115 .910
61 .000691 2.97 139 .0002194 .944
64 .000600 2.58 142 .0002214 .953
67 .000505 2.17 145 .0002219 .955
70 .000415 1.79 148 .0002230 .960
73 .000382 1.64 151 .0002300 .990
76 .000335 1.44 154 .0002339 1.007
79 .000300 1.29 157 .0002388 1.027
82 .000282 1.21 160
85 .000203 1.13
180
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31. 5) N T = .869
Date: 22 Aug 1971 Long: 117°31.9'W 06= .140
Hour: 0009
Run:
Depth: 42.7M
t = 13.96°C
452135 = 6.12
pow = .00201(sr-1 -m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)-1
(sr-m)
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)1
/3(e)RELATIVE
10 .05931 294.7 88 .0002064 1.026
13 91 .0001987 .987
16 .03197 158.8 94 .0001933 .960
19 .01935 96.15 97 .0001907 .948
22 .01231 61.15 100 .0001865 .926
25 .008183 40.66 103 .0001793 .891
28 .005292 26.29 106 .0001760 .874
31 .004048 20.11 109 .0001745 .867
34 .002943 14.62 112 .0001746 .867
37 .002221 11.03 115 .0001748 .868
40 .001686 8.38 118 .0001822 .906
43 .001342 6.67 121 .0001824 .906
46 .001120 5.58 124 .0001791 .890
49 .0009380 4.66 127 .0001803 .896
52 .0007139 3.55 130 .0001830 .909
55 .0006590 3.27 133 .0001882 .935
58 .0005980 2.97 136 .0001991 .989
61 .0005311 2.64 139 .0002066 1.026
64 .0004558 2.26 142 .0002092 1.040
67 .0003866 1.92 145 .0002143 1.065
70 .0003193 1.59 148 .0002214 1.100
73 .0002880 1.43 151 .0002268 1.127
76 .0002750 1.37 154 .0002273 1.129
79 .0002456 1.22 157 .0002286 1.136
82 .0002309 .i. ....,
1.
.li. q 160
85 .0002203 1.0)
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: usS Rexburg
Date: 22 Aug 1967
Hour: 0016
Run:
Lat: 32°31.51N T =
Long:117°31.9"ff 014,=
Depth: 61.0M Z 45t = 12.20°C
135
.860
.151
=
181
pow .000176(sr-i _rn-i)
ANGLE(degrees)(degrees)
/3(9)-1
(sr -m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(9)
(sr-m)-1
(9)
RELATIVE
10 .02167 123.1 88 .0001802 1.025
13 .01194 67.92 91 .0001735 .987
16 .008136 46.30 94 .0001680 .956
19 .005520 31.41 97 .0001659 .944
22 .003737 21.26 100 .0001678 .955
25 .002637 15.01 103 .0001653 .941
28 .002117 12.05 106 .0001629 .927
31 .001611 9.17 109 .0001626 .925
34 .001216 6.92 112 .0001625 .925
37 .001022 5.81 115 .0001660 .945
40 .0008344 4.75 118
43 .0006794 3.87 121
46 .0005292 3.01 124
49 .0004335 2.47 127
52 .0004098 2.33 130
55 .0003961 2.25 133
58 .0003775 2.15 136
61 .0003323 1.89 139
64 .0002825 1.61 142
67 .0002351 1.34 145
70 .0002282 1.30 148
73 .0002177 1.24 151
76 .0002029 1.15 154
79 .0001919 1.09 157
82 .0001851 1.05 160
85 .0001812
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N
Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117 31. 9'
Hour: 0035 Depth:77.7m
Run: t = 11.97°C
182
T = .924
06= .0790
452135 = 3.89
(3(90) =. 000186(sr1 -m-
ANGLE(degrees)
OM(sr-m)
-1(3(9)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
(9)RELATIVE
10 .04460 243.6 88 .0001886 1.030
13 .02142 117.0 91 .0001803 .985
16 .01721 94.00 94 .0001775 .970
19 .01049 57.28 97 .0001737 .949
22 .006789 37.08 100 .0001738 .949
25 .004721 25.79 103 .0001702 .930
28 .003253 17.77 106 .0001677 .916
31 .002497 13.64 109 .0001694 .925
34 .001937 10.58 112 .0001729 .944
37 .001463 7.992 115 .0001762 .962
40 .001081 5.903 118 .0001807 .987
43 .0009270 5.064 121 .0001820 .994
46 .0007727 4.221 124 .0001824 .997
49 .0006367 3.478 127 .0001903 1.040
52 .0005227 2.855 130 .0001927 1.053
55 .0004743 2.591 133 .0001988 1.086
58 .0004236 2.314 136 .0002181 1.191
61 .0003964 2.166 139 .0002350 1.284
64 .0003534 1.930 142 .0002388 1.304
67 .0003107 1.697 145 .0002441 1.334
70 .0002589 1.414k
148 .0002514 1.373
73 .0002500 1.366 151 .0002625 1.434
76 .0002313 1.263 154 .0002669 1.458
79 .0002121 1.159 157 .0002713 1.482
82 .00020-±3 1.119 160
85 .0001983 1.033
183NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship:
Date:
USS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N
22 Aug 1967 Long: 11731.9'W
T =
C4 =
.937
.0651
Hour: 0050 Depth: 100.5M 45
Run: t = 11.51°CZ135 = 4.83
p(90)=. 000167(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1o(e)
RELATIVE
10 .03036 182.1 88 .0001708 1.024
13 .01818 109.0 91 .0001647 .988
16 .01140 68.36 94 .0001584 .950
19 .007070 42.41 97 .0001516 .909
22 .005133 30.79 100 .0001509 .905
25 .003625 21.74 103 .0001486 .892
28 .002700 16.19 106 .0001464 .878
31 .002193 13.15 109 .0001454 .872
34 .001661 9.961 112 .0001489 .893
