MCS-051 Solved Assignment 2012-13

8/10/2019 MCS-051 Solved Assignment 2012-13

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Course Code : MCS-051

Course Title : Advanced Internet Technologies

Assignment Number : MCA(5)/051/Assign/2012

Maximum Marks : 100

Weightage : 25%

Last Dates for Submission : 15thOctober, 2012 (For July 2012 Session)

15th

April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session)

There are nine questions in this assignment. Each question carries 10 marks. Rest 20 marks are for

viva voce. Answer all the questions. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the

explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide

for the format of presentation.

Q 1: Write an online student registration application using JSP/servlet and JDBC. Use the following

table to store student information. (10 marks)

STUDENT_REG

ENR-ID, SNAME, REG-YEAR, ADDRESS

Solution :

REGISTRATION

Enrolment Id*


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Student Name*

Registration Year *

Address*

Registration .java

package myservlets;

import java.io.*;

import java.sql.*;

import javax.servlet.*;

import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class Registration extends HttpServlet{

public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException{

super.init(config);

}


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public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)

throws ServletException, IOException{

String connectionURL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/jsp";

Connection connection=null;

ResultSet rs;

res.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

String uId = req.getParameter("enrid");

String fname = req.getParameter("sname");

String sname = req.getParameter("regyear");

String address1 = req.getParameter("address");

try {

Class.forName("org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver");

connection = DriverManager.getConnection(connectionURL, "root", "root");

String sql = "insert into userprofile values (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)";

PreparedStatement pst = connection.prepareStatement(sql);

pst.setString(1, enrid);

pst.setString(2, sname);

pst.setString(3, regyear);

pst.setString(4, address);

int numRowsChanged = pst.executeUpdate();

out.println(" Welcome : ");

out.println(" '"+fname+"'");

pst.close();

}


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catch(ClassNotFoundException e){

out.println("Couldn't load database driver: " + e.getMessage());

}

catch(SQLException e){

out.println("SQLException caught: " + e.getMessage());

}

catch (Exception e){

out.println(e);

}

finally {

try {

if (connection != null) connection.close();

}

catch (SQLException ignored){

out.println(ignored);

}

}

}

}

web.xml file for this program:


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User Registration and Login Example.

User Registration and Login Example

Registration

myservlets.Registration

Registration

/Registration

Q 2:What is a custom tag in JSP? Create a custom tag that will accept a full name and convert into

initials. For example Surendra Kumar Sharma should be displayed as S.K. Sharma. Please use proper

error handling feature.

Solution :

The standard JSP tags for invoking operations on JavaBeans components and performing request

dispatching simplify JSP page development and maintenance. JSP technology also provides a mechanism

for encapsulating other types of dynamic functionality in custom tags, which are extensions to the JSP

language. Custom tags are usually distributed in the form of a tag library, which defines a set of related

custom tags and contains the objects that implement the tags.

Some examples of tasks that can be performed by custom tags include operations on implicit objects,

processing forms, accessing databases and other enterprise services such as e-mail and directories, and

performing flow control. JSP tag libraries are created by developers who are proficient at the Java

programming language and expert in accessing data and other services, and are used by Web

application designers who can focus on presentation issues rather than being concerned with how to

access enterprise services. As well as encouraging division of labor between library developers and


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library users, custom tags increase productivity by encapsulating recurring tasks so that they can be

reused across more than one application.

Q 3: What is Servlet Collaboration? Explain two ways used for Servlet Collaboration through an

example.

Solution :

Servlet collaboration is all about sharing information among the servlets. Collaborating servlets is to pass

the common information that is to be shared directly by one servlet to another through various

invocations of the methods. To perform these operations, each servlet need to know the other servlet

with which it is collaborated.

The collaboration can be done by redirecting a servlet from another or loading the servlets from the

ServletContext access methods. This can also be achieved by the methods forward() and include() of

RequestDispatcher or by sendRedirect() method.

