MBA, Organization study report/SIFL-Karthika T K

7/23/2019 MBA, Organization study report/SIFL-Karthika T K

1/90

=

FQLMCNPMUNFC TURE^ QBZFQU FC

TUBBK / NCERTUQNMK OFQLNCLT KUE# 'TNOK.

MATUQMDU

Ugb ebvbkfzhbcu fo mkk hmcromdurqncl mce dfctrhbq lffet ncertuqnbt ebzbce rzfc ugb bwubcu

fo ebvbkfzhbcu fo nqfc mce tubbk ncertuqnbt#Ugnt ture~ |nkk ab m tnlcnondmcu bcebmvfq nc ebtdqnancl

ugb orcdunfct fo Tubbk/ Ncertuqnmk Ofqlnclt Knhnube# Ugb zqf`bdu gnlgknlgut ugb ture~ fc vmqnfrt

ebzmquhbcut mce ugb orcdunfct rcebqumibc nc ugb fqlmcnpmunfc# Nu ebzndut ugb |m~ nc |gndg ugb fvbqmkk

orcdunfct mqb zbqofqhbe mce hmcmlbe a~ ugb bhzkf~bbt fo ugb fqlmcnpmunfc vnb| zfncu+ hbugfe mce

kbvbkt fo mcmk~tnt#

Ugb mnh nt uf zqfvneb zfttnakb lrnebkncbt mce trllbtunfct ofq nhzqfvncl ugb zqferdunvnu~

hmcmlbqnmk boondnbcd~ fo ugb tubbk dfhzkbw knhnube# Ugb ture~ nt rtbork nc mttbttncl ugb }rmknu~ mce

ugb zbqofqhmcdb fo ugb dfhzmc~# Nu nt mktf amtndmkk~ mnhbe mu ugb bwzkfqmunfc fo vmqnfrt ebzmquhbcut

rcebqumibc a~ ugb bmdg ebzmquhbcu fo TNOK+ a~ zqfvnencl m abuubq icf|kbelb mu ugb orcdunfcmk kbvbk

ebzmquhbcut trdg mt |fqit+ hmubqnmkt+ oncmcdb mce zbqtfccbk bud# Mzmqu oqfh ugmu ncubqmdunfc mce

ncubqqbkmunfctgnzt abu|bbc enoobqbcu ebzmquhbcut mqb mktf nebcunonbe#


2/90

1

NCEBW

TBQNMK CF# EBTDQNZUNFC ZMLB CF#

KNTU FO UMAKBT

KNTU FO ONLRQBT

MATUQMDU

=# NCUQFERDUNFC =

=#= Ncuqferdunfc mafru Fqlmcnpmunfc =

=#1 Dfhzmc~ Zqfonkb =

=#4 Gntufq~ fo ugb Dfhzmc~ 5

=#5 _ntnfc+ Hnttnfc mce Fa`bdunvbt 2=#2 Mdgnbvbhbcut ?

1# NCERTUQ^ ZQFONKB 7

4# ORCDUNFCMK EBZMQUHBCUT =>

4#= Fqlmcnpmunfc Dgmqu fo TNOK 1:

4#1 Fqlmcnpmunfc Tuqrdurqb fo TNOK 1=

4#4 Ebzmquhbcu Zqfonkb 14

4#4#= Zqferdunfc Ebzmquhbcu 14

4#4#1 ]rmknu~ Dfcuqfk Ebzmquhbcu 4=

4#4#4 Hmncubcmcdb Ebzmquhbcu 45

4#4#5 Hmubqnmkt Ebzmquhbcu 4::=01::7 dbqunonbe+ Zraknd Tbdufq

Rcebqumincl orkk~ f|cbe a~ Lfvbqchbcu fo Ibqmkm# Ncdfqzfqmube nc =>74 mce tumqube dfhhbqdnmk

zqferdunfc nc =>7?+ TNOK qmznek~ ofqlbe mgbme uf abdfhb m cmhb uf qbdifc |nug# Ugb~ mqb

hmtubqt nc Unumcnrh mce Tzbdnmk mkkf~ ofqlnclt#

Rcunqncl boofqut fo u|f ebdmebt gmt tmeekbe TNOK onqhk~ nc ugb Ofqlncl Ncertuq~ fo Ncenm

mce maqfme |nug abtu qmunclt ofq nut zqferdut mce tbqvndbt# Ofqlnclt |nug bw}rntnub ebtnlct mce

tgmzbt+ okm|kbtt ofqht mce dfcufrqt+ aqfme amcet mce tzbduqm fo hbumkt knib MKKF^ TUBBK+

TRZBQ MKKF^T+ MKRHNCNRH mce UNUMCNRH# Mkk nc |neb qmclb fo |bnlgut mce rchmudgbe

}rmknu~ gmvb hmeb TNOK ugb hftu tfrlgu moubq ofqlncl dfhzmc~ nc ugb dfrcuq~ ofq dqnundmk

dfhzfcbcut#

TNOK,t envbqtb zqferdu hnw dmubqt uf m |neb qmclb fo tbdufqt# Ugbtb ncdkreb dfhzkbw mce


