MCWP 3-25.5 Direct Air Support Center Handbook

MCWP 3-25.5

Direct Air Support Center Handbook

U.S. Marine Corps

PCN 143 000015 00

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHeadquarters United States Marine Corps

Washington, D.C. 20380-1775

15 November 2001

FOREWORD

The Marine air command and control system (MACCS) providesthe Marine aviation combat element (ACE) commander with themeans to exercise control of those organic and nonorganic avia-tion assets necessary to support Marine air-ground task force(MAGTF) operations. Marine Corps Warfighting Publication(MCWP) 3-25, Control of Aircraft and Missiles, addresses basicplanning considerations for MACCS operations, employment,and interoperability among MACCS and joint service agencies.

MCWP 3-25.5, Direct Air Support Center Handbook, comple-ments and expands on the information in the MCWP 3-25 by fo-cusing on the details of direct air support center (DASC)operations and the role the DASC plays in integrated MAGTFoperations. Written for MAGTF, naval expeditionary force, andjoint force commanders and staffs, MCWP 3-25.5 highlightsDASC organization, equipment, planning considerations, opera-tional fundamentals, and employment options.

By investigating these areas, MCWP 3-25.5 provides the requi-site information needed by commanders and staffs to understandand evaluate the operational principles and capabilities of variousDASC employment options.

1-2 MCRP 3-25.5

This publication is a revision of MCWP 3-25.5 dated16 September 1996.

Reviewed and approved this date.

BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANTOF THE MARINE CORPS

/s/EDWARD HANLON, JR.

Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine CorpsCommanding General

Marine Corps Combat Development Command

DISTRIBUTION: 143 000015 00

Direct Air Support Center Handbook

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Fundamentals

Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

DASC Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3Officer in Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3Staff Noncommissioned Officer in Charge . . . . . . . . 1-4Senior Watch Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5Senior Air Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5Crew Chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6Technical Air Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6Helicopter Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7Air Support Net Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8Air Support Plotters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9Communications-Electronics Maintenance

Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10

Chapter 2. System Description

AN/TSQ-207 Communications Air Support Central . . . . . 2-1Communications Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

iv MCWP 3-25.5

AN/UYQ-3A Mobile Direct Air SupportCenter (Airborne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Operator Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4Situation Displays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

AN/MRC-145/138 and Man-Portable Radios . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

Mobile Electric Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6Echelon Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6Procedural Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7Line-of-Sight Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7Electronic Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Equipment Upgrades and Replacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Chapter 3. Planning

Initial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Site Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

Specific Air Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

Electronic Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

External Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

Direct Air Support Center Handbook v

Chapter 4. Operations

Employment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1DASC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1DASC(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1ASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2ASLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

Concept of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3MEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4MEB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5MEU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

Interagency Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8DASC/TACC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8DASC/FSCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10DASC/Antiair Warfare (AAW) Agencies . . . . . . . . . 4-12DASC/TAC(A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13DASC/ASC(A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13DASC/TACP/Forward Air

Controller (FAC)/FAC(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14DASC/UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14DASC/Medical Regulation Team (MRT) . . . . . . . . . 4-15DASC/Rear Area Operations Center (RAOC). . . . . . 4-15

DASC in Amphibious Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16Phasing Ashore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16ATF Supporting Arms Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17Transfer of Control and Coordination

of Supporting Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17

vi MCWP 3-25.5

DASC in Joint/Multinational Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19Joint Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20Multinational Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21

Procedural Control of Direct Air Support Aircraft . . . . . . . 4-22

DASC Siting Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23Proximity to the FSCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25

Future Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25DASC Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25DASC(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26ASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26

Appendices

A Crew Briefing Guide/Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

B Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

C Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

D References and Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Chapter 1Fundamentals

The direct air support center (DASC) is the principal Marine aircommand and control system (MACCS) air control agency re-sponsible for the direction of air operations directly supportingground forces. It functions in a decentralized mode of operation,but is directly supervised by the Marine tactical air commandcenter (Marine TACC) or the Navy tactical air control center(Navy TACC). During amphibious or expeditionary operations,the DASC is normally the first MACCS agency ashore and usu-ally lands in the same category (i.e., scheduled or on-call wave)as the ground combat element's (GCE’s) senior fire support coor-dination center. The DASC’s parent unit is the Marine air sup-port squadron (MASS) of the Marine air control group (MACG).

Role

The DASC processes immediate air support requests; coordi-nates aircraft employment with other supporting arms; managesterminal control assets supporting GCE and combat service sup-port element forces; and controls assigned aircraft, unmannedaerial vehicles (UAVs), and itinerant aircraft transiting throughDASC controlled airspace. The DASC controls and directs airsupport activities that affect the GCE commander’s focus onclose operations and those air missions requiring integration withthe ground combat forces (close air support [CAS], assault sup-port, and designated air reconnaissance). The DASC does notnormally control aircraft conducting deep air support (DAS) mis-sions as detailed coordination of DAS missions are not required

1-2 MCWP 3-25.5

with ground forces. However, the DASC will provide battledamage assessments (BDAs) and mission reports (MISREPs)from DAS missions to the GCE’s senior fire support coordina-tion center (FSCC) and TACC when required.

Tasks

The DASC—

l Receives the air tasking order (ATO) from the TACC (Marineor Navy) and coordinates preplanned direct air support.

l Receives, processes, and coordinates requests for immediatedirect air support.

l Adjusts preplanned schedules, diverts airborne assets, andlaunches aircraft as necessary when delegated authority bythe aviation combat element (ACE) commander and in coor-dination with the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF)force fires coordination center (FFCC) or GCE senior FSCC.

l Coordinates the execution of direct air support missions withother supporting arms through the appropriate FFCC/FSCCand, as required, with the appropriate MACCS agencies.

l Receives and disseminates pertinent tactical informationreported by aircraft performing direct air support missions.

l Provides aircraft and air control agencies with advisory andthreat information to assist in the safe conduct of flight.

l Monitors, records, and displays information on direct air sup-port missions.

l Maintains friendly and enemy ground situation displays nec-essary to coordinate direct air support operations.

Direct Air Support Center Handbook 1-3

l Provides direct air support aircraft and other MACCS agen-cies with information concerning the friendly and enemy situ-ation.

l Refers unresolved conflicts in supporting arms to the FFCC/FSCC fire support coordinator (FSC).

DASC Organization

The DASC crew is task-organized to meet operational require-ments. Crewmembers are assigned positions based on their levelof qualification and experience. Figure 1-1 on page 1-4 shows anotional DASC organization. Appendix A is a crew briefingguide/format. Appendix B discusses training (individual, crew,unit, and evaluation).

Officer in Charge

The DASC officer in charge (OIC) is a commissioned officer notnormally assigned to a crew as a watch stander. The DASC OICis designated by the MASS commanding officer for a specificoperation and is responsible for the following:

l Embarkation and logistics.l Conduct of DASC operations.l Configuration of the DASC communications.l Coordinating with joint, multinational, and other external

agencies as required. l Evaluating and supervising training for the DASC crew.

1-4 MCWP 3-25.5

Figure 1-1. Notional DASC Organization.

Staff Noncommissioned Officer in Charge

The DASC staff noncommissioned officer in charge (SNCOIC)is not normally assigned to a crew as a watch stander. The DASCSNCOIC responsibilities include the following:

l Assisting the DASC OIC as required.l Coordinating the DASC’s embarkation and logistics.l Evaluating and supervising training for enlisted crewmem-

bers.l Accounting for personnel assigned to the detachment.


Senior Watch Officer

The senior watch officer (SWO) is normally a senior officer whois not assigned as a crewmember, but who is responsible to thecommanding officer for the following:

l Assisting in coordination with joint, multinational, and otherexternal agencies.

l Providing situation briefings and coordinating the futureefforts of DASC operations.

l Evaluating, supervising, and assisting in training DASCcrewmembers.

Senior Air Director

The senior air director (SAD) is the commissioned officer who isthe most qualified DASC watch stander. The SAD is responsiblefor the following:

l Functioning of the DASC crew on watch.l Ensuring intelligence information received by the DASC is

disseminated to appropriate air control, air defense, and sup-porting arms elements.

l Receiving, disseminating, and posting fire support informa-tion in the DASC.

l Coordinating with fire support agencies to ensure deconflic-tion between aircraft and supporting arms is accomplished.

l Coordinating the efforts of DASC liaison teams and airborneextensions of the DASC as required.

l Coordinating with agencies external to DASC.l Directing DASC communications restoration priorities and

the upkeep of DASC communications status.l Maintaining a log of significant events that occur during the

crew’s watch.

1-6 MCWP 3-25.5

l Ensuring the logs of the tactical air director (TAD), helicopterdirector (HD), and crew chief are complete, reviewed for clar-ity, and properly signed in and out.

l Assigning appropriate aircraft to immediate air supportrequests.

Crew Chief

The DASC crew chief, normally a staff noncommissioned officeror noncommissioned officer and the most qualified enlistedwatch stander, is responsible to the SAD for the following:

l Timely and accurate display of tactical information.l Coordinating communications restoration and the upkeep of

communications status.l Maintaining a log of significant events that occur during the

crew watch and files containing required forms and records.l Ensuring the net operators’ logbooks are completed, checked

for clarity, and properly signed in and out. l Coordinating DASC-internal information flow.l Supervising the enlisted members of the crew.

Tactical Air Director

The TAD is responsible to the SAD for the following:

l Coordinating and controlling fixed-wing offensive air support(OAS) aircraft, UAVs, and designated assault support, elec-tronic warfare (EW), and air reconnaissance aircraft.

l Coordinating direct air support missions with fire supportassets (e.g., naval surface fire support [NSFS], artillery).

l Briefing aircrew on assigned missions, threat information,and fire support coordination measures.


l Reviewing requests for fixed-wing aircraft and recommend-ing the most efficient use of available assets.

l Maintaining status information on fixed-wing aircraft underthe control of the DASC or terminal air controllers.

l Coordinating with the HD to eliminate scheduling or missionassignment conflicts between those missions that involveboth fixed- and rotary-wing assets or when more than onemission is conducted in the same area.

l Advising and directing fixed-wing aircraft as to changes inthe air defense warning condition and weapons control status.

l Maintaining a log and appropriate records.l Coordinating with tactical air coordinators (airborne)

(TAC[A]) for the control of assigned aircraft.

Helicopter Director

The HD is responsible to the SAD for the following:

l Coordinating and controlling helicopters.l Coordinating designated rotary-wing missions with fire sup-

port assets.l Briefing aircrew on assigned missions, threat information,

and fire support coordination measures.l Reviewing requests for helicopters and recommending the

most efficient use of available rotary-wing assets.l Maintaining status information on helicopters under control

of the DASC or terminal controllers.l Coordinating with the TAD to eliminate conflicts between

fixed-wing missions and helicopter missions.l Coordinating with the assault support coordinator (airborne)

(ASC[A]) for control of assigned aircraft.

1-8 MCWP 3-25.5

l Advising aircrew of the current air defense warning conditionand weapons control status and directing helicopter actionsspecific to the particular air defense alert condition.

l Coordinating with the TAD on helicopter missions conduct-ing CAS.

l Maintaining a log and appropriate records.

Air Support Net Operators

Air support net operators (ASNOs) are usually enlisted personnelwho operate the various radio nets within the DASC. Theynormally include the tactical air request/helicopter request netoperator, the direct ASNO, the tactical air traffic control net op-erator (when required), the fire support coordination net operator,and the tactical air command net operator.

Systems Operated

Various command, control, communications, computers, and in-telligence systems are also operated by the ASNOs within theDASC. The systems include the following:

l Theater battle management core system.l Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System.l MAGTF software base line.l Intelligence operator workstation.l Command and control personal computer.

