Me 5th Sem Turbo Machines [10me56]Unit 1,2,3,4,5,6

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Turbo machines

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    VTU

    Mechanical Engineering

    5 Semester

    Compiled by studyeasy.in

    Turbo Machines [10ME56]

    2010 Scheme

  • Branch Name: Mechanical Engineering SEM: 5 University: VTU Syllabus: 2010 Table of Contents: Turbo Machines (10ME56)

    Sl. No. Units 1 Introduction 2 Thermodynamics of fluid flow 3 Energy exchange in Turbomachines 4 General Analysis of Turbomachines 5 Steam Turbines 6 Hydraulic Turbines 7 Centrifugal Pumps 8 (a)Centrifugal Compressors

    (b)Axial flow compressors Download notes for other subjects from the link below: www.studyeasy.in

    T&C - All rights reserved-studyeasy.in - 2014

  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 1

    SENIHCAM OBRUT :edoC tcejbuS 65EM01 52 :skraM AI

    :keeW/sruoH 40 30 :sruoH maxE :sruoH latoT 25 001 :skraM maxE

    TRAP - A TINU -1

    :noitcudortnI ,enihcam obrut fo noitinifeD ,senihcam obrut fo strap htiw nosirapmoC,noitacifissalC ,senihcam tnemecalpsid evitisop rieht dna sretemarap sselnoisnemiD

    sdlonyeR fo tceffE ,ecnacifingis .seiduts ledom ,seititnauq cificeps dna tinU ,rebmundna tsrif fo noitacilppA reht fo swal dnoces fo seicneiciffE ,senihcam obrut ot scimanydom

    senihcam obrut smelborP . sruoH 70

    TINU 2 :wolf diulf fo scimanydomrehT setats noitangatS dna citatS - erpmocnI dna sdiulf elbiss

    ,sesag tcefrep rieht( ycneiciffe egats ,ycneiciffe ciportnesi llarevO )nosirapmoc dnanoisnapxe dna noisserpmoc htob rof ycneiciffe cihportylop rof rotcaf taeheR .sessecorp

    .ssecorp noisnapxe sruoH 70

    TINU 3 :senihcamobruT ni egnahcxe ygrenE etanretlA ,noitauqe enibrut sreluE sreluE fo mrof

    rof selgnairt yticoleV ,noitauqe enibrut fo seulav tnereffid fo stnenopmoC ,noitcaer fo eerged,noitcaeR fo eergeD ,refsnart ygrene noitcaer fo eerged neewteb noitaleR ,rotcaf noitazilitu

    ,rotcaf noitazilitU dna .smelborP sruoH 60

    TINU 4 :senihcamobruT fo sisylanA lareneG wolf laidaR spmup dna srosserpmoc lareneg

    ,selgnairt yticolev ,noitcaer fo eerged rof noisserpxE ,sisylana elgna egrahcsid edalb fo tceffE,noitcaer fo eerged dna refsnart ygrene no ,ecnamrofrep no elgna egrahcsid edalb fo tceffE

    daeh laciteroehT yticapac snoitaler dna spmup wolf laixa fo sisylana lareneG ,piheerged ,srosserpmoc .smelborP ,selgnairt yticolev ,noitcaer fo

    sruoH 60 TRAP B

    TINU 5 :senibruT maetS rof noitidnoc ,enibrut eslupmi egats elgniS ,noitacifissalC edalb mumixam

    ,ycneiciffe egats ,ycneiciffe fo sdohtem dna deeN itluM ,gnidnuopmoc - ,enibrut eslupmi egatsmumixam rof noisserpxe enibrut noitcaeR ,rotcaf noitazilitu noitidnoc ,enibrut ssnosraP

    rof .smelborP .gnigats noitcaer ,rotcaf noitazilitu mumixam sruoH 70

    TINU 6 :senibruT ciluardyH ssalC enibrut notleP ,seicneiciffe tnereffiD ,noitacifi yticolev

    ixaM ,sretemarap ngised ,selgnairt enibrut sicnarF .ycneiciffe mum - ngised ,selgnairt yticolevedalb tnereffid rof sepahs rennur ,sretemarap sebut tfarD .sdeeps - .snoitcnuf dna sepyT

    porP dna nalpaK senibrut relle - .smelborP .sretemarap ngised ,selgnairt yticolev sruoH 70

    TINU 7 :spmuP lagufirtneC tnereffid ,pmup lagufirtnec fo strap dna noitacifissalC dna sdaeh

    eht gnitrats rof deeps muminiM ,pmup lagufirtnec fo seicneiciffe l noitcus mumixaM ,wolf ,tfi ,daeh noitcus evitisop teN snoitativaC rof deeN , .lellarap dna seires ni spmuP ,gnimirp

    .smelborP sruoH 60

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 2

    TINU 8 :srosserpmoC lagufirtneC tupni rewop ,rotcaf pils ,selgnairt yticolev egatS egatS ,rotcaf

    fe egats ,depoleved erusserP ,krow dna gnigrus dna ycneicif .smelborp srosserpmoC wolf laixA ,egats a ni depoleved oitar erusserp rof noisserpxE : enod krow

    .smelborP .gnillats dna seicneiciffe ,rotcaf sruoH 60

    ( :etoN ,tcejbus scinahceM diulF ni derevoc si sisylana lanoisnemid ecniS no snoitseuqlanoisnemid ,revewoH .nevig eb ton yam sisylana lanoisnemid ledom dna sretemarap

    erom nevig eb yam seiduts ega thgiew .)

    :SKOOB TXET .1 noisrevnoC ygrenE ot noitcudortnI nA ,yrenihcamobruT ,III emuloV , V dna ibmadaK .

    egA weN ,dasarP rahonaM nI .8002 tnirper ,srehsilbuP lanoitanret .2 snaF & srosserpmoC ,senibruT ,noitide dn2 ,.dtL .oClliH warGcM ataT ,ayhaY .M .S ,

    2002 :SKOOB ECNEREFER

    .1 senihcamobruT fo slapicnirP nallimcaM ehT ,drehpehS .G .D , .)4691( ynapmoC

    .2 & scinahceM diulF senihcamobruT fo scimanydomrehT .)5002( reiveslE ,noxiD.L .S ,

    .3 enihcamobruT .9002 ihleD weN ,IHP annakneV.K.B ,

    .4 ,senihcamobruT fo kooB txeT .M .M ,jaragaN.M .A dna aduogdnivoG .S .M.8002 ,dE hT4 ,snoitacilbuP

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 3

    STNETNOC

    .1 noitcudortnI 4 31

    .2 wolf diulf fo scimanydomrehT 41 - 42

    .3 obruT ni egnahcxe ygrenE senihcam 52 - 33

    .4 obruT fo sisylanA lareneG senihcam 43 - 34

    .5 senibruT maetS 44 - 25

    .6 senibruT ciluardyH 35 - 46

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 4

    1 :TINU

    NOITCUDORTNI

    enihcam obruT a fo noitinifeD

    A diulf gniwolf a neewteb srucco refsnart ygrene hcihw ni ecived a si enihcam obrut

    dna erusserp fo egnahc ni stluser sihT .noitca cimanyd ot eud tnemele gnitator dna

    .diulf eht fo mutnemom

    enihcam obrut a fo straP

    .1.1 :giF ssorc citamehcS - lanoitces eht fo strap lapicnirp eht gniwohs enibrut a fo weiv .enihcamobrut

    :era enihcam obrut a fo stnenopmoc elpicnirp ehT

    .1 tnemele gnitatoR )sedalb ro rellepmi ,enav( .diulf fo maerts a ni gnitarepo

    .2 stnemele yranoitatS ni diulf eht ediug yllausu hcihw tneiciffe rof noitcerid reporp

    .ssecorp noisrevnoc ygrene

    .3 tfahS cimanyd rednu diulf morf rewop tuptuo sekat ro rewop tupni sevig rehtie sihT

    .deeps deriuqer ta snur dna snoitidnoc

    .4 gnisuoH as segassap rehto dna yrenoitats ,gnitator suoirav peek ot cimanyd rednu ylef

    .diulf gniwolf eht fo snoitidnoc

    .strap enibrut notleP dna strap enibrut maetS .g.E

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 5

    senihcam obrut fo noitacifissalC

    refsnart ygrene no desaB.1

    rotor eht ot diulf yb nevig si ygrenE)a - .g.E enihcam obrut gnitareneg rewoPsenibruT

    diulf eht ot rotor eht yb nevig ygrenE)b enihcam obrut gnibrosba rewoP

    srosserpmoc dna srewolb ,spmuP .g.E)c

    enihcam obrut ni gniwolf diulf no desaB.2

    retaW)a

    riA)b

    maetS)c

    sesag toH)d

    .cte lortep ekil sdiuqiL)e

    orht wolf fo noitcerid no desaB.3 ot ecnerefer htiw ,sedalb ro senav ro rellepmi eht hgunoitator tfahs fo sixa eht

    wolf laixA)a enibrut ro rosserpmoc ,pmup laixA

    wolf dexiM)b enibrut sicnarF ,pmup wolf dexiM

    wolf laidaR)c rosserpmoc ro pmup lagufirtneC

    wolf laitnegnaT)d notleP enibrut retaw

    enihcam obrut ni diulf fo noitidnoc no desaB.4

    enibrut retaw notleP .g.E )erusserp tnatsnoc( epyt eslupmI)a

    enibrut noitcaer sicnarF .g.E )erusserp elbairav( epyt noitcaeR)b s

    tfahs gnitator fo noitisop no desaB.5

    tfahs latnoziroH)a tS senibrut mae

    tfahs lacitreV)b senibrut retaw nalpaK

    tfahs denilcnI)c orcim blub nredoM

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 6

    dna senihcam tnemecalpsid evitisop neewteb nosirapmoC senihcam obruT

    dna senihcam tnemecalpsid evitisop neewteb nosirapmoC senihcam obruT

    senihcam obruT P senihcam tnemecalpsid evitiso x tI cimanyD & cimanydomrehT setaerc ,diulf gniwolf & tnemele gnitator w/b noitca dna erusserp fi ecalp sekat refsnart ygrene

