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Means Testing for Targeting the People in Health Programs:
A Systematic Review
(Draft)
Review report submitted to
The Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
By
Meng Qingyue, Yuan Beibei, Jia Liying
Center for Health Management and Policy, Shandong University
April 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Background...................................................................................................................................1
2. Objectives and definitions.............................................................................................................3
3. Criteria for inclusion of studies.....................................................................................................4
4. Methods ........................................................................................................................................4
4.1Searched databases and websites .........................................................................................4
4.2 Search strategy ....................................................................................................................5
4.3 Review method ...................................................................................................................8
5. Results...........................................................................................................................................9
5.1 Classification and description of means testing methods..................................................11
3.2 Eligibility Criteria, source of information, and health programs ......................................15
5.3 Target populations in different health programs................................................................23
5.4 Means testing method assessed by authors of the studies .................................................23
6. Discussions .................................................................................................................................28
Acknowledgement ..........................................................................................................................30
References.......................................................................................................................................31
Annex 1: Search strategies..............................................................................................................34
Annex 2: Data extraction form in this review.................................................................................76
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Means Testing for Targeting the People in Health Programs:
A Systematic Review (Draft)
1. Background
Targeting is a policy option of concentrating the benefits of an intervention on a pre-identified specific group (Meessen and Criel 2008), which has been widely applied in programs for reducing poverty, including programs of food subsides, housing, health care, employment, and education (Imai; Bitrán and Muñoz 2000; Conning and Kevane 2000; Tekleselassie and Johnstone. 2004; Soares and al. 2006; Children's Institute in University of Cape Town December 2005). There is evidence that targeting of public spending in the social sectors can yield better results in terms of enhancing equity than universal provision of services (Bitrán and Muñoz 2000). Targeting of public subsidies for health is one of the central policies available for improving equity in health sector.
A variety of methods are available for targeting. Marchione (2005) summarizes four types of targeting methods, including self-targeting, means testing, categorical, and community-base selection. Self-targeting is to use people’s own judgments and decisions to distribute targeted benefits; means testing is an administrative mechanism for assessing a person's or a family’s eligibility to receive benefits, based on income or other income-related characteristics of an individual or family; categorical targeting usually uses indicators including location of the residence, age, etc; and community-based selection involve community people including community officials and members in decisions of allocating the targeted subsides. Even though descriptions of the targeting methods are different from authors (Hanson, Worrall et al. 2006; Gwatkin 2000), the key elements of the targeting methods are almost the same.
Means testing has been widely used to identify eligible individuals or families in health programs (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992; Willis 1993; Gwatkin 2004). Compared with other targeting methods, means testing was thought of being the most effective and expensive targeting method (Malik and Chanthy 2003).
When means testing is used to identify the poor population and improve their use of
health services, several steps are involved (Figure 1):
1) Identifying the poor people who have no means to access health services;
2) Enrolling people without their own means to access services into health program;
and
3) Providing health services for people enrolled in health programs.
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Figure 1 Process of means testing
Aspects of eligibility criteria, targeting mechanisms, implementation process, and administrative costs, are the core elements in a design and implementation of means testing (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992; Willis and Leighton 1995).
Criteria for eligibility are often designed according to characteristics of a person or a family in relation to ability to pay for health services. Means tests include three types (Bitran 2000): simple means test (based on reported household income, size, and composition); sophisticated means test (adjusted family income according to family size, seasonality, costs of major items such as housing, university tuition, major medical expenses); and proxy means test (objectively calculates synthetic needs score or index based on a series of variables that may include housing characteristics and location, family structure, occupation, education, gender of head of household, ownership of durable goods Calculation of index may be done by interviewers or computer).
According to Hanson (2006), a range of different types of resource are targeted towards specific groups such as products, services, vouchers, and cash which are subsidized by a government or other public body. Hanson summarizes six different targeting mechanisms that have been applied in the health sector, including resource allocation formulae, contracting NGOs, user fee exemptions, cash transfers, vouchers, and market segmentation strategies.
Means tests can be conducted by local authorities, health provider facilities, health program managers, and community members. Capacity and accountability of the organizers would determine quality of identification of the targets (Jacobs and Price 2005; Rai 2009). In LMICs, availability of information related to the criteria is usually limited, which requires great efforts of people responsible for verifying the eligibilities. In places where means tests are frequently organized, implementation of the means tests may be easier than where means testing is initiated for the first time, because of better administrative capacity and more basic information.
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Performance of means testing can be evaluated from two dimensions: two type errors and cost-benefit of the targeting. Type I error refers to leakage of the true poor. Type II error refers to coverage of the non-poor. An ideal means testing is to keep the two types errors minimal. However, there is a tradeoff between the two type errors. When type II error is to be reduced, it may increase type I error because some of the true poor could be excluded from a very stringent means test (Willis 1993). As found in Thailand and Chile, high income-eligibility level resulted in high level leakage (Bitran and Giedion 2006). Means testing is usually expensive if information for assessing the criteria is not available from existing records. More accurate information means more costs. Health program organizers need to consider the tradeoff between accuracy of information and cost for gathering the information (Gwatkin 2004). Proportion of administrative costs of means testing accounting for benefits delivered to the target population can to some extent reflect cost-effectiveness of the means testing.
In LMICs, conduct of means testing is more difficult than in developed countries (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992), mainly because in LMICs the population may be sparsely located, infrastructure and information are not available, and much of the population is outside the formal economy.
One review on means testing is a published technical note from US Abt Associates Inc. in 1992 (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992). This review aims to synthesize experiences of targeting and means testing in US and developing countries by analyzing 48 cases of projects. Coverage, leakage, and administrative cost of different targeting methods were listed by the authors. The review concludes that although targeting has been done in the health sector, it is more common in food and nutrition programs; because of the data constraints, ability to make comparisons across types of targeting was limited; and there are no standard criteria for “success” of targeting mechanism. Another review conducted by Hanson et al reviewed the evidence regarding different approaches to targeting resources towards the poor. As observed by Hanson, most studies included in the literature just focused on measuring targeting outcomes. In addition, the two reviews focus on general targeting issues rather than means testing.
This review will systematically describe approaches and mechanisms of means testing in health programs that would facilitate practice in pro-poor health programs and generate new knowledge on this topic.
2. Objectives and definitions
The objectives of this review are:
1) To describe the mechanisms of means testing used in health programs for
targeting poor populations; and
2) To describe how the authors have assessed effects of means testing approaches
where applicable.
Means testing is defined, for the purposes of this review, as mechanisms for
identifying people, either individuals or households, as poor. These mechanisms may
include: processes for defining criteria for identifying poor people; criteria used to
identify poor people; and processes used for assessing which people meet the criteria.
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For this review, health programs refer to any types of programs aiming to provide
financial or non-financial assistance including case transfer, voucher, and exemption,
health insurance, and health services in order to improve accessibility of health
services for poor populations.
3. Criteria for inclusion of studies
This review focus on all studies about mechanisms and approaches of means testing to target population applied in health programs. Health programs refer to any types of programs aiming to provide financial or non-financial assistance including case transfer, vouch, exemption, health insurance, and services in order to improve accessibility of health services for targeted populations.
Studied populations were those who were target population identified using means testing in health programs.
Means testing in this review was all investigations into status of individual persons (household) in order to judge if they should be included in the health programs. All approaches used in means testing in health programs will be included. Design of eligibility criteria and implementation of the means testing constitute major aspects of a means testing approach.
In this review, all types of study design (methods) except opinion paper, letter, news, comment, editorial, bibliography, methodological papers, and resource guides were included.
Three types of outcome measures were used in this review, including coverage of the eligible population, leakage of the eligible population, and administrative costs of the means testing.
4. Methods
4.1Searched databases and websites
We have searched the published and unpublished literatures about means testing approaches in health programs. We have searched the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) for related reviews.
We searched the following electronic databases:
� The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness
� The Cochrane EPOC Specialized Register(and the database of studies awaiting assessment)
� Cochrane library(CDSR: Cochrane database of systematic reviews; HTA: health
technology Assessment Database; NHS Economic Evaluation Database，NHS
EED) � Scopus � PubMed � EMBASE � Global health
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� IBSS (International Bibliography in Social Science) � PAIS International (Public Affairs Information Service) � Global health � Popline (Population Information Online) � Jstor � EconLit � Encopapers � IDEAS (Research Papers in Economics) � ELDIS (ID21 ) � BLDS (British Library of Development Studies) � ProQuest Dissertation & Theses Database � ISI Proceedings � SSRN � Citeseerx � Social Care Online � China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CHKD-CNKI) � Chinese Medicine Premier (Wanfang Data)
We searched the websites of international social and health organizations:
� UNICEF（United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund）
� USAID (United States Agency for International Development) � World Bank -- Documents & Reports � World Health Organization -- Publications � OECD � ILO � ESCAP (the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific )
We searched the database which indexed the grey literatures such as:
� OpenSIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe) � NTIS (National Technical Information Service)
We also searched Google for finding more unpublished studies and the omission in database.
4.2 Search strategy
The search was conducted in two phases. The first phase was from 26 October 2009 to 24 November 2009. Main search strategies in this phases include:
#1："means testing" [TIAB] OR "means-testing" [TIAB] OR "means tested" [TIAB]
OR "means-tested" [TIAB] OR "means test" [TIAB] OR "means tests" [TIAB]
#2："Eligibility Determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility determination" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility measurement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria" [TIAB] OR "eligibility threshold" [TIAB] OR target [TIAB] OR targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR targets [TIAB]
#3："health program" [TIAB] OR "health programs" [TIAB] OR "public program"
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[TIAB] OR "public programs" [TIAB] OR "health insurance" [TIAB] OR "health financing" [TIAB] OR "health plan" [TIAB] OR "health plans" [TIAB] OR "health planning" [TIAB] OR "medical scheme" [TIAB] OR "medical schemes" [TIAB] OR Medicare [TIAB] OR Medicaid [TIAB] OR "community health finance organization" [TIAB] OR "community health finance organizations" [TIAB] OR "community financing" [TIAB] OR "community self-financing" [TIAB] OR "micro-insurance" [TIAB] OR "mutual health organization" [TIAB] OR "mutual health organizations" [TIAB] OR "mutual health care" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical system" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical systems" [TIAB] OR "mutual health association" [TIAB] OR "mutual health associations" [TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance organization" [TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance organizations" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical scheme" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical schemes" [TIAB] OR "prepayment plan" [TIAB] OR "prepayment plans" [TIAB] OR "prepayment scheme" [TIAB] OR "prepayment schemes" [TIAB] OR Mutuelles [TIAB] OR "long term care" [TIAB] OR pro-poor[TIAB] OR "pro poor" [TIAB] OR propoor[TIAB] OR exemption [TIAB] OR "exemption program" [TIAB] OR "exemption programs" [TIAB] OR "exemption mechanism" [TIAB] OR "exempted service" [TIAB] OR "exempted services" [TIAB] OR waiver[TIAB] OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher [TIAB] OR vouchers [TIAB] OR "cash transfer" [TIAB] OR "cash transfers" [TIAB] OR "health card" [TIAB] OR "health cards" [TIAB] OR "ration card" [TIAB] OR "ration cards" [TIAB] OR "social assistance" [TIAB] OR "social safety net" [TIAB] OR "social safety nets" [TIAB] OR "social security net" [TIAB] OR "social security nets" [TIAB] OR "drug policy" [TIAB] OR "drugs policy" [TIAB] OR "medicine policy" [TIAB] OR "medicines policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical policy" [TIAB] OR "drug program" [TIAB] OR "drugs program" [TIAB] OR "drug programs" [TIAB] OR "drugs programs" [TIAB] OR "medicine program" [TIAB] OR "medicines program" [TIAB] OR "medicine programs" [TIAB] OR "medicines programs" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy program" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy programs" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical program" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical programs" [TIAB] OR "drug project" [TIAB] OR "drugs project" [TIAB] OR "drug projects" [TIAB] OR "drugs projects" [TIAB] OR "medicine project" [TIAB] OR "medicines project" [TIAB] OR "medicine projects" [TIAB] OR "medicines projects" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy project" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy projects" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical project" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical projects" [TIAB] OR "drug plan" [TIAB] OR "drugs plan" [TIAB] OR "drug plans" [TIAB] OR "drugs plans" [TIAB] OR "medicine plan" [TIAB] OR "medicines plan" [TIAB] OR "medicine plans" [TIAB] OR "medicines plans" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy plan" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy plans" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical plan" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical plans" [TIAB] OR "drug planning" [TIAB] OR "drugs planning" [TIAB] OR "medicine planning" [TIAB] OR "medicines planning" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy planning" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical planning" [TIAB] OR "drug scheme" [TIAB] OR "drugs scheme" [TIAB] OR "drug schemes" [TIAB] OR "drugs schemes" [TIAB] OR "medicine scheme" [TIAB] OR "medicines scheme" [TIAB] OR "medicine schemes" [TIAB] OR "medicines schemes" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy scheme" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy schemes" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical scheme" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical schemes" [TIAB] OR "prescription drug" [TIAB] OR "prescription drugs" [TIAB] OR "prescription medicine" [TIAB] OR "prescription medicines" [TIAB] OR "prescription medication" [TIAB] OR "prescription medications" [TIAB] OR "family planning " [TIAB])
#4：(poverty[MH] OR poor*[TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR
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indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB]
#5：(#2 AND #3 AND #3)
#6: (#1 OR #5)
Supplementary searching strategies
In the second phase, we searched all resources from 31 December 2009 to 14 January 2010, based on comments from international experts, the searching strategy in PubMed as following.
