MC0076 Assignment

7/30/2019 MC0076 Assignment

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1. What do you understand by Information processes data?

ANS: Data are generally considered to be raw facts that have undefined uses andapplication; information is considered to be processed data that influences choices, that is,

data that have somehow been formatted, filtered, and summarized; and knowledge isconsidered to be an understanding derived from information distinctions among data,information, and knowledge may be derived from scientific terminology. The researcher

collects data to test hypotheses; thus, data refer to unprocessed and unanalyzed numbers.

When the data are analyzed, scientists talk about the information contained in the data and

the knowledge acquired from their analyses. The confusion often extends to theinformation systems context, and the three terms maybe used interchangeably.

The acquisition of information is a first step in its use. We can

obtain information from either formal or informal sources. Formal sources provide

information in a relatively organized and predictable fashion, for example, business forms;electronic monitoring equipment such as digital thermometers; and machine-readablepurchased data such as an encyclopedia (Personal records, corporate annual reports,

summarized transaction histories) on a compact disc. Informal sources provide informationin a less structured way and include conversations with customers, suppliers, and other

employees, as well as general observations of personal and organizational activities.Generally, acquiring information through informal sources costs less, but the information

acquired may be harder to organize and use effectively. Data acquisition can occurmanually or electronically. Managers often hand-write evaluation reports or salespeople

maintain written records of customer orders. Increasingly, managers can enter evaluationdata directly into the computer, and salespeople can use point-of-sale terminals to record

detailed sales information electronically. Experts estimate that electronic forms forcapturing data cost at least 70 percent less to design, purchase, use, carry, and revise than

the equivalent paper forms.

Processing information describes transforming it into a usableform. Processing typically occurs at two times: first, between the acquisition and storage of

information, and second, between its retrieval and communication. The processing thatoccurs between acquisition and storage generally requires a large amount of personal labor.

Manual processing, involves duplicating, sorting, and filing data. Electronic processing,such as with electronic scanners, involves transforming and entering the data into an

electronic form.


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2. How do you retrieve information from manual system?

ANS: Retrieving desired data from manual systems can be time consuming and expensive

executives spend approximately six weeks a year on average looking for misplaced

material. Secretaries may spend as much as 30 percent of their time looking for paper

documents and approximately 20 percent of that time searching for misfiled items. Because

paper files require large amounts of space, managers may store the data on a different floor

or even in a different building. The labour costs of retrieving even small amounts of

information exceed those for retrieving information electronically unless the organization

can create small and compact storage for its paper records.

Electronic systems provide rapid and inexpensive access to

information stored electronically in an organized fashion. The costs incurred are only those

of using the computer equipment for a fraction of a second, particularly when retrieval is

part of ongoing processing. If an individual requests the retrieval, it may require additional

processing to translate the retrieval request from a form understood by the person to a form

understood by the computer. Then the information is stored in a different place from where

it is requested, the request must be transmitted electronically to where the data are stored,

and the retrieved data must be transmitted back. Communication costs are relatively low for

small amounts of information, but the communication equipment and infrastructure can be

expensive unless amortized over a sufficiently large volume of data communication.

Companies that have small communication needs can pay to use the infrastructure of third

parties, such as telephone companies.

An object is an entity that is represented by information in a

database. User queries are matched against the database information. Most IR systems

compute a numeric score on how well each objects in the database match the query, and

rank the objects according to this value. The process may then be iterated if the user wishesto refine the query.


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4. Explain the different components of MIS.

ANS:The different components of MIS are as follows:

Hardware: The hardware component of MIS means all the input and output devices

that help the feeling and displaying the information as per requirement. Differentinput devices are keyboard, scanners and mouse etc. The output devices are monitor,

printer, network devices etc. Hardware devices are the physical parts of MIS. These

can help in maintaining the data of business.

* Multiple computer systems: mainframes, minicomputers, personalcomputers

* Computer system components are: central processor(s), memoryhierarchy, input and output devices

*Communications: local area networks, metropolitan area networks, andwide area networks

Software:Softwares are the programmes and applications which convert machineinto readable language. Different software generally used for processing the

information of an organization are ERP and CRP, ERP is software package thatcombines all data and processes of an organization.

There are two Software: Systems software and applications software.

Database:Many categories of applications software are purchased as ready-to-usepackages. Applications software directly assists end users in their functions. The useof purchased application packages is increasing. Large application systems consist of

a, number of programs integrated by the database. To be accessible, data items mustbe organized so that individual records and their components can be identified and, if

needed, related to one another. A simple way to organize data is to create files. Theindividual files of a database are interrelated.