    segnahc mutnemom

    & cimanydomrehT setaerc tI lacinahceM w/b noitca rebmem gnivom & citats ,diulf

    ecalp sekat refsnart ygrene tnemecalpsid htiwdiulf fo x gnitator & diulf fo wolf ydaets a sevlovni tI

    tnemele lacinahcem fo noitom & diulf fo wolf ydaetsnu a sevlovni tI

    noitom gnitacorpicer x yehT deeps lanoitator hgih ta etarepo yehT deeps wol ta etarepo x fo egnahC sesuac wolf diulf gnirud esahpmelborp suoires enihcamobrut ni s

    fo egnahC sesuac wolf diulf gnirud esahp ni smelborp ssel tnemecalpsid evitisoP

    senihcam x ycneiciffE ssel yllausu si ycneiciffE rehgih si x ni elpmis si tI ngised ngised ni xelpmoc si tI x era smelborp noitarbiv noitom yrator ot euDssel

    noitarbiv noitom gnitacorpicer ot euDerom era smelborp

    maetS ,senibrut saG ,senibrut ciluardyH .g.E .cte senibrut

    ria gnitacorpiceR ,senigne C.I .g.E.cte spmup ,rosserpmoc

    rebmuN sdlonyeR fo tceffE rotcaf ssol eht ,rebmun sdlonyeR gnisaerced htiw ,noitcirf htiw sepip ni wolf ekil tsuJ

    neht ,ylwols tsrif ta sesaercni .senihcam obruT ni yldipar erom dna erom

    ets ,ria ,retaw gnildnah( ,senihcam obrut yranidro fo ytirojam ehT dnuof era )sag ro ma

    .noiger hguor ylluf ni etarepo ot

    eht htiw seirav ,hguor ylluf semoceb wolf eht hcihw ta ,rebmun sdlonyeR lacitirc ehT

    sdneped ti( enihcam eht fo ezis nevig a rof noitacol tcaxe sti dna )ssenhguor evitaler no

    ot tluciffid si enihcam .tciderp

    ssol ni ecnatropmi fo si noitarapes sti dna reyal yradnuob fo gnidnatsrednu ehT

    .stceffe

    lagufirtnec ezis etaredom a fo ycneiciffe dna daeh ni rotcaf ssol eht swohs hparg ehT

    pmup

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 7

    seititnauQ tinU

    rednu era hcihw deeps tinu dna rewop tinu ,wolf tinu era seititnauq tinU tinu eht ,sdrow rehto nI .senibrut ciluardyh htiw noitcennoc ni retem tinu fo snoitaredisnoc

    .m1 fo daeh eht rof denifed era seititnauq

    )a( :wolf tinU wolf tinU m1 fo wolf eht si 3 taht s/ elihw enihcamobrut eht hguorht srucco.m1 fo daeh a rednu gnikrow

    yb nevig si enibrut a hguorht egrahcsid eht t.k.W =

    tnatsnoc si enibrut a rof wolf fo aera eht ecniS

    = 2

    =

    ,m1=H nehW Q=Q ,u noitauqe evoba ni noitidnoc eseht gnitutsbus

    = 1

    nehT =

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 8

    =

    )b( :deepS tinU .daeh tinu a rednu gnikrow enibrut eht fo deepS

    ,yb nevig si senav eht fo yticolev larehpirep eht t.k.W

    = 2

    oslA

    =

    06

    gnirapmoC snoitauqe owt evoba

    =

    ,m1=H nehW U=U ,u noitauqe evoba ni noitidnoc eseht gnitutsbus

    = 1

    = nehT

    =

    )c( rewoP tinU : .daeh tinu a rednu gnikrow enibrut eht yb depoleved rewop ehT

    si enibrut eht fo ycneiciffe llarevo eht t.k.W ,yb nevig

    =

    0001

    =

    0001

    3/2

    = 3/2 ,m1=H nehW P= , noitauqe evoba ni noitidnoc eseht gnitutsbus

    = 13/2

    = = 3/2

    nehT

    =

    3/2

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 9

    ecnacifingis rieht dna spuorg sselnoisnemiD

    ehT rof srewolb ro snaf ,senibrut retaw ,spmup ekil enihcamobrut a fo ecnamrofreP

    eb nac wolf elbisserpmocni :fo noitcnuf a sa desserpxe

    )i( D diulf eht fo ytisne

    N rotor eht fo deepS )ii(

    D retemaid citsiretcarahC )iii(

    Q egrahcsiD )vi(

    Hg( daeh ytivarG )v( )

    dna P depoleved rewoP )iv(

    . ytisocsiV )iiv(

    .ecnacifingis rieht nialpxe dna spuorg sselnoisnemid niatbO

    noituloS meroeht p mahgnikcuB gnisU

    [ f = enihcamobruT ] ,P ,Hg ,Q ,D ,N , ecnamrofreP

    rehto htiw gnipuorg dna selbairav gnitaeper sa D ,N gnikaT lanoisnemid non sa selbairavspuorg

    1 = [1, 1, 1, ]

    2 = [2, 2, 2, ]

    3 = [3, 3, 3, ]

    4 = [4, 4, 4, ]

    1 =

    3

    2 =

    22

    3 =

    35

    4 =

    2

    esu nac ew ,senihcamobrut ralimis rof seiduts ledom roF

    1131

    = 2

    232

    12121

    =2

    2222

    113151

    =2

    23252

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 01

    11121

    =2

    2222

    lanoisnemiD noN fo ecnacifingiS spuorG

    .1 tneiciffeoc yticapac ro tneiciffeoc egrahcsiD

    1 =

    3 C = 1 senihcam obruT ralimis rof tneiciffeoc wolf ro tneiciffeoc yticapac si .

    1 =

    3

    2

    3

    = =

    2

    4

    1 =

    =

    1

    erehW =oitar deeps dellac si

    .dexif si oitar deeps ,enihcam obrut revig yna roF

    ta gninnur retemaid niatrec fo naf ro pmup nevig a roF si egrahcsid eht sdeeps suoirav

    .deeps si lanoitroporp

    .2 tneiciffeoc daeH

    2 =

    22 tneiciffeoc daeh dellac sI .

    2 =

    22=

    U2i. e U DN

    ro spmup fo epyt emas rof ralimis eb lliw tneiciffeoc daeh taht swohs oitar evoba ehT

    .rotor eht fo deeps laitnegnat eht fo erauqs sa seirav daeh dna ezis rellepmi nevig rof senibrut

    .3 tneiciffeoc rewoP

    3 =

    35 i s .rewop cificepS ro tneiciffeoc rewop dellac

    eht fo ebuc eht ot lanoitroporp yltcerid si rewop eht ,enibrut retaw a ro pmup nevig a roF

    .rennur fo deeps

    DEEPS CIFICEPS srosserpmoc dna srewolb ,snaf ,spmuP

    ( deepS cificepS aerg fo mret sselnoisnemid a si ) dna srewolb ,snaf ,spmup ni ecnatropmi t

    srosserpmoc

    erehW 5 =(1)1/2

    (2)3/4=

    1/2

    (3)1/2

    (22)3/4

    ( )3/4=

    1/2

    ( )3/4

    ,sa desserpxe eb osla nac sihT

    =

    3/4

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 11

    deeps cificeps eht si noitauqe evoba ehT a sa denifed si tI .pmup a rof noitauqe

    m 1 gnigrahcsid enihcam ralimis yllacirtemoeg a fo deeps 3 m1 fo daeh a rednu retaw fo s/

    enibruT a fo deepS cificepS

    ( enibrut a fo deeps cificeps ehT tneiciffeoc daeh fo noitanibmoc eht yb deniatbo si )

    rewop dna sa tneiciffeoc .swollof

    6 =(3)

    1/2

    (2)5/4=

    1/2

    (35)1/2

    (22)5/4

    ( )5/4=

    1/2

    1/2( )5/4

    mret eht ,diulf elbisserpmocni eht rof tuB1

    1/2( )5/4 si tnatsnoc sa ffo deppord

    semoceb deeps cificeps eht nehT

    =

    5/4

    evoba ehT deeps cificeps eht si noitauqe a sa denifed si tI .enibrut a eof noitauqe

    m1 fo daeh a rednu rewop WK 1 secudorp hcihw enihcam ralimis yllacirtemoeg a fo deeps

    senihcaM obruT ot swaL dnoceS dna tsriF fo noitacilppA

    ygrene wolf ydaetS 2.1 giF enihcam obrut ni ssecorp

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 21

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 31

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 41

    TINU : 2

    DIULF FO SCIMANYDOMREHT WOLF

    setats noitangatS dna citatS

    obruT nI .sdiulf elbisserpmocni dna elbisserpmoc fo esu eht evlovni senihcam

    seiticolev htiw evom diulf sMT elbisserpmoc nI .snoitacol ynam ta eno hcaM naht erom

    eht fo .E.P dna .E.K ,revewoh ,wol yllareneg era seiticolev diulf eht sMT elbisserpmocni

    oitauqe etalumrof oT detcelgen eb tonnac dna egral yrev era diulf gnivom lautca no desab sn

    eht fo etats swal no desab diulf .desu era setats owt scimanydomreht fo

    .setats noitangats dna etats citats era setats ehT

    etatS citatS

    derusaem eht ,diulf eht ot tcepser htiw citats si tnemurtsni gnirusaem eht fI si ytitnauq

    dluoc ytreporp citats derusaem ehT .ytreporp citats sa nwonk eb colev ,erusserp yti