Two ways used for Servlet Collaboration

1 - Collaboration Through the System Properties List

One simple way for servlets to share information is by using Java's system-wide Properties list, found in

the java.lang.System class. This Properties list holds the standard system properties, such as java.version

and path.separator, but it can also hold application-specific properties. Servlets can use the properties

list to hold the information they need to share. A servlet can add (or change) a property by calling:

System.getProperties().put("key", "value");

That servlet, or another servlet running in the same JVM, can later get the value of the property by

calling:

String value = System.getProperty("key");

The property can be removed by calling:

System.getProperties().remove("key");

It's best if the key for a property includes a prefix that contains the name of the servlet's package and

the name of the collaboration group. For example, "com.oreilly.servlet.ShoppingCart".

The Properties class is intended to be String based, meaning that each key and value is supposed to be

a String. This limitation, though, isn't commonly enforced and can (although it's quite a hack) be ignored

by servlets that want to store and retrieve non-String objects. Such servlets can take advantage of the


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public class BurritoInventorySuperclass extends HttpServlet {

protected static BurritoInventory inventory = new BurritoInventory();

}

This BurritoInventorySuperclass creates a

new BurritoInventory instance. BurritoInventoryProducer and BurritoInventoryConsumer can then

subclass BurritoInventorySuperclass and inherit a reference to this instance. The code for the

revised BurritoInventoryConsumer is shown in Example 12 to clarify.

Example 12. Using an inherited business object

import java.io.*;



public class BurritoInventoryConsumer extends BurritoInventorySuperclass {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)

throws ServletException, IOException {

res.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

out.println("");

out.println("Burrito Inventory Consumer");

out.println("");

if (inventory.makeBurrito()) {

out.println("Your burrito will be ready in 3 minutes.");

}

else {

out.println("We're low on ingredients.
");


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out.println("Looks like you're gonna starve.");

}

out.println("");

}

}

The BurritoInventory class doesn't have to be a singleton anymore. The subclasses naturally inherit the

same instance. Again, the class file for BurritoInventorySuperclass should be put in the server's classpath

to keep it from being reloaded.

Inheriting the shared information

In addition to holding shared references, a common superclass can hold shared information itself and

optionally make it available through inherited business logic methods. Example

13 shows BurritoInventorySuperclass rewritten using this technique. It's essentially an alternate form

of BurritoInventoryServlet.

Example 13 A superclass holding its own shared information

public class BurritoInventorySuperclass extends HttpServlet {

// How many "servings" of each item do we have?

private static int cheese = 0;

private static int rice = 0;

private static int beans = 0;

private static int chicken = 0;

// Add to the inventory as more servings are prepared.

protected static void addCheese(int added) { cheese += added; }

protected static void addRice(int added) { rice += added; }

protected static void addBeans(int added) { beans += added; }

protected static void addChicken(int added) { chicken += added; }


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// Called when it's time to make a burrito.

// Returns true if there are enough ingredients to make the burrito,

// false if not. Decrements the ingredient count when there are enough.

synchronized static protected boolean makeBurrito() {

// ...etc...

}

// ...The rest matches BurritoInventoryServlet...

There are only two differences between this servlet superclass and BurritoInventoryServlet. First, all

the variables and methods are now static. This guarantees that there's just one inventory kept for all the

subclasses. Second, all the methods are now protected. This makes them available only to subclasses.

By inheriting from a superclass that contains the shared

information, BurritoInventoryProducer and BurritoInventoryConsumer can call the inventory methods

directly. For example,BurritoInventoryProducer can add items to the inventory with this code:

// Add the items to the inventory

addCheese(cheese);

addRice(rice);

addBeans(beans);

addChicken(chicken);

Q 4: Write a MDB (Message Driven Bean) for news agency that has to capture the data from various

news sources. The newly written MDB should accept the XML format of the news. The XML data

needs to be parsed and stored in the database. The news format is as follows:


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Solution :

Untitled Document


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News Id.:

Source:aa

Date::aaaa

Type of news

News content

&nbps;


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Q 5: Write an application to create a XML document from a telephone directory database. The XML

document should contain the name of a customer, address, telephone number and the last twelve

months bill payment summary.