#1："eligibility determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility determination" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility measurement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria" [TIAB] OR "eligibility threshold" [TIAB]) AND (beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB]
#2：target [TIAB] OR targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR targets [TIAB]) AND
(beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB]
#3： "eligibility determinations" [TIAB] OR "eligibility measurements" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility thresholds" [TIAB] OR "eligibility selection" [TIAB] OR "eligibility assessment" [TIAB] OR "eligibility assessments" [TIAB] OR "selection criteria" [TIAB]) AND (poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB] OR beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB]
#4：identify [TIAB] OR identifying [TIAB] OR identification [TIAB]) AND
(poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB] OR beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB]
#5："financial assessment" [TIAB] OR "financial assessments" [TIAB] OR "financial
measurement" [TIAB] OR "financial measurements" [TIAB] OR "income assessment" [TIAB] OR "income assessments" [TIAB] OR "income measurement" [TIAB] OR "income measurements" [TIAB]
#6：("individual assessment" [TIAB] OR "household assessment" [TIAB] OR
"individual assessments" [TIAB] OR "household assessments" [TIAB]) AND (income [TIAB] OR expense [TIAB] OR expenses [TIAB] OR goods [TIAB] OR means [TIAB] OR wealth [TIAB] OR property [TIAB])
#7：#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6
#8：(exemption[TIAB] OR exemptions[TIAB] OR "exempted service" [TIAB] OR
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"exempted services" [TIAB] OR waiver[TIAB] OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher [TIAB] OR vouchers [TIAB] OR "cash transfer" [TIAB] OR "cash transfers" [TIAB] OR subsidy[TIAB] OR subsidies[TIAB] OR subsidize[TIAB] OR subsidise[TIAB] OR subsidized[TIAB] OR subsidised[TIAB] OR subsidizing[TIAB] OR subsidising[TIAB]) AND health [TIAB])
#9 : "health equity funds" [TIAB] OR "health equity fund" [TIAB] OR Financing, Government [MH] OR health services accessibility [MH] OR "health care access" [TIAB] OR "health care utilization" [TIAB] OR "health services access" [TIAB] OR "health services utilization" [TIAB] OR "health service access" [TIAB] OR "health service utilization" [TIAB] OR "health services accessibility" [TIAB] OR "health service accessibility" [TIAB] OR "health care accessibility" [TIAB]
#10：#8 OR #9
#11：#7 AND #10
We made transferred strategies in other databases or websites. The specific searching strategies are attached in annex 1.
4.3 Review method
Screening
In an initial pilot programme, we randomly selected 3% of searched results which were independently assessed by two of the authors, and then each discussed to ensure the same approach was being used. Subsequently each paper identified was screened by the reading titles and abstracts and then the full texts of all the literatures included in titles and abstracts were searched. The retrieved full texts were screened and the final included items were identified. The process of screen was done and recorded in the Endnote.
Data extraction
Data extraction was done by 3 authors independently. Initially, we took screening 3% of the results from the screening process. All these were double extracted making use of coding form designed in protocol. The differences in data extraction, problems in coding form were identified and discussed by all reviewers and subject experts. Then the coding form was adjusted and improved. Relevant information was extracted from included documents. The data extraction form used in this review was attached in Annex 2.
Data analysis
We firstly listed all the approaches and mechanisms of means testing used in health programs and how the authors have assessed its effectiveness on outcome indicators if it is available.
We described all the included studies based on the information we gained via data extraction, which include study location, health programs, target population, the approaches and process of means testing, outcomes of means testing such as coverage and leakage of the means testing, administrative costs for conducting the means testing.
We presented the means testing approaches by subgroups such as different types of targeting populations, different health programs types, different economic levels of
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country, and different aspects of means testing.
5. Results
A total of 15,855 articles were searched, and 10,244 were left for screening after checking duplications. Out of the 10,244 articles screened, 125 articles were excluded as they were opinion papers, letters, news, commentary, editorial, or bibliography; 3096 articles were excluded as they were not the studies related to health programs; 6846 studies excluded because they are documents without descriptions on contents of targeting methods; 21 articles excluded because they were theoretical, methodological studies or work plans, and means testing methods in articles have not been implemented; and 61 studies were excluded as the targeting methods in articles were not means testing methods. In addition, 42 documents cannot be judged whether they need to be included or not because full texts of those documents were not retrieved. Nine articles are duplicates of others which were not found in duplicate checking of titles and abstracts, and one paper is not English. Plus 15 relevant articles found in references searching, finally 58 documents met the inclusion criteria and were used in this review. Figure 2 demonstrates the screen process.
After screening titles and abstracts, 356 were labelled for retrieval of the full text, of
which we were able to obtain 314 full-text documents. Of the 42 we did not obtain, 13
documents were published articles in Journals, and 11 documents were book or book
chapters we could not access to. The remaining 18 articles were unpublished reports
or thesis and their sources are not clear.
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Figure 2: Screening process
10244
Screening abstracts and titles:
108 are excluded because they are opinion paper, letter, news,
comment or editorial;
3053 are excluded because they are not about health program;
6674 are excluded because of no targeting methods
5 are excluded because targeting methods haven’t been
implemented;
48 are excluded because targeting method is no means testing
356
Screening full texts:
17 are excluded because they are opinion paper, letter, news,
comment or editorial;
43 are excluded because they are not about health program;
172 are excluded because of no targeting methods
16 are excluded because targeting methods haven’t been
implemented;
13 are excluded because targeting method is no means testing;
9 are duplicates of other articles;
1 cannot be judged because it’s not English or Chinese article;
42 cannot be judged because full texts cannot be found
15 relevant references
are found during data
extraction
43
58
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5.1 Classification and description of means testing methods
Based on classifications of targeting methods from Coady (2003) and Bitran (2000), we categorize means testing methods into four types: verified means test, simple means test, proxy means tests, and mixed approaches. Below we provide an explanation to each of the methods, with some examples from the literature. Table 1 summarizes distribution of those methods.
Table 1 Distribution of different means test methods*
Means test method
North America
Europe South America
Asia/Pacific Africa
Verified means test (VMT)
USA (13)
Simple means test (SMT)
Ireland (1) Romania(1) Turkey (1) UK (1)
Costa Rica (1) Dominican Republic (1)
Bangladesh (2) India (1) South Korea(2) Thailand(1) Fiji(1)
Burkina Faso(1) Belize(2) South Africa(1) Zimbabwe(2)
Proxy means test (PMT)
Spain (1) Colombia (2) Ecuador(1) Nicaragua(1)
Cambodia(6) Indonesia(1) Thailand (1) Vietnam (2)
Congo(2) Kenya(3) Malawi (3) Swaziland (1) Zambia (1) Zimbabwe (1)
Mixed approaches (MA)
Chile (2) Honduras(1) Mexico (3) Nicaragua(1) Peru (2)
Thailand (1) Central African Republic(1) Ethiopia (4) Ghana (3) Mali (1) Niger (1) Senegal (2) Zaire (1) Zimbabwe (1)
* Figures in the table indicate the number of documents covering the strategies. In one article, more than one strategy could be found.
Verified means test (VMT): is the gold standard of targeting that collects nearly complete information on a household’s income and/or wealth and verifies the information collected against independent sources such as pay stubs, or income and property tax records. We identified 13 articles of describing how verified means test methods were used in different health programs such as Medicaid, Long term care, State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), Medicare Savings Programs, and Veterans Administration (VA) health care system, in the United States.
Case 1: Verified means testing used in USA
(Verifying Income and Asset Information)
Documentation
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For income(earned and unearned), such documentation generally covers the past two months and include documents such as: pay stubs, employer wage statements, benefit letters from other programs (social security, unemployment compensation, pensions, etc.), employer letters, etc.
For assets (cash or non-cash), such documentation must include the applicant’s most recent banking statements (savings and checking), value of stocks or bonds, life insurance policies, vehicle documentation, etc.
For expenses, applicants must provide documents on: shelter costs, most recent utility bills (gas, electricity, water), written statement of child care costs, real estate tax bills, recent medical bills, and child support payments made by the applicant.
Computer Matches
The Department of Labor’s New Hires Registry , which provides information about individuals who are newly employed; Income Eligibility Verification System (EIVS), which conducts matches to verify household income using several databases; Department of Motor Vehicles databases, to help verify identity, address information, vehicle asset information; Within State Automated Benefits Systems; SSA’s Death Match, which matches against national death records to detect the possible collection of benefits for deceased individuals (a federally mandated match); Prisoner Verification System, which matches against the databases of the Federal Bureau of Prisons to check for prisoners receiving benefits (not eligible) (a federally mandated match); Child Support database, to identify information on applicants not reporting child support income; Bank match, to match with bank records maintained by the Treasury Department for asset and eligibility information; State Lottery Winners database for asset information; Systematic Alien Verification Eligibility (SAVE) system operated by the Immigration and Naturalization Service to track immigration status of applicants.
Author’s conclusion
With respect to the implementation and outcomes of means-tested systems, some key messages include:
� Means-tested systems can have impressive targeting outcomes. In general, US safety net programs are quite well targeted, with a high share (48-80% depending on the program) of benefits accruing to the lowest quintile, and very low leakage to the non-poor.
� Some key ingredients for implementing means-tested programs include: 1) identification of individuals. A clear and unique identification system is a crucial ingredient for the proper targeting of individuals; 2) Rigorous verification. Another key ingredients for the US’s impressive targeting outcomes is rigorous verification of incomes, assets, and identity; and 3) Random-sample audits.
Source: Lindert 2005
Simple means tests (SMT), a visit to households by implementers of the means testing to verify in a qualitative way to judge the consistence with the figures reported by the applicants or communities. This is a method widely used in both developed and developing countries. We found this method was used in 16 countries from the included articles.
Case 2: Simple means testing used in Thailand
The Free Medical Care Project was introduced as part of the Government’s proposals for helping the poorer sections of the population. It formed part of the Fourth Five Year Plan, 1977-81, though the first budget allocation was made in 1976. The objectives of the Project include to create equity in receiving medical care among the people; improve the health status of the poor especially in rural areas; pave the way for National Health Insurance for the poor; and create positive attitudes in the poor regarding health services.
The project has three components, free medical care, mobile health units, and radio
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communications, the first being by far the largest as indicated by the budget allocations for F.Y. 1979.
Eligibility criteria used in means testing
The regulations current in 1980 stated that the following were eligible for free care: 1) single people with an income of less than 1,500 a month;2) married couples whose total income was less than 2,000 a month; and 3) their children under 20, and over 20 if they were mentally or physically disabled.
It varied in different provinces. Where the hospital directors do not have time or capacity to do a detailed assessment of the income indicators such as physical appearance and dress are used for subjective judgment.
Process of means testing
When the project was introduced at beginning, eligibility cards were to be issued in Bangkok to those who were classified as poor. Then this was changed. Hospital director or person in charge of the health centre, was given the responsibility of deciding who would be qualified for free care on.
Author’s conclusion
While the Free Medical Care Project was making free care available to considerable numbers of people, the budget allocations favored the better-off Regions, not being concentrated in those Regions which had the greatest number of the very poor, and that eligibility for free care varied over the Kingdom.
Source: Mills 1991
Proxy means testing (PMT), is based on predictions of welfare from demographic, education, and asset variables. This is a system in which a score for applicant households based on observed characteristics of the household can be made. Characteristics of the households can include location and quality of the dwelling, ownership of durable goods, demographic structure of the household, and the education and, possibly, occupations of adult members. About 26 articles covering 14 countries were identified to relate to this means test method. This method is more often used in LMICs.
Case 3: Proxy means testing used in Cambodia
The Cambodian government was concerned about the barriers created by user fees in health care access. A Health Equity Fund (HEF) was designed a complementary measure to a performance-based funding scheme and had become part of the National Poverty Reduction Strategy 2003–2005. With the political support of the Ministry of Health, different agencies adapted the strategy. In late 2006, there were 26 hospital-based HEFs in operation.
Eligible criteria in Kirivong’s HEF
The eligible people need to meet all three major criteria: poor composition of house (roof and wall from thatch/palm/bark/aluminum sheets); owning less than 0.5ha of land; having a daily household income of R4000 (1US$) or less; and to meet at least one of additional criteria of no ‘luxury goods’ assets (such as TV, motorcycle) or no farm animals or having at least seven economically inactive household members.
Process of means testing
District Chief Monks and Deputy Governors formulated the criteria for eligibility to benefit from equity funds. Local monks and community representatives (pagoda volunteers) residing in or close to the villages listed those who are eligible within their community based on eligibility criteria. It takes few weeks to reach consensus about the identified households’ eligibility that is to be finally approved by the pagodas’ chief monks. All pagoda volunteers and Village Chiefs recorded the
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names of all members of eligible households, identity card number or election card number. These completed lists were photocopied and provided to authorities of village, commune and district authorities, pagoda chief monks, and health facilities. The eligible households were informed about their eligibility and benefits by community representatives. When they are sick, HEF beneficiaries visit healthcare providers with their identity card or election card. They get certification from the health care provider upon receipt of the health care services delivery. After getting services, they need to hand certification over to their local representatives for administration purposes. Non-eligible households may also ask pagoda chief monk for inclusion after the beneficiaries’ selection process is completed. Surveys are conducted every six months to verify the socio-economic status of a sample of beneficiaries.
Outcome of means testing
In 2003, a total of 6,829 households with 32,220 members were identified, 35% of the eligible are below poverty line. Based on data from September 2003 to August 2004, the cost of selecting beneficiaries is 0.07US$ per capita of total eligible beneficiaries.
Source: Noirhomme 2007
Mix approaches (MA), is a method combining the simple means test or proxy means test methods with other targeting methods. This system was used in 14 countries with majority in LMICs Combinations can be simple means test or proxy means test together with geographic locations, health characters or conditions, and other characters of the target population (table 2).
Table2 Mixed approaches and their distribution
Combination Indicators Countries
SMT and Geographic
-Income; and -Location of districts.
Central African Republic; Honduras; Nicaragua; Zaire; Zimbabwe.
SMT and health conditions
-Income; -Physically or mentally handicapped and chronic illness (tuberculosis and leprosy); and -Accidents or other emergencies.
Senegal
SMT and Geographic and health condition
-Income; -Landless or owns only very distant and cheap land; -Agricultural labourer; -Workers in construction and outside of village; -No possession or assets; -Have to borrow money if wish to invest/farm; -Food has to be earned daily; -Chronic sickness; -The elderly; -Without family support; and -Mentally or physically disabled.