    .cte yplahtne ,erutarepmet a yb dexif elcitrap eht fo etats ehT dellac si seitreporp citats fo tes

    .etats citats

    etatS noitangatS

    krow ciportnesi ,suoititcif a fo etats lanimret eht sa denifed si tI - ydaets dna eerf wolf

    irud ssecorp elcitrap diulf eht fo .E.K dna .E.P cipocsorcam lanif eht hcihw gn ecuder era ot d

    .orez

    si ssecorp laer on esuaceb etats noitangats ot dael ton seod ssecorp laeR .ciportnesi

    laer eht hcihw tsniaga eulav laedi edivorp segnahc ytreporp noitangatS ep enihcam ecnamrofr

    noitangats niatbo ot elbissop si tI .derapmoc eb nac yb seitreporp citats fo smret ni seitreporp

    .etats noitangats fo noitinifed eht gnisu rp wolf ydaets eht redisnoC tsrif eht yb nevig sseco

    fo wal .scimanydomreht

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 51

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 61

    obruT fo seicneiciffE senihcam :

    yb nevig si enihcamobrut a fo ycneiciffE

    =

    erehW

    = ycneiciffe citabaidA = ycneiciffe lacinahceM

    %001 tsomla erA ? h eht morf detaluclac eb nac MT a fo ycneiciffe citabaida ehT -s htob rof margaid eht

    gnisu laedi ehT .ssecorp noisserpmoc dna noisnapxe krow gnisu eb nac tuptuo ro tupni rehtie

    .setats noitangats ro citats

    )a( obruT gnitareneG rewoP )MTGP( senihcam

    MTGP rof tuptuo krow lautcA = 10 20

    si noitauqe reporp ehT .noitseuq ni enihcamobruT fo snoitidnoc eht yb denimreted

    rof desu si eK tixe dna elbigilgen si eK telni eht fi enibrut a ni elpmaxe roF fo noitcudorp

    si noitinifed latot ot citats neht ,esle erehwemos ygrene lacinahcem tixe eht fI .desu Ke si

    .desu si noitinifed citats ot citats neht detsaw

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 71

    )b( obruT gnibrosbA rewoP )MTAP( senihcam

    MTAP rof tupni krow lautcA = 20 10

    ycneiciffe egats etiniF

    .1 .egats etinif a si pord erusserp etinif a htiw egats A

    .2 itlum a nI - eht htiw gnola enibrut egats fo seicneiciffe eht ycneiciffe ciportnesi llarevo

    .tnatropmi era segats laudividni

    .3 llarevo eht tceffe cimanydomreht detaicossa dna pord erusserp egral fo tnuocca nO

    fo ecnamrofrep ciluardyh ro cimanydorea fo xedni eurt a ton si ycneiciffe ciportnesi

    ihcam .en

    .4 h fo snoiger tnereffid ni detacol pord erusserp emas eht htiw segats tnereffiD - enalp s

    tuptuo krow fo seulav tnereffid evig lliw .

    )senibruT( taeheR fo tceffE

    .gif ni nwohs sa setats owt neewteb segats fo srebmun ruof redisnoC eht taht demussa si tI

    emas era ycneiciffe egats dna oitar erusserp segats ruof eht lla rof . 1

    =

    =

    =2

    = ------- 1

    ycneiciffe llarevO = =

    si 2 etats ot 1 etats morf noisnapxe gnirud krow lautca ehT

    = 2

    fo seulav ehT era segats eht ni krow ciportnesi ro laedi 1, 2, 3, 4

    era segats eseht ni enod krow lautca fo seulav latot ehT

    = = ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4) 3

    = 2

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 81

    & 2 noitauqe morF 3 noitauqe

    fo epols ehT h no senil erusserp tnatsnoc - yb nevig si enalp s

    (

    ) = 5

    thgir eht sdrawot egrevid tsum senil erusserp tnatsnoc taht swohs noitauqe evoba ehT ? 4=1

    > 1 6 laudividni eht naht retaerg enibrut eht fo ycneiciffe llarevo eht sekam sihT seicneiciffe egats

    >

    ytitnauq sihT

    4=1

    eno naht retaerg syawla si dna rotcaf taeher sa nwonk si

    tnatsnoc gnirud yplahtne desaercni sa sessol egats fo ecnaraeppaer eht ot eud si taeheR.ssecorp gnitaeh erusserp

    =

    > 1

    ycneiciffe ciportyloP ro ycneiciffe egats lamisetinifnI )senibruT( x llams fo tpecnoc eht egats a fo ecnamrofrep cimanydorea eurt eht niatbo oT rodesu si egats lamisetinifni x erofereht si dna pord erusserp lamisetinifni htiw egats yranigami na si sihT

    epedni tceffe taeher fo tnedn

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 91

    x serusserp neewteb egats llams a swohs .giF p dna p- pd si egats siht fo ycneiciffe ehT

    =

    =

    Td

    Td s

    ciportnesi lamisetinifni roF noisnapxe

    dnoyeb smret gnitcelgen dna noisserpxe laimonoib gnisu .s.h.r no smret eht gnidnapxEdnoces

    2 dna 1 stimil neewteb 2.qe eht gnitargetnI

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 02

    a ot tnelaviuqe sa deredisnoc eb nac ssecorp noisnapxe )lautca( citabaida elbisreverri ehT

    ciportylop .n xedni htiw ssecorp

    si ssecorp lautca ni noisnapxe fo xedni ehT

    nehW p ,1= =n ycneiciffe ehT .noisnapxe ciportnesi eht htiw sedicnioc enil noisnapxe eht

    seulav citats gnikaT .ycneiciffe egats llams fo smret ni desserpxe eb won nac egats etinif a fo

    fo T dna p sag tcefrep gnimussa dna

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 12

    htiw sessecorp noisnapxe etinif suoirav fo seicneiciffe eht evig nac 8 dna 7 snoitauqE

    ycneiciffe egats llams dna oitar erusserp fo seulav tnereffid

    )rosserpmoC( ycneiciffe egats etiniF x etinif a htiw rosserpmoc A egats etinif a sa nwonk si esir erusserp x oitar erusserp dna erutarepmet laitini fo noitcnuf a si krow egatS x rehgih htiw krow fo eulav rehgih a seriuqer egats a ,oitar erusserp emas eht roFerutarepmet x oiger erutarepmet rehgih eht ni segats rosserpmoc suhT siht fo tnuocca no reffus n

    rosserpmoc egatsitlum fo ycneiciffe eht no tceffe evitalumuc a evah srotcaf evoba ehT

    )rosserpmoC( taeherp fo tceffE

    eht evah segats eht lla taht demussa si tI .nwohs sa segats ruof htiw rosserpmoc a redisnoC

    seicneiciffe emas .soitar erusserp dna

    si s2 ot 1 etats morf krow ciportnesi latot ehT era segats laudividni eht ni skrow ciportnesi ehT 1, 2, 3, 4

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 22

    si rosserpmoc eht fo ycneiciffe llarevo ehT =WS

    Wa

    eht fo ycneiciffe llarevo eht sekam sihT ycneiciffe egats naht rellams rosserpmoc

    <

    rp dellac tceffe cimanydomreht eht ot eud si sihT - (detaeh yllanoitnetni ton si sag eht gnitaeh

    hcae fo dne eht ta )detaeherp ehT.egats noisserpmoc erusserp tnatsnoc llams ni taeherp

    na sniamer llits ssecorp noisserpmoc eht dna anemonehp lanretni na ylno si sessecorp

    .ssecorp citabaida

    )rosserpmoC( ycneiciffE ciportyloP ro lamisetinifnI x s fo rebmun etinifni fo pu edam eb nac egats rosserpmoc etinif A segats llam x ycneiciffe na evah segats lamisetinifni eseht fo hcaE lamisetinifni ro ycneiciffeycneiciffe egats x cimanydorea eht erofereht si dna tceffe cimanydomreht fo tnednepedni si tI

    rosserpmoc eht fo ecnamrofrep x c si ria hcihw ni egats a redisnoC na swohs osla tI .2 etats ot 1 etats morf desserpmoserusserp neewteb gnitarepo egats etinifni +

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 32

    1 noitauqe otni sTd fo eulav eht gnitutitsbuS

    2 ot 1 etats neewteb 2.qe gnitargetnI

    citabaida elbisreverri eht gnimussA htiw ssecorp ciportylop a ot tnelaviuqe sa noisserpmoc

    sa nettirw eb nac 3 noitauqe ,n xedni

    lautca ehT .ycneiciffe egats llams ot detaler eb nac egats rosserpmoc etinif fo ycneiciffe ehT

    yb nevig si esir erutarepmet

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 42

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 52

    :TINU 3

    MOBRUT NI EGNAHCXE YGRENE SENIHCA

    noitauqe enibrut sreluE

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 62

    ralugna ehT .MT lareneg a fo tixe dna yrtne ta selgnairt yticolev eht swohs erugif evoba ehT

    si rotor eht fo yticolev ces/dar yb nevig si dna

    =2

    06 1

    retemaid eht ot gnidnopserroc tixe dna yrtne eht ta edalb eht fo yticolev larehpirep ehT