Responsibilities

Some net operator functions may be combined depending on theDASC’s task organization. ASNOs are specially trained in aircontrol procedures and terminology. An ASNO’s responsibili-ties include the following:


l Knowing net names, frequencies, and types of communica-tions equipment being used.

l Knowing the call sign, name, and unit location for stationsoperating on their assigned communications net(s).

l Knowing the type of information expected to be transmittedand received on the net.

l Understanding the forms/records required to record informa-tion from or to pass information on the net.

l Understanding the air/ground situation, to include boundaries,control points, and control measures necessary to effectivelyoperate and understand information passed on the net.

l Managing net operations if assigned as a net control station.l Maintaining a log of significant events that occur during the

watch.l Understanding and executing the correct information flow

within the DASC.

Air Support Plotters

Air support plotters are normally enlisted personnel who, underthe supervision of the DASC SAD and crew chief, maintain thesituation displays within the DASC. They are specially trained inair control procedures, terminology, and symbology. Air supportplotters are responsible for the following:

l Plotting information directed by DASC supervisory person-nel.

l Receiving, recording, and disseminating information receivedover the appropriate net(s).

1-10 MCWP 3-25.5

Communications-Electronics Maintenance Coordinator

The communications-electronics (C-E) maintenance coordinatorassigned to the crew is responsible for—

l Monitoring communications nets.l Monitoring the status of the DASC’s cryptographic instru-

ments.l Providing liaison with other C-E Marines operating associ-

ated C-E equipment.

Chapter 2System Description

The DASC may be configured to support a variety of tactical situ-ations. A radio-intensive air control agency, DASC uses manualinformation displays, procedural control, and voice communica-tions systems to direct and coordinate direct air support activities.

AN/TSQ-207 Communications Air Support Central

The primary DASC communications/operations platform is AN/TSQ-207 communications air support central (CASC). It consistsof five identical hardware configurable, lightweight multipurposeshelters (LMS) and associated support equipment (e.g., environ-mental control units, quick erect tents, antennas, cables, andcomputer equipment) mounted on high mobility, multipurposewheeled vehicles (HMMWVs). Each vehicle tows a M116A3trailer that carries a generator and some combination of cables,antennas, and a tent.

Each shelter provides rack space, antennas, as well as signal andpower distribution for the very high frequency (VHF), ultrahigh fre-quency (UHF), high frequency (HF), telephone, and requisite en-cryption assets organic to the Marine air support squadron (MASS).

2-2 MCWP 3-25.5

Communications Distribution

The command, control, and communications distribution systemis comprised of a system called MESHnet that allows the opera-tor to interface the following items:

l User control device (UCD) allows the operator access to theradios, intercom, and telephone. With the UCD, the operatorcan monitor four nets at one time and remotely switch cryptodevices on and off.

l Network access unit (NAU) is the heart of the MESHnet. Itroutes traffic among UCDs and interfaces with radios, tele-phones, and an Ethernet computer network.

l Ethernet interface unit (EIU) connects the Ethernet local areanetwork with the NAU.

System Configuration

The AN/TSQ-207 is preconfigured to support a Marine expe-ditionary force (MEF) DASC, (i.e., 2 communications vari-ants, 3 operations variants, and 20 operator workstations).Each communications variant is cabled to support three UHFGRC-171 radios, two UHF/VHF VRC-83 radios, two HFVRC-102 radios, two external HF radios, and one externalUHF/VHF radio. A MEF-level CASC provides—

l 24 radios. l 9 (32-KB) or 18 (16-KB) telephone lines.l 20 user control devices.


AN/UYQ-3A Mobile Direct Air Support Center (Airborne)

The AN/UYQ-3A mobile DASC (airborne) (DASC[A]) (fig. 2-1)provides an echelon capability in MEF or Marine expeditionarybrigade (MEB) operations or as an airborne platform in KC-130aircraft. In addition to airborne operations, the shelter can also beoperated from a truck. AN/UYQ-3A employment options providethe MAGTF with flexible direct air support control options. Seetable 2-1 for equipment characteristics.

Figure 2-1. AN/UYQ-3A DASC(A).

2-4 MCWP 3-25.5

Operator Positions

The AN/UYQ-3A shelter contains seven crew positions. Eachcrew position is equipped with a control panel to access the shel-ter’s radios and internal communication system.

Communications

The AN/UYQ-3A contains three UHF, one VHF, and two HFsystems along with each radio’s associated cryptographic device.The AN/UYQ-3A also has the ability to use external radios whenin the airborne operational configuration. However, special ar-rangements must be made with the supporting KC-130 squadronto externally mount antennas to the host airframe.

Situation Displays

The AN/UYQ-3A has one primary map display for plotting air-craft position, fire support measures, friendly and enemy ground

Table 2-1. Equipment Characteristics.

Length 12 feet, 8 inches

Width 7 feet

Height 7 feet

Square 87.6 square feet

Cube 614 cubic feet

Weight 6,000 pounds (approximately)

Power requirements 115/208 volts, 400 hertz, 15 kilowatts, 3 phase, 4 wire


situation, and air control points and measures. Smaller situationdisplays are available at operator positions for the use of individ-ual operators.

AN/MRC-145/138 and Man-Portable Radios

During low intensity operations (i.e., Marine expeditionary unit[MEU] or echelon), the air support element (ASE) will provideliaison personnel to mobile ground forces and perform limited airsupport control functions for short durations. In these situations,the ASE typically employs mobile configurations that operatefrom mobile radio communication (MRC) vehicles or use man-portable radios. When MRC vehicles are used to support DASC,echelon or liaison functions, a 60-cycle generator is preferred forradio power.

Mobile Electric Power

The MASS provides its own 60-hertz mobile electric power tosupport DASC operations.

Capabilities

The flexibility, mobility, and echelon capability of the DASCmake it an effective command and control agency.

2-6 MCWP 3-25.5

Flexibility

The MASS is capable of task-organizing to provide a variety ofdirect air support control options. Mission flexibility is demon-strated by the DASC’s capability to operate from ground sites orfrom an airborne platform.

Mobility

MASS equipment is transportable via conventional air, ground,rail or surface shipping means. The MASS table of equipmentprovides organic motor transportation equipment that is capableof moving DASC equipment. DASC equipment required to sup-port a MEF/MEB can be set up and operational in approximately1 hour after it arrives on site. However, materials handling equip-ment support not organic to the MASS is required to moveshelters when loading the AN/UYQ-3A into a KC-130 for air-borne DASC (DASC[A]) operations.

Echelon Capability

The DASC has the capability of moving to alternate locations withuninterrupted operations. During such movements, the DASCwould delegate its functions to an echelon DASC or DASC(A).

Limitations

The DASC is limited to procedural control and line-of-sight(LOS) communications. Its large electronic signature also limitsthe DASC.


Procedural Control

The DASC does not possess radar or digital data link equipment.Therefore, situational awareness depends on pilot/terminal con-troller reports regarding the aircraft’s position.

Line-of-Sight Communications

The DASC is susceptible to UHF and VHF LOS communicationslimitations. The curvature of the earth and terrain can preclude ef-fective communications, especially with low flying aircraft.

Electronic Signature

The DASC has a large electronic signature generated by its com-munications equipment. Effective planning and employment ofemission control (EMCON) procedures are paramount to maxi-mizing survivability.

Equipment Upgrades and Replacements

Improvements to Marine direct air support control capabilities en-compass the service life extension program for the DASC(A) andthe common aviation command and control system (CAC2S).

CAC2S will provide a suite of common equipment utilized in air,land, and sea configurations. CAC2S operational nodes, cur-rently referred to as the DASC, tactical air operations center(TAOC), air traffic control (ATC), and low altitude air defensewill use shared, distributed information systems and databases toenhance rapid, flexible planning and execution.

Chapter 3Planning

Close coordination for the delivery of surface- and air-deliveredweapons is crucial to both the MAGTF’s economy of force andthe safety of Marines operating within the delivery area. TheDASC’s planning efforts significantly contribute to the effi-ciency by which these assets are employed. Marine Corps Order(MCO) 3501.9B, Marine Corps Combat Readiness EvaluationSystem (Short title: [MCCRES]), Volume VIII, The Marine AirCommand and Control System (MACCS), outlines specific plan-ning requirements for the DASC. Though planning of direct airsupport activities outlined below may occur in sequence, moststeps will be conducted concurrently with one another.

Initial

After receipt of an initiating directive (in the case of an amphibi-ous operation), an operation plan’s initiating order or an estab-lishing order (in the case of a support relationship), the DASCwill begin the initial planning phase. Considerations for the ini-tial planning phase include but are not limited to the following:

l Establishing early liaison with the amphibious task force(ATF) and/or joint force planners and control agencies for rel-evant phases of operations.

l Providing air support and aircraft control input to the aviationestimates of supportability for operations assigned, and identify-ing limitations or problem areas. The input to the aviation esti-mates of supportability should summarize significant aviationaspects of the situation as they might influence any course of

3-2 MCWP 3-25.5

action (COA) proposals and evaluate and determine how avia-tion units can best be employed to provide support. The aviationestimates of supportability’s end product will include a recom-mended COA for the ACE commander. At a minimum, aviationestimates of supportability will include the following:

m Contemplated COA that can best be supported by theACE.

m Salient disadvantages of less desirable COAs.m Significant aviation (to include air command and control

[C2]) limitations and problems of a logistical nature.m Measures to resolve aviation problems to include request-

ing additional theater assets.

l Coordinating relevant communication requirements for sub-ordinate, adjacent, and higher-level circuits with the ACE/MAGTF communications planners. These requirementsshould include the following:

m Identification of desired connectivity.m Encryption hardware and software.m Communications requirements that are beyond the capabil-

ities (or assets) of the MASS.m Authentication materials.

l Establishing coordination with the local regional automatedservices center.

l Reviewing the initial force list and/or MACG/ACE planningguidance to determine the role of UAVs in the operation.

l Recommending to the MACG/ACE planning staff requiredUAV mission data and format, as it should appear on the ATO.

l Ensuring air support requirements are coordinated withplanned air defense measures.


Intelligence

The DASC will require updated and complete intelligence infor-mation to carry out its support efforts. The DASC’s intelligenceplanning is primarily concerned with the enemy orders of battle(EOBs), capabilities, and tactics. Intelligence planning consider-ations will include the following:

l Receiving and disseminating to DASC personnel informationfrom the preliminary and detailed aviation intelligence esti-mates. This includes submitting requests for information (RFIs)for those DASC concerns that may include the following:

m Enemy capabilities.m Off-road trafficability.m Terrain limitations not delineated on maps.m Electronic order of battle.m Weather projections.m Other information not addressed in the operation plan.

l Developing and forwarding RFIs to higher headquarters. TheRFIs should be simple, concise, and consist of the following:

m Positive requests.m Qualifying questions and statements.m Prioritization of submitted requests.

l Recording information in a journal/workbook for ease of studyand comparison, and sending that information, when appropriate,to higher, adjacent, and subordinate units.

l Obtaining and maintaining a complete EOB that includesinformation on the following:

m Missiles.m Aviation assets.

3-4 MCWP 3-25.5

m EW.m Ground forces.m Space assets.

l Determining and interpreting information of significance tothe DASC and forming logical conclusions that can serve asthe basis for determining the effects on air support operations.

l Establishing intelligence collection and dissemination proce-dures to include the following:

m Timeliness.m Usability of form.m Pertinence.m Security of gathered information.

l Preparing a detailed rear area threat assessment for the MASSdetachment.