37 .001366 8.191 115 .0001498 .898
40 .001138 6.826 118 .0001550 .930
43 .0009168 5.499 121 .0001564 .938
46 .0007750 4.648 124
49 .0006020 3.611 127 .0001568 .940
52 .0004704 2.821 130 .0001604 .962
55 .0004343 2.605 133 .0001636 .981
58 .0003929 2.356 136 .0001733 1.040
61 .0003732 2.238 139 .0001819 1.091
64 .0003230 1.937 142 .0001856 1.11367 .0002780 1.668 145 .0001905 1.14370 .0002404 1.442 148 .0001945 1.16773 .0002324 1.394 151 .0001973 1.18476 .0002159 1.295 154 .0002017 1.21079 .0001919 1.151 157 .0002014 1.208
82 .0001823 1.093 160
85 1.0001804 1.082
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship : USS Rexburg Lat : 32° 31.5'N T = .951
Date : 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W 04 = .0502
Hour: 0111 Depth: 124.5M Z 45 = 5.18Run: t = 11.54°C
135
184
p(90) = 00017 5(s r
-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (9)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1 LA
a (0)RE TIVE
10 .03097 176.9 88 .0001792 1.024
13 .01900 108.5 91 .0001730 .988
16 .01189 67.89 94 .0001712 .978
19 .008241 47.07 97 .0001651 .943
22 .005637 32.20 100 .0001599 .913
25 .003823 21.84 103 .0001559 .891
28 .002857 16.32 106 .0001528 .873
31 .002377 13.58 109 .0001533 .875
34 .001836 10.49 112 .0001533 .876
37 .001477 8.435 115 .0001539 .879
40 .001211 6.919 118 .0001584 .905
43 .001016 5.802 121 .0001589 .907
46 .0008250 4.712 124 .0001575 .900
49 .0006423 3.669 127 .0001599 .913
52 .0005324 3.041 130 .0001615 .922
55 .0004808 2.746 133 .0001635 .934
58 .0004462 2.549 136 .0001755 1.003
61 .0003994 2.282 139 .0001832 1.046
64 .0003490 1.993 142 .0001865 1.065
67 .0002959 1.690 145 .0001880 1.074
70 .0002544 1.453 148 .0001942 1.109
73 .0002444 1.396 151 .0002003 1.144
76 .0002256 1.289 154 .0002011 1.148
79 .0002060 1.176 157 .0002001 1.143
82 .0001986 1.135 160 .0002002 1.144
85 .001881 1.073
185NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg
Date: 22 Aug 1967
Hour: 0131
Run:
Lat: 32° 31.5'N
Long: 117 31.9'W
Depth: 146.1M
t = 11.24°C
T = .937
0L= .0651
45Z135 = 4.91
_p(9O) 000166(sr 1-m )
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-10 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1
0(e)RELATIVE
10 .02421 146.1 88 .0001726 1.042
13 .01565 94.45 91 .0001622 .979
16 .009746 58.83 94 .0001594 .962
19 .006543 39.50 97 .0001526 .921
22 .004435 26.77 100 .0001518 .916
25 .003633 21.93 103 .0001474 .890
28 .002495 15.06 106 .0001439 .869
31 .002190 13.22 109 .0001481 .894
34 .001726 10.42 112 .0001481 .894
37 .001370 8.272 115 .0001482 .895
40 .001146 6.920 118 .0001517 .915
43 .0009498 5.733 121 .0001547 .934
46 .0007884 4.759 124 .0001573 .949
49 .0006136 3.704 127 .0001572 .949
52 .0004977 3.004 130 .0001575 .951
55 .0004481 2.705 133 .0001660 1.000
58 .0003955 2.388 136 .0001743 1.052
61 .0003626 2.189 139 .0001821 1.099
64 .0003209 1.937 142 .0001848 1.116
67 .0002766 1.669 145 .0001906 1.151
70 .0002445 1.476 148 .0001960' 1.183
73 .0002304 1.391 151 .0001998 1.206
76 .0002123 1.282 154 .0002058 1.242
79 .0001912 1.154 157 .0002060 1.243
82 .0001869 1.128 160 .0002075 1.252
85 .00013u4 1.u33
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .928
Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.9'W 04, = .0747
Hour : 0153 Depth : 181. OM 45Z135 = 2.50
Run: t = 10. 36 °C
186
p(9O) =. 000122(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees
)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(E30)
RELATIVE
10 .01079 88.29 88 .0001229 1.0005
13 .006121 50.08 91 .0001219 .997
16 .004338 35.49. 94 .0001195 .9775
19 .003066 25.08 97
22 .002236 18.29 100 .0001173 .959
25 .001626 13.31 103 .0001178 .964
28 .001246 10.20 106 .0001185 .970
31 .0009750 7.977 109 .0001215 .994
34 .0007716 6.312 . 112 .0001261 1.032
37 .0006468 5.292 115 .0001278 1.046
40 .0005192 4.247 118 .0001318 1.079
43 .0004410 3.608 121 .0001359 1.111
46 .0003601 2.946 124 .0001364 1.116
49 .0003121 2.553 127 .0001403 1.148
52 .0002617 2.141 130 .0001445 1.182
55 .0002565 2.099 133 .0001486 1.216
58 .0002476 2.206 136 .0001581 1.293
61 .0002225 1.820 139 .0001702 1.392
64 .0001885 1.542 142 .0001757 1.437
67 .0001805 1.477 145 .0001800 1.473
70 .0001700 1.390 148 .0001834 1.501
73 .0001591 1.301 151 .0001918 1.569
76 .0001452 1.188 154 .0001986 1.624
79 .0001361 1.113 157 .0001992 1.630
82 .0001317 1.077 160 .0002014 1.648