Thailand
SMT and Geographic, health condition, and others (education and demographic
-Household living conditions and income; -The poorest districts in the country; -Level of chronic infant malnutrition; -History of political violence; -Social demographic; and
Ghana; Mali; Niger; Peru.
15
characteristics) -Amenities.
PMT and Geographic
-Marginalization Index; -Household structure, occupation, income; -Benefits from social program; -Migration; -Access to services; -Social security coverage; -Dwelling characteristics; -Land and animals; and -Health conditions.
Mexico
PMT and health condition
-Income; -Cattle for farming; -Education level of the household head.
Ethiopia
Case 4: Mixed approaches used in Mexico
In 1997, the government of Mexico initiated a new program aimed at alleviating extreme poverty in the country. The Education, Health and Nutrition Program, adopts an integrated approach to combating different causes of poverty. A characteristic of the program is that the benefits are targeted directly to households in extreme poverty in rural areas.
Two steps which include community selection and household selection are implemented.
Community selection:
1. The marginality index was developed using the method of principal components, based on seven variables from the two databases.
2. 2 Once this index was created, localities could be ranked by marginality.
3. The other elements considered included geographical location, distance between localities, and the existence of health and school infrastructure.
4. Localities having a high or very high degree of marginality were considered priorities to be included in the program
Household selection method consists of three steps:
1. Carry out a census of all the households residing in the marginal localities selected.
2. Construct total household income based on the individual income data contained in a survey.
3. Construct per capita income by dividing the value of income by the number of household members.
4. Compare the measure of income obtained from step 3 above with the Standard Food Basket.
5. Use discriminate analysis, separately for each region, in order classify poor or non-poor households
Source: Skoufias 1999
3.2 Eligibility Criteria, source of information, and health programs
Four types of health programs were identified in this review which used means testing method to realize their target beneficiaries.
Health insurance: In USA, means testing method was widely used to identify target populations in different health insurance programs, individual or household assessment was conducted by states’ health information system and databases, family income and assets were adjudged as the eligibility of the programs by State, the
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eligibilities were different because of different health insurance programs. For example, family income is the primary criterion for determining eligibility for S-CHIP, with most states having the option to cover children from families with income of up to 200 percent of the poverty level(Congressional Budget Office 1998); At or below 75 percent of the federal poverty level, for asserts, $2,000 for an individual and $3,000 for a couple can be included Medicare Savings Programs and Medicaid (Summer and Thompson 2004); Medicare beneficiaries whose incomes do not exceed 100 percent of the Federal poverty level (FPL) and whose resources do not exceed twice the amount established for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) eligibility (Neumann, Bernardin et al. 1994); UK, Ireland and Spain also used simple means tests or proxy means tests in their long term care, their criteria include income or value of the household, for example, in UK, income and capital were used for measurement of the criteria for the elderly. The value of an older person’s home is excluded from capital for the first twelve weeks after entry to a care home. After that, it is taken into account unless the older person has a partner or other qualifying relative who continues to live in the home (Hancock, Juarez-Garcia et al. 2006); Colombia, Peru, Costa Rica and South Korea implemented Subsidy for Enrolling into Health Insurance to , for example, in Colombia, to achieve universal coverage for a package of basic health benefits, government-subsidized health services was an innovation of health care system, insurance entities financed mainly by the State through direct subsidies for the poor which satisfied the criteria that households scoring under 48 points (Bitrán and Muñoz 2000).
Cash transfer: 8 countries implemented their cash transfer programs via mean testing, which include 3 low income countries, 3 low middle income countries and 2 upper middle income counties. Indicators such as income, food, education, socioeconomic character and location were the eligibilities for their criteria in these counties. For example, in Peru, five criteria are used to identify the poorest districts in the country in terms of lacking basic necessities, level of chronic infant malnutrition and a history of political violence. Then the household targeting is based on a social demographic questionnaire designed and implemented by INEI (population census), combined with an algorithm to establish the cut-off point between the poor and non-poor (poverty line).( Jones 2006)
Provision of free health service: which include exemption, waiver, free health service or education provision. 26 countries used means test method in their exemption and waiver programs. Most of them (19) are low income and low middle income countries, which used different means test method. For example, in Africa, 14 means-tested health programs were applied in Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Swaziland, Zaire and Zimbabwe. They usually used income proxies and characters (demographic) as the criteria of waiver fee (Willis and Leighton 1995). Romania, Turkey, Korea and Costa Rica used means-testing identifies those who were eligible to receive free contraceptives. For example, early in their family planning programs, Korea and Costa Rica distributed vouchers to the poor on the basis of means-testing. These vouchers entitled the holder to family planning services at his or her choice of source. The government reimbursed providers for vouchers submitted (Kim, Taek-Il et al. 1972; Lemkin and Richard 1972).
Fee structure: in South Africa, Belize and Chile, they used annual family income, patient-declared household income and wage as the eligibility of fee structure
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programs. For example, in Belize, the government supplied Sliding scale of fee plus full exemption for indigent, which depend on patient-declared household income, or occupation as its eligibility (Gilson, Russell et al. 1995).
Table 3 summarize health programs, major indicators for measuring eligibility, and data source, by country and health programs. Table 4 demonstrates distribution of countries by health programs and methods of means testing.
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Table 3 Location and eligibility criteria of the health programs
Health
programs Country Contents of health programs Criteria or eligibility
Data source for measuring the
indicators
Medicaid USA
Combination of federal and state funds to financing health services for eligible population
Recipients of some welfare programs, and medically needy population judged by income and assets
Employers’ records and tax reports, other government’s databases, occasional home visits
State Children Health Insurance Program
USA
Combination of federal and state funds to financing health services for eligible children
Children in poor family judged mainly by family income
Documents submitted by applicants, government’s databases
USA Medicare Saving programs: To pay Medicare premium or cost-sharing for poor Medicare beneficiaries
Poor Medicare beneficiaries judged by income and asset
Documents submitted by applicants, government’s databases
USA Medicare’s Transactional Assistance Program: Provide credit for prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries
Low income Medicare beneficiaries Documents submitted by applicants
Medicare
USA Medicare Part D: To reduces out-of-pocket expenditures for Medicare enrollees
The Medicare patients with low income and assets
Information reported by applicants
Ireland Government buy long term care the eligible elderly.
Income and assets -
Spain Co-payment rate of home care services, nursing home services and day care centres varies according to elderly’s income
Income, assets and other proxy indicators Documents submitted by applicants
Long Term Care
UK Government subsidize residential and home long term care to the eligible elderly.
Income and capital -
Colombia To subsidize the eligible people to enrol into health insurance
Proxy indictors like housing, utilities, education etc
Home survey data
Costa Rica Free affiliation to the national health insurance program
Proxy indicators like composition, earning, housing condition, etc.
Documents provided by applicants; judgement by social workers
Subsidy for Enrolling into Health Insurance
Peru To subsidize the premium for eligible population
Household living condition and income Survey by social workers or designated facility member
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South Korean
Fully or partially subsidized insurance payments
Income -
BRAC’s CEF/TUP programme: Providing health and hygiene education, reproductive health and disease control services; free hospital health services etc.
Household possession of land, number of working men, women and children in family, etc.
Household survey
Bangladesh
Maternal health services voucher for free Income, ownership of land and other property -
Burkina Faso
- Definition of poor without pre-determined criteria
Judgement of village committee; field survey of household
Cambodia
Different exemption level for different hospital and health center services
Proxy indicators include occupation of household head; family composition; type of housing; transport means; size of land; other property which are different in different areas. Some places used community leaders’ judgement.
Interview in health facilities; household survey; community leaders’ judgement
Central African Republic
- Demographic characteristics -
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Free health centers’ services Some programs used proxy indictors including material possession, nutrition situation, etc; and some programs used health committee’s judgement
Judgement of health committee or nurses
Dominican Republic
Free diagnostic services and inpatients and outpatients services in several hospitals and in the national laboratory; maternal and children health services
Income; nutrition status Social workers interviewing applicants
Ethiopia - Income and living conditions -
Fiji - Low income and unemployment Judgement of medical officer at
health facility
Exemption and waiver programs
Ghana
- Some used expenditure of household; some used income, demorgrahic and condition; some used subjective determination of local health facility head
-
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India Free delivery in private hospital Family’ s income -
Indonesia
Free services in public health facilities, community health centers, contraceptives for women, pre-natal care and assistance at birth, and inpatients and outpatients at public hospitals.
Proxy indicators including food, clothing, condition of house, etc.
National registration data; village health workers’ identification
Kenya Free services in public health facilites Non income criteria like appearance of living,
property, education, etc. Interview in health facilities and home visits by social workers
Malawi - Proxy indicators like land ownership - Mali - Demographic and living conditions -
Niger - Demographic characteristic -
Romania Free contraceptives services Poverty and unemployment certificated by
mayor’s office -
Senegal - Demographic and health conditions; income -
Swaziland - Demographic characteristic and income proxies -
Thailand
Free health center and hospital services Some used perceived income level by committee members; some used land, assets, food, chronic sickness etc; some used both income and other proxy characteristics
Application forms submitted by applicants, and interview by village head and village health volunteer
Turkey Free contraceptives services Self-declared poverty -
US (Georgia State)
Medical Assistance Program: Government provide acute out-patient, planned in-patient service, out-patient examinations, baby delivery costs etc. without any copayment and deductibles
80 variables like individuals’ education level, employment status etc. to estimate household’s welfare status
-
US Free health services for eligible veterans Low income -
Vietnam Some places provide free community health care, and hospital health care
Some places used reported income, some places used proxy indicators like composition of household, condition of house, etc.
Tax and income documents in commune; and family interview
Zaire - Demographic and condition characteristics -
Zambia - Income and non-income indicators like debt,
land, and other assets
Zimbabwe Free hospital and clinics services Income level, demographic and condition -
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characteristics
Chile Unified Family Subsidy: no information on contents of healht serives
14 variables of location and characteristics of housing and educational attainment etc.
Home survey by health workers
Ecuador BDH (Bono de Desarrollo Humano) : Children health and education
First two quintiles of poverty index Survey
Honduras - Vehicle or land of household -
Malawi Children’s health and education Indictors like food, assets, number of people fit
to work, characteristics of family head, etc. Household interview
Education, Health, and Nutrition Program (PROGRESA): Basic health care for family, health and nutrition education, children’s school education
Proxy indicators including household structure, individual characteristics, occupation, income of household members
Existing census databases, and household survey
Mexico
Safety Net Program: no information on contents of health services
Proxy indicators like number of people; number of rooms in the house; house condition; property etc.
Information provided by applicants, and home visits for verification
Nicaragua RPS (Red de Protección Social): Preventive health care, health education, reproductive health care, maternal health etc.
Per capita expenditure of households calculated for proxies indicators
Living standards measurement survey
Cash transfer
Peru
JUNTOS: Preventive and curative health services; health education on maternal and child health; promotion of registration of children
Composition and socioeconomic status of households
Census of households; and validation of community meetings
Belize Sliding scale of fee plus full exemption for indigent, like hospital examination, lab test, drugs costs etc.
Patient-declared household income and occupation
Information declared by patients; billing records of patients
Chile
Blue collar workers and people not covered by social security can use public hospitals with no fee; white collar workers must buy vouchers for three levels of services with different level subsidies;
Wage income and job type Information of social security agency, and household visit by social workers
South Africa
Different fee for people of different income level for public health facilities’ services
Annual family income level Interview with patients
Fee structure
South Different beneficiaries got different level of Monthly income, disease, living in city or rural -
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Korean subsidy for inpatient or outpatient costs; areas
Table 4 Health programs and means testing Health Programs Simple MT Proxy MT VMT Mixed
Health insurance Costa Rica (1) South Korea (1)
Colombia (2) US (13)
Peru (1)
Long term care Ireland (1) UK (1)
Spain (1)
Provision of free services Bangladesh (2) Burkina Faso (1) Dominican Republic (1) Fiji (1) India (1) Romania (1) Thailand (1) Turkey (1) Zaire (1) Zimbabwe (2)
Cambodia (6) Congo (2) Indonesia (2) Kenya (3) Malawi (1) Swaziland (1) Thailand (1) Vietnam (2) Zambia (1) Zimbabwe (1)
Central African Republic (1) Ethiopia (4) Ghana (3) Mali (1) Niger (1) Senegal (2) Thailand (1) Zimbabwe (1)
Cash transfer Ecuador (1) Malawi (2)
Nicaragua (2) Chile (1) Honduras (1) Mexico (3) Peru (1)
Fee structure Belize (2) South Africa (1) South Korea (1)
Chile (2)
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5.3 Target populations in different health programs
Mean testing is a widely used tool to identify poor population in social or other programs, health sectors also applied it to seek their target groups in different health programs. In this review, most of the target populations were the poor, the indigent, the ultra poor, the poorest, low income families. And some health programs identified their objectives by some other characters such as the physically or mentally handicapped, also exempted are people with particular types of chronic illness (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992), Ultra poor households and labour-constrained household (UNICEF 2007), poorest households that include pregnant women and/or children younger than age 14 (Menotti, Sharma et al. 2008), poor who are neither students nor rural residents (Sine 2003), poor Medicare elderly beneficiaries (Summer and Thompson 2004), poor in urban area (Coady and Parker 2009), Low income veterans (Romeis, Gillespie et al. 1988), Low income single mothers and children, and the aged, blind, and disabled, pregnant women (Moffitt 2002), impoverished households who have children under 14 years (including widows/widowers, grandparents and guardians) (Jones, Vargas et al. 2006), Children in low income families (Congressional Budget Office 1998; Fossett and Thompson 2005), poor and unemployed (Camacho, nbsp et al. 2008); some programs also covered other vulnerable population such as the elderly (O'Shea 1991; Costa-Font, Mascarilla-Miro et al. 2006; Hancock, Juarez-Garcia et al. 2006), Medicare beneficiaries without outpatient prescription drug insurance(Education 2004), most vulnerable population segments, including children, adolescents, pregnant women (Menotti, Sharma et al. 2008), Veterans (Rupper, Bair et al. 2007); some government also considered medical needy population such as emergency care users and Specific diseases’ treatment such as tuberculosis, leprosy patients, Committed psychiatric patients (Gilson, Russell et al. 1995). In South Africa, fee structure implemented different fee in public health facilities for people of different income level(Castro-Leal 1999).