Solution :

Shyam

Narendra

Patel

< customer.add>

Vadodara

Gujarat

390 001

079-65254789


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We found Mr. Patel is a good customer he paid all the bills on time.

Q 6: Create a mini bank application, where the new bank customer can registerand opt for different bank accounts.

The application should capture the customer details and depending upon

the type of the account, it should ask about their employment details (e.g. for saving account,

there should be salary details and for commercial account,

there should be business turnover). Put the necessary validation also.

You are required to use Servelet, JSP and JDBC.

Solution :

newACRequestPage.jsp

New AC Request-Indian Bank

function validateForm()

{

if(document.newACRequest.fname.value.length == 0)

{

alert("Enter First Name!");

document.newACRequest.fname.focus();

return false;

}

if(document.newACRequest.lname.value.length == 0)

{

alert("Enter last name!");

document.newACRequest.lname.focus();

return false;


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}

if((document.newACRequest.empstatus.value == "yes") &&

(document.newACRequest.ctc.value.length == 0))

{

alert ("If employment status is -YES-, please enter Employer.");

document.newACRequest.ctc.focus();

return false;

}

if(document.newACRequest.actype.value == "1")

{

alert ("Select type of account.");

document.newACRequest.actype.focus();

return false;

}

if(document.newACRequest.bto.value.length == 0)

{

alert ("Enter Business turn over");

document.newACRequest.bto.focus();

return false;

}

return true;

}


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Indian Bank

New AC Request Window

Personal Details:

First Name

Middle Name

Last Name

Current Address

Permanant Address


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Mobile Number

Employment Details:

Employment Status::

YesNo

Employer

CTC

New AC Details:


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Select Type of Account

--Select--CommercialSavingsCurrent

Business Turn Over (in INR)

newACRequest servlet

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;



import java.sql.*;

public class login extends HttpServlet {

protected void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse

response)throws ServletException, IOException

{

response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");


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preparedstatement.setString(2, mname);

preparedstatement.setString(3, lname);

preparedstatement.setString(4, caddress );

preparedstatement.setString(5, paddress);

preparedstatement.setString(6, mobile);

preparedstatement.setString(7, empstatus);

preparedstatement.setString(8, empyer);

preparedstatement.setString(9, ctc );

preparedstatement.setString(10, actype);

preparedstatement.setString(11, bto);

preparedstatement.execute();

printwriter.println("New Request updated successfully! Thanks for visiting Indian

Bank!);

catch(Exception exception)

{

printwriter.println(exception.getMessage());

}

}

/** Handles the HTTP GET method.

* @param request servlet request

* @param response servlet response

*/

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)



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processRequest(request, response);

}

/** Handles the HTTP POST method.

* @param request servlet request

* @param response servlet response

*/

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)


processRequest(request, response);

}

/** Returns a short description of the servlet.

*/

public String getServletInfo() {

return "Short description";

}

}

Q 7: (i) Describe the use of SSL Authentication in Java Clients with the help of sample code.

Solution :

How to write various types of SSL clients. Examples of the following types of SSL clients are

provided:

SSL Client Sample

SSL Client License Requirement: Any stand-alone Java client that uses WebLogic SSL classes to


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invoke an Enterprise JavaBean (EJB) must use the BEA license file. When you run your client

application, set the following system properties on the command line:

bea.home=license_file_directory

java.protocol.handler.pkgs=com.certicom.net.ssl

Where license_file_directory refers to the directory that contains the BEA license file (license.bea).

Here is an example of a run command that uses the default location of the license file (c:\bea):

java -Dbea.home=c:\bea \

-Djava.protocol.handler.pkgs=com.certicom.net.ssl my_app

SSLClient Sample

The SSLClient sample demonstrates how to use the WebLogic SSL library to make outgoing SSL

connections using URL and URLConnection objects. It shows both how to do this from a standalone

application as well as from a servlet in WebLogic Server.