85 .0001278 1.046
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat:32°31.5'N T = .919
Date : 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.91W 040 = .0845
Hour: 0215
Run:
Depth: 219.5M 45Z135 = 4.28
(3(90) =.000161(sr-i-ncl)t = 9.90 °C
.187
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)-1 3
(6)
RELATIVE
10 .02389 148.0 88 .0001674 1.037
13 .01450 89.86 91 .0001584 .981
16 .009380 58.12 94 .0001524 .944
19 .006635 41.11 97 .0001490 .923
22 .004676 28.97 100 .0001474 .913
25 .003284 20.35 103 .0001452 .900
28 .002443 15.14 106 . 1438 .891
31 .001984 12.29 109 .0001464 .907
34 .001564 9.690 112 .0001473 .913
37 .001293 8.013 115 .0001507 .934
40 .001083 6.713 118 .0001534 .950
43 .0008834 5.473 121 .0001546 .958
46 .0007074 4.383 124 .0001556 .964
49 .0005798 3.592 127 .0001587 .983
52 .0004718 2.923 130 .0001647 1.020
55 .0004360 2.701 133 .0001697 1.051
58 .0003856 2.389 136 .0001837 1.138
61 .0003585 2.221 139 .0001965 1.218
64 .0003285 2.036 142 .0002042 1.265
67 .0002842 1.761 145 .0002076 1.286
70 .0002457 1.522 148 .0002121 1.314
73 .0002299 1.425 151 .0002171 1.345
76 .0002134 1.322 154 .0002258 1.399
79 .0001889 1.171 157 .0002286 1.416
82 .0001818 1.127 160 .0002293 1.421
85 .00017431 1.080
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: uSS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N T = .923
Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.9flff 06= .0801
Hour: 0304 Depth: 425M 45Z135 = 2.60
Run: t = 8.93°C
188
pow. 000123(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)p(e)
(sr-m)1
/3(e)RELATIVE
10 .01119 91.16 88 .0001259 1.026
13 .006341 51.65 91 .0001212 .987
16 .004127 33.62 94 .0001184 .964
19 .002866 23.34 97 .0001183 .964
22 .002037 16.59 100 .0001183 .964
25 .001670 13.60 103 .0001183 .964
28 .001219 9.927 106 .0001200 .977
31 .0009398 7.655 109 .0001220 .994
34 .0007827 6.375 112 .0001244 1.013
37 .0006913 5.631 115 .0001276 1.040
40 .0005667 4.616 118 .0001371 1.117
43 .0004272 3.480 121 .0001381 1.125
46 .0004056 3.304 124 .0001379 1.123
49 .0003460 2.818 127 .0001456 1.186
52 .0002864 2.333 130 .0001465 1.194
55 .0002798 2.279 133 .0001502 1.223
58 .0002616 2.131 136 .0001627 1.326
61 .0002256 1.838 139 .0001701 1.386
64 .0002064 1.681 142 .0001766 1.439
67 .0001954 1.592 145 .0001821 1.483
70 .0001676 1.365 148 .0001880 1.531
73 .0001625 1.324 151 .0001980 1.612
76 .0001587 1.293 154 .0001996 1.626
79 .0001419 1.156 157 .0002048 1.668
82 .0001372 1.118 160
85 .0001313 .Co
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
USS Rexburg
22 Aug 1967
0326
Lat: 32° 31. 5'N
Long: 117o31. 9'W
Depth: 535M
t = 8. 02°C
189
T = .92306 = .080145
135= 2.49
p(90) . 000130(s r-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)(3(e)
(sr-m)-1
(e)RELATIVE
10 .01052 80.68 88 .0001336 1.025
13 .005977 45.83 91 .0001288 .988
16 94 .0001270 .974
19 .002996 22.98 97 .0001249 .958
22 .002188 16.78 100 .0001289 .988
25 .001631 12.51 103 .0001254 .962
28 .001178 9.035 106 .0001251 .959
31 .0009640 7.392 109 .0001250 .958
34 .0007489 5.743 112 .0001267 .972
37 .0006548 5.022 115 .0001315 1.00940 .0005420 4.156 118 .0001419 1.08843 .0004624 3.546 121 .0001435,
.0001439
1.101
1.10446 .0003780 2.898 124
49 .0003228 2.476 127 .0001479 1.134
52 .0002954 2.265 130 .0001518 1.164
55 .0002724 2.089 133 .0001548 1.187
58 .0002371 1.818 136 .0001676 1.286
61 .0002321 1.780 139 .0001773 1.360
64 .0002200 1.687 142 .0001829 1.403
67 .0001957 1.501 145 .0001876 1.439
70 .0001783 1.367 148 .0001927 1.47873 .0001728 1.325 151 .0001991 1.527
76 .0001648 1.264 154 .0002030 1.557
79 .0001436 1.147 157 .0002091 1.603
82 .0001436 1.101 160 .0002101 1.612
85 .00-'1416 I 1.086
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31. 5'N T = .918
Date: 22 Aug 1967 Long: 117°31.911ff 06= .0856
Hour: 0350 Depth: 661M 45Z135 = 2.62
Run: t = 7.40°C
190
p(9 0) = 0 0015(s r-1 -rn-1 )
ANGLE(degrees)
13(e)-1
(sr -m)-1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
0(e)RELATIVE
10 .007539 65.52 88 .0001172 1.019
13 .004895 42.54 91 .0001140 .991
16 .003347 29.09 94 .0001134 .986
19 .002213 19.23 97 .0001112 .966
22 .001740 15.12 100 .0001129 .981
25 .001287 11.19 103 .0001137 .988
28 .0009793 8.510 106 .0001134 .985
31 .0008464 7.356 109 .0001146 .996
34 .0006473 5.625 . 112 .0001187 1.031
37 .0005416 4.707 115 .0001209 1.051