Site Selection

The site selection planning process begins once the MAGTF’sarea of operations (AO) is identified. During the site selectionprocess, planners must ensure that adequate space for site estab-lishment is identified; sufficient access to the site is afforded; andthat communications connectivity can be maintained with otherMACCS agencies, elements of the GCE, combat service supportelement, forward operating bases (FOBs), and airborne aircraft.Site selection planning concerns include the following:

l Conducting coordination with the FFCC and FSCC to ensurethat DASC siting considerations are included in the FFCC/FSCC’s site selection.


l Using computer analysis and map surveys to determine suit-able DASC/FSCC sites. Computer software programs (e.g.,system, planning, engineering evaluation device) can be usedwith map surveys to provide empirical data and analysis onthe following key points:

m Communications connectivity.m Cover and concealment.m Trafficability.m Sufficient space for the DASC’s tactical deployment (dis-

persion).m Communications electronic protection (EP) supportability.

l Identifying the alternate operational sites above. l Determining the required DASC equipment based on the

MAGTF scheme of maneuver and projected locations ofMACCS/terminal control agencies within the AO.

l Establishing priorities for emplacement of equipment.l Conducting a physical reconnaissance of the site with FFCC

and FSCC personnel. l Determining and recommending to the ACE/MAGTF com-

munications planners any requirements for ground radiorelay/retransmission sites to support DASC operations.

l Determining communication capabilities from prospectivesites based on Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Centeror other radio-frequency studies.

Specific Air Support

The ACE staff will normally augment several air support specialiststo assist in the preparation of the MAGTF operations order. Crucialdecisions, to include ACE apportionment of assets for direct air

3-6 MCWP 3-25.5

support, should be addressed during this planning phase. Air sup-port planning efforts should include the following:

l Providing input to the preparation of the ACE/MAGTF com-munications plan to include DASC communications requiredfor effective coordination and control of direct support air-craft, encryption hardware and software, and authenticationmaterials.

l Recommending air support control measures (e.g., controlpoints, return to force [RTF] procedures) to the ACE/MAGTFplanning staff.

l Remaining cognizant of planning and coordination involvedin establishing airspace management/control procedures.

l Planning for the DASC’s tactical redeployment to alternate sites,along with the FSCC, in response to changes in the MAGTF’srequirements, the threat or the ground force positions.

l Recommending UAV control measures for deconfliction/inte-gration with direct air support aircraft and other supportingarms.

l Determining communication paths and radio in/out proce-dures required with the UAV unit’s ground control station(GCS).

l Determining the requirement to employ airborne extensionsto maintain communications connectivity and air control withdirect air support aircraft and other air control agencies asappropriate.

Electronic Warfare

In situations where the enemy has a known EW and electronicintelligence (ELINT) collection capability, the unit S-6 officer


will assume an active role in the DASC’s EW planning. EWplanning considerations involve—

l Obtaining from the ACE/MAGTF EW officer a detailed intel-ligence assessment of the enemy’s electronic order of battle.

l Developing an EMCON plan for the DASC that supports theACE/MAGTF EMCON plan. DASC personnel should con-sider the following factors:

m Minimum communication/no communications procedures.m Use of brevity codes and authentication tables.m Use of communications security (COMSEC) materials.m Delegation of EMCON control authority.m Signal security.m Circuit discipline.m Reporting procedures.

l Determining the locations of radios and radio antenna farmsafter considering the signals intelligence /EW threat.

l Planning for the maximum use of secure communications.l Providing input to the MAGTF command and control warfare

(C2W) plan.l Ensuring that planners, operators, and users of electronic

equipment thoroughly understand the EW threat and theEMCON/EP techniques used to counter the threat.

3-8 MCWP 3-25.5

External Support

Planners should consider the DASC’s method of employmentand necessity for mobility when determining the support re-quired from external units. External support planning consider-ations for the DASC will also include distribution points forfood; water; batteries; and petroleum, oils, and lubricants. TheDASC may also require externally sourced personnel to aug-ment their site security.

Chapter 4Operations

The DASC responds to the GCE commander’s requirements fordirect air support by processing immediate air support requests,coordinating aircraft employment with other supporting armsthrough the GCE’s senior FSCC, and directing designated air op-erations. The DASC’s role in direct air support provides a cruciallink between the GCE and the ACE.

Employment Options

The MASS commander may employ an entire DASC, DASC(A),ASE or air support liaison team (ASLT) to support the MAGTF.

DASC

As the MAGTF’s primary direct air support control facility, thisconfiguration provides the operational capability to performDASC-related functions and is normally employed with MEB orlarger MAGTFs. The DASC, when practical, collocates with theGCE’s senior FSCC. An electronic link may be an acceptable al-ternative in situations where DASC siting requirements differfrom FFCC’s/FSCC’s requirements.

DASC(A)

Consisting of an AN/UYQ-3A employed in a KC-130 aircraft,the DASC(A) can be employed as an independent air controlagency, but normally serves as an airborne extension of the

4-2 MCWP 3-25.5

DASC. Air superiority is essential in the area where a DASC(A)is to be employed. The operational period for a DASC(A) is lim-ited by the host aircraft’s time on station capabilities. Normallyused during MEB and larger MAGTF operations, the DASC(A)is flexible and adaptable to a variety of operational situations in-cluding the following:

l Extending overland displacement.l Supplementing the DASC’s communications coverage while

it displaces or when communications become degraded.l Operating in geographic areas where terrain adversely affects

DASC communications. l Performing amphibious operations to aid in phasing direct air

support control functions from the Navy TACC to the DASC. l Performing missions as directed by the MAGTF commander,

ACE commander or MASS commanding officer.

ASE

An ASE is a task-organized element employed by the MASS toperform various air support control functions. Employment op-tions can range from MEU-level operations characterized by lim-ited assets and endurance, to a multi-division operation where theASE is almost if not identical in capability but set apart in re-sponsibilities and subordinate to the DASC. The ASE can func-tion as an extension of the Navy TACC/helicopter directioncenter (HDC), in conjunction with the battalion tactical air con-trol party (TACP).

In support of a multi-major subordinate command scenario, theASE may be augmented with assets and personnel to support con-tinuous control of direct air support over an extended period. Inthis type of situation, the DASC would be employed in a central


location (i.e., MEF) to coordinate the efforts of the ASE in supportof the multiple Marine divisions.

ASLT

The ASLT is task-organized by the MASS to maintain liaisonbetween the DASC and the FSCC, normally in situations wherethe DASC cannot remain physically collocated with the seniorFSCC/FFCC.

Role

The ASLT is not a DASC. The ASLT serves to maintain theface-to-face coordination between the DASC and FSCC vital forthe effective coordination and integration of DAS missions withthe employment of other supporting arms.

Composition

The number, size, and composition of ASLTs are determined bythe MASS commanding officer based on the experience of FSCCpersonnel, terrain, operational tempo, and the mobility of the GCE.An ASLT typically varies in size from a single Marine with aman-portable radio or field telephone to a number of Marines op-erating from MRC vehicles.

Concept of Employment

While a particular DASC configuration may be identified with aMEF, MEB or MEU, the specific requirements for a given situa-tion will dictate the actual configuration needed for mission suc-cess. One DASC is capable of providing direct air support control

4-4 MCWP 3-25.5

functions to a single division in support of the division’s main ef-fort. The DASC’s support of multiple divisions requires employ-ment of assets beyond those normally found in a single MASS.

MEF

Coordination and control of direct air support functions for MEFoperations require a substantial DASC capability based on the com-munications requirement and scheme of maneuver, as well as thenumber of aircraft anticipated to provide the GCE with direct airsupport. During MEF operations, the DASC is generally collocatedwith the senior FSCC/FFCC. The DASC must maintain an echeloncapability to provide continuous air control and communicationsduring movement periods. An ASLT may be used in situationswhere the DASC cannot remain physically collocated with the se-nior FSCC/FFCC. A DASC(A) may also be employed to assist theDASC in its functioning or to augment their communications. Atypical MEF-level configuration (fig. 4-1) consists of the following:

l AN/TSQ-207 CASC, consisting of three operations vehicles/two communications vehicles with trailers.

l Access to 24 radio channels (HF, VHF-AM/FM, and UHF).l Access to 9 or 18 telephone circuits.l Twenty operator workstations. (Each workstation will nor-

mally consist of a single UCD and a shared laptop computer.)l Intra-communications for 20 operators.l Automation to support 12 operators.l Tent space, environmental control, and power to support a

sustained configuration.


Figure 4-1. MEF-Level CASC Configuration.

MEB

In MEB operations involving one or two regiments, the DASCwill normally collocate with the FSCC responsible for coordinat-ing GCE supporting arms. The DASC must maintain an echeloncapability to provide continuous air control and communicationsduring movement periods. A typical MEB-level configuration(fig. 4-2 on page 4-6) consists of the following:

l AN/TSQ-207 CASC, consisting of one operations and onecommunications vehicle with trailers.

l Access to 12 radio channels (UHF, HF, VHF, and appropriatecrypto).

4-6 MCWP 3-25.5

l Access to 3, 6, or 12 phone lines (dependent on how manyNAUs are used.

l Access to 10 operator UCDs.l Intra-communications for up to 10 operators.l Automation to support six operators.l Tent space, environmental controls, and power to support a

mobile configuration.

Figure 4-2. MEB-Level CASC Configuration.


MEU

The MEU ACE contains task-organized air C2 agencies andequipment under the cognizance of the MACG detachment. TheMASS normally deploys an ASE that will support MEU-leveloperations to multi-division operations where the ASE is almostif not identical in capability but subordinate to the DASC. A typ-ical ASE configuration (fig. 4-3) will consist of the following:

l AN/TSQ-207 CASC, consisting of one operations/communi-cations hybrid vehicle with trailer.

l One NAU with six radios.l Two NAUs with six radios and three 32-KB or six 16-KB

phones or radios.l Intra-communications for up to 10 operators.l Tent space, environmental controls, and power to supply a

mobile configuration. If units bring a tent, it must be compatiblewith the mobile configuration.

Figure 4-3. ASE CASC Configuration.

4-8 MCWP 3-25.5

Interagency Relationships

DASC/TACC

The DASC is subordinate to the Marine TACC, tactical air direc-tion center (TADC) or Navy TACC depending on command re-lationships and the phase of passing air C2 functions ashoreduring amphibious operations. Whereas the Marine TACC orNavy TACC provides centralized command of air operationswithin a designated AO or AOA, the DASC provides for decen-tralized control of OAS, assault support, electronic warfare, andair reconnaissance missions within their designated area.

OAS

Ideally, the ACE commander will decentralize the control of OASby delegating authority to the DASC to divert airborne assets tomissions with higher priority as coordinated/approved by the se-nior FSCC/FFCC and to launch on-call CAS aircraft. This servesto ensure minimum response time to the MAGTF’s direct air sup-port requirements. The Marine TACC, TADC or Navy TACC re-sponds to the DASC’s requests to fill the GCE’s needs foradditional direct air support. The DASC keeps the Marine TACC,TADC or Navy TACC informed on the progress of direct air sup-port missions, the effectiveness of the OAS effort, and the friendlyand enemy air/ground situation. The DASC passes combat infor-mation received from other sources to the Marine TACC, TADCor Navy TACC and other agencies/aircrew as appropriate.

Assault Support

Ideally, the ACE commander will decentralize the control of as-sault support missions and allow the DASC to divert and/or


launch on-call assault support aircraft to ensure minimum re-sponse time to requests for assault support. Control of assaultsupport aircraft outside of the DASC-controlled airspace will beperformed by the appropriate MACCS agency. To maintain theflexibility to immediately divert airborne assets, assault supportaircraft will normally maintain some communication with aMACCS element. In the conduct of assault support, the MarineTACC, TADC or Navy TACC should assume a supervisorymode and respond to the DASC when additional assets are re-quired to continue the assault support effort. In turn, the DASCmust provide their senior agency with timely information regard-ing the status of assault support missions and the overall effec-tiveness of the assault support effort.

Electronic Warfare

The DASC will coordinate direct support EW missions with thesenior FSCC/FFCC to ensure that airborne EW is effectively in-tegrated as a combined arm. Coordination of airborne EW effortsincludes but is not limited to electronic surveillance, targeting,jamming, electronic BDA, and offensive antiair warfare. TheDASC will ensure, as required, necessary coordination is madeto protect friendly ground units and equipment from the effectsof electronic attack (EA) and antiradiation missile attack. Re-quests for EW are submitted by the appropriate FSCC either tothe DASC for immediate requests or to the Marine TACC/NavyTACC for preplanned requests.