Note: When making an outgoing SSL connection, a WebLogic Server instance uses the server's

certificate. When communicating to either the same or another WebLogic Server instance with

twoway

SSL, the originating server's certificate will be verified against the client root CA list in the

receiving WebLogic Server instance.

List-1 shows a sample SSLClient. This code is taken from the SSLClient.java file located

at SAMPLES_HOME\server\examples\src\examples\security\sslclient.

Listing 1 SSL Client Sample Code

package examples.security.sslclient;

import java.io.File;

import java.net.URL;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStream;


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import java.io.FileInputStream;

import java.io.OutputStream;

import java.io.PrintStream;

import java.util.Hashtable;

import java.security.Provider;

import javax.naming.NamingException;

import javax.naming.Context;

import javax.naming.InitialContext;

import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;

import weblogic.net.http.*;

import weblogic.jndi.Environment;

/** SSLClient is a short example of how to use the SSL library of

* WebLogic to make outgoing SSL connections. It shows both how to

* do this from a stand-alone application as well as from within

* WebLogic (in a Servlet).

*

* Be careful to notice that the WebLogic Server, when making an

* outgoing SSL connection, will use that instance of the server's

* certificate. When communicating to either the same or another

* WebLogic Server with two-way SSL, the originating server's

* certificate will be verified against the client root CA list in

* the receiving WebLogic Server.

*

* @author Copyright 1999-2002 by BEA Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

*/


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public class SSLClient {

public void SSLClient() {}

public static void main (String [] argv)

throws IOException {

if ((!((argv.length == 4) || (argv.length == 5))) ||

(!(argv[0].equals("wls")))

) {

System.out.println("example: java SSLClient wls

server2.weblogic.com 80 443 /examplesWebApp/SnoopServlet.jsp");

System.exit(-1);

}

try {

System.out.println("----");

if (argv.length == 5) {

if (argv[0].equals("wls"))

wlsURLConnect(argv[1], argv[2], argv[3], argv[4], System.out);

} else { // for null query, default page returned...

if (argv[0].equals("wls"))

wlsURLConnect(argv[1], argv[2], argv[3], null, System.out);

}


} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

printSecurityProviders(System.out);



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}

}

private static void printOut(String outstr, OutputStream stream) {

if (stream instanceof PrintStream) {

((PrintStream)stream).print(outstr);

return;

} else if (stream instanceof ServletOutputStream) {

try {

((ServletOutputStream)stream).print(outstr);

return;

} catch (IOException ioe) {

System.out.println(" IOException: "+ioe.getMessage());

}

}

System.out.print(outstr);

}

private static void printSecurityProviders(OutputStream stream) {

StringBuffer outstr = new StringBuffer();

outstr.append(" JDK Protocol Handlers and Security Providers:\n");

outstr.append(" java.protocol.handler.pkgs - ");

outstr.append(System.getProperties().getProperty(

"java.protocol.handler.pkgs"));

outstr.append("\n");

Provider[] provs = java.security.Security.getProviders();

for (int i=0; i


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outstr.append(" provider[" + i + "] - " + provs[i].getName() +

" - " + provs[i].getInfo() + "\n");

outstr.append("\n");

printOut(outstr.toString(), stream);

}

private static void tryConnection(java.net.HttpURLConnection connection,

OutputStream stream)

throws IOException {

connection.connect();

String responseStr = "\t\t" +

connection.getResponseCode() + " -- " +

connection.getResponseMessage() + "\n\t\t" +

connection.getContent().getClass().getName() + "\n";

connection.disconnect();

printOut(responseStr, stream);

}

/*

* This method contains an example of how to use the URL and

* URLConnection objects to create a new SSL connection, using

* WebLogic SSL client classes.

*/

public static void wlsURLConnect(String host, String port,

String sport, String query,

OutputStream out) {

try {


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if (query == null)

query = "/examplesWebApp/index.jsp";

// The following protocol registration is taken care of in the

// normal startup sequence of WebLogic. It can be turned off

// using the console SSL panel.