40 .0004543 3.948 118 .0001265 1.099
43 .0004308 3.744 121 .0001289 1.120
46 .0003600 3.129 124 .0001289 1.12049 .0002935 2.551 127 .0001331 1.157
52 .0002678 2.328 130 .0001369 1.189
55 .0002528 2.197 133 .0001405 1.221
58 .0002374 2.063 136 .0001495 1.299
61 .0002087 1.813 139 .0001591 1.382
64 .0001949 1.694 142 .0001604 1.394
67 .0001758 1.528 145 .0001651 1.435
70 .0001562 1.358 148 .0001718 1.493
73 .0001484 1.289 151 .0001769 1.538
76 .0001430 1.242 154 .0001807 1.570
79 .0001326 1.152 157 .0001803 1.567
82 .0001273 1.106 160
85 .001,1-i 1., r6
NEL SCATTERING METER-DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg
Date:
Hour:
Run:
23 Aug 1967
2353
Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .896
Long: 117° 31.9'W 04, = .1098
Depth: 4.57M
t = 19.7°C
452135 = 5.40
191
p(90) =. 000138(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
0(e)(sr-m)
1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE'(degrees
)
p(e)(sr-m)
1
(3(e)RELATIVE
10 .070435 509.3 88 .0001449 1.048
13 .03164 228.8 91 .0001350 .9761
16 .01931 139.6 94 .0001286 .9296
19 .01205 87.15 97 .0001234 .8923
22 .008404 60.77 100 .0001210 .8748
25 .005807 41.99 103 .0001181 .8537
28 .003898 28.18 106 .0001187 .8582
31 .002825 20.42 109 .0001184 .8561
34 .002113 15.28 112 .0001230 .8896
37 .001595 11.53 115 .0001262 .9125
40 .001226 8.866 118 .0001240 .8967
43 .0009512 6.878 121 .0001297 .9376
46 .0007444 5.383 124 .0001276 .9228
49 .0006224 4.500 127 .0001331 .9624
52 .0005375 3.886 130 .0001344 .9719
55 .0004440 3.210 133 .0001388 1.004
58 .0003776 2.730 136 .0001566 1.133
61 .0003367 2.435 139 .0001704 1.232
64 .0003020 2.184 142 .0001766 1.277
67 .0002613 1.889 145 .0001806 1.306
70 .0002332 1.686 148 .0001865 1.349
73 .0002118 1.532 151 .0001994 1.442
76 .0001924 1.391 154 .0002025! 1.465
79 .0001661 1.201 157 .0002121 1.534
82 .0001576 1.139 160
85 .0'v3153 i 1.113
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship : USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31. 5'N
Date: 24 Aug 196.7 Long:117°31.9'W
Hour: 0012 Depth: 38M
Run: t = 16.44°C
T = .89
AL= .117
452135 = 6.87
192
p(90) = .000209(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m)
-1(3(e)
RELATIVEANGLE
(degrees)(3(0)
(sr-m)-1
/3(0)RELATIVE
10 .0642 307. 88 .000222 1.062
13 .0389 186. 91 .000202 .967
16 .0253 121. 94 .000191 .914
19 .0163 78.0 97 .000181 .866
22 .0117 56.0 100 .000178 .852
25 .00849 40.6 103 .000177 .847
28 .00592 28.3 106 .000174 .833
31 .00427 20.4 109 .000171 .818
34 .00330 15.8 112 .000168 .804
37 .00260 12.4 115 .000167 .799
40 .00199 9.52 118 .000172 .823
43 .00155 7.42 121 .000173 .828
46 .00123 5.89 124 .000174 .833
49 .000936 4.48 127 .000173 .828
52 .000734 3.51 130 .000178 .852
55 .000651 3.11 133 .000186 .890
58 .000583 2.79 136 .000199 .952
61 .000541 2.59 139 .000206 .986
64 .000463 2.22 142 .000214 1.024
67 .000401 1.92 145 .000217 1.038
70 .000346 1.66 148 .000221 1.057
73 .000334 1.60 151 .000228 1.091
76 .000301 1.44 154 .000234 11.120
79 .000269 1.29 157 .000238 1.139
82 .000247 1.18 160 .000245 1.172
35 I .0.0024-0
Ship:
Date:
Hour:
Run:
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
USS Rexburg
24 Aug 1967
0022
Lat: 32° 31.5'N
Long : 117° 31.9'W
Depth: 57.6Mt = 14. 54°C
T = .909
OL = .095445
=2135 4.70
193
p(90) = .000134( s r-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)-1
(sr-m)
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees )
p(e)(sr-m)
10 (e)
RELATIVE
10 .04990 373.2 88 .0001380 1.032
13 .02395 179.2 91 .0001316 .9843
16 .01310 98.01 94 .0001268 .9486
19 .008545 63.91 97 .0001222 .9138
22 .005736 42.90 100 .0001214 .9080
25 .003555 26.59 103 .0001197 .8951
28 .002651 19.83 106 .0001185 .8860
31 .002016 15.08 109 .0001175 .8790
34 .001627 12.17 . 112 .0001186 .8868
37 .001235 9.239 115 .0001219 .9118
40 .001015 7.594 118 .0001253 .9312
43 .0008090 6.051 121 .0001282 .9591
46 .0006537 4.889 124 .0001274 .9528
49 .0005095 3.811 127 .0001345 1.006
52 .0004046 3.026 130 .0001384 1.035
55 .0003629 2.714 133 .0001429 1.069
58 .0003329 2.490 136 .0001535 1.148
61 .0003019 2.258 139 .0001625 1.216
64 .0002668 1.996 142 .0001679 1.256
67 .0002266 1.695 145 .0001724 1.289
70 .0001931 1.445 148 .0001746 1.306
73 .0001841 1.377 151 .0001815 1.358
76 .0001725 1.290 154 .0001893 1.416
79 .0001572 1.176 157
82 .00014721 1.101 160
85 .0001439 1.076