5.4 Means testing method assessed by authors of the studies
We will describe the actors who implemented means testing in different health programs, the accuracy of means testing evaluated by the authors and administrative costs in this part.
In this review, we found only 13 articles described the outcome of means testing in programs (table 5).
5. 4.1 Implementers
There are some actors in the process of means testing, such as the institution who took charge of the subsidy, the social workers or providers or officers from the government who took the role of identifying the targeted groups via interviews, documents or databases.
For example, in Thailand, India, Indonesian, Niger, and Ethiopia, local authorities such as local communities, local health officials and district committees, local leaders, local officials of the Ministry of Home Affairs took charge of whether the families or individual should be included in the target beneficiaries; in Nicaraguan and India, Emergency Social Investment Fund (ESIF) and The District Project Management Unit (DPMU) were as the funding institution who determined the criteria or handles all documentations; in USA, state government took charge of the programs.
5.4.2 Coverage of means testing
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The rationale for targeting is to ensure that the limited program resources primarily reach the poor and that the poor (or subgroups of the poor) are not excluded. Coverage is the key indicator of accuracy; Under-coverage and leakage are the main indicators to adjudge whether means testing method is inaccuracy.
Coverage Coverage as an indicator of accuracy means the percentage of the targeted population receiving benefits. In this review, 25 authors described the outcome of means testing via this indicator.
As for simple means testing, most of the coverage was nearly half of the target population, even more than 75%, for example, Low income card scheme in Thailand, the 1990 allocation of cards reached 75-80% of the target group (Goudge, Khumalo et al. 2003). The Chiranjeevi Scheme in Gujara (India), 94% of the CB were having annual income below Rs 12,000 (US$ 300) (Bhat, Mavalankar et al. 2009).
Verified means testing also has higher coverage in programs. In USA, Medicaid, participation rates among eligible children were close to 100 percent prior to 1989; by 1996 they had fallen to 73 percent (Moffitt 2002).
The coverage of health programs used mixed approaches is from 15% to 50%, most of them were around 25%, several of target beneficiaries reached half of the target groups, for example, Waiver fee in Niger, more than half of poor patients received no fee waiver under cost recovery (Willis and Leighton 1995). Cash transfer in Nicaragua, 32.6% of benefits captured by the lowest deciles. Cumulatively, nearly 90% of benefits were captured by the poorest 50% of the population (Hanson, Worrall et al. 2006). Integrated Health Insurance in Peru, in December 2006, SIS was serving 10,389,607 beneficiaries. About 94 percent of SIS beneficiaries are poor or extremely poor. About 50 percent of beneficiaries reside in rural areas and 28 percent reside in marginalized urban areas(Menotti, Sharma et al. 2008).
The coverage of health programs via proxy means testing, is also around 20%, several of them reached 50%, for example, Government-subsidized health services in Colombia, as of late 1996, 5.6 million poor Colombians had affiliated with an ARS, which amounts to 50% of the indigent population in the country and represents a considerable achievement in terms of reform (Bitrán and Muñoz 2000).
5.4.3 Under-coverage and leakage
Under-coverage as one of the inaccuracy indicators, is also called errors of exclusion, Type � error or false negative, means the percentage of poor patient or population who do not receive benefits; Leakage is another indicator of inaccuracy, which is called errors of inclusion, Type � error or false positive, means the percentage of the non-poor who received benefits.
In this review, 3 authors mentioned under-coverage and 11 authors considered leakage. Only Skoufias (1999) and Men (2008) described both the indicators.
Skoufias (1999) analyzed both under-coverage and leakage based on different poverty criteria, under-coverage and leakage rate changed from 19.15% to 26%, 61.12% to 26% if the criteria based on different poverty line as the criteria.
Men (2008) showed in his study that more false negative families were reported than false positives in each HEF(health Equity Fund) program. This study also shows some degrees of difference in each HEF scheme in terms of the number of false negatives reported by respondents. CFDS (Cambodian Family Development Service) in Pursat shows a higher percentage of false negatives, about 9.4%, but few false positives, at
25
1%. The UNICEF HEF method shows a lower proportion of false negatives (2.3%) and false positives (0%) than other pre-identification methods.
Goudge (2003) estimated that about 20% of cardholders were not officially eligible for the benefit, but were able to obtain it either because they exerted influence over the process or because it was seen as culturally appropriate to offer it to them.
Leakage was a little high in mixed means testing which reported in the included studies, for example, Education, Health, and Nutrition Program (PROGRESA) in Mexico, leakage rates is approximately equal to 26 percent (Skoufias, Davis et al. 1999); Waiver fee in Niger, the percentages of waivers granted to non poor patients were from 69% to 83% in different areas (Willis and Leighton 1995).
In addition, some authors used incidence as one of the outcome of means testing. Incidence means the distribution of benefits. Progressive and regressive are the indicators. Progressive means a relatively large proportion of benefits goes to the target groups; regressive means a relatively low proportion of benefits goes to the target groups. For example, Sparrrow (2008) showed that incidence of health card receipt drops as per capita expenditure increases, from 13.7% in the second quintile to 3.7% in the richest quintile. The poorest 20% of the population own 33.7% of the health cards.
5.4.4 Cost for managing the means testing
Little information was found in unit costs for implementing the means testing. One study in Cambodia found that in Svay Rieng, 0.3 US$ per enrolled member; in Pearang, 2.4 US$ per enrolled member; and in Kirivong, 0.1 US$ per enrolled member.
26
Table 5 Evaluation of the means testing in health programs
Inaccuracy Means testing Main author Location Implementer Health program
Under-coverage rate Leakage rate
PMT and health condition
Engida 2002 Ethiopia Local committees determines eligibility
The waiver and exemption system
-- It was 8% for urban and 6.7% for rural health institutions.
PMT and Geographic
Skoufias 1999 Mexico
-- Education, Health, and Nutrition Program (PROGRESA)
changed from 19.15% to 26 % based on different poverty line
Changed from 61.26%l to 26 percent based on different poverty line
PMT and Geographic
Willis 1995 Niger Local authorities, prospective certification
Waiver fee -- From 69% to 83% in different areas
SMT+ Geographic
Bitran 2000 Chile
Administered by social workers employed by the 27 national public health services or by municipalities
The National Health Fund
There are a great many citizens working in the informal sector who are not enrolled in FONASA
--
PMT Morestin 2009 Mozambique
-- cash transfer -- 35% of the beneficiaries were not really poor
PMT Meessen 2006 Cambodia -- Health equity
funds(2001) -- About 20% of the 11
million people
PMT Men 2008 Cambodia
CFDS (Cambodian Family Development Service); AFH (Action for Health); UNICEF, Health Net and a local NGO; USG(the Urban Sector Group )
Health equity fund A higher percentage of false negatives about 9.4%
A few false positives at 1%
PMT Regalia 2009 Nicaragua Nicaraguan Emergency Social Investment Fund (ESIF)
RPS (Red de Protección Social)
-- In total, some 5.28 percent of all households in the
27
richest 80 percent received the Health Cards.
PMT Sparrow 2008 Indonesian
Local health officials and district committees designed the criteria; Health centres and midwife distributed health card.
Social safety net, JPS health card program
-- The wealthiest 60% of the population own 40.6% of the health cards.
SMT Bhat 2009 India/Gujarat
The District Project Management Unit (DPMU) for the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme handles all documentations for the scheme.
The Chiranjeevi Scheme
-- 6% of the beneficiaries are non-poor.
SMT Goudge 2003 Thailand
Local leaders Low income card scheme
-- Estimated that about 20% of cardholders were not officially eligible for the benefit
SMT Gwatkin 2000 Thailand Local officials of the Ministry of Home Affairs
Low Income Support Program(since 1975)
-- An inclusion error on the order of 20%
VMT Neumann 1994 US
State government QMB program -- A study by Families USA (1992) reported that approximately 2 million of the 4.2 million eligible seniors were not enrolled.
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6. Discussions
Means testing are widely used in various health programs for targeting the eligible population in distributing benefits, especially in developing countries. Targeting as a means for allocating health resources is particularly important in LMICs for their constraints in budgets available for health. Meanwhile a universal coverage strategy is appealed in the world, how current health resources can be used equitably and efficiently is a concern from the policy practice. Means testing, as one of the tools in targeting eligible, would help in this process. A range of means test methods, including simple means test, proxy means test, verified means test and mixed approaches which combined simple or proxy means tests with other targeting methods are applied in different settings. The criteria of means testing, income index or value of family were the biggest proportion, the characters of individuals such as health status also was considered by health programs. Those methods were used for health programs including health insurance, cash transfer, exemption programs, health card programs, and other programs. Most of the target groups were poor population who were general poor, indigent, ultra poor and poorest individuals and households. Other vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, pregnant, disabled and veterans also were covered by target beneficiaries in health programs.
The nature of this review is a descriptive scoping review that aimed to systematically identify the implemented strategies for expanding health insurance coverage, with an additional summary of evaluation studies. With methods for including eligible documents in this review, documents available on description or evaluation of the actually implemented strategies were included. However, we will only detect an approach if it has been reported on in the grey or published literature.
Using the working steps we did in the first project year, we conducted this review by aiming to have a descriptive scoping review, from which means testing methods that were implemented in health programs can be systematically identified and summarized. From this purpose, all relevant articles in relation to actually implemented means testing in health programs were included in this review. Therefore, we didn’t limit the study designs according to the character of health policy research. While this allows us to include all relevant studies, we are not able to summarize categories of the study types because descriptions of the study designs in the reviewed literature are usually absent. Based on this scoping review, we will continue to work on in next step to see if an effect review can be organized according to availability of suitable studies.
One of the weaknesses of this review is that we didn’t evaluate quality of the included studies, because most of articles did not provide detailed design and evaluation methods in use of means testing in the health programs. Most of the studies examined the impact of pro-poor health programs on health service utilization or described the contents of health programs.
Another problem is that we cannot generate generic conclusions from this review because of context-specific applications of means testing methods. Design and implementation of means testing would be closely linked with policy aims, health systems, organizational structure of health providers, and operation of other related pro-poor programs. Those factors would lead to outcomes of means testing in terms of their accuracy and cost-benefit. However, as observed and done in the review in the first project year, effect reviews are usually difficult for health systems research.
29
Three values this review may have even though this is not a review synthesizing evidence showing cost-effective methods of means testing. Firstly, this review provides options of means testing used in health programs. Those means testing methods were implemented in health programs in different settings that could provide policy makers with a range of considerations that could be adopted. In addition, the review presented distribution of means testing methods by type of countries and by type of health programs which could to some extent help policy making in different settings. Universal coverage is the strategy for advancing access of all people, especially for the poor, to basic health care. In process of achieving this strategy, targeting mechanism is still crucial when policies and strategies for universal coverage are implemented. For example, a targeting mechanism could be useful in expending social health insurance, as did in US, to help enrolment of low-income people. Descriptions of operations of means testing would be helpful for this mechanism.
Secondly, means testing needs good information system if accuracy of the targeting is to be improved and cost for means testing is to be reduced. This is particularly crucial for developing countries where information system from which income and related information is not available or incomplete. This implies that design of means testing methods should be based on information system. Cost-effective methods of means testing in a setting may not be applicable in another setting if information systems are different. Collaboration of organizations in conducting investigations of economic conditions of individuals or families for various programs can be paid attentions, for example, programs for targeting people in distributing housing, food, and education. This can to some extent overcome problems in information system.
Finally, this review did not find robust studies that examining cost-effectiveness of means testing methods and mechanisms. Even though we provide a range of options for conducting means testing, we cannot tell what kind of means testing methods is cost effective for what situations. This would reduce the usefulness of this review in guiding practice of means testing.
30
Acknowledgement
This review work was financially supported by the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR), the World Health Organization. The team would thank Dr Sara Bennett, the former Director of the AHPSR, and Dr Kent Ranson from the AHPSR, for providing both coordination and technical supports; thanks Dr Sandy Oliver from University of London for the contributions to development of the protocol. We are grateful to Ms Yuan Shasha, Mr Ma Dongping, Mr Zhang Guojie, Mr Li Cheng, Ms Zhao Miaomiao and Ms Zhong shuang from Center for Health Management and Policy of Shandong University for their help in collection of the literature.