Air Reconnaissance

The DASC does not normally coordinate the MAGTF’s long-range air reconnaissance efforts. However, the DASC will coor-dinate with aircrews and the UAV GCS to conduct air reconnais-sance in direct support of the GCE. The DASC will provide

4-10 MCWP 3-25.5

verbal inflight and MISREP information that will be passed on tothe Marine TACC/Navy TACC and the senior FSCC/FFCC.Hard copy imagery is requested through G-2/S-2 channels. Re-quests for air reconnaissance missions are submitted by the G-2/S-2 to the DASC for immediate requests or to the Marine TACC/Navy TACC for preplanned requests.

DASC/FSCC

The FSCC/FFCC is the final arbitrator of supporting arms inte-gration conflicts and will make decisions in cases of conflictingrequests for fire support assets. The FSCC provides the DASCwith updates to unit boundaries and fire support coordinatingmeasures, friendly and enemy unit positions, pertinent intelli-gence data, and other prearranged data items as they are receivedat the FSCC. The FSCC also provides the DASC with informa-tion on gun positions, gun-target lines, and gun trajectories nearaircraft flight routes.

The DASC is responsible to the FSCC to provide timely infor-mation on the following:

l Predicted flight paths for aircraft under the DASC’s control.l BDAs.l Status of outstanding requests.l Pertinent intelligence data.l Delays or cancellations to the ATO.l Status of ongoing missions.l Other prearranged data items.


The FSCC/FFCC is responsible to the DASC to provide timelyinformation on the following:

l Location of friendly forces and artillery.l Location and capabilities of enemy forces.l TACP locations.l Target lists.l Overlays of the GCE scheme of maneuver.l Priority of fires/effort.l Approval of joint tactical air strike requests (JTARs)/assault

support requests (ASRs).l Plans to displace/echelon.l Plans for large-scale helicopter/ground movements.

Air Support, Reconnaissance, and EW Requests

Immediate air support requests sent directly from the requestingunit to the DASC are approved by the FSCC. Various forms forrequesting air support include the following:

l JTAR for immediate OAS (CAS, DAS).l ASR for immediate assault support.l Joint tactical electronic warfare request (JTEWR) for airborne

EW. l Joint tactical air reconnaissance and surveillance (JTAR/S)

for air reconnaissance.l Joint tactical airlift request (may be required in joint opera-

tions instead of the ASR to request assault support). l Immediate air evacuation, to include casualty evacuation

(CASEVAC) (requested using the ASR).

Upon receiving the request, the DASC will clarify any neededportions and assign a request number for reference purposes. For

4-12 MCWP 3-25.5

JTARs, JTAR/Ss, and JTEWRs, the request number is based onthe date the JTAR was received followed by a consecutive oddnumber (e.g., 11-1, 11-3, 11-5). For ASRs, the request number isbased on the date it was received followed by a consecutive evennumber (e.g., 11-2, 11-4 or 11-6). CASEVAC request numbersare based on the date the request was received and a consecutiveletter of the alphabet (e.g., 11-A, 11-B or 11-C).

The senior FSCC/FFCC monitoring the tactical air request/heli-copter request net may approve, disapprove or modify the re-quest. Normally, the senior FSCC/FFCC approves the request byremaining silent (silence is consent unless previous commander’sguidance requires positive approval). However, for purposes ofconfirmation or when doubt concerning the validity of the re-quest exists, the DASC’s SAD should coordinate with theFSCC’s air officer for clarification of the request.

Diverting Aircraft

The ACE commander may delegate authority to the DASC to di-vert airborne aircraft or launch on-call aircraft. However, evenwhen delegated this authority, DASC personnel will not nor-mally make divert/launch decisions without consulting with ap-propriate FSCC personnel when possible. This coordination offires is effected to limit duplication of effort, ensure appropriateuse of assets, and enhance situational awareness between theDASC and FSCC. It also serves as another check and balance toensure that the aircraft is diverted in concert with the establishedpriorities for direct air support.

DASC/Antiair Warfare (AAW) Agencies

The DASC disseminates air defense control measures receivedfrom the TACC and/or TAOC to applicable MAGTF elements,


surface-to-air missile units, and aircraft under DASC control.The DASC provides friendly aircraft positions to air defenseunits/agencies (e.g., Stinger units, TAOC) to assist in the aircraftidentification process. The DASC coordinates the RTF of aircraftunder its control with the appropriate AAW agency, normally theTAOC. The Stinger unit commander may establish a commandpost at the DASC to gain information on the location of friendlydirect air support and assault support aircraft.

DASC/TAC(A)

The TAC(A) is an onsite airborne extension of the DASC andFSCC or the Marine TACC/Navy TACC. The TAC(A)’s author-ity over aircraft operating within an assigned area will be speci-fied by the DASC or TACC/TADC as appropriate. TheTAC(A)’s principal responsibilities are to avert conflicts be-tween aircraft and to coordinate the employment of air assetswith other supporting arms. The TAC(A) coordinates as neces-sary with TACPs, FSCCs, forward air controllers (airborne)(FAC[A]), ASC(A)s, and artillery and NSFS fire direction cen-ters. Employment of a TAC(A) will depend on mission require-ments and resource availability.

DASC/ASC(A)

The ASC(A) serves as an agency of the Navy tactical air controlsystem/MACCS and is an airborne extension of the HDC orDASC. The ASC(A) supports the air C2 system and assists inairspace coordination and integration of assault support opera-tions when the HDC/DASC is degraded or requires additionalaugmentation. The ASC(A) is normally used when numerous as-sault support operations are conducted or when the scope andcomplexity of the operations dictates this capability. The

4-14 MCWP 3-25.5

ASC(A) coordinates with TAC(A)s and FAC(A)s to provideCAS support and/or assault support operations.

DASC/TACP/Forward Air Controller (FAC)/FAC(A)

The DASC receives and processes immediate direct air supportrequests from these terminal controllers. The DASC keeps theterminal controller and senior FSCC/FFCC advised of the statusof aircraft filling their request. The DASC provides aircraft di-rection and mission updates to aircraft prior to executing a proce-dural turnover to the terminal controller. This necessitates freeinformation exchange to provide aircrews with the most com-plete and up-to-date information possible.

DASC/UAV

The DASC controls the UAVs’ inflight progression/egression toand from working areas and monitors its activities while in itsworking area. The UAV normally enters the airspace control sys-tem through the ATC element at the UAV’s operating airfield. Af-ter receiving a handoff from the ATC element, the DASC providesrouting and altitude clearance for the UAV. The UAV controllersmaintain continuous communications with the DASC. The DASCis kept advised of the UAV working area (using control points andestablished routes) and altitude by the GCS to ensure deconflictionwith other aircraft and friendly surface delivered fires. The UAVcontrollers also supply the DASC with near-real-time surveillanceinformation. This information is forwarded to the TACC/FSCC foruse in the intelligence/targeting effort.


DASC/Medical Regulating Team (MRT)

The landing force medical regulating control officer (LFMRCO)and the MRT normally physically or electronically collocate withthe DASC. The LFMRCO establishes a medical regulating con-trol center. A communications link is established between theDASC and the MRT to facilitate coordination of CASEVAC.The LFMRCO will keep the DASC advised on availability ofprimary and alternate medical treatment facilities and will rec-ommend CASEVAC to the facility best suited for a casualty’smedical needs. The DASC will keep the LFMRCO advised ofstatus of available CASEVAC aircraft and missions. TheLFMRCO will provide organic communications assets for themedical regulating nets. See Marine Corps Warfighting Publica-tion (MCWP) 4-11.1, Health Service Support Operations, for ad-ditional information on the MRT.

DASC/Rear Area Operations Center (RAOC)

Immediate air support requests from the MAGTF rear area arecleared through the air officer in the RAOC. These requests maybe relayed to the DASC for processing. The DASC’s ability toprocess immediate air support requests from the RAOC dependson many factors including physical location of the agencies, op-erational employment considerations, and the ability for bothagencies to communicate. When geographical location and com-munications connectivity reduce response time, immediate air re-quests may be forwarded to the Marine TACC’s air supportcoordination section for action (if the Marine TACC is located inthe rear area). The TACC’s air support coordinator (ASC) thencoordinates mission specifics with the DASC.

4-16 MCWP 3-25.5

DASC in Amphibious Operations

Phasing Ashore

During the buildup of combat power ashore, the MACCS willemploy its assets incrementally. During MEF and MEB opera-tions, the initial DASC capability introduced ashore could con-sist of a single CASC shelter, communications suite, andassociated support equipment.

As the operation matures, additional DASC shelters and commu-nications equipment could be introduced to expand the DASC’scapabilities. In MEU-level operations, the ASE may be the firstdirect air support element to arrive ashore. ASEs may beequipped with a CASC, MRC vehicles or man-portable radios.

Responsibility

The command relationship options available to the establishingauthority of an amphibious operation include operational control,tactical control, and support. Typically, a support relationship isestablished between the ATF commander and the landing force(LF) commander based on their complementary capabilities.Normally, the designated commander exercises the initial, over-all control and coordination responsibility for the delivery ofNSFS, air support, and LF artillery fire. When the LF com-mander is ashore and has established the necessary facilities andwhen the tactical situation permits, this coordination responsibil-ity is passed to the LF commander. Thereafter, the LF coordi-nates the supporting arms fires with maneuver forces. However,complete coordination authority is seldom passed at one time.


Normally, the LF assumes responsibility for various fire supportfunctions as the necessary capability for that function is estab-lished ashore. The DASC is usually the first principal MACCSagency ashore and, once established, will normally assume con-trol of direct air support aviation assets over land while the NavyTACC retains control of aircraft moving from ship to shore.

AF Supporting Arms Agencies

The AF provides two principal agencies to control and coordinatesupporting arms fires during amphibious operations: the NavyTACC and the supporting arms coordination center (SACC).

Navy TACC

The Navy TACC is the primary air control agency within theAOA or designated AO from which air operations supporting theAF are controlled. The Navy TACC controls both air support andAAW aircraft.

SACC

The SACC is a single location on an amphibious ship in whichcommunications facilities incident to the coordination of firesupport of the artillery, air, and NSFS are centralized. The SACCis the naval counterpart to the LF’s FSCC.

Transfer of Control and Coordination of Supporting Arms

During an amphibious operation, control of air and NSFS is ini-tially afloat. The LF controls artillery through the GCE com-mander. When necessary facilities of the LF are ashore andfunctioning and the tactical situation permits, the LF requests thatcontrol of NSFS and/or direct air support functions be passed

4-18 MCWP 3-25.5

ashore. Direct air support functions are normally passed ashore asMACCS facilities become functional.

The LF commander exercises responsibilities for the coordina-tion of supporting fires through the senior FSCC/FFCC andMACCS agencies. Each agency must ensure it has the requiredinformation and requisite communications before supportingarms coordination responsibilities are passed from the ATF com-mander to the LF commander. Since most of the operational co-ordination occurs in the FSCC, the establishment and functioningof the FSCC(s) is critical to passing supporting arms coordina-tion functions ashore. Once ashore, the FSCC(s) and the DASCbegin preparing for the passage of supporting arms coordinationand control functions ashore. Typically, this preparation in-cludes ensuring—

l Communications are established with the appropriate controlagency afloat.

l Communications are established with aircraft. l Communications are established with terminal controllers/

spotting teams ashore.l Target lists are on-hand. l Current ATO is on-hand.

The operational functions that must be completed before passingsupporting arms coordination functions ashore are normally out-lined in a checklist. Completion of specific checklist items is of-ten coordinated between the DASC and the SACC/Navy TACC.