Ship: USS Rexburg
194NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Lat: 32°31.5'N T = .913
Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long:117° 31.9'W 06= .0910
Hour: 0039 Depth: 77.7M 45
Run: t =2135 = 4.10
p(90) =. 000121(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)
(sr-m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(3 (e)
RELATIVE
10 .04190 346.6 88 .0001258 1.041
13 .02107 174.3 91 .0001185 .9801
16 .01227 101.5 94 .0001149 .9508
19 .007400 61.21 97 .0001138 .9411
22 .005049 41.77 100 .0001093 .9044
25 .003100 25.64 103 .0001066 .8821
28 .002286 18.90 106 .0001072 .8869
31 .001809 14.97 109 .0001080 .8937
34 .001199 9.914 112 .0001096 .9066
37 .001051 8.693 115 .0001105 .9139
40 .0008489 7.021 118 .0001117 .9239
43 .0006705 5.546 121 .0001154 .9544
46 .0005370 4.442 124 .0001163 .9621
49 .0004683 3.873 127 .0001196 .9889
52 .0003934 3.254 130 .0001258 1.041
55 .0003342 2.764 133 .0001320 1.091
58 .0002972 2.459 136 .0001468 1.214
61 .0002567 2.123 139 .0001579 1.306
64 .0002299 1.902 142 .0001648 1.363
67 .0002061 1.704 145 .0001715 1.418
70 .0001908 1.578 148 .0001759 1.4547
73 .0001809 1.496 151 .0001858 1.537
76 .0001612 1.334 154 .0001892 1.565
79 .0001496 1.238 157
82 .0001399 1.157 160
85 .001)1292 1.069
Ship:Date:
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 195
USS Rexburg24 Aug 1967
Lat : 32° 31.5'NLong: 117° 31.9'W
T =OL =
.949
.0524Hour: 0056 Depth: 100. 6M
°C
452135 = 3.10
Run: t = 12. 09p(90) = 000106( sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
13(e)-1(sr -m) -1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m) -1
a(e)RELATIVE
10 . 01472 138.7 88 . 0001068 1.00713 .008306 78.29 91 .0001057 .996216 .005492 51.77 94 .0001051 .990919 . 003902 36.78 97 . 0001015 9563
22 . 002650 24.98 100 . 0001015 . 9564
25 . 001714 16.15 103 . 0001011 . 9524
28 . 001311 12.35 106 . 0001011 . 9533
31 . 001076 10.14 109 . 0001029 . 9703
34 . 0008052 7.589 112 . 0001050 . 9895
37 . 0006632 6.251 115 . 0001065 1.00440 . 0005485 5.170 118 . 0001100 1.03743 . 0004495 4.237 121 . 0001118 1.05446 . 0003806 3.588 124 . 0001114 1.04949 . 0003126 2.947 127 . 0001144 1.07852 . 0002745 2.588 130 . 0001191 1.12255 . 0002499 2.355 133 . 0001230 1.15958 . 0002285 2.153 136 . 0001336 1.26061 . 0002178 2.053 139 . 0001412 1.33164 . 0001949 1.837 142 . 0001435 1.35367 . 0001666 1.570 145 . 0001454 1.37070 . 0001468 1.384 148 . 0001492 1.40673 . 0001401 1.321 151 . 0001536 1.448
76 . 0001349 1.271 154 . 0001608 1.515
79 . 0001144 1.079 157 . 0001619 1.560
82 . 0001171 1.103 16085 . 00u1153 1.087
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship : USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .951
Date : 24 Aug 1967 Long : 117° 31.9'W = . 0502
Hour : 0106
Run:Depth : 120.7Mt = 10. 8°C
452135 = 3.05
p(90)
196
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m) -1
0 (e)RELATIVE
10 . 01257 122.7 88 . 0001037 1.01313 .007324 71.52 91 .0001018 .994116 .005132 50.12. 94 .0001017 .993619 .003168 30.94 97 .0000997 .9734
. 22 . 002260 22.07 100 . 0000969 .946025 . 001647 16.09 103 . 0000946 . 9237
28 . 001237 12.08 106 . 00009592 . 9367
31 . 0009839 9.608 109 . 00009664 . 943834 . 0007775 7.593 112 . 00009899 . 9666
37 . 0006473 6.322 115 . 0001018 . 9946
40 . 0005009 4.892 118 . 0001061 1.03643 . 0004340 4.238 121 . 0001055 1.03146 . 0003690 3.603 124 . 0001103 1.07849 . 0003136 3.063 127 . 0001121 1.09452 . 0002727 2.663 130 . 0001128 1.10155 . 0002470 2.412 133 . 0001175 1.14758 . 0002233 2.180 136 . 0001332 1.30161 . 0001971 1.925 139 . 0001464 1.43064 . 0001793 1.751 142 . 0001513 1.47867 . 0001610 1.572 145 . 0001540 1.50470 . 0001488 1.453 148 . 0001588 1.551
73 . 0001433 1. 399 151 . 0001676 1.636
76 . 0001252 1.223 154 . 0001704 1.664
79 . 0001131 1.105 157 . 0001715 1.675
82 . 0001127 1.101 16085 . ODu1 uo3 I. ,i5 ,
NEL SCATTERING METER. DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg
Date: 24 Aug 1967
Hour : 0119
Run:
Lat : 32° 31.5'N T = .951Long: 117° 31.9'W (X, = . 0502
Depth : 142.6Mt = 10.82°C
197
452135 = 2.67
p(") =. 000102 ( s r-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)-1(sr -m) -1
(3(6)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m) -1
0(e)RELATIVE
10 . 009601 94.25 88 . 0001020 1.001
13 . 005861 57.54 91 . 0001018 . 9993