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34
Annex 1: Search strategies
Database Searching date Searching strategy Result
BLDS 15/11/2009 "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests “OR “target” OR “targeting” OR “targeted” OR “targets” OR
“eligibility”
3
Citeseerx 02/11/2009 title:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR keyword:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR abstract:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR title:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR keyword:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR abstract:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR title:(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) OR keyword:(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) OR abstract:(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)
112
Cochrane
Library
16/11/2009 #1: "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests":ti,ab,kw #2: MeSH descriptor Eligibility Determination explode all trees #3: "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold":ti,ab,kw #4: (target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets):ti,ab,kw #5: #2 OR #3 OR #4 #6: "health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR
39
35
"exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR "family planning":ti,ab,kw #7: MeSH descriptor Poverty explode all trees #8: MeSH descriptor Vulnerable Populations explode all trees #9: (poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations"):ti,ab,kw #10: #7 OR #8 OR #9 #11: #5 AND #6 AND #10 #12: #1 OR #11
Econlit 16/11/2009 (KW=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR ((KW=( "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)) and(KW=("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid
691
36
OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR "family planning")) and(KW=(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations")))
ecopaper
s
10/29/2009 (means testing or means-testing or means tested or means-tested or means test or means tests ) OR ( eligibility determination or eligibility measurement or
33
37
eligibility requirement or eligibility requirements or eligibility criteria or eligibility threshold ) OR ( target or
targeted or targeting or targets)
Eldis 10/11/2009 ("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR ("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR
(target low-income OR targeting low-income OR targeted low-income OR targets low-income OR target indigent OR targeting indigent OR targeted indigent OR targets indigent OR target indigence OR targeting indigence OR targeted indigence OR targets indigence OR target impoverished OR targeting impoverished OR targeted impoverished OR targets impoverished OR target vulnerable population OR targeting vulnerable population OR targeted vulnerable population OR targets vulnerable population OR target vulnerable populations OR targeting vulnerable populations OR targeted vulnerable populations OR targets vulnerable populations OR target vulnerable group OR targeting vulnerable group OR targeted vulnerable group OR targets vulnerable group OR target vulnerable groups OR targeting vulnerable groups OR targeted vulnerable groups OR targets vulnerable groups OR target disadvantaged population OR targeting disadvantaged population OR targeted disadvantaged population OR targets disadvantaged population OR target disadvantaged populations OR targeting disadvantaged populations OR targeted disadvantaged populations OR targets disadvantaged populations OR target poverty OR targeting poverty OR targeted poverty OR targets poverty OR target poor OR targeting poor OR targeted poor OR targets poor )
31
EMBAS
E
18/11/2009 (‘means testing’:ti,ab OR ‘means-testing’:ti,ab OR ‘means tested’:ti,ab OR ‘means-tested’:ti,ab OR ‘means test’:ti,ab OR ‘means tests’:ti,ab)OR((('organization and management'/exp/mj OR ‘eligibility determination’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility measurement’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility requirement’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility requirements’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility criteria’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility threshold’:ti,ab)OR(target:ti,ab OR targeting:ti,ab OR targeted:ti,ab OR targets:ti,ab))AND((‘health program’:ti,ab OR ‘health programs’:ti,ab)OR(‘public program’:ti,ab OR ‘public programs’:ti,ab)OR(‘health insurance’:ti,ab OR ‘health financing’:ti,ab OR ‘health plan’:ti,ab OR ‘health plans’:ti,ab OR ‘health planning’:ti,ab OR ‘medical scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘medical schemes’:ti,ab OR Medicare:ti,ab OR Medicaid:ti,ab OR ‘community health finance organization’:ti,ab OR ‘community health finance organizations’:ti,ab OR ‘community financing’:ti,ab OR ‘community self-financing’:ti,ab OR ‘micro-insurance’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health organization’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health organizations’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health care’:ti,ab OR ‘cooperative medical system’:ti,ab OR ‘cooperative medical systems’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health association’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health associations’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment insurance organization’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment insurance organizations’:ti,ab OR ‘cooperative medical scheme’:ti,ab
687
38
OR ‘cooperative medical schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment plan’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment plans’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment schemes’:ti,ab OR Mutuelles:ti,ab OR ‘long term care’:ti,ab)OR(pro-poor:ti,ab OR ‘pro poor’:ti,ab OR propoor:ti,ab)OR(exemption:ti,ab OR ‘exemption program’:ti,ab OR ‘exemption programs’:ti,ab OR ‘exemption mechanism’:ti,ab OR ‘exempted service’:ti,ab OR ‘exempted services’:ti,ab OR waiver:ti,ab OR waivers:ti,ab)OR(voucher:ti,ab OR vouchers:ti,ab)OR(‘cash transfer’:ti,ab OR ‘cash transfers’:ti,ab)OR(‘health card’:ti,ab OR ‘health cards’:ti,ab)OR(‘ration card’:ti,ab OR ‘ration cards’:ti,ab)OR(‘social assistance’:ti,ab)OR(‘social safety net’:ti,ab OR ‘social safety nets’:ti,ab OR ‘social security net’:ti,ab OR ‘social security nets’:ti,ab)OR(‘drug policy’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs policy’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine policy’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines policy’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy policy’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical policy’:ti,ab OR ‘drug program’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs program’:ti,ab OR ‘drug programs’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs programs’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine program’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines program’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine programs’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines programs’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy program’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy programs’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical program’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical programs’:ti,ab OR ‘drug project’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs project’:ti,ab OR ‘drug projects’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs projects’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine project’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines project’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine projects’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines projects’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy project’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy projects’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical project’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical projects’:ti,ab OR ‘drug plan’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs plan’:ti,ab OR ‘drug plans’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs plans’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine plan’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines plan’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine plans’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines plans’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy plan’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy plans’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical plan’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical plans’:ti,ab OR ‘drug planning’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs planning’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine planning’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines planning’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy planning’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical planning’:ti,ab OR ‘drug scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘drug schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription drug’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription drugs’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription medicine’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription medicines’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription medication’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription medications’:ti,ab)OR(‘family planning ‘:ti,ab))AND('poverty'/exp OR poor*:ti,ab OR poverty:ti,ab OR low-income:ti,ab OR indigent:ti,ab OR indigence:ti,ab OR impoverished:ti,ab OR 'vulnerable population'/exp OR ‘vulnerable population’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable populations’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable group’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable groups’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged population’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged populations’:ti,ab))
39
Global
Health
15/11/2009 ((means testing or means-testing or means tested or means-tested or means test or means tests).ab,ti.) OR (((eligibility determination or eligibility measurement or eligibility requirement or eligibility requirements or eligibility criteria or eligibility threshold or target or targeting or targeted or targets).ab,ti.) AND ((health program or health programs or public program or public programs or health insurance or health financing or health plan or health plans or health planning or medical scheme or medical schemes or medicare or medicaid or community health finance organization or community health finance organizations or community financing or community self-financing or micro-insurance or mutual health organization or mutual health organizations or mutual health care or cooperative medical system or cooperative medical systems or mutual health association or mutual health associations or prepayment insurance organization or prepayment insurance organizations or cooperative medical scheme or cooperative medical schemes or prepayment plan or prepayment plans or prepayment scheme or prepayment schemes or mutuelles or long term care or pro-poor or pro poor or propoor or exemption or exemption program or exemption programs or exemption mechanism or exempted service or exempted services or waiver or waivers or voucher or vouchers or cash transfer or cash transfers or health card or health cards or ration card or ration cards or social assistance or social safety net or social safety nets or social security net or social security nets or drug policy or drugs policy or medicine policy or medicines policy or pharmacy policy or pharmaceutical policy or drug program or drugs program or drug programs or drugs programs or medicine program or medicines program or medicine programs or medicines programs or pharmacy program or pharmacy programs or pharmaceutical program or pharmaceutical programs or drug project or drugs project or drug projects or drugs projects or medicine project or medicines project or medicine projects or medicines projects or pharmacy project or pharmacy projects or pharmaceutical project or pharmaceutical projects or drug plan or drugs plan or drug plans or drugs plans or medicine plan or medicines plan or medicine plans or medicines plans or pharmacy plan or pharmacy plans or pharmaceutical plan or pharmaceutical plans or drug planning or drugs planning or medicine planning or medicines planning or pharmacy planning or pharmaceutical planning or drug scheme or drugs scheme or drug schemes or drugs schemes or medicine scheme or medicines scheme or medicine schemes or medicines schemes or pharmacy scheme or pharmacy schemes or pharmaceutical scheme or pharmaceutical schemes or prescription drug or prescription drugs or prescription medicine or prescription medicines or prescription medication or prescription medications or family planning).ab,ti.) AND ((poor* or poverty or low-income or indigent or indigence or impoverished or vulnerable population or vulnerable populations or vulnerable group or vulnerable groups or disadvantaged population or disadvantaged populations).ab,ti.))
186
40
Google 20/11/2009 （"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests"）AND
("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance OR organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR waiver OR waivers OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication")
149
IBSS 15/11/2009 (TX "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR (("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND (TX "health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
344
41
transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR "family planning") AND (TX poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations"))
IDEAS 28/10/2009 #1：：：："means testing" | "means-testing" | "means tested" |
"means-tested" | "means test" | "means tests"
#2："eligibility determination" | "eligibility measurement" |
"eligibility requirement" | "eligibility requirements" | "eligibility criteria" | "eligibility threshold"
#3：：：：(target | targeting | targeted | targets) + (poverty | poor |
low-income | indigent | indigence | impoverished | "vulnerable population" | "vulnerable populations" | "vulnerable group" | "vulnerable groups" | "disadvantaged population" | "disadvantaged populations")
#4：#1 OR #2 OR #3
122
ILO 13/11/2009 "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests “OR “target and health” OR “targeting and health” OR “targeted and health” OR “targets and health” OR "eligibility and health”
3
ISI
Proceedi
ngs
09/01/2010 #1:TS=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") #2:TS=(("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility
271
42
measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND ("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR"pharmaceutical project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme"OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR "family planning")AND (poor* OR poverty OR low-income
43
OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations")) #3:#1OR#2
JSTOR 16/11/2009 ((ti:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR ab:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR ca:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR ((ti:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR ab:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR ca:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR ((ti:(target# AND (poverty OR poor OR "low-income" OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population#" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population#")) OR ab:(target# AND (poverty OR poor OR "low-income" OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population#" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population#"))) OR ca:(target# AND (poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population#" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population#")))
735
NTIS 16/11/2009 (KW=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR ((KW=( "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)) and(KW=("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption
171
44
programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR "family planning")) and(KW=(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations")))
OECD 16/ 11/2009 (“means test” OR “means tests” OR “Means tested”OR “Means testing”OR means-testing OR means-tested ) OR ( target OR targets OR targeted OR targeting) OR (“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility measurement”OR “eligibility requirement” OR “eligibility requirements” OR “eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility threshold”)
11
OpenSIG
LE
17 /11 /2009 ((title:"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR (abstract:"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR ("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR ((title:"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR (abstract:"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility
105
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requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR ("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR ((title:target* AND (poverty OR poor OR "low-income" OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged population*")) OR (abstract:target* AND (poverty OR poor OR "low-income" OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged population*")) OR (target* AND (poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged population*")))
PAIS 17/11/2009 (KW=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) or(((KW=( "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) or(KW=(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets))) and((KW=("health program" OR "health programs")) or(KW=("public program" OR "public programs")) or(KW=("health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care")) or(KW=(pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor)) or(KW=(exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers)) or(KW=(voucher OR vouchers)) or(KW=("cash transfer" OR "cash transfers")) or(KW=("health card" OR "health cards")) or(KW=("ration card" OR "ration cards")) or(KW=("social assistance")) or(KW=("social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets")) or(KW=("drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR
206
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"medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR "prescription medications")) or(KW=("family planning"))) and(KW=(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations")))
POPLIN
E