7/90

::=01::7 dbqunonbe fqlmcnpmunfc+ ugbnq tuqbclug mce zqnhb mnh nt tuqndu megbqbcdb

uf }rmknu~ tumcemqet# Mu TNOK+ ugb~ abknbvb ugmu ugbnq trddbtt ebzbcet bcunqbk~ fc ebknvbqncl ugb

}rmknu~ drtufhbq ebhmcet#

Ugbnq zfknd~ nt uf mk|m~t muumnc mce |gbqbvbq zfttnakb bwdbbe ugb tumcemqet bwzbdube a~

ugb vmkrbe drtufhbqt# Ugnt nt mdgnbvbe a~ dfcuncrfrt nhzqfvbhbcu zqflqmhhb nc zqfdbtt

entdnzkncb+ hmcromdurqncl hbugfet mce ]rmknu~ T~tubht# Ugbnq trddbtt nt nc qblrkmq ncubqmdunfct|nug Cmunfcmk Kmafqmufqnbt+ zqbhnbq ofqlncl nctunurubt mce fo dfrqtb+ kfcl ubqh mttfdnmunfc |nug

ugbnq zqbtunlnfrt drtufhbqt#

TNOK dmubq uf m |neb qmclb fo Ncertuqnbt nc Ebobctb+ Mrufhfankb+ Gbmv~ bclncbbqncl+ Mbqf

Tzmdb+ Qmnk|m~t+ Bmqughfvncl B}rnzhbcut+ Mlqndrkurqb bud#

Ugb~ eqm| tuqbclug oqfh ugbnq ubmh fo bwzbqnbcdbe zqfobttnfcmkt mce |fqiofqdb

dfhhnuube uf }rmknu~ mce unhbk~ ebknvbq~# Ugb trzzfqu oqfh zqbtunlnfrt zraknd mce zqnvmub tbdufq

uflbugbq |nug lrnemcdb oqfh Lfvbqchbcu fo Ibqmkm hmibt ugbh fcb mhfcl ugb abtu zbqofqhncl

Tumub Zraknd Tbdufq Rcnut nc Ibqmkm#

TNOK dfcuncrbe |nug kmcehmqi ebvbkfzhbcu+ erqncl ugb kmtu }rmqubq mktf# Ugb dfhzmc~

gmt abbc qbdfhhbcebe ofq MT>=:: dbqunondmunfc# Ugb qbhmqimakb zqferdut ebvbkfzbe ncdkrebt

tbvbc nubht ofq Mq`rc Hmqi(NN+ hmnc amuukb umci abncl ebvbkfzbe a~ D_QEB ofq NCENMC

MQH^# Ugnt ncdkrebt Ncublqmk mwkb mqht |gndg mqb ncenlbcnpbe ofq ugb onqtu unhb nc ugb dfrcuq~

mce mqb fo vbq~ dfhzkbw nc ebtnlc#

Mcfugbq ubdgcfkflndmk obmu |gndg |mt trddbttorkk~ dfhzkbube nt ugb ebvbkfzhbcu fo

tumnckbtt tubbk vmkvb afe~ 'T5=:. ofq AGBK+ Uqndg~# Ugnt nt ugb gbmvnbtu ofqlncl efcb a~ TNOK tf
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8/90

7

omq mce |bnlgt 22:IL&znbdb#

Ugb dfhzmc~ gmt abdmhb m zmqucbq nc ugb zqbtunlnfrt Aqmghft hnttnkb ebvbkfzhbcu

zqflqmh a~ faumncncl mc fqebq oqfh H&t Aqmghft Mbqftzmdb Kue+ G~ebqmame# Ugnt ncvfkvbt

ncenlbcnpmunfc fo ofqlnclt nc Unumcnrh+ Mkrhncnrh mce Tumnckbtt Tubbk Mkkf~t#

Ugb dfhzmc~ gmt uf kffi ab~fce 1:=1 mce tbu nut tnlgut gnlgbq+ uf qbmknpb nut vntnfc fo

abdfhncl M lkfamkk~ |bkk icf|c bcubqzqntb hmincl tnlcnondmcu dfcuqnarunfc uf ugb |bmkug mce

|bkomqb fo ugb Cmunfc |nug nut hnttnfc fo mdgnbvncl Qt# =::dqfqb nc 1:=1(1:=4+ Qt# 4::dqfqb a~

1:=2 mce Qt 2:: Dqfqbt a~ ugb ~bmq 1:1:#

DKNBCUBKB

Ugb dfhzmc~ dmubqt hmnck~ uf ugb cbbet fo Mrufhfankb+ Gbmv~ Bclncbbqncl+ Ebobcdb+

Qmnk|m~t+ Fnk mce Mbqftzmdb tbdufqt# Ugbnq hm`fq drtufhbqt mqb lnmcut fo Ncenmc Ncertuqnbt oqfh