16 . 003980 39.07 94 . 0001007 .988919 .002663 26.15 97 .00009968 .978522 . 002249 22.08 100 .00009870 . 9694
25 . 001692 16.61 103 . 0000973 . 956
28 . 001230 12.07 106 . 0000989 . 970
31 . 001033 10.14 109 . 0001006 . 988
34 . 0007489 7.352 112 . 0001010 . 992
37 . 0006029 5.919 115 . 0001008 . 989
40 . 0005014 4.922 118 . 0001061 1.04243 . 0004053 3.978 121 . 0001108 1.08746 . 0003527 3.462 124 . 0001144 1.12349 . 0003131 3.074 127 . 0001190 1.16852 . 0002798 2.746 130 . 0001221 1.19955 . 0002469 2.424 133 . 0001267 1.24458 . 0002178 2.138 136 . 0001442 1.41661 . 0001920 1.885 139 . 0001568 1.53964 . 0001828 1.794 142 . 0001618 1.58867 . 0001628 1.599 145 . 0001647 1.61670 . 0001567 1.538 148 . 0001689 1.65873 . 0001482 1.455 151 . 0001761 1.72976 . 0001330 1.306 154 . 0001837 1.80479 . 0001150 1.129 157 . 0001925 1.89082 . 0001120 1.100 160
85 .O il J79 1.._5
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32°31.5'N T = .952
Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31. 9'W (X, = . 0492
Hour: 0129 Depth: 162.8M 45Z135 = 2.79Run: t = 10.26°C
198
p(90) _.000105( s r-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m) -1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m) -1
(e)RELATIVE
10 . 01245 118.7 88 .. 0001090 1.038813 . 007162 68.25 91 .0001029 .980616 . 004522 43.10 94 0001006 .958719 .003165 30.16 97 . 0001006 .958622 . 002247 21.41 100 . 0001007 .959625 . 001733 16.52 103 . 0001002 . 955228 . 001302 12.40 106 . 00009876 . 941231 .0008877 8.459 109 .0001016 .967934 . 0007733 7.369 112 . 0001030 . 981637 . 0006380 6.080 115 . 0001049 . 999240 . 0005424 5.169 118 . 0001060 1.01143 . 0004336 4. 13Z 121 . 0001120 1.06746 .0003527 3.361 124 .0001142 1.08949 . 0003091 2.946 127 . 0001189 1.13352 . 0002723 2.595 130 .0001207 1.15055 . 0002411 2.298 133 . 0001265 1.20658 . 0002200 2.097 136 0001408 1.34261 . 0001917 1.826 139 , 0001531 1.45964 . 0001671 1.593 142 . 0001598 1.52367 . 0001647 1.569 145 . 0001608 1.53270 . 0001461 1.392 148 . 0001646 1.56873 . 0001332 1.270 151 . 0001738 1.65676 . 0001257 1.198 154 , 0001814 1.72979 . 0001168 1.113 157 .0001840 1.753
82 . 0001140 1.086 16085 . 00,211:4 1. ,_,--L
Ship:Date:Hour:Run:
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET 199
USS Rexburg24 Aug 19670134
Lat: 32° 31.5'NLong: 117° 31.9'WDepth: 199.3Mt = 9.64°C
T ==
45Z135
p(90)
. 949
. 0524
= 2.57
= 0000971( sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
13(e)( s r-m ) 1
(3(0)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
0(e)(sr-m) 1
(e)RELATIVE
10 . 008680 89.42 88 . 00009886 1.018
13 .004890 50.38 91 . 00009620 .9909
16 . 0003250 33.49 94 . 00009711 1.000
19 . 002200 22.67 97 . 00009703 . 9995
. 22 . 001580 16.27 100 . 00009618 . 9907
25 .001294 13.33 103 .00009477 .976228 . 001082 11.14 106 .00009610 .9900
31 . 0008422 8.675 109 . 00009784 1.008
34 . 0006548 6.745_ 112 . 0001012 1.04337 . 0005168 5.324 115 . 0001020 1.051
40 . 0004441 4.574 118 . 0001022 1.05243 . 0003774 3.888 121 . 0001045 1.07746 . 0003170 3.266 124 . 0001080 1.11249 . 0002648 2.728 127 . 0001123 1.15752 . 0002355 2.425 130 . 0001165 1.20055 . 0002095 2.158 133 . 0001204 1.24058 . 0001929 1.988 136 . 0001365 1.40661 . 0001718 1.770 139 . 0001485 1.52964 . 0001514 1.560 142 . 0001499 1.54467 . 0001479 1.524 145 . 0001508 1.55470 . 0001314 1.353 148 . 0001574 1.62 173 . 0001273 1.311 151 . 0001637 1.68776 . 0001147 1.181 154 . 0001697 1.74879 . 0001046 1.077 157
82 . 0001031 1.062 160-85 . 00u1021
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat : 32° 31.5'N T = . 948
Date : 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W aL = . 0534
Hour: 0158 Depth : 237.7M 45 2.28Run: t = 9.36°C 135
200
p(90) =. 0000977(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
13(e)(sr_m)-1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m)
-1(3(e)LARE TIVE
10 .005996 61.35 88 .00009758 .998513 .003684 37.70 91 .00009780 1.000716 . 002458 25.15 94 . 00009798 1.00319 . 001841 18.84 97 . 00009767 . 999422 . 001385 14.17 100 . 00009770 . 999725 . 001051 10.75 103 . 00009624 . 9848
28 . 0008280 8.472 106 . 00009725 ..9951
31 . 0007057 7.221 109 . 0001005 1.02834 . 0005639 5.770 112 . 0001019 1.04337 . 0004930 5.044 115 . 0001049 1.07340 . 0003842 3.931 118 . 0001089 1.11543 . 0003239 3.315 121 . 0001127 1.153
46 . 0002853 2.919 124 . 0001135 1.161
49 . 0002426 2.482 127 . 0001187 1.214