Once all or part of the specified prerequisites for passing sup-porting arms control and coordination functions ashore are met,supporting arms coordination functions may be passed ashore.This normally occurs when the LF requests that the ATF passcontrol and/or coordination responsibilities of a particular sup-


porting arms function from the responsible agency afloat to itsshore-based counterpart. Formal messages mark the completionof each step in the sequence of passing coordination and controlof supporting arms from afloat to ashore. Often, the actual trans-fer of responsibility is requested and granted by voice radiotransmission followed with formal messages.

Not all direct air support control functions need be passed ashoreat once. For example, control of assault support aircraft may bepassed ashore before control and coordination of direct air sup-port aircraft. Because the various functions of aviation may bephased ashore incrementally, the ACE commander (through theLF commander) must specify those aviation functions that theDASC is ready to assume.

Once the DASC is established ashore and has been passed re-sponsibility for the coordination of direct air support functions,the DASC is responsible to the Navy TACC for the execution ofdirect air support functions. If a Marine TADC has been estab-lished ashore, the Navy TACC may delegate the coordination re-sponsibility to it. After the TACC functions are phased ashore,normal MACCS command relationships are resumed.

DASC in Joint/Multinational Operations

The DASC will be involved to some degree with joint/multina-tional operations. Joint operations are those operations conductedwith other United States Services. Multinational (coalition)forces are those of friendly/allied nations with whom the UnitedStates is conducting operations. Both types of operations requirespecial consideration for the DASC.

4-20 MCWP 3-25.5

Joint Operations

Working with other United States Services requires DASC crew-members to be familiar with the structure and employment consid-erations of other Service equipment, agencies, doctrine, andpersonnel. Control procedures for the DASC’s airspace controlarea (or sector) must be briefed to joint service aviators, controlagencies, and terminal controllers before these personnel conductoperations in DASC airspace. Procedures must be in place forthose operations in which the DASC is to hand over aircraft fromone joint agency (or airspace control authority) to another. TheDASC must also obtain and be familiar with communicationsplans and orders that may affect their airspace control procedures.

DASC and Air Support Operations Center (ASOC)

The Air Force’s ASOC is an element of the tactical air controlsystem most analogous to the DASC. The ASOC is located at theArmy corps level and facilitates immediate requests for air sup-port submitted by the Army. Requests for air support are submit-ted by Air Force TACPs over the Air Force air request net thatfunctions similar to the Marine Corps tactical air request/helicop-ter request net. If the request can be supported by an echelonlower than the Corps, it is filled at that level.

Once the request reaches the ASOC, the aircraft needed to sup-port the mission are requested from the Air Force air operationscenter (AOC), a counterpart to the Marine TACC. The AOC willdirect the ASOC on how to fill the request (launch or divert).Aircraft supporting the request will check in with the ASOC andbe passed to the TACP. Like the DASC, the ASOC is a proce-dural control agency.


DASC and Navy Counterparts

The DASC does not have a direct counterpart in the Navy’s or-ganizational structure. Rather, the DASC performs similar func-tions to parts of the Navy’s HDC for coordination of helicoptermissions and the Navy TACC for coordination of direct air sup-port missions. See Naval Warfare Publication (NWP) 3-09.11M/Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 1-7, Supporting Arms inAmphibious Operations, for details on naval air control agencies.

Multinational Operations

DASC considerations for conducting joint operations can beaptly applied to multinational operations. In multinational oper-ations, there is an absolute requirement to transverse the lan-guage barrier, not only in terms of the language used, but alsoregarding common terminology. DASC personnel must also be-come familiar with varying forms and formats for the ATO/North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air tasking mes-sage. If possible, liaison personnel from the host nation/alliedcountry should be included in the DASC. DASC members andMASS communications experts are normally tasked to provideliaison personnel and communications links between the DASCand foreign nation direct air support agencies.

Special Considerations

Members of the Marine liaison group (MLG)/air/naval gunfire li-aison company (ANGLICO) will typically provide terminal con-trol services to CAS aircraft working with joint and multinationalforces. It is important that DASC personnel make liaison witheach MLG/ANGLICO team leader prior to the onset of joint/multinational operations.

4-22 MCWP 3-25.5

Communications frequencies, airspace control procedures,DASC location, alternate and tertiary communications capabili-ties, etc., must be briefed and understood by both MLG/AN-GLICO and DASC Marines. MLG/ANGLICO, in turn, mustkeep the DASC apprised of their locations and intentionsthroughout the operation.

Procedural Control of Direct Air Support Aircraft

Procedural control is defined as “a method of airspace controlwhich relies on a combination of previously agreed and promul-gated orders and procedures.” (JP 1-02) Controlling proceduresinclude, but are not limited to control points (CPs); minimum-risk routes (MRRs); RTF procedures; formal and informal air-space coordination areas; and positive, two-way communicationsbetween the DASC and the aircrew. Although aircrews are ulti-mately responsible for the safety of their aircraft, the DASC as-sists the aircrews by maintaining situational awareness of all thatis occurring within the assigned airspace and routing aircraft in amanner that precludes conflict within the airspace.

The three ways in which the DASC can segregate aircraft in theairspace are time, altitude, and lateral separation. Depending onthe tactical situation, the DASC will use one of these, or a com-bination of all three, during the routing of each mission/sortie.Segregation of aircraft, whether by time, altitude or lateral sepa-ration, is an important aspect of procedural control and is de-signed to allow freedom of movement for friendly aircrews.Aircrews can then focus on the mission and eluding enemy de-tection. Because these methods of segregation are procedural, theDASC must be aware of the entire three-dimensional battlespace


and assist aircrews by gaining their confidence, providing con-cise and safe routing, and maintaining situational awareness.

Aircrews can assist the DASC by relaying their intentions, radio-ing the DASC at their designated CP (or while inbound to theCP), responding to the DASC’s routing/control, and providingaccurate position/location information. The DASC has no radarand must rely on the information it receives from aircrews andother agencies to manage and control the designated airspacecontrol authority’s (ACA’s) sector. If the information the DASCreceives is accurate and timely, the DASC will provide aircrewsand other agencies with timely and accurate information. Thekey to effective procedural control is that the DASC must rely oninformation it receives from the aircrew, TACC/TADC, FSCC,and other air C2 agencies to build their situational awareness ofthe three-dimensional battlefield. The DASC is only as good asthe information it receives.

DASC Siting Considerations

The DASC provides a crucial interface between the GCE and ACEin regards to direct air support operations. As such, planners mustconsider several factors when determining the DASC’s location.

Proximity to the FSCC

A reliable, consistent link between the DASC and the seniorFSCC/FFCC is vital for coordination and integration of direct airsupport missions with the employment of other supporting armsand for the expeditious processing of immediate tactical air re-quests and assault support requests. The link (or means of commu-nications) between the DASC and the FSCC can be accomplished

4-24 MCWP 3-25.5

by wire and/or single-channel radio. Preferably, the DASC and thesenior FSCC/FFCC are physically collocated; if not, an ASLTmay be provided to the FSCC to assist in the transfer of informa-tion. Physical collocation significantly enhances coordination be-tween the two agencies. However, electronic collocation with theFSCC is an acceptable alternative if the FSCC site is not largeenough to include DASC equipment or if the site does not supportthe DASC’s communications requirements.

Communications

The single most important siting factor for the DASC to consideris its ability to communicate. Because the DASC is a proceduralcontrol agency, it gains air situational awareness through com-munication with aircraft, terminal air controllers, air defenseagencies, and other air C2 agencies involved with direct air sup-port operations. As such, the primary rule for positioning theDASC is that the DASC must be located where it can communi-cate best to optimize its effectiveness.

Security

In addition to protection from the enemy’s direct fire weapons,the DASC should be located in an area that affords reliable, se-cure communications. Optimal use of terrain that masks theDASC from enemy positions, directional antennas, and remotingand dispersing antennas enhance communications and serve toreduce the DASC’s electromagnetic signature. These consider-ations have both a positive and negative effect on DASC opera-tions and must be weighed against the DASC’s need formobility, time for site setup and teardown, and ability to effec-tively communicate with aircraft and other ground agencies.


Mobility

The requirement to employ a mobile DASC must be addressed asearly as practical in the planning cycle. Because of its extensivecommunications and security requirements, the DASC should re-main established in a single location as long as practical. Factorsinfluencing the DASC’s displacement include movement of theGCE (and its FSCC) and enemy threat.

Future Employment

The historic employment of the DASC will not change in theforeseeable future. Traditionally, the DASC has been employedusing three types of configurations: DASC, DASC(A), and ASE.The CASC provides a modular capability that allows the DASCto employ its primary ground configurations, DASC, and ASE intheir doctrinal manner.

DASC Configuration

As the primary direct air support agency for the MAGTF, theDASC configuration, consisting of one or more CASC sheltersand associated support equipment, will provide the operationalcapability to perform doctrinal functions. Capable of task organi-zation, the DASC configuration will normally be employed inMEF or MEB operations. The mobility afforded by the CASCsignificantly improves the DASC’s ability to move on fluid bat-tlefields. In the HMMWV configuration, the CASC is able to es-tablish sites previously unreachable by 5-ton vehicles; thusexpanding the number of potential sites available to the DASC.

4-26 MCWP 3-25.5

When moving on the battlefield, the DASC echelons CASC shel-ter and support equipment necessary to perform the requiredmission while the remainder of the DASC relocates. This con-figuration is an echelon DASC.

DASC(A)

The DASC(A) may be used to support echelon operations, aug-ment DASC communications or coordinate air operations as anextension of the DASC. The DASC(A) will normally be em-ployed in MEF or MEB operations.

ASE

The ASE is task-organized to perform various air support controlfunctions. Employment options can range from MEU-level oper-ations characterized by limited assets and endurance, to a multi-division operation where the ASE is almost if not identical in ca-pability but set apart in responsibilities and subordinate to theDASC. The ASE can function as an extension of the NavyTACC/HDC, in conjunction with the battalion TACP.

Appendix ACrew Briefing Guide/Format

Operations Brief

The DASC operations brief incorporates elements of informationthat are essential to DASC employment. The operations brief ismost appropriate for planners and is not intended to supplant theDASC crew brief. It focuses on a different level and timeframewell before final preparations for execution.

Unlike other MACCS agencies, the DASC shares its planning fo-cus with GCE issues. These issues, outlined below, represent onlythe most vital topics and are not all-inclusive. GCE issues (in par-ticular) vary depending on the particular exercise or operation.

ASLT personnel can also use information in the DASC opera-tions brief as a checklist for mission critical information. Like-wise, an independent ASE can use the operations brief for amission specific briefing tool or execution checklist. The opera-tions brief format follows.

Intelligence

m NBC capability.m Night capability.m Unconventional warfare capability.m Ground order of battle:

m Force composition/locations/potential axes of advance.m Surface-to-surface missile threat.

A-2 MCWP 3-25.5

m Surface-to-air missile (SAM) threat.m Antiaircraft artillery (AAA) threat.m Overall ground threat capabilities assessment.

m Air order of battle:m Location/disposition/likely attack axes.m AAW capabilities.m Offensive air support capabilities.m Air-to-surface missile capabilities.m UAV capabilities.m Satellite overflight information (e.g., capabilities, time).m Overall air threat capabilities assessment.

m Electronic order of battle:m EA capabilities.m Electronic warfare support (ES) capabilities.m Overall threat EW capabilities assessment.

m Naval order of battle.m Centers of gravity.m Key vulnerabilities.m Key strengths.m Most likely COAs.

MAGTF

m MAGTF commander’s intent/concept of operations.m AOA/AO description:

m Sector limits.m Mobility/trafficability.m Weather considerations.

m Rules of engagement (ROE).m Adjacent/supporting units:

Direct Air Support Center Handbook A-3

m Multinational forces issues.m National asset (ELINT) support:

m Joint forces issues.m Liaison requirements.m Connectivity.