Ncenmc Qmnk|m~t+ ABHK+ AGBK+ GMK+ NTQF+ Fqecmcdb omdufqnbt mce fugbq Ebobcdb

btumakntghbcut fo ugb Zraknd Tbdufq+ K/U Ifhmutr+ Dmubqznkkmq+ Gncertumc Hfufqt+ Bkln

B}rnzhbcut+ Mtgfi Kb~kmce bud# oqfh ugb Zqnvmub Tbdufq# Ugb dfhzmc~ mktf bwzfqut ofqlnclt uf

ugb Hneekb Bmtu+ Ncefcbtnm mce Ifqbm# Ugbnq dfhzbubcdb mce |nkknclcbtt uf umib rz ofqlnclt nc

tzbdnmk mkkf~t mce hmubqnmkt fo rcn}rb dgbhntuq~ gmt tuffe ugbh nc lffe tubme ofq mttrqncl m cndgb

hmqibu nc ugb mafvb |bnlgu qmclb ofq m vmqnbu~ fo dfhzkbw ofqlnclt# TNOK gmvb tf omq ebvbkfzbe

hfqb ugmc


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>

bcunqb qmclb fo ofqlncl qb}rnqbhbcut#

=#4 GNTUFQ^

Ugb tufq~ fo ugb Tumub(f|cbe Tubbk mce Ncertuqnmk Ofqlnclt Knhnube 'TNOK. mu Mugmcn nc Ugqnttrq

entuqndu nt fcb fo m eqmhmund urqcmqfrce# Ugb tndi rcnu |gndg |mt qbobqqbe uf ugb Afmqe ofq

Ncertuqnmk mce Oncmcdnmk Qbdfctuqrdunfc 'ANOQ. nc ugb hne(=>>:t nt cf| m zqfonu(hmincl

hmcromdurqbq fo gnlg(bce tubbk mce ncertuqnmk ofqlnclt#

TNOK+ m tratnenmq~ fo Tubbk Ncertuqnbt Knhnube Ibqmkm 'TNKI.+ |gndg gme mc mddrhrkmube kftt fo

mafru Qt#=2 dqfqbt nc =>>4(>5 gmt abbc hmincl zqfonu mkhftu dfctntubcuk~ tncdb =>>2 'bwdbzu nc

1:::(:=.# Nc 1::5+ ugb dfhzmc~ hmeb m zqfonu fo Qt#=#4 dqfqbt# A~ ugbc nu gme hmeb mc

mddrhrkmube zqfonu fo Qt#12 kmigt moubq hmincl rz ofq mkk ugb mddrhrkmube kfttbt#

Mddfqencl uf ugb foondnmkt+ TNOK gme mdgnbvbe ugb urqcmqfrce |nugfru hrdg meenunfcmk

ncvbtuhbcut fq md}rntnunfc fo hmdgncbqnbt# Ugb Lfvbqchbcu hmeb m dfcuqnarunfc fo Qt#? dqfqbt uf

Qt#< dqfqbt ofq mqqnvncl mu m fcb(unhb tbuukbhbcu |nug oncmcdnmk nctunurunfct rcebq m ANOQ qbvnvmk

zmdimlb# Ugb amcit |bqb mevntbe uf qberdb ugb ncubqbtu qmubt fc kfmct mevmcdbe uf TNOK#

Ncubqbtunclk~+ tfhb fugbq zraknd tbdufq dfhzmcnbt nc ugb ofqlncl tbdufq |bqb mktf mddfqebe tnhnkmq

zmdimlbt mqfrce ugb tmhb unhb# Aru cfu hmc~ dfrke hmib m tnhnkmq dfhbamdi mt TNOK ene#

Ugbnq hmnc tuqbclug nt ugbnq nccfvmunvb dmzmdnu~ mce ugb ebendmunfc fo |fqibqt# Ugb~ dfrke

ebvbkfz tfzgntundmube mce gnlg(}rmknu~ zqferdut cbbebe a~ tbdufqt trdg mt ugb mvnmunfc mce ugb

ebobcdb# Ufem~ TNOK hmibt dfhzkbw mce gnlg zqbdntnfc ofqlnclt ofq btumakntghbcut trdg mt ugb

Ncenmc Tzmdb Qbtbmqdg Fqlmcntmunfc+ Qmnk|m~t+ Agmqmu Gbmv~ Bkbduqndmkt Knhnube mce Agmqmu

Bmqug Hfvbqt+ abtnebt ugb ebobcdb mce dnvnk mvnmunfc rcnut#

Ugbnq ebdntnfc uf dfcdbcuqmub fc gnlg(vmkrb ofqlnclt ofq ugb tfzgntundmube ncertuqnbt gbkzbe ugbhmdgnbvb ugb urqcmqfrce# Mc ncdqbmtb nc ebhmce ofq ofqlnclt mce m gnib nc ugbnq zqndbt mktf

dfcuqnarube tnlcnondmcuk~# TNOK cf| bwzfqut zqferdut enqbduk~ uf dfrcuqnbt trdg mt Ncefcbtnm mce

]mumq mce ncenqbduk~ uf ugb R#T# mce ugb R#I#


10/90

=:

Ugb dfhzmc~,t urqcfvbq |gndg tuffe mu Qt#=? dqfqbt nc 1::= efrakbe uf Qt#41 dqfqbt nc 1::5(:2#

Ugb zkmc |mt uf bcgmcdb ugb urqcfvbq uf Qt#=:: dqfqbt a~ 1:=:# Aru bvbc cf| ugb dmzmdnu~

runkntmunfc nt fck~ 2: zbq dbcu mt mlmnctu ugb ncertuq~ mvbqmlb fo


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==

Uf hmcromdurqb+ tbkk+ zrqdgmtb+ bwzfqu mce ebmk nc tubbk fq dfccbdube zqferdut# Tbqvndncl dfqb tbdufq knib ebobctb+ qmnk|m~t+ zf|bq lbcbqmunfc mce uqmcthnttnfc nc mce

frutneb Ibqmkm mce zqfhfuncl mcdnkkmq~ rcnut#

Uf nhzkbhbcu qrqmk ubdgcfkfl~ zkmct ugqfrlg nut hfebqc omdnknunbt ofq dmtuncl+ omaqndmunfc+hmdgncncl mce nut envntnfct fo zf|bq bclncbbqncl mlbcd~ bwzfqut mce uqmencl#

Uf btumakntg+ hmncumnc+ dfcerdu mce fugbq|ntb tratnebt qbtbmqdg kmafqmufqnbt+ zf|bq rcnutmce bwzbqnhbcumk |fqitgfz ofq tdnbcunond mce ubdgcndmk qbtbmqdg bwzbqnhbcut#

Uf md}rnqb ar~ zrqdgmtb fq fugbq|ntb mce uf dmqq~ fc+ knib artncbtt fo hmcromdurqbt+tbkkbqt mce ebmkbqt nc knlgu mce gbmv~ qfme uqmctzfqubqt+ tbko zqfzbkkbe mce cfc zf|bqbe

gmrkbe zf|bq rcnut+ qfkkncl tufdi ofq hncntuq~ fo qmnk|m~t mce ofq bwzfqu maqfme enoobqbcu

u~zbt fo qfme uqmctzfqubqt ofq hncntuq~ fo ebobctb hmqncb#

Dqmout knlgu hbenrh mce fugbq mzzkndmunfct ncdkrencl ugftb cbbebe a~ hncntuq~ fo ebobctbamqlbt ofq nckmce |mubq |m~t mt |bkk mt ofq rtb mkfcl ugb dftu#

Mzmqu oqfh ugb mafvb ugb dfhzmc~ gmt dbqumnc vnumk tfdnmk mce bdfcfhnd lfmkt ofq ugb|bkomqb fo ugb dfhzmc~ mce ugb tumub#

=#2 MDGNB_BHBCUT

Dbqunondmunfc oqfh EL]M+ ELM]M+ Hncntuq~ fo Ebobcdb+ Lfvu# fo Ncenm# Mttbttbe mce mzzqfvbe a~ C]M ]rmknu~ T~tubht Qblntuqmq mlmnctu ugb }rmknu~ mttrqmcdb

t~tubh tumcemqet NTF(>::=01::7 ofq hmcromdurqb mce trzzk~ fo ofqlnclt#

Omdnknunbt dbqunonbe a~ zqbhnbq nctzbdunfc mlbcdnbt vnp#0 NAQ+ Ncenmc Qblntuq~ fo tgnzzncl+Bclncbbqt Ncenm Kue#

Abtu vbcefq m|mqe oqfh ABHK# Bvmkrmube a~ ugb Dbcuqmk Afnkbqt Afmqe mce gmt abbc lqmcube qbdflcnunfc mt m !\bkk

Icf|c Ofqlb!#


12/90

=1

QETF+ NTQF+ Dbqunondmunfct&Mzzqfvmk# TNMUN 1::4 M|mqe ofq bwdbkkbcdb nc Mbqftzmdb ncenlbcnpmunfc# Ibqmkm,t Abtu ZTR M|mqe \nccbq ( 1::? ( 1::(1:=: /1:=:(1:==


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=4

DGMZUBQ 1

NCERTUQ^ ZQFONKB

Tubbk hbmct lbcbqmkk~ gmqe+ tuqfcl+ erqmakb+ hmkkbmakb mkkf~ fo nqfc mce dmqafc+ rtrmkk~

dfcumncncl abu|bbc :#1 mce =#2 zbqdbcu dmqafc+ foubc |nug fugbq dfctunurbcut trdg mt hmclmcbtb+

dgqfhnrh+ cndibk+ hfk~aebcrh+ dfzzbq+ urcltubc+ dfamku+ fq tnkndfc+ ebzbcencl fc ugb ebtnqbe

mkkf~ zqfzbqunbt+ mce |nebk~ rtbe mt m tuqrdurqmk hmubqnmk# Ugb ebvbkfzhbcu fo mkk hmcromdurqncl

mce dfctrhbq lffet ncertuqnbt ebzbce rzfc ugb bwubcu fo ebvbkfzhbcu fo nqfc mce tubbk

ncertuqnbt# Ugb hftu nhzfqumcu mhfcl ugb ncertuqnbt enqbduk~ ebzbcebcu fc nqfc mce tubbk

ncertuqnbt mqb bclncbbqncl+ |mlfc arnkencl mce fugbq uqmctzfqu b}rnzhbcu ncertuqnbt# Ugb

ebvbkfzhbcu fo mlqndrkurqb nt ebzbcebcu fc tubbk afug enqbduk~ mce ncenqbduk~# Tubbk zqferdunfc gmt

m hrkunzknbq boobdu fc ugb ebvbkfzhbcu fo mkk fugbq ncertuqnbt# Tf nu gmt abbc qnlguk~ dmkkbe Hfugbq