    1 2 yb nevig era

    1 =1

    06 2

    2 =2

    06 3

    V dna u ,V rotcev yticolev eerht ehT r noitauqe rotcev elpmis a yb detaler era noitces eht ta

    = + 4

    evah ew emit tinu ni gnivael dna gniretne diulf eht fo ssam tinu gniredisnoC

    telni eht fo mutnemom ralugnA = 1 1 5

    ylralimiS

    teltuo eht fo mutnemom ralugnA = 2 2 6

    egnahc fo etar = decudorp euqroT mutnemom ralugnA fo

    = { ralugnA mutnemom ta telni } { ralugnA mutnemom ta teltuo }

    = (11) (22) 7

    yb nevig si enod krow eht eroferehT

    =

    = (11 22)

    = [1(1) 2(2)]

    = 1 2

    061 2

    2

    062

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 72

    = 11

    06

    22

    06

    = [11 22] 8

    sa nwonk si 8 noitauqE noitauqe enibrut sreluE

    etanretlA noitauqe enibrut sreluE fo mrof

    selgnairT yticoleV teltuO dna telnI

    selgnairt yticolev ot gnirrefeR

    1 2 ,telnI teltuo

    )senav rotor eht gniretne erofeb( telni ta diulf eht fo yticolev etulosbA = 1V

    telni rotor ta diulf eht fo yticolev evitaleR = 1rV

    yticolev etulosba fo tnenopmoc laitnegnaT = 1uV

    RO

    telni ta yticolev fo tnenopmoc lrihW

    losba fo tnenopmoc wolF = 1fV telni ta yticolev etu

    telni ta yticolev evitaler fo tnenopmoc lrihW = 1urV

    telni ta yticolev enav rotor raeniL = 1U

    1 telni ta elgna tej etulosbA =

    1 telni ta elgna )edalb( enaV =

    elgnairt yticolev teltuo ot gnirrefeR

    2 teltuO

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 82

    o yticolev etulosbA = 2V rotor eht gnivael retfa teltuo ta diulf eht f .senav

    evael ot tuoba tsuJ( teltuo rotor diulf eht fo yticolev evitaleR = 2rV )rotor eht

    teltuo ta yticolev etulosba fo tnenopmoc lrihW = 2uV

    teltuo ta yticolev etulosba fo tnenopmoc wolF = 2fV

    moc lrihW = 2urV teltuo ta yticolev evitaler fo tnenop

    teltuo ta yticolev rotor raeniL = 2U

    1 )noitator leehw fo noitcerid eht oT( teltuo ta elgna tej ro diulF =

    1 )noitator leehw fo noitcerid eht oT( teltuo ta elgna )edalb( enaV =

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 92

    ygrene fo stnenopmoC refsnart

    .1

    m ni ygrene citenik etulosba ni egnahc si 2 s/ 2 gk/mN ro

    .2

    rotor ni egnahc erusserp citats sa tlef diulf fo ygrene lagufirtnec ni egnahc si

    m ni sedalb 2 s/ 2 gk/mN ro

    .3

    yticolev evitaler ni egnahc sI erp citats sa tlef ygrene rotor ni egnahc eruss

    ni sedalb gk/mN ro 2s/2m

    :2 ESAC

    V fI 2u si ev

    V = gk/DW = E 1u U 1 V + 2u U2 )erom eb lliw enod kroW(

    = 1

    2 22

    2 +

    12 2

    2

    2 +

    22 1

    2

    2

    :3 ESAC

    V fI 2u 0 =

    ni desu ylnommoc teltuo ta lrihw oN senibrut yticapac hgih

    V( = gk/DW = E 1u U1 ylno gk/mN )

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 03

    R noitcaeR fo eergeD

    ot eud refsnarT ygrenE fo oitar eht si R noitcaeR fo eergeD ot egnahc yplahtnE citatS

    latoT ot eud refsnarT ygrenE latoT .rotor a ni egnahc yplahtnE

    =

    =

    citatS yplahtne egnahc

    latoT yplahtne egnahc=

    h

    h0

    h =1

    2 22

    2+

    22 1

    2

    2

    h0 = 1

    2 22

    2 +

    12 2

    2

    2 +

    22 1

    2

    2

    =1

    2 22 + 2

    2 12

    12 2

    2 + 12 2

    2 + 22 1

    2

    gnikaT

    1

    222

    2 + 2

    2 12

    2 = citatS dna tnenopmoc

    122

    2

    2= . )seigrene egnahc yticolev etulosbA( tnenopmoC ygrenE citeniK

    =

    + =

    1

    1 +

    + 1 =

    1

    =

    1

    1 =

    1

    =

    1

    rotor yb tlef ygrene citatS = S nehW

    dna 1V fo smret ni( rotor ni egnahc ygrene citeniK = EK )seiticolev etulosbA ,2V

    elgnA egrahcsiD edalB fo tceffE no R noitcaeR fo eergeD dna E refsnarT ygrenE

    si 2 ,telni si 1 erehw ,erugif ni nwohs sa enihcam obrut wolf laidar drawtuo na redisnoC

    teltuo

    snoitpmussA

    ,tnatsnoc si wolf fo yticolev laidaR)1 .e.i

    V 1f V = 2f V = f

    telni ta tnenopmoc lrihw oN)2

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 13

    V 1u 0 =

    .e.i ,telni ta sa eciwt si teltuo ta retemaiD)3

    D 2 D2 = 1 U ro 2 U2 = 1

    telni ta elgna edalB)4 54 =0 V , 1 V = 1f U = 1

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 23

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 33

    R noitcaeR fo eergeD

    suoirav rof teltuo ta elgnairt yticolev morF

    .1 b nehW 2 09 < 0 enav sevruc drawkcab

    V 2u U < 2

    5.0 > 1 < R

    .2 b sedalb laidaR roF 2 09 = 0

    V 2u U = 2

    1 = R 5.0 =

    .3 b senav devruc drawrof roF 2 09 > 0

    V 2u U > 2

    5.0 < R

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 43

    4 :TINU

    SENIHCAMOBRUT FO SISYLANA LARENEG

    spmup dna srosserpmoc wolf laixA

    obrut gnibrosba rewop era spmup dna srosserpmoc wolf laixA esehT .senihcam

    laixA .diulf gniwolf eht fo yplahtne eht esaercni ybereht dna rewop lanretxe brosba senihcam

    obrut wolf rapmoc diulf fo ytitnauq egral esu senihcam fo epyt lagufirtnec dna dexim ot de

    obrut obrut wolf laixa fo esac ni rewol si egats rep esir erusserp eht ,revewoH .senihcam

    obrut wolf lagufirtnec dna dexim naht senihcam desu era srosserpmoc wolf laixA .senihcam

    eg rewop enola dnats ,senigne tfarcria ni noitaren .cte senigne eniram ,stinu

    senibrut fo ngised eht naht lacitirc erom si srosserpmoc wolf laixa fo ngiseD rewop(

    obrut gnitareneg wolf eht srosserpmoc ni ,taht si nosaer ehT .)senihcam eht ni sevom

    erusserp esrevda( erusserp gnisaercni fo noitcerid eht fI .)tneidarg yb dezirusserp si wolf

    eht ot dehcatta sreyal yradnuob eht ,rewop erom gniylppus dehcated teg gnisac dna sedalb

    hcihw strats wolf esrever dna dael wolf ot eht fo eruliaf elbissop ot gnidael ytilibatsni

    f eht senibrut ni ,revewoH .enihcam diul ( erusserp gnisaerced eht ni sevom elbarovaf erusserp

    a refsnart oT .)tneidarg segats fo rebmun erom ygrene fo tnuoma nevig si ni deriuqer

    ni naht srosserpmoc gninrut diulf eht ,yllareneG .senibrut 02 ot detimil era selgna ni

    srosserpmoc dna era 051 si egats rep esir erusserp eht suhT .senibrut fo esac ni 561 ot

    ni detimil sesaercni siht ,erusserp gnisaercni fo noitcerid ni swolf diulF .srosserpmoc fo esac

    ,diulf eht fo ytisned eht suht dna ecnartne eht morf sesaerced edalb eht fo thgieh eht ot eht

    dna ecnartne eht ta senav ediug telni evah srosserpmoc wolf laixA .tixe .tixe eht ta resuffid

    eht swohs 2 .gif dna rosserpmoc eht hguorht wolf eht swohs 1 erugiF gnidnopserroc

    eht rosserpmoc a rof yllareneG .selgnairt yticolev tixe dna telni ra selgna htiw denifed e

    eb nac tI .)selgna ria sa nwonk( noitcerid laixa ot tcepser si elgna gninrut diulf eht taht nees

    eht swohs 3 erugiF .srosserpmoc fo esac ni wol eht 4 .gif dna edalb enibrut eht hguorht wolf

    yticolev tixe dna telni gnidnopserroc rof selgnairt .enibrut a

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 53

    edalb rosserpmoc a ssorca wolF 1 .giF

    selgnairt yticolev tixe dna telnI 2 .giF

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 63

    edalb enibrut a ssorca wolF 3 .giF

    enibrut rof selgnairt yticolev tixe dna telnI 4 .giF

    rof noitcaer fo eerged rof noisserpxE rosserpmoc wolf laixa

    citats fo erusaem a sa denifed si noitcaer fo eergeD rotor eht ni srucco taht esir yplahtne

    yplahtne citats latot eht fo egatnecrep a sa desserpxe .rotor eht ssorca

    =

    :snoitpmussA x 2 rof si sisylana ehT - lanoisnemid wolf . ehT larehpirep ekat ot demussa si wolf x noitcerid laidar eht ni wolf on si ereht dna emas era teltuo dna telni ta seiticolev