Ground Combat Element

m Force composition.m GCE commander’s intent/scheme of maneuver.m Fire support coordinating measures.m Named areas of interest/target areas of interest/high value tar-

gets/high payoff targets).m Priority of fires and locations:

m Artillery.m NSFS.m Aviation.

Aviation Combat Element

m ACE commander’s intent/concept of employment.m Launch and divert authority:

m CAS.m Assault support. m Air defense.

m OAS:m Priority of CAS.m Strip launch/airborne alert availability.m Location of assets.

m Assault Support:m Priorities of assault support.

A-4 MCWP 3-25.5

m CASEVAC:m Procedures/connectivity.m Medical facility location and priority.

m Tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (TRAP):m Procedures/connectivity.m TRAP zones and safe areas.m Isolated personnel report (ISOPREP) data.

m Combat search and rescue (CSAR):m Procedures/connectivity.m Responsibility.

m Strip alert aircraft availability, procedures, and locations.m Forward arming and refueling point (FARP) and FOB

locations and connectivity.m Landing zone locations and status.m Tanker plan.

m Air Reconnaissance, UAV employment plan: m RIO procedures.m Routing/deconfliction plan.m Connectivity with the GCS.

m Air control procedures:m MRR/orbit areas.m Control points.m Weapon engagement zones.m RTF/lame duck procedures.m ACAs.m Fade/bug out plan.m UAV loiter area.m Hung ordnance jettison area.m RIO sequence.m Terminal control information.


m Airborne C2 availability/employment.m Air defense warning condition/state of alert/weapons

control status information.m ATO dissemination.m MACCS agency casualty procedures.

Communications

m Communications architecture.m EMCON procedures.m Chattermark procedures.m Prowords/codewords.m Execution checklists.m Cryptography:

m Required hardware/software.m Changeover times.m Current period for the communications-electronics

operating instructions.m Challenges and passwords.m Required reports.m Communications net prioritization/restoration.m Intelligence connectivity.

Logistics Resupply

m Water/fuel/meals, ready-to-eat/batteries.m Repair parts/expendables/replacement of major items.m Personnel/administrative issues.m Transportation (e.g., airlift, sealift) considerations.

Questions

A-6 MCWP 3-25.5

Crew Brief

Crew briefs are designed to pass mission critical information, dis-cuss pertinent procedures, and critique/recap significant events.Crew briefs should be as detailed as practical but may be abbrevi-ated to meet mission requirements. The minimum required informa-tion to be passed in a DASC brief is specified in MCO 3501.9B. TheDASC’s crew briefs typically occur in three phases:

m Pre-watch brief.m Crew change brief.m Post watch debrief.

Pre-Watch Brief

Time Hack

Introduction m Identifies alternate senior air director and crew leaders.m Identifies briefers.m Mission statement priorities.m Status of controllers’ responsibilities in the AOA/AO.

Intelligence (S-2 Officer)m Weather:

m Local weather.m Ingress/egress route weather.m Target weather.m Weather, location, and capabilities.


m Light data:m Beginning of morning nautical twilight.m End of evening nautical twilight.m Sunrise/sunset.m Moonrise/moonset.m Moon phase.

m Forecast.m Enemy order of battle:

m Electronic order of battle:m EA/ES capabilities.m Meaconing, interference, jamming, and intrusion (MIJI)

considerations. m Ground-controlled interception capability.m Air order of battle.m SAM capabilities and locations.m AAA capabilities and known locations.m Naval order of battle.m Enemy capabilities, weaknesses, and likely COAs.

m CSAR/TRAP/survival, evasion, resistance, and escape infor-mation:m Safe areas:

m Location.m Description.

m CSAR/TRAP availability/call sign/frequency/location.m TRAP launch/divert authority.m ISOPREP data.

A-8 MCWP 3-25.5

Friendly Forces m Ground units (FSCC coordinator):

m Locations:m Forward edge of the battle area/forward line of own

troops.m NSFS stations and gun-target lines.m Artillery batteries and gun-target lines.m Other known location of friendly activity.

m Scheme of maneuver/main effort:m Primary and alternate landing zones.m Ingress/egress routes.m Control points.m Escorts.m On-call and preplanned CAS in support of—

m TAC(A)s.m ASC(A)s.m FAC(A)s.m FACs.m TACPs.

m Priority of fires and locations:m Naval fire support.m Artillery.m Aviation.

m Senior FSCC and location.m Communications.m Echelon procedures.


m Fire support coordination measures include—m Hung ordnance jettison area.m ACAs.m Fire support coordination line (FSCL).m No-fire areas (NFAs).

m Ground terminal controllers.m Air (TAD/HD):

m Launch and divert authority:m CAS.m Assault support.m Air defense.

m Strip alert aircraft:m Time/location.m Ordnance.m Communications.

m Tanker plan:m Tanker tracks.m Time-on-station.m Giveaway.

m Helicopters:m Requests.m FARP locations:m Communications.m Control procedures.m Naval platforms.

m TAC(A)/ASC(A).m UAV employment plan.

A-10 MCWP 3-25.5

Air Defense (Tactical Air Director/Helicopter Director)m Threat/alert and weapons conditions:

m Indicators.m Tactics.m Early warning detection points.

m TAOC location(s)/status.m Communications with air defense elements/agencies.m ROE/identification criteria:

m Routes of flight.m Entry/exit points.

m Ground-based air defense (GBAD) units:m Missile engagement zones (MEZs).m Location of Stinger/Avenger teams.m HAWK location(s) and status.m Communications.

m High value airborne asset (HVAA) fade and bug out plan:m Supporting communications plan.m Fade/bug out criteria and authority.m Station reset criteria and authority.m Visual combat air patrol concerns/coordination.

DASC Status (Crew Chief)m Communications:

m Nets:m Locations, radio/antenna type, and configuration.m Encryption devices available.m Hot lines.m EMCON/EP procedures.m Restoration priorities.


m Communication materials system (CMS) considerations:m Authentication codes.m Numerical codes.m Location.m Responsibility.

m Crew functioning:m Positions and locations.m Relief and casualty procedures.m Net responsibilities.

m Reports required and routing:m MIJI/frequency interference report.m JTAR, JTAR/S, JTEWR, ASR.m BDA/MISREP.m Intelligence/spot reports.m Pilot’s reports.m MACCS status.m DASC equipment status.m Joint/multinational forces reports.m Information routing procedures.

m Codeword/COMSEC:m Mission:

m Continue.m Change.m Cancel.m Abort.

m Challenge/reply.m Mission specific code words and procedures.

A-12 MCWP 3-25.5

Airspace (Tactical Air Director/Helicopter Director) m Range available:

m Altitudes.m Airspace restrictions.m Ordnance areas/restrictions.

m Airfield operations:m Ground-controlled approach facilities.m Divert fields.m Navigation aids.m Frequencies/communications.m Fuel and ordnance availability.m Emergency recovery procedures.m Lost communications procedures.

Summary (Senior Air Director)m MACCS agencies casualty procedures.m Additional information germane to operations.m CASEVAC procedures:

m Medical team: m LFMRCO.m Landing force medical regulating control team.

m Hospital location: m Landing zone (LZ) and frequencies. m Alternate medical facilities.m LZ and frequencies.

m CASEVAC facility. m Crew change:

m Time.m Order of relief.


m Procedures.m Crew debrief:

m Time.m Location.

m Questions.

Crew Change Brief

The order of crew relief is a decision made by the oncoming andoffgoing senior air directors. Information exchanged betweenthe offgoing and oncoming crews include, but are not limited to,the following.

Communications Personnelm Equipment problems experienced during the watch.m Suspected equipment failures.m Frequency disparity.m Status of communication links.m Cryptographic device software changeovers.

Plottersm Fixed-wing aircraft currently airborne and their location.m Rotary-wing aircraft currently airborne and their location.m Current numbering for JTAR, JTAR/S, JTEWR, ASR, and

CASEVAC forms.m Active ACAs and MEZs.m Location of FOBs.m Location of UAVs.m Scheduled major helicopter lifts.m Updates/changes to the scheme of maneuver.m Active artillery positions.

A-14 MCWP 3-25.5

Fire Support/Safety Net Operatorsm Recent changes to fire support coordination measures.m Location of NSFS/artillery units.m Active ACAs.m Latest information on enemy location(s).m Location of GBAD units.m Free fire areas/ordnance jettison areas.

Tactical Air Traffic Control Net Operator (As Required)m Missions, which are airborne, on alert status, late for launch

or time on target, etc.m Changes to RIO sequence/information passed.m Changes to air control procedures.m Safety of flight issues.m Location(s) of UAVs.m Active ACAs.

Tactical Air Directorm Status of ongoing events (e.g., airborne, on alert, late RIO). m Status of preplanned/immediate missions.m Status of diverted aircraft (if applicable).m Call signs of terminal controllers and which controller (s) are

working airborne aircraft.m Pending BDAs.m Location of TAC(A)s and FAC(A)s.m Next JTAR, JTAR/S, JTEWR number.m Air defense warning and weapons release conditions.m Safety of flight information.m UAV locations.


m Pending nine-line briefs.m Fire support coordination measures in effect.

Helicopter Directorm Status of aircraft airborne, on alert, and diverted.m Status of preplanned/immediate missions.m Status of ongoing /CASEVACs.m Status of ongoing ASRs.m Location(s) of ASC(A), FAC(A), and/or airborne mission

commander (if applicable).m Changes to routing procedures.m Locations of aircraft in LZs.m Location of CSAR/TRAP/CASEVAC package(s).m Air defense warning condition and weapons release status.

Tactical Air Command Net Operatorm Air defense warning condition and weapons release status.m Expected responses to late mission queries.m Ongoing significant events.m Weather status.

Direct Air Support Net Operatorm Air defense warning condition and weapons release status.m Pending responses from the TACC (e.g., launches).m Latest BDA passed to the TACC.m Friendly positions.m Changes to enemy locations.m Current weather information.

A-16 MCWP 3-25.5

Tactical Air Request/Helicopter Request Net Operatorsm Next JTAR, JTAR/S, JTEWR, ASR, and CASEVAC num-

bers to be assigned.m Status of current JTARs,JTAR/Ss, JTEWRs, ASRs, and

CASEVAC requests.m Expected BDAs to receive or mission status to pass.m Units not answering on net including station call signs.m Status of troop lifts.m Status of incomplete requests for mission information.

Crew Chiefm Pertinent information regarding DASC crewmembers.m Status of ongoing missions.m Changes and updates in fire support coordination measures.m Communications support/equipment status.m Changes of radios/nets/positions due to equipment problems.m Significant events.m Outstanding JTARs, JTAR/Ss, JTEWRs.m Outstanding ASRs.m Outstanding CASEVAC requests.m Changes/updates available from intelligence representatives.

Senior Air Directorm Communications support/equipment status.m ATO information.m Aircraft significantly late to radio in or radio out.m Aircraft assignments for upcoming missions (e.g., diverted,

strip alert).m Pending immediate requests for support.m Changes to scheme of maneuver.


m Changes to priority of fires.m MIJI incidences reported.m Downed/distressed aircraft.m Any significant past, present or future events that could

impact on operations.m Status of diverted aircraft.m Availability of strip alert aircraft.m Current CASEVAC procedures.

Post Watch Debrief

The post watch debrief contains elements from each significantevent that occurred during the watch. The debrief serves as an im-portant learning tool for all crewmembers. For maximum benefit, aconstructive critique of each crewmember’s performance shouldbe included. Significant events discussed include the following:

m Information flow internal and external to the DASC.m Control procedures.m Position information problems, recommended remedies, etc.m Use of forms within the DASC.m Effectiveness and proper use of radio/transmission

procedures.m Reviewing the amount of radio traffic for possible consolida-

tion on future watches/operations.m Other items deemed necessary by the crew.