//

// We duplicate it here as a proof of concept in a stand alone

// java application. Using the URL object for a new connection

// inside of WebLogic would work as expected.

java.util.Properties p = System.getProperties();

String s = p.getProperty("java.protocol.handler.pkgs");

if (s == null) {

s = "weblogic.net";

} else if (s.indexOf("weblogic.net") == -1) {

s += "|weblogic.net";

}

p.put("java.protocol.handler.pkgs", s);

System.setProperties(p);

printSecurityProviders(out);

// end of protocol registration

printOut(" Trying a new HTTP connection using WLS client classes -

\n\thttp://" + host + ":" + port + query + "\n", out);

URL wlsUrl = null;

try {

wlsUrl = new URL("http", host, Integer.valueOf(port).intValue(), query);


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weblogic.net.http.HttpURLConnection connection =

new weblogic.net.http.HttpURLConnection(wlsUrl);

tryConnection(connection, out);


printOut(e.getMessage(), out);


printSecurityProviders(System.out);


}

printOut(" Trying a new HTTPS connection using WLS client classes -

\n\thttps://" + host + ":" + sport + query + "\n", out);

wlsUrl = new URL("https", host, Integer.valueOf(sport).intValue(), query);

weblogic.net.http.HttpsURLConnection sconnection =

new weblogic.net.http.HttpsURLConnection(wlsUrl);

// Only when you have configured a two-way SSL connection, i.e.

// Client Certs Requested and Enforced is selected in Two Way Client Cert

// Behavior field in the Server Attributes

// that are located on the Advanced Options pane under Keystore & SSL

// tab on the server, the following private key and the client cert chain

// is used.

File ClientKeyFile = new File ("clientkey.pem");

File ClientCertsFile = new File ("client2certs.pem");

if (!ClientKeyFile.exists() || !ClientCertsFile.exists())

{

System.out.println("Error : clientkey.pem/client2certs.pem


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is not present in this directory.");

System.out.println("To create it run - ant createmycerts.");

System.exit(0);

}

InputStream [] ins = new InputStream[2];

ins[0] = new FileInputStream("client2certs.pem");

ins[1] = new FileInputStream("clientkey.pem");

String pwd = "clientkey";

sconnection.loadLocalIdentity(ins[0], ins[1], pwd.toCharArray());

tryConnection(sconnection, out);

} catch (Exception ioe) {

printOut(ioe.getMessage(), out);

ioe.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

(ii) Describe the components of a digital certificate .

Solution :

Digital Certificates are part of a technology called Public Key Infrastructure or PKI. Digital certificates

have been described as virtual ID cards. This is a useful analogy. There are many ways that digital

certificates and ID cards really are the same. Both ID cards and client digital certificates containinformation aboutyou, such as your name, and information about the organization that issued the

certificate or card to you.

Universities generally issue institutional ID cards only after ensuring or validating that you are a

bona fide student, faculty, or staff member. In PKI terms, this is called the registration process

verifying that you are eligible to receive a certificate and verifying the information in it. Similar to an


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important ID card, once a digital certificate is issued, it should be managed with care. Just as you

would not lend someone else your ID card allowing entry into a secure facility, you should never

lend someone your digital certificate. If your certificate or ID card is lost or stolen, it should be

reported to the issuing office so that it can be invalidated and a new one issued.

How is a digital certificate created?

In creating digital certificates a unique cryptographic key pair is generated. One of these keys is

referred to as a public key and the other as a private key. Then the certification authority

generally on your campuscreates a digital certificate by combining information about you and the

issuing organization with the public key and digitally signing the whole thing. This isvery much like

an organizations ID office filling out an ID card for you and then signing it to make it official.

In PKI terms, the public key for an individual is put into a digital document, along with information

about that individual, and then the digital document is signed by the organization s certification

authority. This signed document can be transmitted to anyone and used to identify the subject ofthe certificate.