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 73

    x ot nommoc si tI wolf laixa fo esac ni noitcerid laixa .t.r.w selgna edalb sserpxe)selgna ria( rosserpmoc x tnatsnoc niamer ot demussa si yticolev laixA

    srosserpmoc wolf laixa rof selgnairt yticolev tixe dna telni eht swohs 2 erugiF .

    egnahc = rosserpmoc eht no enod krow ehT yplahtne noitangats ni

    0 = (2 1) 1

    elgnairt yticolev telni morf ,MT swolf laixa na roF

    elgnairt yticolev tixe eht morf ralimiS

    gniyfilpmis dna 3 uqe dna 2 .uqe gnitauqE

    5 .qe ni 7.qe dna 6 .qe gnitutsbuS

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 83

    rof selgnairt yticoleV ereffid noitcaer fo eerged fo seulav tn

    hcihw ni senihcam obrut wolf laixa rof nward era selgnairt yticoleV 1 = 2 =

    =2

    2 12

    (12 2

    2) + (22 1

    2 )

    = =(1

    2 22) + (2

    2 12 )

    2

    )1( nehW < 0 ( )

    nehw evitagen semoceb R 1 > 2

    evitisop eb nac DW ro E

    )2( ;0=R nehW 1 > 2 erusserp citats oN ;MT eslupmi ; rotor ssorca egnahc

    )3( ;5.0=R nehW 1 = 2 2 = 1 yb %05 dna eslupmi yb %05 ;MT eslupmI ;

    ;elgnairt yticolev lacirtemmyS ,noitcaer 1 = 2; 2 = 1

    )4( ;1=R nehW 1 = 2 ot eud ylerup srucco noitamrofsnart ygrene ;MT noitcaer ylerup ;

    diulf fo E.K evitaler ni egnahc

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 93

    )5( nehW > 1.0; 2 > 1; evitisop ro evitagen eb nac noitamrofsnart ygrene

    senibruT - rotcaf noitazilitU

    .1 rotcaf noitazilitU si MTGP rof ylno denifed - senibruT

    .2 eht si ycneiciffe citabaidA senibrut ni tseretni fo ytitnauq

    .3 dna ycneiciffe citabaida fo tcudorp si ycneiciffe llarevO lacinahceM ycneiciffe

    .4 %001 ylraen si sMT fo ytirojam fo ycneiciffe lacinahceM

    .5 ffe llarevo ,eroferehT ot lauqe tsomla si ycneici ycneiciffe citabaida

    .6 rotcaf noitazilitu fo tcudorp si ycneiciffe citabaida ,revewoH nac taht ygrene margaid(

    enibrut a morf deniatbo eb sessol suoirav htiw detaicossa ycneiciffe dna )ycneiciffe

    .7 tahw htiw slaed rotcaf noitazilitU mumixam si enibrut a morf deniatbo tuohtiw

    enibrut eht ni sessol eht gniredisnoc

    .8 krow laedi fo oitar eht si rotcaf noitazilitU krow ot noisrevnoc rof

    .9 esaercni dna telni ta .E.K eht lla ezilitu ot elbissop eb dluohs ti snoitidnoc laedi rednU

    ot eud .E.K eht tceffe noitcaer

    .01 krow otni noisrevnoc rof elbaliava ygrene laedi ehT

    .11 si noitauqE enibruT sreluE yb nevig tuptuo krow ehT

    .21 yb nevig si rotcaf noitazilitU

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 04

    .31 %59 ot %09 neewteb si sMT nredom rof rotcaf noitazilitU

    otcaf noitazilitu neewteb noitaleR noitcaer fo eerged dna r

    yb nevig si rotcaf noitazilitU

    yb nevig si noitcaer fo eerged ehT

    dna rotcaf noitazilitu rof noisserpxe eht ni X fo eulav eht gnitutitsbuS gniyfilpmis

    enibrut sreluE erehw snoitidnoc eht rednu rotor elgnis rof dilav si noitauqe evoba ehT

    ni dilav si noitauqe evoba ehT .1 = R nehw dilavni si noitauqe evoba ehT .dilav era snoitauqe

    fo egnar gniwollof eht R = 0 R < 1.

    rotcaf noitazilitU mumixaM

    caf noitazilitU yb nevig si rot

    ixe eht fi mumixam rotcaf noitazilitU .muminim si yticolev etulosba t si sihT nehw elbissop

    noitcerid laixa ni si yticolev etulosba tixe eht

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 14

    yb nevig si rotcaf noitazilitu mumixaM

    eslupmi rof rotcaf noitazilitU mumixaM enibrut

    ,0 = R enibrut eslupmi na roF suht = 2 1

    era DBO dna BAO selgnairt yticolev eht morF .ralimis

    U = BA suhT

    1 elbissop sa llams sa edam si ( 51 0 02 0)

    senibrut noitcaer %05 rof rotcaf noitazilitU mumixaM

    senibrut noitcaer %05 ;evah 1 = 2 2 = 1; 1 = 2; 2 = 1 mumixam rof dna

    noitazilitu 2 gnidnopserroc ehT .noitcerid laixa ni eb tsum era selgnairt yticolev

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 24

    enibrut noitcaer%05 dna eslupmI neewteb nosirapmoC noitazilitu mumixam

    )a( edalb emas evah htob nehW deeps

    rof selgnairt yticolev ehT .senibrut noitcaer %05 dna eslupmi fo sdeeps edalb eht eb RU dna IU teL

    era noitazilitu mumixam

    brut eslupmi taht raelc si ti ,2 dna 1 .qe gnirapmoC eni %05 naht ssam tinu rep ygrene fo

    nibrut noitcaer e .mumixam si noitazilitu x senibrut eslupmi naht tneiciffe erom era senibrut noitcaer %05 ,revewoH x .senibrut ne eht flah refsnart senibrut noitcaer %05 tuB x eslupmi ylno fi ro deriuqer era segats erom desu era senibrut noitcaer %05 ylno fIts desu era senibrut wol si ycneiciffe tub ssel era sega x ro eno esu ot nommoc si ti elbaliava si oitar erusserp egral erehw senibrut maets nI

    segats noitcaer yb dewollof segats eslupmi owt

    noitazilitu mumixam ta enibrut noitcaer %05 dna eslupmI neewteb nosirapmoC

    )b( ah htob nehW refsnart ygrene emas ev

    )c( dna 1V nehW 1 sMT htob ni emas era

    noitazilitu mumixam rof egats noitcaer %05 dna eslupmi rof oitar deepS

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 34

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 44

    5 :TINU

    SENIBRUT MAETS

    :noitcudortnI

    hgih ,senibrut maets nI .diulf gnikrow a sa maets eht esu senibrut maetS erusserp

    detrevnoc gnieb maets fo yplahtne eht hcihw ni ,elzzon ni dednapxe si reliob eht morf maets

    eht revo segnipmi elzzon fo tixe eht ta yticolev hgih ta maets eht ,suhT .ygrene citenik otni

    oitcerid wolf eht egnahc ot esuac hcihw )rotor( sedalb gnivom a esuac suht dna maets fo n

    eht dna rotor eht neewteb noitca cimanyd siht ot euD .sedalb rotor eht no ecrof laitnegnat

    epyt wolf laidar ro laixa fo eb yam senihcam esehT .depoleved si krow eht suht ,maets

    secived .

    eman ,sdnik owt fo eb yam senibrut maetS .enibrut noitcaeR )ii( dna enibrut eslupmi )i( ,yl

    elzzon eht ni srucco )pord erusserp( pord yplahtne elohw eht ,enibrut eslupmI nI

    1.giF .sedalb rotor eht revo ssap sdiulf eht nehw tnatsnoc sniamer erusserp ecneH .flesti

    pmI fo margaid citamehcs eht swohs .enibrut eslu

    eb osla lliw ereht elzzon eht ni pord erusserp eht ot noitidda ni ,senibrut noitcaeR nI

    .sedalb rotor eht revo sessap diulf eht nehw rucco pord erusserp

    enibrut maets eht fo tsoM si i hcihw enibrut mortsgnujL tpecxe secived epyt wolf laixa fo a s

    .epyt laidar

    :senibruT maetS fo gnidnuopmoC

    ,sedalb gnivom fo wor elgnis dna elzzon elgnis fo gnisirpmoc ,egats eno ylno fI

    i ta elbaliava ygrene citenik ro ygrene wolf eht neht ,desusi debrosba ton si enihcam fo teln

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 54

    sedalb gnivom fo wor eno yb ylluf o yticolev etulosba fo flah ta gninnur eht gniretne maets f

    neve ,esuaceb( egats = V/U ,noitazilitu mumixam rof 2/1 = ot eud ,taht yas ot snaem tI .)

