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Measurement technologies & operation systems in solar test facilities (relevant hardware/software)
Dr. Jan-Peter Säck
SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Akquisisiton)
- Central control system- Managing of different hardware- Interface for database- Connection between hardware via
bus systems- Hard- and software server as
interfaces- Visualisation of process data- Storage of process data- Control of the process- Industrial standards
3
Source: National Instruments
Source: Eaton
Supervisory control
- Programmable Logic Controller (plc)- Realtime system- Main processor unit- Program code internal- Mostly modular systems- Digital in- and output (cards)- Analogue in- and output (cards)- Different bus systems & cards- Motion control cards- Safety functions can be included
4
Source: Allen Bradley
Source: Mitsubishi
Source: Beckhoff
Source: Siemens
Data Akquisition
- Mainly for data collect & storage- Storage internally or externally on
a personal computer- Incidentily for control- Sometimes modular systems- Digital in- and output (cards)- Analogue in- and output (cards)- Use for Research & Development- Easily to program and to visualize
data- Use for meterological stations
5
Source: Advantech
Source: Gantner Instruments
Source: Gantner Instruments
Source: Campbell Scientific
Sensors
- Latin: sentire = to feel- Determination of properties like:
- Heat radiation- Temperature- Humidity- Pressure- Radiance- Acceleration- And many more…
- Passive & active - Digital & continuous analogue
6
Source: Eaton
Actors
- Latin: Actor = converter- Conversion of signals to physical
quantity like:- Mechanical motion
- Rotation- Linear
- Temperature- Pressure
- Electrical (e.g. motor)- Hydraulical (e.g. cilinders)- Pneumatical (e.g. cilinders)- Electrochemical (e.g. battery)- Magnetical (e.g. transformator)
7
Source: Petersdorff
Digital in- and outputs (Bool)Signal:„low“ = 0 (0V) & „high“ = 1 (24V)
Inputs:- Status input signals (limit switch)- Counter- Frequency- Encoder (Rot/Incl.)
- Incremental- Absolute
Outputs:- Status output signals (Relay)- Pulse-Width-Modulation (Motor)
8
Source: Parkermotion
Analogue in- and outputs (Voltage & Current)Voltage:Typical measuring ranges:
- 0….10V- 0….5V- 0….1V- 0….XXmV
Current:- Typical measuring ranges:
- 0….20 mA- 4….20mA
- 4…20 mA wire break security- Low losses over long distances
9
UIn/Out
IIn/Out
Analogue inputs (Resistance)
- Potentiometer- Voltage divider- Different measuring ranges- Linear & rotational- Longitude & angle measuring- Control element e.g.:
- Frequency converter- Temperature controller- Flow controller
10Source: Conrad
R=U/I
+5V 0V
Ana
log
In
0…5V
Analogue inputs (Temperature Resistance)
- Temperature dependency ofresistance value
- Use of linear part of curve(Measuring range)
- NTC-Resistance (Negative Temperature Coefficient
- PTC-Resistance (Positive Temperature Coefficient)
- Cheap but not very exact- Not industrial standard
11Source: TC Direct
T
Analogue inputs (PT100)
- Resistance thermometer- Industrial common- Normed in EN 60751- Used Metal: Platinum- R0=100Ω- 2-, 3-, 4-wire-circuit- Measuring range:- 0…850 °C: R = R0 · (1 + a · t + b · t2)- -250…0 °C: R = R0 ·(1 + a ·t + b · t2 + c ·
(t − 100 °C) · t3)- Also used:
- PT500: R0=500Ω- PT1000: R0=1000Ω
12
Source: TC Direct
Analogue inputs (Thermocouples)
- Seebeck effect = thermoelectric effect- Two different metals welded together- Voltage difference prop. to temperature
difference
Different Metal Pairs:- Type B: Rh/Rh 600 to 1820°C- Type C: Re/Re 0 to 2316°C- Type E: Ni-Cr/Cu-Ni -250 to 1000°C- Type J: Fe/Cu-Ni -201 to 1200°C- Type K: Ni-Cr/Ni-Al -200 to 1372°C- and many more…
13
Source: TC Direct
Ni-Cr/Ni
Source: Kipp & Zonen
Source: Kipp & Zonen
Meteorological sensors (Pyrheliometer)
Measurement of direct solar radiation (DNI)For use on two axis trackerInternal temperature compensation
Specifikations:
14
Spectral range 200 to 4000 nmSensitivity 7 to 14 µV/W/m²Operational temperature range -40 to +80 °C
Maximum solar irradiance 4000 W/m²
International standards (ISO) First Class
Meteorological sensors (Pyranometer)
- Measurement of global radiation(GHI) or diffuse radiation (DHI)
- Shadow band or ball- Excellent linearity- Fast response time- Low tilt error
Specifications:
15
Source: Kipp & Zonen
Source: Kipp & Zonen
Spectral range 285 to 2800 nmSensitivity 7 to 14 µV/W/m²Operational temperature range -40 °C to +80 °CMaximum solar irradiance 4000 W/m²Field of view 180 °
Meteorological sensors (Wind)
- Wind speed:
- Wind direction:
16
Source: ThiesKlima
Source: ThiesKlima
Measuring range 0 ... 360 °Ambient conditions -50 ... +80°CElectrical output Potentiometer 10 k,
Voltage, Current
Measuring range 0,3...75 m/sAmbient conditions -50…+80 °CElectrical output Frequency, Voltage,
CurrentFrequency 1082 Hz @ 50 m/s
Meteorological sensors (Humidity, pressure & temperature)
- Capacitive humidity element - barometric ambient pressure - Pt 100 resistance thermometer- Integration in weather- and thermal
radiation shield
- Specifications:Temperature: - 30 ... + 70°CHumidity: 0 ... 100%Analogue outputs: RS485
ResistanceVoltageCurrent
17
Source: ThiesKlima
Source: Endress & Hauser
Meteorological sensors (Rain)
- Measuring the height, quantity and the intensity of the precipitation (rain)
- collecting surface - tipping-bucket- induces an output pulse
Specification:
18
Source: ThiesKlima
Collector surface 200 cm² Resolution 0,1 mmMeasuring range max. 11 mm/min. Measuring principle tipping-bucketElectrical output pulsesAmbient temperature -35... +60°C with additional
heatingHeating 24 V AC/DC
Mass flow control
- Sensor types:- Ultrasonic- Differential pressure- Magnetic- Inductive- Turbine- Thermal- Venturi- Sinker method- And many more…
- Actor types:- Valve with controller (Prop.)
19
Source: Bronkhorst & Mättig
Source: Analyt MTC
Source: MKS Instruments
- Depending on function, force or exactness
- Motor types:- Asynchronus / Synchronus- 3-phase / 1-phase- Stepping- DC- Servo- Linear / Rotary
- Control possibilities:- On/Off => Relay- Speed control =>Controller- Torque control => Controller
Motors & Control
20
Source: Sito
Source: Direct industry
Source: Festo
Source: Lenze
Source: Conrad
Network
- Connecting hardware on different places without losses
- Reducing cable installation- Different networks
- Star- Bus- Ring- Tree- Mesh
- Different protocols
21
SourceWikipedia
Software (PLC programming-Code)
- Software special from every hardware company
- Industrial standard- WinCC
- Possibilities for visualization- SimaticManager
- Hardware configuration- Program code- Binary functions- Counter functions- Time functions- Analogue functions- Simple mathematical functions
22
Source: Siemens
Software (Dasylab)
- Easy connection to hardware- Frontpanel for visualization- Blockdiagram for program code- Simple mathematic functions- Simple data storage- Simple visualization=> Usable for:
students,non software-experiencescientists
23
Source: Dasylab
Software (Labview)
- Easy connection to hardware & software
- Frontpanel for visualization- Blockdiagram for program code- Complex mathematical functions- Control & Design (PID & Fuzzy)- Camera programming (Vision)- Touchpanel & PDA visualization (HMI)- Matlab integration & Simulation- Server communication- Complex data storage & analysis
=> Best solution für R&D
24
Source: National Instruments
Software (OPC Server)
- Open Process Control- Based on Microsoft Windows
technology- Acts as easy protocol converter- Hardware manufacturer specific- Read and write function- Connection to
- Device e.g. PLC, DAQ- Database e.g. Excel, Access- HMI (Human Machine
Interface, e.g. Touchpanel)- Spreadsheet- Trending application
25
Source: Servicelab
26
Thermocamera-system
- Measuring surface temperature- Temperature distribution easy possible- Installation outside the concentrated
solar radiation- Reactors with quartz window problem- Error caused by the reflected solar
radiation & window- DLR-development: measuring with
spectral filters- Usage of water-absorption-band to
reduce the influences (λ=2,6 μm)Source: DLR, Hydrosol 2 project
27
Flux measurement- Indirect measuring- Camera target method- White Lambert‘ian target- Rotation through the focus- Shot of 15 single pictures- Construction of one complete
picture- Building of greyscale matrix- Calibration with radiometer- Calculation of flux density
distribution- Error ≤ ±5 %- Other systems: Fatmes, Barmes,
Scanmes, SunCatch, etc.
ProHeRMeS
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Flussdichte Linearer Fit Flussdichte
Sol
are
Flus
sdic
hte
in k
W/m
2
Grauwerte
y=0,11819x
Source: Montereal et al
28
Deflektometry
- Measure the shape of mirrors- Pattern reflexion method- Projektor in heliostat field- Camera on top of the tower- Sinus stripes with phase shift- Measurement
- Horizontal- Vertical
- Deformation of the lines- Algorithm for the calculation of
geometry & error of shape- Error <1 mrad- Parabolic trough, dish concentrator or
Fresnel collector
Projektor
KameraKamera
Heliostat
Target
Turm
i
n
r
i
n
r
i
n
r
i
n
r
Source: Ulmer et al