23/11/2009 #1: "means testing" / "means-testing" / "means tested" / "means-tested" / "means test" / "means tests" #2:("eligibility determination" / "eligibility measurement" / "eligibility requirement" / "eligibility requirements" / "eligibility criteria" / "eligibility threshold" / target / targeting / targeted / targets) & ("health program" / "health programs" / "public program" / "public programs" / "health insurance" / "health financing" / "health plan" / "health plans" / "health planning" / "medical scheme" / "medical schemes" / medicare / medicaid / "community health finance organization" / "community health finance organizations" / "community financing" / "community self-financing" / "micro-insurance" / "mutual health organization" / "mutual health organizations" / "mutual health care" / "cooperative medical system" / "cooperative medical systems" / "mutual health association" / "mutual health associations" / "prepayment insurance organization" / "prepayment insurance organizations" / "cooperative medical scheme" / "cooperative medical schemes" / "prepayment plan" / "prepayment plans" / "prepayment scheme" / "prepayment schemes" / mutuelles / "long term care" / pro-poor / "pro poor" / propoor / exemption / "exemption program" / "exemption programs" / "exemption mechanism" / "exempted service" / "exempted services" / waiver / waivers / voucher / vouchers / "cash transfer" / "cash transfers" / "health card" / "health cards" / "ration card" / "ration cards" / "social assistance" / "social safety net" / "social safety nets" / "social security net" / "social security nets" / "drug policy" / "drugs policy" / "medicine policy" / "medicines policy" / "pharmacy policy" / "pharmaceutical policy" / "drug program" / "drugs program" / "drug programs" / "drugs programs" / "medicine program" / "medicines program" / "medicine programs" / "medicines programs" / "pharmacy
1116
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program" / "pharmacy programs" / "pharmaceutical program" / "pharmaceutical programs" / "drug project" / "drugs project" / "drug projects" / "drugs projects" / "medicine project" / "medicines project" / "medicine projects" / "medicines projects" / "pharmacy project" / "pharmacy projects" /"pharmaceutical project" / "pharmaceutical projects" / "drug plan" / "drugs plan" / "drug plans" / "drugs plans" / "medicine plan" / "medicines plan" / "medicine plans" / "medicines plans" / "pharmacy plan" / "pharmacy plans" / "pharmaceutical plan" / "pharmaceutical plans" / "drug planning" / "drugs planning" / "medicine planning" / "medicines planning" / "pharmacy planning" / "pharmaceutical planning" / "drug scheme" / "drugs scheme"/ "drug schemes" / "drugs schemes" / "medicine scheme" / "medicines scheme" / "medicine schemes" / "medicines schemes" / "pharmacy scheme" / "pharmacy schemes" / "pharmaceutical scheme" / "pharmaceutical schemes" / "prescription drug" / "prescription drugs" / "prescription medicine" / "prescription medicines" / "prescription medication" / "prescription medications" / "family planning")& (poor* / poverty / low-income / indigent / indigence / impoverished / "vulnerable population" / "vulnerable populations" / "vulnerable group" /"vulnerable groups" / "disadvantaged population" / "disadvantaged populations")
ProQuest 18 /11 /2009 (TI("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR AB("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR (TI("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR AB("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR (TI((target OR target*) AND (poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations") AND ("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community health finance, organizatio*" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organizatio*" OR "mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organizatio*" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR
987
48
"exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicin* policy" OR "pharmac* policy" OR "drug progra*" OR "drugs progra*" OR "medicin* progra*" OR "pharmac* progra*" OR "drug projec*" OR "drugs projec*" OR "medicin* projec*" OR "pharmac* projec*" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicin* plan" OR "medicin* plans" OR "pharmac* plan" OR "pharmac* plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicin* planning" OR "pharmac* planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicin* scheme" OR "medicin* schemes" OR "pharmac* scheme" OR "pharmac* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicin*" OR "prescription medicatio*" OR "family planning")) OR AB((target OR target*) AND (poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations") AND ("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community health finance, organizatio*" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organizatio*" OR "mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organizatio*" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicin* policy" OR "pharmac* policy" OR "drug progra*" OR "drugs progra*" OR "medicin* progra*" OR "pharmac* progra*" OR "drug projec*" OR "drugs projec*" OR "medicin* projec*" OR "pharmac* projec*" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicin* plan" OR "medicin* plans" OR "pharmac* plan" OR "pharmac* plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicin* planning" OR "pharmac* planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicin* scheme" OR "medicin* schemes" OR
49
"pharmac* scheme" OR "pharmac* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicin*" OR "prescription medicatio*" OR "family planning")))
PubMed 26 /10 /2009 #1：：：："means testing" [TIAB] OR "means-testing" [TIAB] OR
"means tested" [TIAB] OR "means-tested" [TIAB] OR "means test" [TIAB] OR "means tests" [TIAB]
#2：：：：("Eligibility Determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility
determination" [TIAB] OR "eligibility measurement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria" [TIAB] OR "eligibility threshold" [TIAB] OR target [TIAB] OR targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR targets [TIAB]) AND ("health program" [TIAB] OR "health programs" [TIAB] OR "public program" [TIAB] OR "public programs" [TIAB] OR "health insurance" [TIAB] OR "health financing" [TIAB] OR "health plan" [TIAB] OR "health plans" [TIAB] OR "health planning" [TIAB] OR "medical scheme" [TIAB] OR "medical schemes" [TIAB] OR Medicare [TIAB] OR Medicaid [TIAB] OR "community health finance organization" [TIAB] OR "community health finance organizations" [TIAB] OR "community financing" [TIAB] OR "community self-financing" [TIAB] OR "micro-insurance" [TIAB] OR "mutual health organization" [TIAB] OR "mutual health organizations" [TIAB] OR "mutual health care" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical system" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical systems" [TIAB] OR "mutual health association" [TIAB] OR "mutual health associations" [TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance organization" [TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance organizations" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical scheme" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical schemes" [TIAB] OR "prepayment plan" [TIAB] OR "prepayment plans" [TIAB] OR "prepayment scheme" [TIAB] OR "prepayment schemes" [TIAB] OR Mutuelles [TIAB] OR "long term care" [TIAB] OR pro-poor[TIAB] OR "pro poor" [TIAB] OR propoor[TIAB] OR exemption [TIAB] OR "exemption program" [TIAB] OR "exemption programs" [TIAB] OR "exemption mechanism" [TIAB] OR "exempted service" [TIAB] OR "exempted services" [TIAB] OR waiver[TIAB] OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher [TIAB] OR vouchers [TIAB] OR "cash transfer" [TIAB] OR "cash transfers" [TIAB] OR "health card" [TIAB] OR "health cards" [TIAB] OR "ration card" [TIAB] OR "ration cards" [TIAB] OR "social assistance" [TIAB] OR "social safety net" [TIAB] OR "social safety nets" [TIAB] OR "social security net" [TIAB] OR "social security nets" [TIAB] OR "drug policy" [TIAB] OR "drugs policy" [TIAB] OR "medicine policy" [TIAB] OR "medicines policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical policy" [TIAB] OR "drug program" [TIAB] OR "drugs program" [TIAB] OR "drug programs" [TIAB] OR "drugs programs" [TIAB] OR "medicine program" [TIAB] OR "medicines program" [TIAB] OR "medicine programs" [TIAB] OR "medicines programs" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy program" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy programs" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical program" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical programs" [TIAB] OR "drug
927
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project" [TIAB] OR "drugs project" [TIAB] OR "drug projects" [TIAB] OR "drugs projects" [TIAB] OR "medicine project" [TIAB] OR "medicines project" [TIAB] OR "medicine projects" [TIAB] OR "medicines projects" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy project" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy projects" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical project" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical projects" [TIAB] OR "drug plan" [TIAB] OR "drugs plan" [TIAB] OR "drug plans" [TIAB] OR "drugs plans" [TIAB] OR "medicine plan" [TIAB] OR "medicines plan" [TIAB] OR "medicine plans" [TIAB] OR "medicines plans" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy plan" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy plans" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical plan" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical plans" [TIAB] OR "drug planning" [TIAB] OR "drugs planning" [TIAB] OR "medicine planning" [TIAB] OR "medicines planning" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy planning" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical planning" [TIAB] OR "drug scheme" [TIAB] OR "drugs scheme" [TIAB] OR "drug schemes" [TIAB] OR "drugs schemes" [TIAB] OR "medicine scheme" [TIAB] OR "medicines scheme" [TIAB] OR "medicine schemes" [TIAB] OR "medicines schemes" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy scheme" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy schemes" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical scheme" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical schemes" [TIAB] OR "prescription drug" [TIAB] OR "prescription drugs" [TIAB] OR "prescription medicine" [TIAB] OR "prescription medicines" [TIAB] OR "prescription medication" [TIAB] OR "prescription medications" [TIAB] OR "family planning " [TIAB]) AND (poverty[MH] OR poor*[TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB])
#3：：：：#1 OR #2
SagePub 24 /11 /2009 ("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" in Title OR "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" in Abstract OR "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" in keywords, published Jan 1879 to May 2010 in all SAGE content) OR ( ("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community health finance, organization*" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organization*" OR "mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organization*" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR
24
51
"prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service*" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine* policy" OR "pharmacy* policy" OR "drug program*" OR "drugs program*" OR "medicine* program*" OR "pharmacy* program*" OR "drug project*" OR "drugs project*" OR "medicine* project*" OR "pharmacy* project*" OR "drug plan*" OR "drugs plan*" OR "medicine* plan*" OR "pharmacy* plan*" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine* scheme" OR "medicine* schemes" OR "pharmacy* scheme" OR "pharmacy* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine*" OR "prescription medication*" OR "family planning" in Title OR "health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community health finance, organization*" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organization*" OR "mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organization*" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service*" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine* policy" OR "pharmacy* policy" OR "drug program*" OR "drugs program*" OR "medicine* program*" OR "pharmacy* program*" OR "drug project*" OR "drugs project*" OR "medicine* project*" OR "pharmacy* project*" OR "drug plan*" OR "drugs plan*" OR "medicine* plan*" OR "pharmacy* plan*" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine* scheme" OR "medicine* schemes" OR "pharmacy* scheme" OR "pharmacy* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine*" OR "prescription medication*" OR "family planning" in Abstract OR "health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR
52
"health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community health finance, organization*" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organization*" OR "mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organization*" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service*" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine* policy" OR "pharmacy* policy" OR "drug program*" OR "drugs program*" OR "medicine* program*" OR "pharmacy* program*" OR "drug project*" OR "drugs project*" OR "medicine* project*" OR "pharmacy* project*" OR "drug plan*" OR "drugs plan*" OR "medicine* plan*" OR "pharmacy* plan*" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine* scheme" OR "medicine* schemes" OR "pharmacy* scheme" OR "pharmacy* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine*" OR "prescription medication*" OR "family planning" in keywords, published Jan 1879 to May 2010 in all SAGE content) AND (poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged population*" in Title OR poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged population*" in Abstract OR poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged population*" in keywords, published Jan 1879 to May 2010 in all SAGE content) AND ("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement*" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target* in Title OR "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement*" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target* in Abstract OR "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement*" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target* in keywords, published Jan 1879 to May 2010 in all SAGE content))
SCOPUS 13/11/2009 #1: TITLE-ABS-KEY("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") #2: (TITLE-ABS-KEY("eligibility determination" OR
3028
53
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR "community health finance organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR "family planning")) AND
54
(TITLE-ABS-KEY(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations"))
SocialCar
eOnline
22/ 10/2009 (“means test” OR “means tests” OR “Means tested” OR “Means testing” OR means-testing OR means-tested) OR (target OR targets OR targeted OR targeting) OR (“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility measurement” OR “eligibility requirement” OR “eligibility requirements” OR “eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility threshold”)
73
SSRN 11 /23 /2009 （means testing or means-testing or means tested or
means-tested or means test or means tests ）（eligibility
determination or eligibility measurement or eligibility requirement or eligibility requirements or eligibility criteria
or eligibility threshold） or( (target or targeted or targeting or
targets) AND (poverty or poor or low-income or indigent or indigence or impoverished or vulnerable population or
vulnerable populations or vulnerable group or vulnerable groups or disadvantaged population or disadvantaged
populations))
107
Unescap 02 /11 /2009 （"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" ）OR （"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold"） OR（target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets）
72
UNICEF 13 /11 /2009 ("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR ("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR (target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)
14
USAID 22 /11 /2009 ("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR ("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR (target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)
27
World
Bank
11/ 11/2009 (“means test” OR “means tests” OR “Means tested”OR “Means testing”OR means-testing OR means-tested) OR (target OR targets OR targeted OR targeting) OR(“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility measurement”OR “eligibility requirement”OR “eligibility requirements”OR“eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility threshold”)
10
WHO 31/10/2009 "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests “OR “target” OR “targeting” OR “targeted” OR “targets” OR
"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR “eligibility threshold”
34
ID21 18 /11 /2009 ("means testing" / "means-testing" / "means tested" / "means-tested" / "means test" / "means tests") OR ("eligibility determination" / "eligibility measurement" / "eligibility requirement" / "eligibility requirements" /
1199
55
Supplementary searching strategiesSupplementary searching strategiesSupplementary searching strategiesSupplementary searching strategies Result
Database1
Searching
date Searching strategy
Before
finding
duplicates
After
finding
duplicates2
BLDS 05/01/2010
1#"eligibility determination" AND "beneficiary" 2#"eligibility determination" AND "beneficiaries" 3#"eligibility measurement" AND "beneficiary" 4#"eligibility measurement" AND "beneficiaries" 5#"eligibility requirement" AND "beneficiary" 6#"eligibility requirement" AND "beneficiaries" 7# "eligibility requirements" AND "beneficiary" 8#"eligibility requirements" AND "beneficiaries" 9#"eligibility criteria" AND "beneficiary" 10#"eligibility criteria" AND "beneficiaries" 11#"eligibility threshold" AND "beneficiary" 12#"eligibility threshold" AND "beneficiaries" 13#"target" AND "beneficiary" 14#"target" AND "beneficiaries" 15#"targeting" AND "beneficiary" 16#"targeting" AND "beneficiaries" 17#"targeted" AND "beneficiary" 18#"targeted" AND "beneficiaries" 19#"targets" AND "beneficiary" 20#"targets" AND "beneficiaries" 21#"eligibility" 22#"selection criteria" 23#"identify" 24#"identifying" 25#"identification" 26#"financial assessment" 27#"financial assessments" 28#"income assessment" 29#"income assessments" 30#"income measurement" 31#"income measurements" 32#"financial measurement" 33#"financial measurements" 34#"individual assessment" 35#"household assessment" 36#"household assessments 37#"exemption" AND "health" 38#"exemptions" AND "health" 39#"exempted service" AND "health" 40#"exempted services AND "health" 0
312 311
"eligibility criteria" / "eligibility threshold") OR ((target / targeting / targeted / targets) & (poverty / poor / low-income / indigent / indigence / impoverished / "vulnerable population" / "vulnerable populations" / "vulnerable group" / "vulnerable groups" / "disadvantaged population" / "disadvantaged populations"))
56
41#"waiver" 42#"waivers" 43#"voucher" 44#"vouchers" 45#"cash transfer" 46#"cash transfers" AND "health" 47#"subsidy" 48#"subsidies" AND "health" 49#"subsidized" AND "health" 50#"subsidised" AND "health" 51#"subsidizing" AND "health" 52#"health equity funds" 53#"health equity fund" 54#"health services accessibility" 55#"health care access" 56#"health care utilization" 57#"health service access" 58#"health service utilization" 59#"government financing" 60#"health service accessibility" 61#"health services access" 62#"health services utilization"