Ncertuq~#

\FQKE TDBCMQNF

Ugb bmqknbtu icf|c zqferdunfc fo tubbk nt m znbdb fo nqfc|mqb bwdmvmube oqfh mc

mqdgmbfkflndmk tnub nc Mcmufknm 'Imhmc(Imkbgf~ri. mce nt mafru 5+::: ~bmqt fke# Fugbq mcdnbcu

tubbk dfhbt oqfh Bmtu Moqndm+ emuncl amdi uf =5:: AD# Nc ugb 5ug dbcurq~ AD tubbk |bmzfct knib

ugb Omkdmub |bqb zqferdbe nc ugb Nabqnmc Zbcnctrkm+ |gnkb Cfqnd tubbk |mt rtbe a~ ugb Qfhmc

hnknumq~# Ugb Dgncbtb fo ugb \mqqncl Tumubt '5:411= AD. gme }rbcdg(gmqebcbe tubbk |gnkb

Dgncbtb fo ugb Gmc E~cmtu~ '1:1 AD 11: ME. dqbmube tubbk a~ hbkuncl uflbugbq |qfrlgu nqfc

|nug dmtu nqfc+ lmncncl mc rkunhmub zqferdu fo m dmqafc(ncubqhbenmub tubbk a~ ugb =tu

dbcurq~ ME#

Ugb Gm~m zbfzkb fo Bmtu Moqndm entdfvbqbe m u~zb fo gnlg(gbmu akmtu orqcmdb |gndg mkkf|be ugbh

uf ofqlb dmqafc tubbk mu =+7:1 D '4+1


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=5

Mkfcl |nug ugbnq fqnlncmk hbugfet fo ofqlncl tubbk9 ugb Dgncbtb gme mktf mefzube ugb zqferdunfc

hbugfet fo dqbmuncl \ffup tubbk+ mc nebm nhzfqube ncuf Dgncm oqfh Ncenm a~ ugb 2ug dbcurq~ ME#

Nc Tqn Kmcim+ ugnt bmqk~ tubbk(hmincl hbugfe bhzkf~be ugb rcn}rb rtb fo m |nce orqcmdb+ akf|c

a~ ugb hfctffc |ncet+ ugmu |mt dmzmakb fo zqferdncl gnlg(dmqafc tubbk#

Mktf icf|c mt Emhmtdrt

tubbk+ |ffup nt omhfrt ofq nut erqmanknu~ mce manknu~ uf gfke mc belb# Nu |mt fqnlncmkk~ dqbmube oqfh

m crhabq fo enoobqbcu hmubqnmkt ncdkrencl vmqnfrt uqmdb bkbhbcut# Nu |mt bttbcunmkk~ m dfhzkndmube

mkkf~ |nug nqfc mt nut hmnc dfhzfcbcu# Qbdbcu turenbt gmvb trllbtube ugmu dmqafc cmcf(urabt

|bqb ncdkrebe nc nut tuqrdurqb+ |gndg hnlgu bwzkmnc tfhb fo nut kblbcemq~ }rmknunbt+ ugfrlg lnvbc

ugb ubdgcfkfl~ mvmnkmakb mu ugmu unhb+ ugb~ |bqb zqferdbe a~ dgmcdb qmugbq ugmc a~ ebtnlc# Cmurqmk

|nce |mt rtbe |gbqb ugb tfnk dfcumncncl nqfc |mt gbmube rz |nug ugb rtb fo |ffe# Ugb mcdnbcu

Tncgmkbtb hmcmlbe uf bwuqmdu m ufc fo tubbk ofq bvbq~ 1 ufct fo tfnkm qbhmqimakb obmu mu ugb unhb#

Fcb trdg orqcmdb |mt ofrce nc Tmhmcmkm|b|m mce mqdgmbfkflntut |bqb makb uf zqferdb tubbk mt

ugb mcdnbcut ene kfcl mlf#

Dqrdnakb tubbk+ ofqhbe a~ tkf|k~ gbmuncl mce dffkncl zrqb nqfc mce dmqafc 'u~zndmkk~ nc

ugb ofqh fo dgmqdfmk. nc m dqrdnakb+ |mt zqferdbe nc Hbqv a~ ugb >ug uf =:ug dbcurq~ ME# Nc ugb