    hcam fo telni ta ygrene elbaliava eht lla deeps lanoitator hgih gnieb hcihw dezilitu ton si eni

    tsaw ylpmis taht wonk ew oslA .enihcam fo tixe ta de tixe ,noitazilitu mumixam rof yticolev

    rof ,ecneH .elbigilgen ro muminim eb dluohs maets fo ot sah eno ,noitazilitu retteb a evah

    eihca ot redro nI .rotor fo deeps laitnegnat elbanosaer o owt ,esu ot evah ew ,siht ev r erom

    alb yranoitats fo wor a htiw sedalb gnivom fo swor .meht fo riap yreve neewteb sed eht ,woN

    enihcam fo telni ta elbaliava maets fo ygrene latot swor eht lla yb debrosba eb nac ni

    wor tsal eht fo dne eht ta maets fo ygrene citenik eht litnu noisseccus .elbigilgensemoceb

    ecneH nac gnidnuopmoC elbanosaer gniniatbo fo dohtem eht sa" denifed eb

    eno naht erom gnisu yb pord erusserp llarevo nevig a rof rotor fo deeps laitnegnat egats "

    laitnegnat eht fi esuaceb senibrut maets rof yrassecen si gnidnuopmoC alb pit sed

    ,siht euD .sserts lagufirtnec ot detcejbus era spit edalb eht neht ,s/m 004 naht retaerg yticolev

    yb enod eb nac gnidnuopmoC .wol osla si egats eht fo ycneiciffe eht ecneh wol si noitazilitu

    ,gnidnuopmoc yticoleV )i( ,yleman ,sdohtem gniwollof eht ro gnidnuopmoc erusserP )ii(

    erusserP )iii( egats uaetaR - eslupmI )vi( dna gnidnuopmoc yticoleV - .gnigats noitcaeR

    .1 : enibruT eslupmI fo )egatS sitruC( gnidnuopmoC yticoleV

    & )rotor( sedalb gnivom fo swor ,selzzon fo tes fo stsisnoc sihT wor a yranoitats fo

    .enibruT eslupmI gnidnuopmoc yticolev gnidnopserroc eht swohs 3.giF .)rotats( sedalb

    ot wor gnivom tsrif eht morf gnimoc maets eht tcerid ot si sedalb yranoitats fo noitcnuf ehT

    llA .yticolev ni egnahc elbaicerppa tuohtiw wor gnivom txen eht ygrene citenik eht elbaliava

    eht ta si maets eht&swor gnivom eht lla yb debrosba ylevisseccus si tixe elzzon eht morf tnes

    wor gnivom tsal veihca ot yticolev wol htiw enibrut ehT .noitazilitu hgih e siht rednu skrow

    colev dellac si egats gnidnuopmoc fo epyt .g.E.enibrut dednuopmoc yti maets egats sitruC

    enibrut

    .2 : enibruT eslupmI ) egatS uaetaR( dednuopmoC erusserP

    .gnidnuopmoc erusserp sa dellac si seires ni degnarra segats eslupmi elpmis fo rebmun A

    lb dexif fo swor htiw dedivorp si enibrut eht ,esac siht nI hcihw seda elzzon a satca eht ta

    ni ecalp ekat ton seod maets fo pord erusserp latot ehT .sedalb gnivom fo swor hcae fo yrtne

    eht rof elzzon sa tca hcihw sedalb dexif fo swor eht lla gnoma dedivid tub elzzon elgnis a

    erroc eht swohs 4.giF .swor gnivom txen .enibrut eslupmI gnidnuopmoc erusserp gnidnops

    era seiticolev wolf hgih yrev esuaceb seicneiciffe rehgih ot sdael gnidnuopmoc erusserP

    etulosba eht ,noitazilitu mumixam roF .selzzon tnegrevnoc ylerup fo esu eht hguorht dediova

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 64

    ltuo eht ta maets fo yticolev egral ni lausu si tI .detcerid yllaixa eb tsum rotor tsal eht fo te

    dednuopmoc yticolev eht retfa segats noitcaer ro dednuopmoc erusserp evah ot senibrut

    .egats

    .3 erusserP - :gnidnuopmoC yticoleV

    tuohtiw decuder era sdeeps rotor hgih ,dohtem siht nI .tuptuo eht ro ycneiciffe eht gnicifircas

    sihT .segats owt ta srucco erusserp resnednoc eht ot erusserp tsehc eht morf pord erusserP

    erusserp ot derapmoc sa noitcurtsnoc elpmis ot eud ralupop yrev si tnemegnarra fo epyt

    .enibrut maets gnidnuopmoc

    erusserP - dna tsriF .5.giF ni nwohs sa si segats owt rof tnemegnarra gnidnuopmoc yticoleV

    fo tes a fo stsisnoc gnidnuopmoc yticolev a ot lacitnedi era yletarapes nekat egats dnoces

    isac ot sedalb dexif fo swor dna tfahs eht ot dexif sedalb gnivom fo swor dna selzzon ehT .gn

    fo noitrop ylno htiw strap maets yticolev hgih ehT .selzzon eht ni ecalp sekat noisnapxe eritne

    sedalb dexif ot no dessap neht dna sedalb gnivom eht fo tes tsrif eht ni ygrene citenik eht

    pa tuohtiw ecalp sekat tej fo noitcerid ni egnahc ylno erehw tej sihT .yticolev ni ssol elbaicerp

    .srucco ygrene citenik ni pord rehtruf erehw senav gnivom fo tes rehtona ot no sessap neht

    sitruC dellac osla si enibrut fo epyt sihT .enibruT

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 74

    .4 eslupmI - :enibruT noitcaeR

    si ereht enibrut fo epyt siht nI .noitcaer dna eslupmi yleman selpicnirp htob fo noitacilppa

    ot gnidnopserroc tnemegnarra siht ni sedalb dexif ehT .6.giF ni nwohs si enibrut fo epyt sihT

    rof dettimda si maets ,selzzon fo tes a fo daetsnI .enibrut eslupmi eht ni derrefer selzzon eht

    elohw maets eht ,sedalb dexif fo wor tsrif eht hguorht gnissap nI .ecnerefmucric eht fo

    wor tsrif eht sretne neht maetS .sesaercni yticolev sti dna erusserp ni pord llams a seogrednu

    oitcerid ni egnahc a sreffus ti enibrut eslupmi ni esac eht sa sedalb gnivom fo erofereht dna n

    ot esir sevig siht gnirud pord erusserp ehT .sedalb eht ot eslupmi na sevig sihT .mutnemom

    rotcev si ecrof gnivird eht suhT .yticolev dedda fo taht ot etisoppo noitcerid eht ni noitcaer

    .noitcaer dna eslupmi fo noitammus

    ibrut siht yllamroN foepyt siht ni yticolev maets ehT .enibrut noitcaeR sa nwonk si en

    uoba gnieb mumixam eht ,wol ylevitarapmoc si enibrut sihT .yticolev edalb ot lauqe t fo epyt

    .enibrut noitcaeR s'nosraP sa dellac osla si tI .ecitcarp ni lufsseccus yrev si enibrut

    noitidnoC sedalB ralugnaiuqE htiw ycneiciffe edalB ro rotcaF noitazilitU mumixaM rof

    :enibruT eslupmI rof

    rof sedalb ralugnaiuqe htiw ycneiciffe edalb ro rotcaf noitazilitu mumixam rof noitidnoC

    eps maets eht no ycneiciffe edalb fo ecneulfni eht dna enibrut eslupmI egats elgnis a ni de

    ni nwohs sa smargaid yticolev gnidnopserroc gniredisnoc yb deniatbo eb nac enibrut eslupmI

    eht naht decuder si teltuo ta yticolev evitaler eht ,ssol noitcirf edalb fo tceffe eht ot euD .9.giF

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 84

    .telni ta yticolev evitaler V,eroferehT 2r = C b V 1r yticolev ,noitidnoc siht ot gnidnopserroc ,

    nwohs sa nward era )ylno evitatilauq( selgnairt .erugif ni

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 94

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 05

    :segatS owT no sisylanA

    sitruC( enibruT eslupmI dednuopmoC yticoleV rof ycneiciffE mumixaM fo noitidnoC

    enibruT )

    nwohs sa era enibrut sitruC a fo egats dnoces dna egats tsrif rof selgnairt yticolev ehT

    etulosba lanif eht taht detceles os eb dluohs selgna eht dna deeps ehT .erugif evoba nI

    iffe mumixam niatbo ot sa os ,laixa si wor dnoces eht gnivael maets fo yticolev ehT .ycneic

    detnuom era sedalb gnivom eht lla ecnis emas si swor eht htob rof edalb fo deeps laitnegnat

    .tfahs emas eht no

    ,si maets fo gk rep enod krow eht ,sedalb gnivom fo wor tsrif eht nI

    W 1 V( U= 1u V+ 2u g/) c VU= 1u g/ c

    ew ,elgnairt yticolev egats I morF ,teg

    W1 V( U= 1r soc V+ 2r g/)soc

    fI 1= 2 dna V 1r = V 2r W ,neht , 1 ( U2= V 1r soc 1 g/ )

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 15

    W1 V( U2= 1 soc 1 - g/ )U

    yticolev eht sa emas si wor tsrif eht gnivael maets fo yticolev etulosba eht fo edutingam ehT

    ,sedalb gnivom fo wor dnoces eht gniretne maets fo V,.e.i( ssol lanoitcirf on si ereht fi 2 V= 3 )

    .degnahc eb ot gniog si noitcerid eht ylno tub

    ,si maets fo gk rep enod krow ,wor gnivom dnoces eht nI

    W2 V U= 2u = g/ ( U V 3r soc 3 V + 4r g/ ) soc

    fi niagA 3 = 4 V dna 3r V = 4r

    W2 V( U2= 3r soc 3 g/ )

    W2= ( U2 V 3 soc 3 - g/ )U

    V neht ,rotor II eht ot rotor I morf gniretne maets fo yticolev etulosba ni ssol on fI 3 V = 2 & 3