However, the private key of the original key pair must be securely managed and never given to

anyone else. As the private key is a very large prime number, it is not something an individual

memorizes; rather, the private key must be stored on some device, such as a laptop computer, PDA,

or USB key ring.

If you send a copy of your certificate to another computer to authenticate yourself, what keeps

someone with access to that computer from reusing it later to pretend to be you? Unlike an ID card

which is valuable by itself, the digital certificate is useless without the associated private key. That is

why protecting the private key is so important. The private key must never be given to anyone else

nor left somewhere outside of control by the owner.

An added value of digital certificates is that they provide a higher level of security than what we

currently have with PIN and password combinations. Users still use passwords, but only on their

local computer to protect their digital certificates. If one loses the device on which a digital

certificate is stored, a person holding the certificate would still need the password to unlock the

certificate

Q 8:(i) Assume that there is a table named Fecully in Oracle with fields

(f_id, f_name, f_room, f_ department). Write a code using servlet

which will display all the fields of a faculty table is tabular manner.

Solution :


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import java.sql.*;

import org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource;

public class GetAllRowsDBCP {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Getting All Rows from a table!\n");

BasicDataSource bds = new BasicDataSource();

bds.setDriverClassName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

bds.setUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb");

bds.setUsername("root");

bds.setPassword("");

try {

Connection con = bds.getConnection();

try {

Statement st = con.createStatement();

ResultSet res = st.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM faculty");

System.out.println("faculty id: " + "\t\t" + "faculty name: "+ "\t\t" +faculty room+ "\t\t" +faculty

department);

while (res.next()) {

String fid = res.getInt("f_id");

String fname = res.getString("f_name");

String froom = res.getString("f_room")

String fdept = res.getString("f_department");

System.out.println(fid + "\t\t" + fname+ "\t\t" +froom+ "\t\t" +fdept);

}

con.close();


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} catch (SQLException s) {

System.out.println("SQL code does not execute.");

}



}

}

}

(ii) Describe 5 benefits of EJB architecture to an application developer.

Solution :

Benefits of EJB technology

Some of the benefits of using enterprise beans are:

Component portability

The EJB architecture provides a simple, elegant component container model. Java server

components can be developed once and deployed in any EJB-compliant server.

Architecture independence

The EJB architecture is independent of any specific platform, proprietary protocol, or middleware

infrastructure. Applications developed for one platform can be redeployed on other platforms.

Developer productivity

The EJB architecture improves the productivity of application developers by standardizing and

automating the use of complex infrastructure services such as transaction management and

security checking. Developers can create complex applications by focusing on business logic

rather than environmental and transactional issues.

Customization


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Enterprise bean applications can be customized without access to the source code. Application

behaviour and runtime settings are defined through attributes that can be changed when the

enterprise bean is deployed.

Multitier technology

The EJB architecture overlays existing infrastructure services.

Versatility and scalability

The EJB architecture can be used for small-scale or large-scale business transactions. As

processing requirements grow, the enterprise beans can be migrated to more powerful operating

environments.

In addition to these general benefits of using EJB technology, there are specific benefits of using

enterprise beans with CICS. For example:

Superior workload management

You can balance client connections across a set of cloned listener regions.

You can use CICSPlex SM or the CICS distributed routing program to balance OTS transactions

across a set of cloned AORs.

Superior transaction management

Enterprise beans in a CICS EJB server benefit from CICS transaction management servicesfor

example:

Shunting

System log management

Performance optimizations

Runaway detection

Deadlock detection

TCLASS management

Monitoring and statistics


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Q9: (i) List the features of Semantic database.