Personnel: Different personnel of MIS are computer experts, managers, users of

computer based information system. Majority of the personnel use the computerbased information for preparing plans and programmes, rules and regulations, and

for taking different decisions.

Procedures: Procedure implies a set of sales and guideline, which are established byan organisation for the use of a computer based information system, Procedure

depends on the natutre and purpose of the organisation. So procedures are different

for different organisations. Moreover, it may vary from one department to another

department according to requirement. So, different departments have to set their

procedures in different ways so that the MIS can help in retrieving the information asper requirement of a particular department.


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5. Explain various Organizational limits to Relational Decision Making.

ANS:The rational model of organizational decision making reflects only some aspects of

the decision-making environment: those that lend themselves most readily to receivingsupport from information systems. Other aspects include incrementalism, chance-driven

choice making, political/competitive behavior, and programmed choice making. As youshall see, most of these decision-making behaviors are rooted in the divergent interests of

the people involved in making a decision. Therefore, various types of group decision

support systems (GDSSs) can help these groups to negotiate, foresee, and manage a crisis,

or to look at a broad array of alternatives before arriving at a decision.

The more recent, and most pessimistic, so-called garbage can theoryof organizational decision making is based on the premise that not all organizations are

destined to succeed-many companies (even those considered excellent at some point) willfail. These firms are unable to adapt to the changing environment, and much of their

decision making consists of attaching solutions to problems in a rather random manner. Inone sense, "garbage-can" decision making is present to some extent in all companies:

because of the difficulty in forecasting outcomes, chance does playa role in providing asolution to many an organizational problem.

The aspects of organizational decision making are reflected by what

George Huber called the political/competitive model. A decision process generally includesseveral participants, each of whom may seek to influence the decision in a direction

favorable to themselves or to the unit they represent. For example, several studies of budgetdevelopment clearly point to it being a political process. The need to reconcile the

diverging interests of various stakeholders (for example, senior management, labor,government, and others) often leads participants to avoid making major departures fromcurrent policies-and is thus one of the reasons for incremental decision making.

Rational decision making in organizations is also limited byprogrammed behavior. When decision makers engage in this type of behavior, they follow

standard operating procedures, which constrains their choices and prevents creativeproblem solving as they opt for the "safe and tried." An analysis of the results of previous

choices, assisted by information systems, may help decision makers relax the constraints of

programmed choice making.

6. Write a note on Ethical and Social issues with E-Commerce.

ANS:Ethical and Social issues with E-Commerce: The first objective of the study is toidentify the ethical problems and issues related to e-commerce. The Internet poses

fundamental challenges to issues central to society. With the advent of E-Commerce, itbrings with it a host of ethical issues surrounding customer privacy. In protecting

individual and corporate privacy, it has become a major ethical issue where it has created

an entire segment of Internet industry firms whose mission is to help consumers protect


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sensitive and personal data on the web. The second objective would be to discover theessential requirements in E-Commerce.

a. Internet can be used in illegalways, as there are no laws related to its use. Many

servers contain illegal, immoral, defamatory information (which cannot be legally

communicated using facilities like TV, radio, etc.).

b. There is minimal or no control over the Internet (unlike telephone, radio, TV, etc.).

Limited banningof material in Internet is not possible i.e. all-or-none rule.

c. Free speech advocates say that screening of incoming material is the responsibility of

the receiving end

d. There is no law against Spamming i.e. sending unsolicited mail

e.Massive flamingof large quantity of e-mail to one address. The question arises Issending/receiving large quantity of mail ethical?

Risks of Internet to Organizations:

* Contracting viruses

* Interception of passwords by hackers

* Interception of sensitive/commercial data

*Illegal/objectionable use of site by users* Inability to effectively disconnected Internet to own employees

* Misrepresentation of identity by site visitors

* Legal loopholes in electronic contracts

Data Security and Data Privacy

* Data security is concerned with physical security of data from inside and outside

causes:

* Whereas Data privacy is concerned with ethical/moral protection of data:

* It often arises as to what are the primary reasons for renewed importance for datasecurity and data privacy?

Privacy and Databases: Privacy: one's right to control information about oneself.

Proliferation of better and inexpensive use of IT leads to collection of personal data from

large number of sources. Databases can accumulate and use vast amount of data in aninexpensive manner. For example: credit card transactions dealt with personal information

in corporate databases, data in patient's medical records, employee performance records,Legal databases, loan databases

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MC0076 Assignment