    = 2

    W2= ( U2 V 2 soc 2 - g/ )U

    V ,oslA 2 soc 2 V = 2r soc 2- V =U 1r soc 1 - V( .U 1r V = 2r & 1 = )2

    V 2 soc 2 V( = 1 soc 2 - )U U V( 1r soc 1 V = 1 soc 1 - )U

    V 2 soc 2 V = 1 soc 1 - U2

    W2 V( U2 = 1 soc 1 - g/ )U3

    yb nevig si segats eht htob morf maets fo gk rep enod kroW latoT

    WT W= 1 W+ 2 = [ U2 V 1 soc 1 - V +U3 1 soc 1 - g/]U

    WT = [ U2 V2 1 soc 1- g/]U4

    WT = [ U4 V 1 soc 1- g/]U2

    evoba eht ,mrof lareneg nI ,sa desserpxe eb nac noitauqe

    V[ U n 2 = W 1 soc 1 - g/]Un

    .segats fo rebmun = n ,erehW

    ,yb nevig si ycneiciffe edalb eht nehT

    =

    12

    2

    = 4(1 soc 1 2U)

    12

    2

    =8

    1soc 1

    2

    1= 8[ soc 1 2]

    ,ycneiciffe edalb mumixam roF

    = 0

    dnA 2/1= wor tsal eht ni enod krow n krow latot fo

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 25

    V1 eht ta yticolev maets ro rotor tsrif eht gniretne maets fo yticolev etulosbA=

    .s/m ,elzzon eht fo tixe

    1 telni ta deeps edalb laitnegnat ro enalp leehw ot tcepser htiw elgna elzzoN =

    ,rotor tsrif eht ot .seerged

    V 1r .s/m ,egats I fo telni ta diulf fo yticolev evitaleR =

    1 eerged ,Vyb edam rotor 1 fo telni ta elgna edalb ro rotoR =

    V 2r egats I fo teltuo ta diulf fo yticolev evitaleR = .

    2 elgna edalb ro rotoR = edam rotor I fo teltuo ta eerged

    V2 s/m ,egats ro rotor I eht gnivael maets fo yticolev etulosbA=

    2 V yb edam maets fo elgna tixE = 2 eerged ,

    V3 eht morf maets eht fo yticolev tixe ro rotor 2 eht gniretne maets fo yticolev etulosbA =

    .s/m ) V C( = rotats

    3 2 rof rotats fo elgna tixE = ,rotor eerged

    .egats dnoces eht ni seulav gnidnopserroc era , V, ,) V C= ( V

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 35

    :TINU 6

    SENIBRUT CILUARDYH

    :noitcudortnI

    ordyH( ygrene retaw eht trevnoc hcihw senihcam eht era senibrut )retaw( ciluardyH

    eb yam ygrene retaw ehT .ygrene lacinahceM otni )rewop laitnetop fo mrof eht ni rehtie

    ehT .retaw gniwolf ni ygrene citenik fo mrof eht ni ro ,sriovreser ,smad ni dnif ew sa ygrene

    lacinahcem strevnoc hcihw rotareneg cirtcele eht ot delpuoc yltcerid enibrut eht fo tfahs

    si sihT .ygrene lacirtcele ot ni ygrene ordyH sa nwonk - ."rewop cirtcelE

    :senibruT ciluardyH fo noitacifissalC

    no retaw fo noitca eht )i ot gnidrocca sdnik suoirav otni deifissalc era senibrut retaW

    deeps cificeps eht )iii dna rennur eht hguorht wolf diulf fo noitcerid eht no desab )ii ,sedalb fo

    enihcam eht .

    (i) :sedalB no retaW fo noitcA enibrut sicnarF a no desaB

    epyt noitcaeR )2 dna epyt eslupmI )1:otni deifissalc eb yam esehT

    tnatsnoc si rennur eht revo diulf gniwolf eht fo erusserp eht ,enibrut eslupmi nI

    na ot lauqe yllarenegdna telni ta ygrene laitnetop elbaliava eht llA .erusserp cirehpsomta

    ot tceffe eslupmi ylerupa hguorht dezilitu nrut ni hcihw otni detrevnoc yletelpmoc eblliw

    si enibrut a fo telni eht taygrene elbaliava eht ,enibrut eslupmi ni ,eroferehT .krow ecudorp

    t ylno .ygrene citenik eh

    segnahcerusserp retaw eht dna retaw htiw dellif si gnisac enibrut eht ,enibrut noitcaer nI

    a sA.)sedalbdexif( elzzon morf ygrene citenik ot noitidda ni rotor eht hguorht wolf gnirud

    telni eht ta elbaliava era dna erusserp eht htob ,elohw gnicudorp rof senibrut noitcaerfo

    .rewop

    :rennuR hguorht diulF fo wolF fo noitcerid eht no desaB )ii(

    :otni deifissalc era senihcam ciluardyH

    wolf larehpirep ro laitnegnaT)a

    wolf drawtuo ro drawni laidaR)b

    wolf lanogaid ro dexiM)c

    .sepyt wolf laixA)d

    :senihcaM wolF laitnegnaT)a

    fonoitator fo htap eht ot tnegnat eht gnola swolf retaw eht ,senibrut wolf laitnegnat nI

    :elpmaxE .rennur eht leehw notleP

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 45

    :senihcaM wolF laidaR)b

    amer wolf dna noitcerid laidar eht gnola swolf retaw eht ,enihcam wolf laidar nI sni

    ro wolf drawni eb yam tI .rennur eht hguorht sessap ti sa noitator fo sixa eht ot lamron

    .wolf drawtuo

    eht hguorht sessap dna yrehpirep retuo eht ta sretne retaw eht ,senibrut wolf drawnI nI

    yllanif dna noitator fo sixa eht sdrawot yldrawni rennur .yrehpirep renni ta sevael

    :elpmaxE enibrut sicnarF lf eht senihcam wolf drawtuo nI . eht ot etisoppo si noitcerid wo

    .senihcam wolf drawni

    :wolF lanogaiD ro dexiM)c

    revo sessap ,yrehpirep retuo eht ta retne yam diulf fo wolf eht ,enibrut fo epyt siht nI

    eciv dna noitator fo sixa eht ot lellarap ro yllaixa sevael dna yldrawni rennur eht - asrev

    :selpmaxE enibrut zaireD ,enibrut sicnarF nredoM

    :seciveD wolF laixA)d

    .noitator fo sixa eht ot lellarap noitcerid eht gnola retaw eht ,enibrut fo epyt siht nI

    pmaxE .cte enibrut relleporp ,enibrut nalpaK :sel

    :deepS cificepS no desaB )iii(

    :otni deifissalc era senibrut ciluardyH

    )a( :deepS cificepS woL m 0071 ot pu m002 fo egnar eht ni daeh hgih syolpme hcihW

    N .leehw notleP :selpmaxE .egrahcsid wol seriuqer enihcam sihT S elgnis 03 ot 01 =

    .leehw notleP tej elbuod rof 05 ot 03 dna tej

    )b( :deepS cificepS muideM 002 ot m05 fo egnar eht ni sdaeh etaredom syolpme hcihW

    N ,enibrut sicnarF :elpmaxE.m S .004 ot 06 =

    )c( :deepS cificepS hgiH 2 fo egnar eht ni sdaeh wol yrev syolpme hcihW m 05 otm5.

    0001 ot 003 = N ,.cte relleporP ,nalpaK :selpmaxE .egrahcsid hgih eriuqer esehT

    notleP leehW :

    )ii( elzzoN )i( :sessop ylniam tI .enibrut ciluardyh wolf laitnegnat fo epyt eslupmi a si sihT

    gnisac )iii( stekcub dna rennur )vi( .giF .elzzon ekarB ordyh fo tuoyal lareneg swohs 1 -

    .leehw notlep htiw tnalp rewop cirtcele

    ,kcotsnep eht fo dne eht tA .kcotsnep eht hguorht wolf ot edam si mad eht morf retaw ehT

    eht fo deeps ehT .ygrene citenik hgih otni ygrene laitnetop eht trevnoc hcihw dettif si elzzon

    wolf eht gniyrav yb daeh raeps eht gnitarepo yb detaluger eb nac elzzon eht morf gniussi tej

    strats rennur eht hcihw ot eud stekcub eht revo gnignipmi tej fo yticolev hgih ehT .aera

    oc si ygrene ciluardyh ybereht dna stceffe eslupmi eht fo esuaceb gnitator otni detrevn

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 55

    eht edivorp lliw gnisaC .ecar liat otni sllaf retaw eht ,rennur eht retfA .ygrene lacinahcem

    rennur eht gnirb ot desu era selzzon ekarB .erehpsomta ot nepo si dna rennur rof gnisuoh

    eppots eb ot si ti revenehw noitidnoc tser ot deeps hgih morf retaw siht eveihca ot redro nI .d

    .rennur fo taht ot noitcerid etisoppo ni wolf ot edam si

    :senibruT ciluardyH fo seicneiciffE dna sdaeH

    :sdaeH ciluardyH

    )a( :daeh ssorG ereht nehw level ecar liat dna ecar daeh eht neewteb ecnereffid eht si tI

    H sa detoned si dna daeh citats sa demret si ti hcus sA .wolf on si S H ro g.