==ug dbcurq~+ ugbqb nt bvnebcdb fo ugb zqferdunfc fo tubbk nc Tfcl Dgncm rtncl u|f ubdgcn}rbt0 m

!abqlmcbt}rb! hbugfe ugmu zqferdbe ncobqnfq+ ncgfhflbcbfrt tubbk mce m zqbdrqtfq uf ugb hfebqc

Abttbhbq zqfdbtt ugmu runknpbe zmqunmk EB dmqafcnpmunfc vnm qbzbmube ofqlncl rcebq m dfke akmtu#

Tncdb ugb =


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=2

|mt qbmknpbe ugmu ugb abtu tubbk dmhb oqfh fqb lqfrcet nqfc oqfh m qblnfc fo T|bebc+ cfqug fo

Tufdigfkh# Ugnt |mt tunkk ugb rtrmk qm| hmubqnmk nc ugb =>ug dbcurq~+ mkhftu mt kfcl mt ugb zqfdbtt

|mt rtbe#

Dqrdnakb tubbk nt tubbk ugmu gmt abbc hbkube nc m dqrdnakb qmugbq ugmc abncl ofqlbe+ |nug ugb

qbtrku ugmu nu nt hfqb gfhflbcbfrt# Hftu zqbvnfrt orqcmdbt dfrke cfu qbmdg gnlg bcfrlg

ubhzbqmurqbt uf hbku ugb tubbk# Ugb bmqk~ hfebqc dqrdnakb tubbk ncertuq~ qbtrkube oqfh ugb

ncvbcunfc fo Abc`mhnc Grcuthmc nc ugb =


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=?

tdbcmqnf nt dgmclncl |nug m qmzne zmdb |nug ugb Ncenmc tubbk dfhzmcnbt fc mc md}rntnunfc tzqbb# Nc

ugb kmtu fcb ~bmq+ ugb |fqke gmt tbbc u|f anl H/M ebmkt uf umib zkmdb0(

Ugb Hnuumk Tubbk+ kntube nc Gfkkmce+ gmt md}rnqbe ugb |fqke,t kmqlbtu tubbk dfhzmc~ dmkkbeMqdbkfq Tubbk uf abdfhb ugb |fqke,t kmqlbtu zqferdbq fo Tubbk cmhbe Mqdbkfq(Hnuumk#

Umum Tubbk fo Ncenm fq UNTDF 'mt kntube nc ATB. gmt md}rnqbe ugb |fqke,t onoug kmqlbtu tubbkdfhzmc~+ Dfqrt+ |nug ugb gnlgbtu bvbq tufdi zqndb#

Nu gmt abbc fatbqvbe ugmu Tubbk Ncertuq~ gmt lqf|c uqbhbcefrtk~ nc ugb kmtu fcb mce m gmko

ebdmeb |nug m tuqfcl oncmcdnmk dfcenunfc# Ugb ncdqbmtncl cbbet fo tubbk a~ ugb ebvbkfzncl

dfrcuqnbt ofq nut ncoqmtuqrdurqmk zqf`bdut gmvb zrtgbe ugb dfhzmcnbt nc ugnt ncertuq~ cbmq ugbnq

fzbqmunvb dmzmdnu~#

Ugb hftu tnlcnondmcu lqf|ug ugmu dmc ab tbbc nc ugb Tubbk Ncertuq~gmt abbc fatbqvbe erqncl ugb

zbqnfe =>?: uf =>


17/90

=14# U|f hfqb ncublqmube zraknd tbdufq tubbk zkmcut |bqb Tburz mu Afimqf 'Angmq.

mce _ntmigmzmucmh 'Mcegqm Zqmebtg. tratb}rbcuk~# Mkkf~ tubbk zkmcu mu Erqlmzrq mce tumnckbtt tubbk

zkmcu mu Tmkbh |bqb tbu rz kmubq#

Ugb Tubbk Mrugfqnu~ fo Ncenm Knhnube 'TMNK.+ m lfvbqchbcu dfhzmc~+ |mt dqbmube nc =>::1 ofq tubbk hbku 'THT. mce ef|ctuqbmh rcnut dfvbqncl mkk ugb

zqferdut hmincl nu ugb onqtu ncublqmube zkmcu uf mdgnbvb ugnt gfcfq# Tzfclb Nqfc Ncenm Knhnube 'TNNK.

nt m `fncu vbcurqb fo ugb Lfvbqchbcu fo Ncenm mce ugb Lfvbqchbcu fo Mcegqm Zqmebtg#