Citeseerx 15/01/2010
((title:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") OR abstract:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") OR keyword:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements")) OR (title:("individual assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessment" OR "household assessments") OR abstract:("individual assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessment" OR "household assessments") OR keyword:("individual assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessment" OR "household assessments")) AND (title:(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) OR abstract:(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) OR keyword:(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property)) OR (title:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) OR keyword:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) OR abstract:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies)) OR (title:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR keyword:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR abstract:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver)) AND (title:(fee OR fees OR charge) OR keyword:(fee OR fees OR charge) OR abstract:(fee OR fees OR charge))) AND
16 16
57
(title:health OR keyword:health OR abstract:health)
Cochrane
Library
03/01/2010
#1: MeSH descriptor Eligibility Determination explode all trees #2:"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold":ti,ab,kw #3: #1 OR #2 #4: (beneficiary OR beneficiaries):ti,ab,kw #5: #3 AND #4 #6: (target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets):ti,ab,kw and (beneficiary OR beneficiaries):ti,ab,kw #7: "eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria":ti,ab,kw #8: (identify OR identifying OR identification):ti,ab,kw #9: #7 OR #8 #10: MeSH descriptor Poverty explode all trees #11: MeSH descriptor Vulnerable Populations explode all trees #12: (poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries):ti,ab,kw #13: #10 OR #11 OR #12 #14: #9 AND #13 #15: "financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements":ti,ab,kw #16: "individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments":ti,ab,kw and (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property):ti,ab,kw #17: #5 OR #6 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 #18: (exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidising):ti,ab,kw and (health):ti,ab,kw #19: MeSH descriptor Financing, Government explode all trees #20: MeSH descriptor Health Services Accessibility explode all trees #21: "health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health service utilization":ti,ab,kw
57 55
58
#22: #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 #23: #17 AND #22
Econlit 02/01/2010
(DE="means testing") or (((KW=("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") AND KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=("eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(identify OR identifying OR identification) AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements")) or(KW=("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND KW=(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property))) and((KW=(exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidising) AND KW=health) or(KW=("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health service utilization"))))
52 24
ecopapers 05/01/2010
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3voucher AND health #4vouchers AND health #5"cash transfer" AND heath #6"cash transfers" AND health
142 142
59
#7exemption AND fee AND health #8exemption AND fees AND health #9exemption AND charge AND health #10exemptions AND fee AND health #11exemptions AND fees AND health #12exemptions AND charge AND health 13waiver AND fee AND health #14waiver AND fees AND health #15waiver AND charge AND health #16subsidy AND health
#17subsidies AND health
Eldis 10 /01 /2010
financial assessment health OR financial assessments health OR financial measurement health OR financial measurements health OR income assessment health OR income assessment health OR income measurement health OR income measurements health OR individual assessment income health OR individual assessments income health OR household assessment income health OR household assessments income health OR individual assessment expense health OR individual assessments expense health OR household assessment expense health OR household assessments expense health OR individual assessment expenses health OR individual assessments expenses health OR household assessment expenses health OR household assessments expenses health OR individual assessment goods health OR individual assessments goods health OR household assessment goods health OR household assessments goods health OR individual assessment means health OR individual assessments means health OR household assessment means health OR household assessments means health OR individual assessment wealth health OR individual assessments wealth health OR household assessment wealth health OR household assessments wealth health OR individual assessment property health OR individual assessments property health OR household assessment property health OR household assessments property health OR voucher health OR vouchers health OR cash transfer heath OR cash transfers heath OR exemption fee health OR exemption fees health OR exemption charge health OR exemptions fee health OR exemptions fees health OR exemptions charge health OR waiver fee health OR waiver fees health OR waiver charge health OR subsidy health OR subsidies health
42 42
EMBASE 13/01/2010
(('organization and management'/exp/mj OR 'eligibility determination':ab,ti OR 'eligibility measurement':ab,ti OR 'eligibility requirement':ab,ti OR 'eligibility requirements':ab,ti OR 'eligibility criteria':ab,ti OR 'eligibility threshold':ab,ti OR 'selection criteria' AND (beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR (target:ti,ab OR targeting:ti,ab OR targeted:ti,ab OR targets:ti,ab AND (beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR ('organization and management'/exp/mj OR 'eligibility determination':ab,ti OR 'eligibility measurement':ab,ti OR 'eligibility requirement':ab,ti OR 'eligibility requirements':ab,ti OR 'eligibility criteria':ab,ti OR 'eligibility threshold':ab,ti OR 'selection criteria' AND ('poverty'/exp OR poor*:ti,ab OR poverty:ti,ab OR
101 92
60
low-income:ti,ab OR indigent:ti,ab OR indigence:ti,ab OR impoverished:ti,ab OR 'vulnerable population'/exp OR ‘vulnerable population’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable populations’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable group’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable groups’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged population’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged populations’:ti,ab beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR (identify:ab,ti OR identifying:ab,ti OR identification:ab,ti AND ('poverty'/exp OR poor*:ab,ti OR poverty:ab,ti OR 'low income':ab,ti OR indigent:ab,ti OR indigence:ab,ti OR impoverished:ab,ti OR 'vulnerable population'/exp OR 'vulnerable population':ab,ti OR 'vulnerable populations':ab,ti OR 'vulnerable group':ab,ti OR 'vulnerable groups':ab,ti OR 'disadvantaged population':ab,ti OR 'disadvantaged populations':ab,ti AND beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR ('financial assessment':ab,ti OR 'financial assessments':ab,ti OR 'financial measurement':ab,ti OR 'financial measurements':ab,ti OR 'income assessment':ab,ti OR 'income assessments':ab,ti OR 'income measurement':ab,ti OR 'income measurements':ab,ti) OR ('individual assessment':ab,ti OR 'individual assessments':ab,ti OR 'household assessment':ab,ti OR 'household assessments':ab,ti AND (income:ab,ti OR expense:ab,ti OR expenses:ab,ti OR goods:ab,ti OR means:ab,ti OR wealth:ab,ti OR property:ab,ti)) ) AND ((exemption:ab,ti OR exemptions:ab,ti OR 'exempted service':ab,ti OR 'exempted services':ab,ti OR waiver:ab,ti OR waivers:ab,ti OR voucher:ab,ti OR vouchers:ab,ti OR 'cash transfer':ab,ti OR 'cash transfers':ab,ti OR subsidy:ab,ti OR subsidies:ab,ti OR subsidize:ab,ti OR subsidise:ab,ti OR subsidized:ab,ti OR subsidised:ab,ti OR subsidizing:ab,ti OR subsidising:ab,ti AND health:ab,ti) OR('health care quality'/mj OR 'health equity funds':ab,ti OR 'health equity fund':ab,ti OR 'health care access':ab,ti OR 'health care utilization':ab,ti OR 'health services access':ab,ti OR 'health services utilization':ab,ti OR 'health service access':ab,ti OR 'health service utilization':ab,ti OR 'health services accessibility':ab,ti OR 'health service accessibility':ab,ti OR 'health care accessibility':ab,ti))
Global
Health
04/01/2010
#1: ((eligibility determination or eligibility measurement or eligibility requirement or eligibility requirements or eligibility criteria or eligibility threshold) and (beneficiary or beneficiaries)).ab,ti. #2:((target or targeting or targeted or targets) and (beneficiary or beneficiaries)).ab,ti. #3: ((eligibility determinations or eligibility measurements or eligibility thresholds or eligibility selection or eligibility assessment or eligibility assessments or selection criteria) and (poor or poverty or low-income or indigent or indigence or impoverished or vulnerable population or vulnerable populations or vulnerable group or vulnerable groups or disadvantaged population or disadvantaged populations or beneficiary or beneficiaries)).ab,ti. #4: ((identify or identifying or identification) and (poor or poverty or low-income or indigent or indigence or
63 61
61
impoverished or vulnerable population or vulnerable populations or vulnerable group or vulnerable groups or disadvantaged population or disadvantaged populations or beneficiary or beneficiaries)).ab,ti. #5: (financial assessment or financial assessments or financial measurement or financial measurements or income assessment or income assessments or income measurement or income measurements).ab,ti. #6: ((individual assessment or household assessment or individual assessments or household assessments) and (income or expense or expenses or goods or means or wealth or property)).ab,ti. #7: #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 #8: ((exemption or exemptions or exempted service or exempted services or waiver or waivers or voucher or vouchers or cash transfer or cash transfers or subsidy or subsidies or subsidize or subsidise or subsidized or subsidised or subsidizing or subsidising) and health).ab,ti. #9: (health equity funds or health equity fund or health services accessibility or health service accessibility or health care accessibility or health care access or health care utilization or health services access or health services utilization or health service access or health service utilization).ab,ti. #10: #8 OR #9 #11: #7 AND #10
Google 09/01/2010
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND health #2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health #3(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) AND health #4(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) AND (fee OR fees OR charge) AND health
107 103
IBSS 05/01/2010
S1: TX ( "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" ) and TX ( beneficiary OR beneficiaries ) S2: TX ( target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets ) and TX ( beneficiary OR beneficiaries ) S3: TX ( "eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria" ) and TX ( poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries ) S4: TX ( identify OR identifying OR identification ) and
17 11
62
TX ( poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries ) S5: TX "financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements" S6: TX ( "individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments" ) and TX ( income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property ) S7: S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6 S8: TX ( exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidizing ) and TX health S9: TX "health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health service utilization" S10: S8 or S9 S11: S7 and S10
IDEAS 07/01/2010
#1：：：：("financial assessment" | "financial assessments" |
"financial measurement" | "financial measurements" | "income assessment" | "income assessments" | "income measurement" | "income measurements") + (health)
#2：：：：("individual assessment" | "household assessment" |
"individual assessments" | "household assessments") + (income | expense | expenses | goods | means | wealth | property)
#3：：：：(voucher | vouchers | "cash transfer" | "cash transfers" |
subsidy | subsidies) + (health)
#4：：：：(exemption | exemptions | waiver) + (fee | fees | charge)
+ (health)
#5：：：：#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
35 35
ILO 02/01/2009
#1"financial assessment" "health" #2"financial assessments"" health" #3"financial measurement"" health" #4"financial measurements" "health" #5"income assessment"" health" #6"income assessments"" health" #7"income measurement"" health" #8"income measurements"" health" #9"household assessment" #10"household assessments" #11"individual assessment" "income"
#12"individual assessment" " expense"
#13"individual assessment" " goods "
#14"individual assessment" " means "
43 43
63
#15"individual assessment" " wealth "
#16"individual assessment" " property
#17"individual assessments" " #18" voucher " "health"
#19" vouchers" "health"
#20"cash transfer" "health"
#21"cash transfers" "health"
#22"exemption"" fee ""health"
#23"exemption" "fees"" health"
#24"exemption" "charge" "health"
#25"exemptions" "fee" "health"
#26"exemptions" "fees" "health"
#27"exemptions" "charge" "health" #28"waiver" "fee" "health" #29"waiver" "fees" "health"
#30"waiver" "charge" "health"
#31"subsidy" "health"
#32"subsidies" "health"
ISI
Proceedings
09/01/2010
#1: TS=((“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility measurement” OR “eligibility requirement” OR “eligibility requirements” OR “eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility threshold”) AND (beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) #2: TS=((target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND (beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) #3: TS=((“eligibility determinations” OR “eligibility measurements” OR “eligibility thresholds” OR “eligibility selection” OR “eligibility assessment” OR “eligibility assessments” OR “selection criteria”) AND (poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR “vulnerable population” OR “vulnerable populations” OR “vulnerable group” OR “vulnerable groups” OR “disadvantaged population” OR “disadvantaged populations” OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) #4: TS=((identify OR identifying OR identification) AND (poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR “vulnerable population” OR “vulnerable populations” OR “vulnerable group” OR “vulnerable groups” OR “disadvantaged population” OR “disadvantaged populations” OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) #5: TS=((“financial assessment” OR “financial assessments” OR “financial measurement” OR “financial measurements” OR “income assessment” OR “income assessments” OR “income measurement” OR “income measurements”)) #6: TS=((“individual assessment” OR “household assessment” OR “individual assessments” OR “household assessments”) AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property)) #7: #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 #8: TS=((exemption OR exemptions OR “exempted service” OR “exempted services” OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR “cash transfer” OR “cash transfers” OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidising) AND health)
43 41
64
#9: TS=((“health equity funds” OR “health equity fund” OR “health services accessibility” OR “health service accessibility” OR “health care accessibility” OR “health care access” OR “health care utilization” OR “health services access” OR “health services utilization” OR “health service access” OR “health service utilization”)) #10: #8 OR #9 #11: #7 AND #10
JSTOR 07/01/2010
#1: ((ti:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") OR ab:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") OR ca:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements")) AND (health)) #2: ((ti:("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") OR ab:("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") OR ca:("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments")) AND (ti:(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) OR ab:(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) OR ca:(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property))) #3: ((ti:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) OR ab:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) OR ca:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies)) AND (ti:(health) OR ab:(health) OR ca:(health))) #4: ((ti:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR ab:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR ca:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver)) AND (ti:(fee OR fees OR charge) OR ab:(fee OR fees OR charge) OR ca:(fee OR fees OR charge)) AND (ti:(health) OR ab:(health) OR ca:(health))) #5: #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
131 125
NTIS 13/01/2010
(DE="means testing") or (((KW=("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") AND KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=("eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND
48 41
65
KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(identify OR identifying OR identification) AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or (KW=("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements")) or(KW=("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND KW=(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property))) and((KW=(exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidising) AND KW=health) or(KW=("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health service utilization"))))
OECD 07/01/2010
("financial assessment" AND health)OR("financial assessments" AND health)OR("financial measurement" AND health)OR("financial measurements" AND health)OR("income assessment" AND health)OR("income assessments" AND health)OR("income measurement" AND health)OR("income measurements" AND health)OR("individual assessment" AND income)OR("individual assessment" AND expense)OR("individual assessment" AND expenses)OR("individual assessment" AND goods)OR("individual assessment" AND means)OR("individual assessment" AND wealth)OR("individual assessment" AND property)OR("household assessment" AND income)OR("household assessment" AND expense)OR("household assessment" AND expenses)OR("household assessment" AND goods)OR("household assessment" AND means)OR("household assessment" AND wealth)OR("household assessment" AND poverty)OR("individual assessments" AND income)OR("individual assessments" AND expense)OR("individual assessments" AND expenses)OR("individual assessments" AND goods)OR("individual assessments" AND
50 18
66