Appendix BTraining

Every Marine Corps leader has the responsibility to establish andconduct technical and tactical training for Marines to successfullyaccomplish the unit’s mission. The tools available to assist leadersin establishing the base for an effective training plan are relevance,standardization, efficiency, and specificity. Due to the complexi-ties of amphibious, joint, and multinational operations, the impor-tance of individual-, crew-, and unit-level training for DASCcontrollers and operators cannot be understated. The impact frommeaningful, quality training reflects on a Marine’s proficiency.

Individual Training

DASC controller and operator training requirements are standard-ized by MCO P3500.19B, Training and Readiness (T&R) Manual,Volume V, Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS). Itspecifies training events and position requirements necessary forcontrollers and operators to progress through various level qualifica-tions. Follow-on formal training is available to those Marines whodemonstrate military occupational specialty (MOS) proficiency.

Formal Schools

Entry-Level Training

Entry-level training for DASC controllers and operators is con-ducted at Air School, Marine Corps Communication-ElectronicsSchool, Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center, TwentyninePalms, CA.

B-2 MCWP 3-25.5

Air Support Control Officer Course

The Air Support Control Officer Course (ASCOC) provides in-struction regarding DASC system capabilities, employment,crew operations, and system configuration. The ASCOC pro-vides students with a thorough knowledge of air support, assaultsupport, and techniques of direct air support employment in theoperating force and Fleet Marine Force (FMF). Students receivespecific instruction on the following:

l Procedural control of aircraft.l Functions and roles of various DASC crewmembers. l EW.l Nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) defense in the DASC.

Air Support Operations Operator Course

The Air Support Operations Operator Course (ASOOC) providestraining for enlisted Marines in the DASC’s operations. Coursecontent includes the following:

l Operation and employment of DASC equipment.l EW.l NBC defense in the DASC.l DASC crew training.

Graduate-Level Training

Air support officers (MOS 7208) exhibiting requisite technicaland tactical proficiency may be selected by their commands toattend the Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) Course. WTIprovides students advanced training and practical applicationon planning, integration, and execution of the six functions of

Direct Air Support Center Handbook B-3

Marine aviation. MOS 7208 students receive specific instruc-tion in the following areas:

l MACCS.l Air support planning considerations.l DASC operational execution.

Prerequisites for WTI attendance include SAD qualification withMEB exercise/operation experience. Upon completion, studentsreceive the MOS 7277 (WTI) designation.

A similar program, the Weapons and Tactics Crew Chief Instruc-tor (WTCCI) Course, is available for DASC crew chiefs. TheWTCCI Course addresses the same basic curriculum as the 7208course, but the practical application is geared toward the DASCcrew chief. Prerequisites include qualification as a crew chiefand experience in a MEB exercise/operation.

Follow-on Schools

Additional formal schools are available for field grade officersincluding the WTI Commanders Course and WTI RefresherCourse. Held at Marine Corps Air Station, Yuma, AZ, the WTICommanders Course provides field grade officers with an oppor-tunity to examine and discuss issues affecting the MACCS andconsiderations for MACCS employment. The WTI RefresherCourse is conducted for WTIs who have been out of the FMF orserving in a non-DASC-related billet. The course is designed toupdate the WTI on current and evolving weapons, tactics, andthreat information.

B-4 MCWP 3-25.5

Other Schools

Other courses of instruction applicable to DASC operator profi-ciency are available from the expeditionary warfare traininggroup (EWTG). Instruction from EWTG may be conducted atthe schoolhouse or from onsite mobile training teams. EWTG pe-riodically provides a list of available courses.

On-the-Job Training

Most DASC controller and operator MOS training is conductedat the squadron level. Requirements for both academic and prac-tical application training and position qualification for DASCcontrollers and operators are specified in MCO P3500.19B. Aspecific T&R syllabus exists for MOS 7208 controllers and MOS7242 operators. Tracking of individual readiness is computed bythe aviation T&R information management system (ATRIMS).DASC controller and operator training are conducted at four pro-gressive levels. Completion of each level equates to reaching agiven combat readiness percentage (CRP). An outline of thephases, position qualifications reached, and corresponding indi-vidual CRP is outlined below.

Combat Capable Training

A Marine with this rating has a basic proficiency in air supportoperations and has a CRP of 60 percent. MOS 7208 controllerswill be TAD and HD capable; MOS 7242 operators will be a ca-pable net operator. Currently, this rating is a prerequisite forgraduation from the ASCOC and ASOOC.


Combat Ready Training

This level of training constitutes a 75 percent CRP. MOS 7208controllers will be a qualified HD and TAD; MOS 7242 Marineswill be qualified net operators.

Combat Qualification Training

Personnel at this level of proficiency will have a 95 percent CRPand be combat qualified. MOS 7208 officers will attain MEBSAD qualification; MOS 7242 operators will be a qualified MEBcrew chief.

Full Combat Qualification Training

The full combat qualified Marine is qualified as a MEF-levelSAD (in the case of MOS 7208) or crew chief (in the case ofMOS 7242) and is well versed in MACCS, MAGTF, and joint/multinational service operations. These individuals have attaineda 100 percent CRP.

Special Qualifications

The instructor-under-training syllabus is designed to developproficiency in instructional procedures and techniques. At thecompletion of this training, the individual should be capable ofdescribing/demonstrating the training objectives of the syllabus.Instructor training is oriented toward the functional areas of ei-ther air support control instructor or threat tactics instructor. Stu-dents must complete the appropriate courses and be certified by aqualified DASC WTI. Once certified, the individual will be des-ignated by the commanding officer in writing.

B-6 MCWP 3-25.5

Crew Training

The DASC crew is the key to effective and efficient air supportcontrol. The MASS trains DASC crews through live exercises,command post exercises (CPXs), and DASC drills. The DASCdrill consists of a DASC crew and a simulator cell. The simulatorcell is usually a mirror image of the DASC crew and is staffed bymore experienced personnel who execute the scenario as theFSC, aircrews, TACC, TACPs, etc., and assist in evaluating theperformance of the DASC crewmembers. In addition, one ormore experienced MOS 72XXs observe from inside the DASCto objectively evaluate the performance of the crewmembers andthe crew coordination. The DASC drill and post-drill debrief areessential to build fundamental skills and crew coordination.

Unit Training

Unit training involves that training required to prepare the MASSto perform its mission. Unit training can take on many forms in-cluding CPXs and field training exercises (FTXs). During unittraining, MASS personnel are intimately involved in preparingtraining plans and coordinating with higher, adjacent, and subor-dinate C2 and support elements.

Marine Aviation Planning Problem Exercises

Marine aviation planning problem (MAPP) exercises are low cost,low overhead training that allow commanders to train their staffsto perform special integration and control functions in a simulatedenvironment. MAPP exercises are particularly effective for deter-mining C2 requirements to support possible contingencies.


MACCS Integrated Simulation Training Exercise

The MACCS integrated simulation training exercise (MISTEX)is a MACG locally-produced exercise that involves detailedpreparation of a simulated scenario and its subsequent executionat the MACCS level. The MISTEX can serve to prepare units forupcoming FTXs or contingencies. Individual Marine participa-tion in filling a crew position during a MISTEX is a T&R re-quirement for position qualification.

Joint System Training Exercise

The joint system training exercise (JSTE) provides an integratedsystems training that incorporates the challenge of integrating theMACCS in joint operations. JSTE scenarios have been devel-oped to support joint C2 training for probable contingency opera-tions worldwide.

Other Unit Training

In addition to CPX and simulated exercise type training, theDASC often deploys to the field to participate in FTXs.

Training Evaluation

The success of individual, crew, and unit training must be qualita-tively measured to identify training deficiencies and create a base-line for designing future training. Evaluation tools to identifytraining deficiencies are MCO 3501.9B and MCO P3500.19B. TheMCCRES is a standardized, Headquarters Marine Corps-directedevaluation program designed to measure a unit’s warfightingreadiness. It specifies mission performance standards that agen-cies are expected to perform during their wartime mission. MCOP3500.19B specifies individual performance standards.

Appendix CGlossary

Section I. Acronyms and Abbreviations

AAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . antiaircraft artilleryAAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . antiair warfareACA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . airspace control authorityACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aviation combat elementAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .amphibious forceAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amplitude modulationANGLICO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .air/naval gunfire liaison companyAO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . area of operationsAOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .amphibious objective areaAOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air operations centerASC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air support coordinatorASC(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . assault support coordinator (airborne)ASCOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air support control officer courseASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air support elementASLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .air support liaison teamASNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air support net operatorASOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .air support operations centerASOOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air support operations operator courseASR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . assault support requestATC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air traffic controlATF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amphibious task forceATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air tasking orderATRIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aviation training and readiness

information management system

C-2 MCWP 3-25.5

BDA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .battle damage assessment

C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . command and controlC2W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . command and control warfareCAC2S . . . . . . . common aviation command and control systemCAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . close air supportCASC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communications air support centralCASEVAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . casualty evacuationCDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communications distribution systemC-E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .communications-electronicsCMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communication materials systemCOA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . course of actionCOMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communicationsCOMSEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . communications securityCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . control point CPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . command post exerciseCRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . combat readiness percentageCSAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .combat search and rescueCTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .commanders tactical terminalCWAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . continuous wave acquisition radar

DAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . deep air supportDASC . . . . . . . . . . . . direct air support center (MACCS agency)DASC(A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DASC (airborne)

EA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . electronic attackELINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . electronic intelligenceEMCON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . emission controlEOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . enemy order of battleEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .electronic protectionES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . electronic warfare supportEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .electronic warfareEWTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .expeditionary warfare training group

Direct Air Support Center Handbook C-3

FAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forward air controllerFAC(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .forward air controller (airborne)FARP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forward arming and refueling pointFFCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . force fires coordination centerFM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frequency modulationFMF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fleet Marine ForceFMFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fleet Marine Force manualFOB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forward operating baseFSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fire support coordinatorFSCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fire support coordination centerFTX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . field training exercise

G-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .intelligence staff officer/organizationGBAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ground-based air defenseGCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ground-controlled approachGCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ground combat elementGCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ground control station

HD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .helicopter directorHDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . helicopter direction centerHE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .high explosiveHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high frequencyHMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high mobility downsizedHMMWV . . . . . . . .high mobility, multipurpose wheeled vehicleHVAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high value airborne asset

ISOPREP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .isolated personnel report

JSTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joint system training exerciseJTAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .joint tactical air strike requestJTAR/S . . . . . . . joint tactical air reconnaissance and surveillanceJTEWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joint tactical electronic warfare request

C-4 MCWP 3-25.5

KB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .kilobyte

LAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . local area networkLF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .landing forceLFMRCO. . . . . . landing force medical regulating control officerLOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .line of sightLZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . landing zone

MACCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine air command and control systemMACG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine air control groupMAGTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine air-ground task forceMAPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine aviation planning problemMASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine air support squadronMCCRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marine Corps Combat Readiness

Evaluation SystemMCHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine Corps common hardware suiteMCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine Corps orderMCWP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine Corps warfighting publicationMEB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine expeditionary brigadeMEF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine expeditionary forceMEU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine expeditionary unitMEZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . missile engagement zoneMIJI . . . . . . . . . meaconing, interference, jamming, and intrusionMISREP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mission reportMISTEX. . . . . . . MACCS integrated simulation training exerciseMLG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine liaison groupMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .military occupational specialtyMRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mobile radio communicationMRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minimum-risk routeMRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . medical regulating team


NATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .network access unitNBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nuclear, biological, and chemicalNSFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . naval surface fire supportNWP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . naval warfare publication

OAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . offensive air supportOIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . officer in chargeOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . operations

RAOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rear area operations centerRFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . request for informationROE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rules of engagementRTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . return to force