Solution :

Semantic Database Design

Optimal Processing Algorithms

Efficient Storage Techniques

Application Schema Design Methodology

ODBC/SQL Compliance

Semantic SQL

Internet/WEB Enabled

Exceptional usability and flexibility

Shorter application design and programming cycle

Provides user control via an intuitive structure of information

Empowers end-users to pose complex ad hoc decision support queries

Superior efficiency-Highest level of optimization

Massive reduction in storage size for large applications, such as Data Warehouses

Directly supports conceptual data model of the enterprise

Internet-integrated

Semantic view mirrors real world

Complex relations made simple

Queries made simple, very short

Shorter application programs

No restrictions on data

Very efficient full indexing

Full indexing -- indexing on every attribute and relationship

Flexible classification of objects


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Lazy queries

Compaction of sparse data

No keys are needed

Automatic consistency of database

Better concurrency control

Multi-processor parallelism

Interoperability (ODBC, SQL)

No tuning required

Benchmarks

(ii) What are the challenges in designing multimedia database?

Solution :

Many inherent characteristics of multimedia data have direct and indirect impacts on the design

of MMDBs. These include : the huge size of MMDBs, temporal nature, richness of content, complexity of

representation and subjective interpretation. The major challenges in designing multimedia databases

arise from several requirements they need to satisfy such as the following:

1. Manage different types of input, output, and storage devices. Data input can be from a variety of

devices such as scanners, digital camera for images, microphone, MIDI devices for audio, video cameras.

Typical output devices are high-resolution monitors for images and video, and speakers for audio.

2. Handle a variety of data compression and storage formats. The data encoding has a variety of formats

even within a single application. For instance, in medical applications, the MRI images of brain has

lossless or very stringent quality of lossy coding technique, while the X-ray images of bones can be less

stringent. Also, the radiological image data, the ECG data, other patient data, etc. have widely varying

formats.

3. Support different computing platforms and operating systems. Different users operate computers and

devices suited to their needs and tastes. But they need the same kind of user-level view of the database.

4. Integrate different data models. Some data such as numeric and textual data are best handled using a

relational database model, while some others such as video documents are better handled using an

object-oriented database model. So these two models should coexist together in MMDBs.


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5. Offer a variety of user-friendly query systems suited to different kinds of media. From a user point of

view, easy-to-use queries and fast and accurate retrieval of information is highly desirable. The query for

the same item can be in different forms. For example, a portion of interest in a video can be queried by

using either

1) a few sample video frames as an example,

2) a clip of the corresponding audio track or

3) a textual description using keywords.

6. Handle different kinds of indices. The inexact and subjective nature of multimedia data has rendered

keyword-based indices and exact and range searches used in traditional databases ineffective. For

example, the retrieval of records of persons based on social security number is precisely defined, but the

retrieval of records of persons having certain facial features from a database of facial images requires,

content-based queries and similarity-based retrievals. This requires indices that are content dependent,

in addition to key-word indices.

7. Develop measures of data similarity that correspond well with perceptual similarity. Measures of

similarity for different media types need to be quantified to correspond well with the perceptual

similarity of objects of those data types. These need to be incorporated into the search process

8. Provide transparent view of geographically distributed data. MMDBs are likely to be a distributed

nature. The media data resides in many different storage units possibly spread out geographically. This

is partly due to the changing nature of computation and computing resources from centralized to

networked and distributed.

9. Adhere to real-time constraints for the transmission of media data. Video and audio are inherentlytemporal in nature. For example, the frames of a video need to be presented at the rate of at least 30

frames/sec. for the eye to perceive continuity in the video.

10. Synchronize different media types while presenting to user. It is likely that different media types

corresponding to a single multimedia object are stored in different formats, on different devices, and

have different rates of transfer. Thus they need to be periodically synchronized for presentation.

The recent growth in using multimedia data in applications has been phenomenal. Multimedia

databases are essential for efficient management and effective use of huge amounts of data. The

diversity of applications using multimedia data, the rapidly changing technology, and the inherent

complexities in the semantic representation, interpretation and comparison for similarity pose many

challenges. MMDBs are still in their infancy. Today's MMDBs are closely bound to narrow application

areas. The experiences acquired from developing and using novel multimedia applications will help

advance the multimedia database technology.


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MCS-051 Solved Assignment 2012-13