52 . 0002081 2.130 130 . 0001213 1.241
55 . 0001955 2.000 133 . 0001251 1.28058 . 0001820 1.863 136 0001338 1.36961 . 0001690 1.729 139 , 0001414 1.44764 . 0001554 1.591 142 0001452 1.48667 . 0001414 1.447 145 p 0001471 1.50670 . 0001281 1.311 148 0001517 1.55373 . 0001230 1.259 151 . 0001583 1.62076 . 0001155 1.182 154 0001754 1.79579 . 0001074 1.099 157 0001968 2.01382 . 0001022 1.046 16085 . 0001017 1.041
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat : 32° 31. 5'N T . 949
Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W Oes . 0524
Hour: 0218 Depth: 310.9N1 45
Run: t = 8.52°C 135
201
p(90) =. 0000954( sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m) -1
(3(e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)(sr-m) -1
(e)RELATIVE
10 . 004605 48.25 88 . 00009966 1. 044
13 . 002826 29. 61 91 . 00009332 . 9779
16 . 001892 19. 83. 94 . 00009046 . 9480
19 . 001469 15. 39 97 . 0000878 . 9198
22 . 001077 11.29 100 . 0000887 . 9297
25 . 0008072 8. 459 103 . 0000901 . 9446
28 . 0006447 6. 755 106 . 00009249 .969231 . 0005327 5. 582 109 . 00009310 . 9756
34 . 0004346 4. 554 112 . 00009432 . 9884
37 .0004209 4.411 115 .00009801 1.027
40 .0003508 3.676 118 .0001032 1.081
43 . 0002869 3. 006 121 . 0001072 1. 123
46 . 0002454 2. 571 124 . 0001054 1. 104
49 .0001969 2. 063 127 .0001083 1. 135
52 . 0001664 1. 744 130 . 0001144 1. 199
55 . 0001672 1. 752 133 . 0001165 1. 22058 . 0001616 1. 694 136 . 0001205 1. 26361 . 0001577 1. 652 139 . 0001229 1. 28864 . 0001448 1. 517 142 . 0001252 1. 31267 . 0001246 1. 305 145 . 0001261 1. 322
70 . 0001079 1. 130 148 . 0001302 1.365
73 . 0001077 1. 128 151 . 0001338 1. 402
76 .0001057 1. 107 154 . 0001352 1. 417
79 . 0001014 1. 062 157 . 0001368 1. 434
82 . 00009703 1. 017 16085 .000,i)531 .9967
NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg
Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31,9'W OG = . 0619
Hour: 0306
Run:
Lat: 32° 31.5'N T = .940
Depth: 552.3M
t = 7.09°C45
2135 = 1.98
202
p(9lo)..0000999(sr-i-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)( sr-m) 1
(3(8)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(A)( sr-m) 1
0 (e)RELATIVE
10 .006322 63.32 88 . 00010000 1.00213 . 003468 34.73 91 . 00009977 . 9992
16 .002458 24.62 94 .00009972 .998819 . 001687 16.90 97 . 00009872 . 9887
. 22 . 001224 12.26 100 . 00009926 . 9942
25 .0009691 9.706 103 . 00009780 . 9795
28 . 0007498 7.509 106 .0000998, . 9997
31 . 0006156 6.166 109 0001011 1.012
34 .0005066 5.074 112 . 0001025 1.026
37 . 0004107 4.113 115 . 0001060 1.0612
40 .0003344 3.349 118 . 0001112 1.113
43 .0002893 Z. 897 121 . 0001112 1.114
46 .0002513 2.517 124 . 0001120 1.122
49 . 0002172 2.175 127 . 0001159 1.160
52 . 0001901 1.904 130 . 0001206 1.208
55 . 0001805 1.807 133 .0001265 1.267
58 .0001682 1.684 136 . 0001364 1.36761 . 0001602 1.604 139 . 0001429 1.43164 . 0001499 1.501 142 . 0001485 1.48767 . 0001371 1.373 145 . 0001531 1.53370 .0001256 1.258 148 . 0001586 1.58973 . 0001127 1.129 151 . 0001649 1.65276 . 0001137 1.138 154 . 0001710 1.71279 . 0001068 1.070 157 . 0001768 1. 771
82 . 0001033 1. 035 160
- 85 . 0001007 1.:10
203NEL SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET
Ship: USS Rexburg Lat: 32° 31.5' N
Date: 24 Aug 1967 Long: 117° 31.9'W
Hour: 1921 Depth: 787.7N1Run: t = 5-36°C
T = .922O,= .0812
452135 = 2. 14
p(90) =. 000105(sr-1-m-1)
ANGLE(degrees)
(3(e)(sr-m) -1
(3 (e)RELATIVE
ANGLE(degrees)
p(e)( sr-m) -1
0(e)RELATIVE
10 .00716 68.0 88 .000106 1.00613 .00442 42.0 91 .000105 .99716 . 00261 24.8 94 . 000103 . 97819 . 00190 18.0. 97 . 000102 . 96822 .00145 13.6 100 .000103 . 97825 .00103 9.78 103 .000103 .97828 .000789 7.49 106 .000103 .97831 .000684 6.49 109 .000107 1.01634 . 000541 5.14 112 . 000108 1,02537 .000440 4.18 115 .000110 1.04440 .000367 3.48 118 .000114 1.08243 .000317 3.01 121 . 000117 1.11146 .000288 2.73 124 .000118 1.12049 .000243 2.31 127 .000122 1.15852 . 000216 2.05 130 . 000126 1.19655 . 000205 1.95 133 . 000132 1.2558 .000191 1. 81 136 . 000142 1.3561 .000177 1.68 139 . 000151 1.4364 . 000160 1.52 142 . 000156 1.4867 . 000145 1.38 145 . 000158 1.5070 . 000128 1.22 148 . 000163 1.5573 . 000124 1.18 151 . 000168 1.5976 . 000118 1.12 154 . 000172 1.6379 . 000112 1.063 157 ,000176 1.6782 . 000110 1. 044 160 . 000177 1.6885 . 00,139
2 04
APPENDIX F