Ugb Ireqbhrig Nqfc Fqb Dfhzmc~ Knhnube 'INFDK. m Lfvbqchbcu fo Ncenm rcebqumincl

mce fcb fo ugb dfrcuqnbt kmqlbtu =:: zbqdbcu BFRt+ |mt btumakntgbe nc Mzqnk =>


21/90

1=

Hbumkkrqlndmk mce Bclncbbqncl Dfctrkumcut 'Ncenm. Knhnube 'HBDFC.+ ugb onqtu

dfctrkumcd~ mce bclncbbqncl fqlmcnpmunfc uf ab mddqbenube |nug NTF0>::=+ mt ebvbkfzbe

dfctnebqmakb bwzbquntb cfu fck~ nc dfctrkumcd~ tbqvndbt knib ebtnlc+ ebumnkbe bclncbbqncl mce

zqf`bdu hmcmlbhbcu+ aru mktf nc ebtnlc mce trzzk~ fo b}rnzhbcu ofq ugb obqqfrt+ cfc obqqfrt+ fnk

mce lmt+ zbuqf(dgbhndmk mce fugbq lbcbqmk ncertuqnbt# HBDFC gmt envbqtnonbe nut tbqvndbt ncuf

zf|bq+ bcvnqfchbcumk bclncbbqncl+ fdbmc bclncbbqncl+ qfme mce gnlg|m~t+ zbuqf dgbhndmkt+ lmt

znzbkncbt+ ncofqhmunfc ubdgcfkfl~+ ebobctb+ zqf`bdut bud#

Lqf|ug / ebvbkfzhbcu fo ugb ncertuq~

Ugb qmzne ebvbkfzhbcu fo tubbk dmzmdnu~ nt ncebbe m kflndmk dfqfkkmq~ fo mc~ zqflqmht fo

qmzne ncertuqnmknpmunfc ofq ebvbkfzncl dfrcuq~# Tubbk nt rtbe mt m amtnd hmubqnmk nc ugb hmcromdurqb

fo hbumk zqferdut+ bkbduqndmk hmdgncbq~+ uqmctzfqu b}rnzhbcu+ ubwunkb mce fugbq hmdgncbq~# Ugb

Ncenm tubbk ncertuq~ nt bwzbqnbcdncl m tkf| aru tubme~ lqf|ug# Ugb tubbk ncertuq~ nc Ncenm gmt grlb

tdfzbt nc ugb orurqb |nug hmttnvb tdmkb fo ncoqmtuqrdurqmk ebvbkfzhbcu gmzzbcncl mkk mdqftt ugb

dfrcuq~# Ugb Ncenm tubbk ncertuq~ dmubqt uf hmc~ fugbq ncertuqnmk tbdufqt#

Ncenmc tubbk ncertuq~ gmt md}rnqbe m tnlcnondmcu tumurt mce nt drqqbcuk~ qmcibe mt ugb 2ug

kmqlbtu tubbk zqferdbq nc ugb |fqke# Ugb trzzk~ fo oncntgbe tubbk nc Ncenm gmt ncdqbmtbe

tnlcnondmcuk~ oqfh m kbvbk fo mqfrce :#7? hnkknfc ufct 'Hu. nc =>57 uf 22#1 Hu nc 1::7# Ugb

mvmnkmanknu~ fo dgbmzbq qm| hmubqnmkt mce kmafq gmt hmeb Ncenm fcb fo ugb dgbmzbtu tubbk zqferdbqt

dfhzmqbe uf ugb ebvbkfzbe dfrcuqnbt knib RTM+ Lbqhmc~ mce @mzmc bud#

Dfctrhzunfc fo tubbk gmt lqf|c a~ =1#2"erqncl ugb kmtu ugqbb ~bmqt+ |bkk mafvb ugb ?#> "

bcvntmlbe nc ugb Cmunfcmk tubbk Zfknd~ ofq 1::7# Ugb tdfzb ofq qmntncl ugb ufumk dfctrhzunfc fo

tubbk nt grlb+ lnvbc ugmu zbq dmznum tubbk dfctrhzunfc nc Ncenm nt fck~ 5: il dfhzmqbe uf =2: il

mdqftt ugb |fqke mce 12: il nc Dgncm# Oncencl |m~t mce hbmct uf ncdqbmtb zbq dmznum tubbk

dfctrhzunfc nt ugb abtu tfkrunfc ofq ugb dfrcuq~ uf hbbu ugb lkfamk bdfcfhnd dgmkkbclbt#


22/90

11

Tncdb nut ncebzbcebcdb+ Ncenm gmt bwzbqnbcdbe tubme~ lqf|ug nc ugb tubbk ncertuq~+ ugmcit

nc zmqu uf ugb trddbttnvb lfvbqchbcut ugmu gmvb trzzfqube ugb ncertuq~ mce zrtgbe ofq nut qfartu

ebvbkfzhbcu#

Orqugbq nkkrtuqmuncl ugnt zkmc nt ugb omdu ugmu m crhabq fo tubbk zkmcut |bqb btumakntgbe nc

Ncenm+ |nug ubdgcfkflndmk mttntumcdb mce ncvbtuhbcut a~ ofqbnlc dfrcuqnbt#

Nc =>>=+ m tratumcunmk crhabq fo bdfcfhnd qbofqht |bqb ncuqferdbe a~ ugb Ncenmc

lfvbqchbcu# Ugbtb qbofqht afftube ugb ebvbkfzhbcu zqfdbtt fo m crhabq fo ncertuqnbt ( ugb tubbk

ncertuq~ nc Ncenm nc zmqundrkmq ( |gndg gmt tratb}rbcuk~ ebvbkfzbe }rnub qmznek~# Ugb =>>= qbofqht

mkkf|be ofq cf kndbctbt uf ab qb}rnqbe ofq dmzmdnu~ dqbmunfc+ bwdbzu ofq tfhb kfdmunfct# Mktf+ fcdb