S-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .intelligence staff officer/organizationS-6 . . . . . . . . . . communications and information systems officerSACC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . supporting arms coordination centerSAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . senior air directorSAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . surface-to-air missileSNCOIC . . . . . . . . . . . . staff noncommissioned officer in chargeSWO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . senior watch officer

T&R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . training and readinessTAC(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tactical air coordinator (airborne)TACC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tactical air command center (USMC);

tactical air control center (USN)TACP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tactical air control partyTAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tactical air directorTADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tactical air direction centerTAOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tactical air operations centerTRAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel

C-6 MCWP 3-25.5

UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .unmanned aerial vehicleUCD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . user control deviceUHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ultrahigh frequencyUNAAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Action Armed Forces

VHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . very high frequency

WEZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .weapon engagement zoneWTCCI . . . . . . . . . . . . weapons and tactics crew chief instructorWTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weapons and tactics instructor


Section II. Definitions

air support element—An element task organized by the Marineair support squadron to perform various air support control func-tions. Employment options can range from MEU level operationscharacterized by limited assets and endurance, to a multi-divisionoperation where the ASE is almost if not identical in capabilitybut set apart in responsibilities and subordinate to the DASC.The air support element can function as an extension of the Navytactical air control center/helicopter direction center, in conjunc-tion with the battalion tactical air control party. (Proposed for in-clusion in MCRP 5-12C)

air support liaison team—A team task-organized by the Marineair support squadron to maintain liaison between the direct airsupport center (DASC) and the fire support coordination center(FSCC). The air support liaison team is not a DASC, but mayaugment an echelon capability during displacement of theDASC. An air support liaison team may be used to provide ateam to the senior FSCC when the DASC is not able to physi-cally collocate with the FSCC because of mobility or communi-cations requirements with other agencies and supporting aircraft.Also called ASLT. (MCRP 5-12C)

amphibious force—An amphibious task force and a landingforce together with other forces that are trained, organized, andequipped for amphibious operations. Also called AF. (JP 3-02)

area of operations—An operational area defined by the jointforce commander for land and naval forces. Areas of operationdo not typically encompass the entire operational area of the jointforce commander, but should be large enough for componentcommanders to accomplish their missions and protect theirforces. Also called AO. (JP 1-02)

C-8 MCWP 3-25.5

area of responsibility—The geographical area associated with acombatant command within which a combatant commander hasauthority to plan and conduct operations. Also called AOR.(JP 1-02)

casualty evacuation—The movement of the sick, wounded, orinjured. It begins at the point of injury or the onset of disease. Itincludes movement both to and between medical treatment facili-ties. All units have an evacuation capability. Any vehicle may beused to evacuate casualties. If a medical vehicle is not used itshould be replaced with one at the first opportunity. Similarly,aeromedical evacuation should replace surface evacuation at thefirst opportunity. (MCRP 5-12C)

close air support—Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraftagainst hostile targets which are in close proximity to friendlyforces and which require detailed integration of each air missionwith the fire and movement of those forces. Also called CAS.(JP 1-02)

combined arms—The full integration of combat arms in such away that to counteract one, the enemy must become more vulner-able to another. (MCRP 5-12C)

commander, amphibious task force—The Navy officer desig-nated in the order initiating the amphibious operation as thecommander of the amphibious task force. Also called CATF.(JP 3-02)

commander, landing force—The officer designated in the orderinitiating the amphibious operation as the commander of thelanding force for an amphibious operation. Also called CLF.(JP 3-02)


deep air support—Air action against enemy targets at such adistance from friendly forces that detailed integration of eachmission with fire and movement of friendly forces is not re-quired. Deep air support missions are flown on either side of thefire support coordination line; the lack of a requirement for closecoordination with the fire and movement of friendly forces is thequalifying factor. Also called DAS. (MCRP 5-12C)

direct air support—Air support flown in direct response to aspecific request from the supported unit. (MCRP 5-12C)

direct air support center—The principal air control agency ofthe U.S. Marine air command and control system responsible forthe direction and control of air operations directly supporting theground combat element. It processes and coordinates requests forimmediate air support and coordinates air missions requiring in-tegration with ground forces and other supporting arms. It nor-mally collocates with the senior fire support coordination centerwithin the ground combat element and is subordinate to the tacti-cal air command center. Also called DASC. (JP 1-02)

direct air support center (airborne)—An airborne aircraftequipped with the necessary staff personnel, communications,and operations facilities to function as a direct air support center.Also called DASC(A). (JP 1-02)

emission control—The selective and controlled use ofelectromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize commandand control capabilities while minimizing, for operations security(OPSEC): a. detection by enemy sensors; b. mutual interferenceamong friendly systems; and/or c. enemy interference with theability to execute a military deception plan. Also called EMCON.(JP 1-02)

C-10 MCWP 3-25.5

fire support coordination center—A single location in whichare centralized communications facilities and personnel incidentto the coordination of all forms of fire support. Also calledFSCC. (JP 1-02)

fire support coordination line—A fire support coordinatingmeasure that is established and adjusted by appropriate land oramphibious force commanders within their boundaries in consul-tation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected com-manders. Fire support coordination lines (FSCLs) facilitate theexpeditious attack of surface targets of opportunity beyond thecoordinating measure. An FSCL does not divide an area of oper-ations by defining a boundary between close and deep operationsor a zone for close air support. The FSCL applies to all fires ofair, land, and sea-based weapon systems using any type of am-munition. Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCL must informall affected commanders in sufficient time to allow necessary re-action to avoid fratricide. Supporting elements attacking targetsbeyond the FSCL must ensure that the attack will not produceadverse effects on, or to the rear of, the line. Short of an FSCL,all air-to-ground and surface-to-surface attack operations arecontrolled by the appropriate land or amphibious force com-mander. The FSCL should follow well defined terrain features.Coordination of attacks beyond the FSCL is especially critical tocommanders of air, land, and special operations forces. In excep-tional circumstances, the inability to conduct this coordinationwill not preclude the attack of targets beyond the FSCL. How-ever, failure to do so may increase the risk of fratricide and couldwaste limited resources. Also called FSCL. (JP 1-02)

helicopter direction center—In amphibious operations, the pri-mary direct control agency for the helicopter group/unit com-mander operating under the overall control of the tactical aircontrol center. (Joint Pub 1-02) The helicopter direction center is


an agency within the Navy tactical air control system and is posi-tioned afloat. The helicopter direction center is not a Marine aircommand and control system agency, but it interacts closely withthe direct air support center in the control of helicopter opera-tions between ship and shore. The helicopter direction center alsointeracts closely with the air support element of the Marine expe-ditionary unit aviation combat element. Also called HDC.(MCRP 5-12C)

MESHnet—A communications distribution system that allowsan operator to interface with radios, telephones, intercom, andcomputer networks.

offensive air support—Those air operations conducted againstenemy installations, facilities, and personnel to directly assist theattainment of MAGTF objectives by the destruction of enemy re-sources or the isolation of the enemy’s military forces. Alsocalled OAS. (MCRP 5-12C)

positive control—1. A method of airspace control which relieson positive identification, tracking, and direction of aircraftwithin an airspace, conducted with electronic means by anagency having the authority and responsibility therein. (JP 1-02)2. The tactical control of aircraft by a designated control unit,whereby the aircraft receives orders affecting its movementswhich immediately transfer responsibility for the safe navigationof the aircraft to the unit issuing such orders. (MCRP 5-12C un-der “Marine air command and control system”)

procedural control—A method of airspace control which relieson a combination of previously agreed and promulgated ordersand procedures. (JP 1-02)

C-12 MCWP 3-25.5

rules of engagement—Directives issued by competent militaryauthority which delineate the circumstances and limitations un-der which United States forces will initiate and/or continue com-bat engagement with other forces encountered. Also called ROE.(JP 1-02)

sector—An area designated by boundaries within which a unitoperates, and for which it is responsible. (JP 1-02, Part 1 of a 2-part definition)

supporting arms coordination center—A single location onboard an amphibious command ship in which all communicationfacilities incident to the coordination of fire support of the artil-lery, air, and naval gunfire are centralized. This is the navalcounterpart to the fire support coordination center utilized by thelanding force. Also called SACC. (JP 1-02)

suppression of enemy air defenses—That activity which neu-tralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades surface-based enemyair defenses by destructive and/or disruptive means. Also calledSEAD. (JP 1-02)

tactical air command center—The principal U.S. Marine Corpsair command and control agency from which air operations andair defense warning functions are directed. It is the senior agencyof the Marine air command and control system which serves asthe operational command post of the aviation combat elementcommander. It provides the facility from which the aviation com-bat element commander and his battle staff plan, supervise, coor-dinate, and execute all current and future air operations insupport of the Marine air-ground task force. The tactical air com-mand center can provide integration, coordination, and directionof joint and combined air operations. Also called Marine TACC.(JP 1-02)


tactical air control center—The principal air operations instal-lation (ship-based) from which all aircraft and air warning func-tions of tactical air operations are controlled. Also called NavyTACC. (JP 1-02)

tactical air direction center—An air operations installation un-der the overall control of the tactical air control center (afloat)/tactical air command center, from which aircraft and air warningservice functions of tactical air operations in an area of concernare directed. Also called TADC. (JP 1-02)

tactical air operations center—The principal air control agencyof the U.S. Marine air command and control system responsiblefor airspace control and management. It provides real time sur-veillance, direction, positive control, and navigational assistancefor friendly aircraft. It performs real time direction and control ofall antiair warfare operations, to include manned interceptors andsurface-to-air weapons. It is subordinate to the tactical air com-mand center. Also called TAOC. (JP 1-02)

terminal control—The authority to direct the maneuver of air-craft which are delivering ordnance, passengers, or cargo to aspecific location or target. Terminal control is a type of air con-trol. (JP 1-02)

unmanned aerial vehicle—A powered, aerial vehicle that doesnot carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to providevehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can beexpendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethalpayload. Ballistic or semiballistic vehicles, cruise missiles, andartillery projectiles are not considered unmanned aerial vehicles.Also called UAV. (JP 1-02)

Appendix DReferences and Related Publications

Joint Publications (JPs)

0-2 Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF)

1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

3-0 Doctrine for Joint Operations

3-02 Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations

3-02.1 Joint Doctrine for Landing Force Operations Doctrine for Joint Fire Support

3-52 Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone

3-54 Joint Doctrine for Operations Security

3-55.1 Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

3-56.1 Command and Control for Joint Air Operations

Naval Warfare Publication (NWP)

3-09/FMFM 1-7 Supporting Arms in Amphibious Operations

Navy and Marine Corps White Paper

…From the Sea

D-2 MCWP 3-25.5

Marine Corps Doctrinal Publications (MCDPs)

1 Warfighting

6 Command and Control

Marine Corps Warfighting Publications (MCWPs)

3-2 Aviation Operations

3-22 Antiair Warfare

3-22.2 Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

3-23 Offensive Air Support

3-23.1 Close Air Support

3-23.2 Deep Air Support

3-24 Assault Support

3-25 Control of Aircraft and Missiles

3-25.2 Theater Air-Ground Systems

3-26 Air Reconnaissance

4-11.1 Health Service Support Operations

5-11.1 MAGTF Aviation Planning

Marine Corps Reference Publications (MCRPs)

3-25D Integrated Combat Airspace Command and Control

5-12C Marine Corps Supplement to the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Direct Air Support Center Handbook D-3

Marine Corps Orders (MCOs)

P3500.19B Aviation Training and Readiness Manual, Volume V, Marine Air and Control System (Short Title: T&R Manual)

3501.9B Marine Corps Combat Readiness Evaluation System (Short Title: [MCCRES], Volume VIII, The Marine Air Command and Control System [MACCS])

Air Force Publication

3-1 (S) Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Documents

MCWP 3-25.5 Direct Air Support Center Handbook