Tables of relative volume scattering functionsmeasured with the Brice-Phoenix scattering meter
205
BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET (2. Hg546.1)
NEL TANK
90
Angle(degrees)
Date : 18 May 67Hour : 1415Run:
Date : 18 May 67Hour : 1415Run:
Date :Hour :Run:
30 26. 5628 24. 5259
35 17. 1006
40 10. 7189 10. 1456
45 6. 7969
50 4. 2824 4. 8645
55 3. 3250
60 2. 3878 2. 8148
65 1. 9324
70 1. 6677 1. 7662
75 1. 4046
80 1. 2245 1. 2600
85 1. 0848
90 1. 0000 1. 0000
95 . 9243100 . 9302 . 8628105 .9637110 . 9406 . 8323
115 . 9041
120 .8907 .6955
125 . 8342
130 . 8870 . 6427
206
BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET ()L= Ha-546.1)
Ship: NEL Barge
M91/(90)
Angle(degrees)
3035404550556065707580859095
100105110115120125130
Date:29 Jun 67Hour:2250Run: S-01A
Date:29 Jun 67Hour:2315Run: S-02A
20.139
7.880
3.841
2.234
1.544
1.174
1.0000
.8956
.8169
.7672
.7240
18.779
7.231
3.516
1.926
1.411
1.102
1.0000
.7999
.7445
.6874
.6217
Date: 29 Jun 67Hour: 2325Run: S-03A
15.424
5.952
2.886
1.698
1.335
1.148
1.0000
.9483
.8798
.8232
.7849
Angle(degrees)
Date:29 Jun 67Hour:2345Run: S-04A
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0005Run: S-05A
3035404550556065707580859095
100105110115120
. 125130
23.398 15.7108
6.575 6.6846
3.254 3.1721
2.165 2.0587
1.443 1.5209
1.163 1.2049
1.0000 1.0000
.9310 .9081
.8145 .8163
.7230 .7646
.7178
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0036Run: S-06A
17.2997
7.1884
3.2882
1.9787
1.4152
1.1441
1.0000
.9373
.8714
.8260
.7426
207
BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET (X.= Hcr-546.1)
Ship: NEL Barge
e 90
Angle(degrees)
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:Run: S-07A
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:Run: S-08A
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0217Run: S-1B
30 14.985 15.5548 19.54223540 6.1859 6.1690 7.73924550 3.0034 3.1659 3.66705560 1.8499 1.8583 2.25776570 1.3663 1.3352 1.535275 .
80 1.1544 1.1032 1.17908590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095
100 .9047 .8903 .9402
105110 .8513 .8040 .8958
115120 .7794 .7579 .8016
125130 .7207 .6911 .7077
Angle Date:30 Jun 67 Date:30 Jun 67 Date: 30 Jun 67
(degrees)Hour :0229Run: S -2B
Hour:0242Run: S-3B
Hour: 0258Run: S-4B
30 18.463 18.496 15.27263540 7.4460 7.6830 6.50074550 3.5748 3.5947 3.34125560 2.1456 2.0823 1.89626570 1.4847 1.4487 1.41097580 1.1844 1.1915 1.10908590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095100 .8929 .8911 .9414105110 .8627 .8206 .8664115120 .7808 .7568 .8263
125130 .7075 .6436 .7394
208
BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET (X.= Hg546.1)
Ship: NEL Barge
e 90
Angle(degrees)
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:0315Run: S-5B
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour: 0355Run: S-6B
Date: 30 Jun 67Hour:Run: S-7B
30 17.8255 16.47993540 6.9916 7.4235 7.42284550 3.5771 3.11445560 1.9453 2.0351 1.93626570 1.4937 1.4454 1.37577580 1.1410 1.1723 1.10508590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095100 .9114 .8590 .9227
105110 .8475 .7116 .8211
115120 .8075 .6507 .7519
125130 .4894
Angle Date: 30 Jun 67 Date: 30 Jun67 Date: 30 Jun 67(degrees) Hour: 0422 Hour: 0441 Hour: 0458
Run: s -8R Run: S-2C Run: S-3C30 22.2580 17.89473540 6.8994 9.4626 7.24194550 3.2567 3.8137 3.62125560 1.9174 2.2253 2.21646570 1.3784 1.3076 1.42097580 1.1525 1.1376 1.14178590 1.0000 1.0000 1.000095100 .9460 .8961 .9083105110 .8301 .8499 .8585
115120 .7574 .8281 .7692
- 125130 .7716 .7288 .6651
209
BRICE-PHOENIX SCATTERING METER DATA SHEET ()L= H9546.1)
Ship: NEL Barge
A)//3(90
Angle(degrees)
Date:30 Jun 67Hour:0512Run: S-4C
Date:Hour:Run:
Date:Hour:Run:
30 17.44743540 8.03454550 3.34995560 1.98526570 1.493675 .
80 1.18168590 1.000095
100 .9229105110 .8324115120 .8359125130 .6658
Angle(degrees)
Date:Hour:Run:
Date:Hour:Run:
Date:Hour:Run:
3035404550556065707580859095
100105110115120125130
APPENDIX G210
Graphs of the total beam attenuation coefficient (c) as a function of
depth measured with the NOTS null-balance transmissometer, USS
REXBURG, 21-24 August 1967.
REXBURG
1400-144024 AUG 67
-200
-400(m)
-600
-800
I I 11 1-1000
.20 ,10 0c (m-61)
REXBURG
2200-230024 AUG 67
i
.20 .10
c(m1)
REXBURG
2100-213021 AUG 67
I 1 1 I
.20 .10I I
0211
-200-
-400--(m) --600-
800
REXBURG
0755-082022 AUG 67
-1000- I
I
1o(m-) .20 .102
0
0