means)OR("individual assessments" AND wealth)OR("individual assessments" AND property)OR("household assessments" AND income)OR("household assessments" AND expense)OR("household assessments" AND expenses)OR("household assessments" AND goods)OR("household assessments" AND means)OR("household assessments" AND wealth)OR("household assessments" AND property)OR(voucher AND health)OR(vouchers AND health)OR(cash transfer" AND heath)OR("cash transfers" AND health)OR(exemption AND fee AND health)OR(exemption AND fees AND health)OR(exemption AND charge AND health)OR(exemptions AND fee AND health)OR(exemptions AND fees AND health)OR(exemptions AND fees AND health)OR(waiver AND fee AND health)OR(waiver AND fees AND health)OR(waiver AND charge AND health)OR(subsidy AND health)OR(subsidies AND health)
OpenSIGLE 13/01/2010
(("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
(health)) OR (("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property)) OR ((voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR
subsidy OR subsidies) AND (health)) OR ((exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) AND (fee OR fees OR charge)
AND (health))
25 25
PAIS 13/01/2010
(DE="means testing") or (((KW=("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") AND KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=("eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(identify OR identifying OR identification) AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or (KW=("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
6 5
67
"income measurement" OR "income measurements")) or(KW=("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND KW=(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property))) and((KW=(exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidising) AND KW=health) or(KW=("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health service utilization"))))
POPLINE 08/01/2010
((("eligibility determination"/"eligibility measurement"/"eligibility requirement"/ "eligibility requirements"/"eligibility criteria"/"eligibility threshold")&(beneficiary /beneficiaries))/((target/targeting/targeted/targets)&(beneficiary/beneficiaries) )/(("eligibility determinations"/"eligibility measurements"/"eligibility thresholds"/"eligibility selection"/"eligibility assessment"/"eligibility assessments"/"selection criteria")&(poor/poverty/low-income/indigent/indigence/impoverished/"vulnerable population"/"vulnerable populations"/"vulnerable group"/"vulnerable groups"/"disadvantaged population"/"disadvantaged populations"/beneficiary/beneficiaries) )/((identify/identifying/identification)&(poor/poverty/low-income/indigent/indigence/impoverished/"vulnerable population"/"vulnerable populations"/"vulnerable group"/"vulnerable groups"/"disadvantaged population"/"disadvantaged populations"/beneficiary /beneficiaries) )/("financial assessment"/"financial assessments"/"financial measurement"/"financial measurements"/"income assessment"/"income assessments"/"income measurement"/"income measurements")/(("individual assessment"/"household assessment"/"individual assessments"/"household assessments")&(income/expense/expenses/goods/means/wealth/property) ))&(((exemption/exemptions/"exempted service"/"exempted services"/waiver/waivers/voucher /vouchers/"cash transfer"/"cash transfers"/subsidy/subsidies/subsidize/subsidise/subsidized/subsidized/subsidizing/subsidising)&health )/(“health equity funds”/“health equity fund”/Financing, Government/“health care access”/“health care utilization”/“health services access”/“health services utilization”/“health service access”/“health service utilization”/“health services accessibility”/“health service accessibility”/“health care accessibility”))
56 46
68
ProQuest 14/01/2010
(TI("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requiremen*" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR target*) OR AB("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requiremen*" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR target*)) AND (TI(beneficiar*) OR AB(beneficiar*)) AND (((TI(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR subsidis*) OR AB(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR subsidis*)) AND (TI(health) OR AB(health))) OR (TI("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization") OR AB("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization"))) (TI("eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessmen*" OR "selection criteria" OR identif*) OR AB("eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessmen*" OR "selection criteria")) AND (TI(poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable populatio*" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged populatio*" OR beneficiar*) OR AB(poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable populatio*" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged populatio*" OR beneficiar*)) AND (((TI(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR subsidis*) OR AB(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR subsidis*)) AND (TI(health) OR AB(health))) OR ((TI("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization") OR AB("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization"))) (TI("financial assessmen*" OR "financial measuremen*" OR "income assessmen*" OR "income measuremen*" OR (("individual assessmen*" OR "household assessmen*") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property))) OR AB("financial assessmen*" OR "financial measuremen*" OR "income assessmen*" OR "income measuremen*" OR (("individual assessmen*" OR "household assessmen*") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property)))) AND (((TI(exemptio* OR "exempted
31 20
69
servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR subsidis*) OR AB(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR subsidis*)) AND (TI(health) OR AB(health))) OR ((TI("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization") OR AB("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization")))
PubMed 06/01/2010
#1：：：：(("eligibility determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility
determination" [TIAB] OR "eligibility measurement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria" [TIAB] OR "eligibility threshold" [TIAB]) AND (beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB])) OR ((target [TIAB] OR targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR targets [TIAB]) AND (beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB])) OR (("eligibility determinations" [TIAB] OR "eligibility measurements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility thresholds" [TIAB] OR "eligibility selection" [TIAB] OR "eligibility assessment" [TIAB] OR "eligibility assessments" [TIAB] OR "selection criteria" [TIAB]) AND (poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB] OR beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB])) OR ((identify [TIAB] OR identifying [TIAB] OR identification [TIAB]) AND (poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB] OR beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB])) OR ("financial assessment" [TIAB] OR "financial assessments" [TIAB] OR "financial measurement" [TIAB] OR "financial measurements" [TIAB] OR "income assessment" [TIAB] OR "income assessments" [TIAB] OR "income measurement" [TIAB] OR "income measurements" [TIAB]) OR (("individual assessment" [TIAB] OR "household assessment" [TIAB] OR "individual assessments" [TIAB] OR "household assessments" [TIAB]) AND (income [TIAB] OR expense [TIAB] OR expenses [TIAB] OR goods [TIAB] OR means [TIAB] OR wealth [TIAB] OR property [TIAB]))
#2：：：：((exemption[TIAB] OR exemptions[TIAB] OR
"exempted service" [TIAB] OR "exempted services"
1365 1282
70
[TIAB] OR waiver[TIAB] OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher [TIAB] OR vouchers [TIAB] OR "cash transfer" [TIAB] OR "cash transfers" [TIAB] OR subsidy[TIAB] OR subsidies[TIAB] OR subsidize[TIAB] OR subsidise[TIAB] OR subsidized[TIAB] OR subsidised[TIAB] OR subsidizing[TIAB] OR subsidising[TIAB]) AND health [TIAB]) OR ("health equity funds" [TIAB] OR "health equity fund" [TIAB] OR Financing, Government [MH] OR health services accessibility [MH] OR "health care access" [TIAB] OR "health care utilization" [TIAB] OR "health services access" [TIAB] OR "health services utilization" [TIAB] OR "health service access" [TIAB] OR "health service utilization" [TIAB] OR "health services accessibility" [TIAB] OR "health service accessibility" [TIAB] OR "health care accessibility" [TIAB])
#3：：：：#1 AND #2
SagePub 14/01/2010
#1：((("eligibility determination" or "eligibility
measurement" in Title OR "eligibility requirement*" or "eligibility criteria" in Title OR "eligibility threshold" or target* in Title OR "eligibility determination" or "eligibility measurement" in Abstract OR "eligibility requirement*" or "eligibility criteria" in Abstract OR "eligibility threshold" or target* in Abstract OR "eligibility determination" or "eligibility measurement" in keywords OR "eligibility requirement*" or "eligibility criteria" in keywords OR "eligibility threshold" or target* in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content) AND (beneficiary or beneficiaries in Title OR beneficiary or beneficiaries in Abstract OR beneficiary or beneficiaries in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content)) OR (("eligibility determinations" or "eligibility measurements" in Title OR "eligibility thresholds" or "eligibility selection" in Title OR "eligibility assessment*" or "selection criteria" in Title OR identify* or identification in Title OR "eligibility determinations" or "eligibility measurements" in Abstract OR "eligibility thresholds" or "eligibility selection" in Abstract OR "eligibility assessment*" or "selection criteria" in Abstract OR identify* or identification in Abstract OR "eligibility determinations" or "eligibility measurements" in keywords OR "eligibility thresholds" or "eligibility selection" in keywords OR "eligibility assessment*" or "selection criteria" in keywords OR identify* or identification in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010) AND (poor or poverty in Title OR low-income or indigent in Title OR indigence or impoverished in Title OR "vulnerable population*" or "vulnerable group*" in Title OR "disadvantaged population*" or beneficiar* in Title OR poor or poverty in Abstract OR low-income or indigent in Abstract OR indigence or impoverished in Abstract OR "vulnerable population*" or "vulnerable group*" in Abstract OR "disadvantaged population*" or beneficiar* in Abstract OR poor or poverty in keywords OR low-income or indigent in keywords OR indigence or impoverished in keywords OR "vulnerable population*" or "vulnerable group*" in keywords OR "disadvantaged population*" or beneficiar* in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE
0 0
71
content)) OR ("financial assessment*" or "financial measurement*" in Title OR "income assessment*" or "income measurement*" in Title OR "financial assessment*" or "financial measurement*" in Abstract OR "income assessment*" or "income measurement*" in Abstract OR "financial assessment*" or "financial measurement*" in keywords OR "income assessment*" or "income measurement*" in keywords OR "individual assessment*" and income in Title OR "individual assessment*" and income in Abstract OR "individual assessment*" and income in keywords OR "individual assessment*" and expense* in Title OR "individual assessment*" and expense* in Abstract OR "individual assessment*" and expense* in keywords OR "individual assessment*" and goods in Title OR "individual assessment*" and goods in Abstract OR "individual assessment*" and goods in keywords OR "individual assessment*" and means in Title OR "individual assessment*" and means in Abstract OR "individual assessment*" and means in keywords OR "individual assessment*" and wealth in Title OR "individual assessment*" and wealth in Abstract OR "individual assessment*" and wealth in keywords OR "individual assessment*" and property in Title OR "individual assessment*" and property in Abstract OR "individual assessment*" and property in keywords OR "household assessment*" and income in Title OR "household assessment*" and income in Abstract OR "household assessment*" and income in keywords OR "household assessment*" and expense* in Title OR "household assessment*" and expense* in Abstract OR "household assessment*" and expense* in keywords OR "household assessment*" and goods in Title OR "household assessment*" and goods in Abstract OR "household assessment*" and goods in keywords OR "household assessment*" and means in Title OR "household assessment*" and means in Abstract OR "household assessment*" and means in keywords OR "household assessment*" and wealth in Title OR "household assessment*" and wealth in Abstract OR "household assessment*" and wealth in keywords OR "household assessment*" and property in Title OR "household assessment*" and property in Abstract OR "household assessment*" and property in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content)) AND (((exemption* or "exempted service*" in Title OR waiver* or voucher* in Title OR "cash transfer*" or subsid* in Title OR exemption* and "exempted service*" in Abstract OR waiver* and voucher* in Abstract OR "cash transfer*" and subsid* in Abstract OR exemption* and "exempted service*" in keywords OR waiver* and voucher* in keywords OR "cash transfer*" and subsid* in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content) AND (health in Title OR health in Abstract OR health in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content)) OR ("health equity fund*" or "health care access*" in Title OR "health care utilization" or "health
72
service* access*" in Title OR "health service* utilization" in Title OR "health equity fund*" or "health care access*" in Abstract OR "health care utilization" or "health service* access*" in Abstract OR "health service* utilization" in Abstract OR "health equity fund*" or "health care access*" in keywords OR "health care utilization" or "health service* access*" in keywords OR "health service* utilization" in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content))
SCOPUS 02/01/2010
((TITLE-ABS-KEY("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY("eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY(identify OR identifying OR identification) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements")) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property))) AND ((TITLE-ABS-KEY(exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidising) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(health)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health service utilization")))
1477 1236
SocialCareO
nline
03/01/2010
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
42 34
73
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND health #2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health #3voucher AND health #4vouchers AND health #5"cash transfer" AND heath #6"cash transfers" AND health #7exemption AND fee AND health #8exemption AND fees AND health #9exemption AND charge AND health #10exemptions AND fee AND health #11exemptions AND fees AND health #12exemptions AND charge AND health #13waiver AND fee AND health #14waiver AND fees AND health #15waiver AND charge AND health #16subsidy AND health #17subsidies AND health
SSRN 12 /31/2009
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3voucher AND health #4vouchers AND health #5"cash transfer" AND heath #6"cash transfers" AND health #7exemption AND fee AND health #8exemption AND fees AND health #9exemption AND charge AND health #10exemptions AND fee AND health #11exemptions AND fees AND health #12exemptions AND charge AND health 13waiver AND fee AND health #14waiver AND fees AND health #15waiver AND charge AND health #16subsidy AND health
#17subsidies AND health
178 175
Unescap 03/01/2010
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND health #2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health #3voucher AND health #4vouchers AND health
41 34
74
#5"cash transfer" AND heath #6"cash transfers" AND health #7exemption AND fee AND health #8exemption AND fees AND health #9exemption AND charge AND health #10exemptions AND fee AND health #11exemptions AND fees AND health #12exemptions AND charge AND health #13waiver AND fee AND health #14waiver AND fees AND health #15waiver AND charge AND health #16subsidy AND health #17subsidies AND health
UNICEF 14/01/2010
"financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements" OR "individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments" OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR exemption OR exemptions OR waiver OR subsidy OR subsidies
21 17
USAID 10/01/2010
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND health #2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health #3(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) AND health #4(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) AND (fee OR fees OR charge) AND health
29 28
World Bank 06/01/2010
（"financial assessment(s)" AND health）OR（"financial
measurement(s)"AND health）OR（"income
assessment(s)"AND health）OR（"income
measurement(s)"AND health）OR（"individual
assessment(s)"AND income）OR（"individual
assessment(s)"AND expense(s)）OR（"individual
assessment(s)"AND goods）OR（"individual
assessment(s)"AND means）OR（"individual
assessment(s)"AND wealth）OR（"individual
assessment(s)"AND property）OR（"household
assessment(s)"AND income）OR（"household
assessment(s)"AND expense(s)）OR（"household
assessment(s)"AND goods）OR（"household
assessment(s)"AND means）OR（"household
assessment(s)"AND wealth）OR（"household
assessment(s)"AND property）OR（voucher(s) AND health）OR（"cash transfer(s)" AND health）OR（exemption(s) AND
fee(s) AND health）OR（exemption(s) AND charge AND
health）OR（waiver AND fee(s) AND health）OR（waiver
AND charge AND health）OR（subsidy(subsidies) AND
43 33
75
health）
WHO 03/01/2010
#1"financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial measurement"" health" OR "financial measurements" OR "income assessment" #2"individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments" #3voucher #4vouchers
#5"cash transfer"
#6"cash transfers"
#7"exemption"" fee "
#8"exemption" "fees"
#9"exemption" "charge"
#10"exemptions" "fee"
#11"exemptions" "fees"
#12"exemptions" "charge" #13"waiver" "fee" #14"waiver" "fees"
#15"waiver" "charge"
#16subsidy
#17subsidies
243 243
76
Annex 2: Data extraction form in this review
Title
Authors Publishing year, Vol., Issue, pages
Publish type
Study time
Study sites
Description of
study:
Overall aim of study
Study design/method Methods
Data source(N if there is no data)
Name and category of health program
Location of health program/level
Purpose of health program
Target population of health program
Nature of health
program
Contents of health program
Department taking charge of implementation of means testing
Eligibility criteria used in means testing
Nature of means
testing
Implementation process of means testing
Coverage of eligible populations after implementation of means testing
Leakage of eligible populations after implementation of means testing
Administration cost of means testing
Cost-benefit of means testing
Result and
conclusion
Author’s conclusion
Other
information