    )b( :daeh evitceffE deniatbo si tI .enibrut eht fo telni eht ta elbaliava daeh eht si tI eht neht ,ssol latot eht si h fI .kcotsnep ni sessol daeh lla gniredisnocyb

    =H si enibrut eht evobadaehevitceffe Hg - hf

    :seicneiciffE

    a senibrut ciluardyh fo seicneiciffe suoiraV :er

    I ( ycneiciffe ciluardyH) H) )ii cirtemulov ( ycneiciffe loV )

    ( ycneiciffe lacinahceM)iii hcem ) VI ( ycneiciffe llarevO) O)

    )i ( ycneiciffe ciluardyH H :) retaw eht ot rennur eht yb depoleved rewop fo oitar eht si tI

    .enibrut eht fo telni eht ta elbaliava rewop

    =( )(11 22)

    ( )

    = (11 22)

    =

    =

    fo telni eht ta daeh evitceffe si H erehW .enibrut

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 65

    ( ycneiciffe cirtemuloV)ii loV :) eht gnikirts yllautca retaw fo ytitnauq eht fo oitar eht si tI

    .rennur eht ot deilppus retaw fo ytitnauq eht ot rennur

    =

    lacinahceM)iii ycneiciffe ( :) leved rewop fo oitar eht si tI eht ot rennur eht yb depo

    retaw .enibrut eht fo telni eht ta elbaliava rewop

    =

    =

    (11 22)

    )vi ( ycneiciffe llarevO ): eht si tI op tuptuo tfahs fo oitar retaw eht ot enibrut eht yb rew

    enibrut eht fo telni ta elbaliava rewop

    =

    =

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 75

    :leehW notleP eht yb enoD kroW

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 85

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 95

    :enibruT noitcaeR

    daeh yticolevotni detrevnoc si telni ta retaw fo daeh latot fo trap ylno ,senibrut noitcaer nI

    rap gniniamer eht dna rennur eht sretne ti erofeb ni detrevnoc si daeh latot fo t sa rennur eht

    enihcam eseht nI .ti revo swolf retaw eht aw eht ,s lla ni dellif yletelpmoc si ret fo segassap eht

    laudarg retaw fo erusserp eht ,suhT .rennur hguorht sessap ti sa segnahc yl ,ecneH .rennur eht

    russerp htob senihcam fo dnik siht rof .g.E .telni ta elbaliava era ygrene citenik dna ygrene e

    ut sicnarF ,enibr .enibrut zaireD ,senibrut nalpaK

    s sa si epyt wolf dexim fo si hcihw enibrut sicnarF drawni fo si tI .4 .giF ni nwoh wolfidar rennur eht sretne retaw eht hcihw ni enibrut fo epyt dna yrehpirep retuo eht ta ylla sevael

    sti ta yllaixa .retnec

    i( :fo stsisnoc enibrut sihT llorcS ) ( gnisac ii yatS ) ( gnir iii ediuG ) ( senav rennuR )vi

    .ebut tfarD )v(

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 06

    :gnisaC llorcS )i( )gnisac larips dellac( gnisac llorcs eht sretne kcotsnep morf retaw ehT

    f niam ehT .rennur eht sdnuorrus yletelpmoc hcihw na edivorp ot si gnisac larips fo noitcnu

    nI .yticolev tnatsnoc edivorp ot ecneh dna rennur eht dnuora retaw fo noitubirtsid mrofinu

    sa seserced yllaudarg gnisac eht fo aera lanoitces ssorc eht ,yticolev tnatsnoc edivorp ot redro

    rennur gnihcaer retaw eht

    gnir yatS )ii( : era esehT .gnir yats ro enav deeps eht sretne gnisac llorcs morf retaw ehT

    eht tcerid)a( ot si noitcnuf riehT .senav ediug eht fo rebmun ni flah yllausu dna sedalb dexif

    eht tsiser )b( ,senav ediug eht revo retaw tni ot eud enibrut no daol lanre dna retaw fo erusserp

    .noitadnuof eht ot dettimsnart si sdaol eseht

    :senaV ediuG )iii( eht ot revo sessap gnir yats eht retfa retaW dexif ro senav ediug fo seires

    nibrut eht dnuora yletelpmoc sdnuorrus yehT .senav snoitcnuf senav ediuG .rennur e t era )a( o

    nur eht gniretne retaw fo ytitnauq eht etaluger no retaw eht tcerid )b( dna ren .rennur eht ot

    )vi( :rennuR ehT eht ot retaw eht dael ot si stnenopmoc rehto eht fo esoprup niam rennur

    htiw enibrut fo rennur ehT .ygrene fo ssol muminim s fo stsisnoc si devruc fo seire 61( sedalb

    fmucric eht dnuora degnarra ylneve )42 ot eht neewteb ecaps eht ni ecnere ehT .etalp owt

    etne retaw taht depahs os era senav retuo ta yllaidar rennur eht sr ti sevael dna yrehpirep

    i egnahc ehT .retnec sti ta yllaixa fo noitcerid n laidar morf wolf eht revo sessap nehw laixa ot

    cerppa eht sesuac rennur laitnerefmucric ni egnahc elbai ot elbisnopser nrut ni hcihw ecrof

    .rewop poleved

    :ebuT tfarD )v( at eht ot swolf rennur eht morf retaw ehT .ebut tfard eht hguorht ecar li A

    p a si tfard cennoc hcihw aera gnisaercni yllaudarg fo egassap ro epi eht fo tixe eht t ot rennur

    ets etalp ro tsac fo edam eb yam tI .ecar liat eht fo dne tixe ehT .etercnoc ro le si ebut tfard eht

    taw fo level eht woleb degrembus syawla eb tsum dna ecar liat eht ni re ria - .thgit

    sesoprup owt sah ebut tfard ehT :

    ta dehsilbatse daeh noitcus ro evitagen a stimrep tI )a( ti gnikam suht ,tixe rennur eht elbissop

    .daeh fo ssol tuohtiw level ecar liat eht evoba enibrut eht llatsni ot

    fo noitroporp egral strevnoc tI )b( cejer ygrene yticolev lufesu otni rennur eht morf det

    .ygrene erusserp

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 16

    :sebuT tfarD

    ni esoprup eht evres ot deyolpme era hcihw sebut tfard fo sepyt tnereffid era erehT eht

    giarts rof taht devresbo neeb sah tI .5.giF ni nwohs sa era enibrut fo noitallatsni th tnegrevid

    naht erom eb ton dluohs elgna enoc lartnec eht ,ebut tfard epyt .8 si sihT elgna siht fi ,esuaceb

    tuohtiw ebut tfard eht hguorht gniwolf retaw eht 8 naht erom si gnitcatnoc ecafrus renni sti

    stluser hcihw t fo ycneiciffe eht ecneh dna seidde ni tfard eh .decuder si ebut

    ebut lacinoc tnegrevid thgiartS )a(

    ro( ebut gnidaerps ydooM )b( enoc ardyH )

    ebut woble elpmiS )c(

    .teltuo ta noitces ssorc ralugnatcer dna telni ta noitces ssorc ralucric gnivah ebut woblE )d(

    seicneiciffE dna enoD kroW sicnarF fo :enibruT

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 26

    tixe ta lrihw on si ereht taht hcus rennur eht sevael tixe ta yticolev etulosba ehT

    i. .e V 2u ni nwohs sa snoitidnoc tnereffid rof nward era elgnairt yticolev telnI ehT .0 =

    )a( 6 giF & .)b(

    /enod kroW )i( retaw fo gk , = (11 22)

    2= )yticolev teltuo laixa( enibrut sicnarF ni 0

    = 11

    ycneiciffe ciluardyH )ii( :

    =

    ( ycneiciffe cirtemuloV )iii( ): tI eht hguorht retaw fo ytitnauq fo oitar eht si ( rennur Q2 )

    retaw fo ytitnauq eht ot deilppus Q( 1)

    =2

    1

    ( ycneiciffe lacinahceM )vi( :)

    =

    ( ycneiciffe llarevO )v( :)

    =

    =

    senibruT nalpaK & relleporP :

    rennur wolf laixa na fo stsisnoc enibrut relleporp ehT lioforea fo sedalb 6 ot 4 htiw

    taht ot ralimis era sedalb ediug dna gnisac larips ehT .epahs eht nI .senibrut sicnarF eht fo

    relleporp f era rennur eht no detnuom sedalb eht ,senibrut non dna dexi - ni tuB .elbatsujda

    tator nac dna detsujda eb nac sedalb eht enibrut nalpaK eht ot dexif stovip eht tuoba e fo ssob

    itacifidom eht ylno si sihT .rennur eht alb ehT .enibrut relleporp ni no detsujda era sed

    la ta taht os msinahcemovres a yb yllacitamotua tuohtiw sretne wolf eht sdaol l .kcohs

    ot lellarap si wolf eht hcihw ni enibrut noitcaer wolf laixa na si enibrut nalpaK ehT

    ht fo sixa eht ni nwohs sa tfahs e .giF eht u ylniam si sihT retaw fo ytitnauq egral rof des dna

    4( sdaeh wol yrev rof - s cificeps eht hcihw rof )m 07 eht fo rennur ehT .hgih si deep nalpaK

    eroferehT .pihs a fo relleporp a ekil skool enibrut sa dellac osla si ti semitemos relleporp

    tA .enibrut tfard eht enibrut nalpaK eht fo tixe eht egrahcsid ot detcennoc si ebut eht ot retaw

    .ecar liat

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 36

    yticolev eht ,telni tA)1 el giF woleb ni nwohs sa si

    )2 teltuo ,.e.i tnenopmoc yticolev lrihw on htiw laixa syawla si egrahcsid eht ,teltuo eht tAgir a tsuj elgnairt yticolev .giF woleb nwohs sa elgnairt elgna th

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  • ENIHCAMOBRUT ]65EM01[

    egaP 46

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