Ncenmt tubbk ncertuq~ |mt hfvbe oqfh ugb kntuncl fo ugb ncertuqnbt ugmu |bqb qbtbqvbe bwdkrtnvbk~

ofq ugb zraknd tbdufq+ grlb ofqbnlc ncvbtuhbcut |bqb hmeb nc ugnt ncertuq~#

^bu mcfugbq qbofqh ofq Ncenmt tubbk ncertuq~ dmhb nc =>>1+ |gbc bvbq~ u~zb fo dfcuqfk

fvbq ugb zqndncl mce entuqnarunfc t~tubh |mt qbhfvbe+ hmincl ugb hfebqc Ncenmc Tubbk Ncertuq~

bwuqbhbk~ boondnbcu+ mt |bkk mt dfhzbununvb#

Meenunfcmkk~+ m crhabq fo fugbq lfvbqchbcu hbmtrqbt gmvb tunhrkmube ugb lqf|ug fo ugb

tubbk ncertuq~+ dfhncl nc ugb ofqh fo mc rcqbtuqndube bwubqcmk uqmeb+ kf| nhzfqu erunbt+ mce mc bmt~

umw tuqrdurqb#

Ncenm dfcuncrmkk~ zftut zgbcfhbcmk lqf|ug qbdfqet nc tubbk zqferdunfc# Nc =>>1+ Ncenm

zqferdbe =5#44 hnkknfc ufcbt fo oncntgbe dmqafc tubbkt mce =#2> hnkknfc ufcbt fo znl nqfc#

Orqugbqhfqb+ ugb tubbk zqferdunfc dmzmdnu~ fo ugb dfrcuq~ gmt ncdqbmtbe qmznek~ tncdb =>>= ( nc

1::7+ Ncenm zqferdbe cbmqk~ 5?#24 hnkknfc ufcbt fo znl

nqfc# Afug zqnhmq~ mce tbdfcemq~ zqferdbqt dfcuqnarube ugbnq tgmqb uf ugnt zgbcfhbcmk

ebvbkfzhbcu+ |gnkb ugbtb ncdqbmtbt gmvb zrtgbe rz ugb ebhmce ofq oncntgbe tubbk mu m vbq~ tumakb

qmub#


23/90

14

Nc =>>1+ ugb ufumk dfctrhzunfc fo oncntgbe tubbk |mt =5#75 hnkknfc ufcbt# Nc 1::7+ ugb ufumk

mhfrcu fo efhbtund tubbk dfctrhzunfc |mt 54#>12 hnkknfc ufcbt# \nug ugb ncdqbmtbe ebhmce nc

ugb cmunfcmk hmqibu+ m grlb zmqu fo ugb ncubqcmunfcmk hmqibu nt mktf tbqvbe a~ ugnt ncertuq~# Ufem~+

Ncenm nt nc tbvbcug zftnunfc mhfcl mkk ugb dqreb tubbk zqferdncl dfrcuqnbt#


24/90

15

DGMZUBQ 4

ORCDUNFCMK EBZMQUHBCUT

Tubbk mce Ncertuqnmk Ofqlnclt Kue 'TNOK. nt m zraknd tbdufq rcebqumincl 'ZTR. orkk~ f|cbe

a~ Lfvbqchbcu fo Ibqmkm tnurmube nc Mugmcn nc Ugqnttrq+ Ibqmkm tumub fo Ncenm# Ugb dfhzmc~ |mt

ncdfqzfqmube nc =>74 mce tumqube dfhhbqdnmk zqferdunfc nc =>7?# Nu nt mc NTF >::=01::7 dbqunonbe

dfhzmc~# TNOK+ m tratnenmq~ fo Tubbk Ncertuqnbt Ibqmkm Knhnube 'TNKI. tumqube nut dfhhbqdnmk

zqferdunfc nc =>7?# Ugb dfhzmc~ |mt qbobqqbe uf ugb Afmqe ofq Ncertuqnmk mce Oncmcdnmk

Qbdfctuqrdunfc 'ANOQ. nc ugb hne(=>>:t#Ugb hmnc zqferdut fo TNOK mqb0 Dfhzkbw mce gnlg

zqbdntnfc mbqftzmdb ofqlnclt+ tzbdnmknpbe ofqlnclt ofq ebobcdb+ gbmv~ ofqlnclt ofq dfhhbqdnmk

vbgndkbt+ Ncenmc Qmnk|m~t mce fugbq dfhzfcbcut ofq mrufhfankbt bud#

TNOK gmt tbu rz m dfhzkbub hmdgncncl rcnu uf hbbu nut zftu ofqlb fzbqmunfct mce uf hbbu nut

drtufhbq qb}rnqbhbcut# Ugb hmdgncncl rcnu nt b}rnzzbe |nug hfebqc hmdgncbqnbt uf hbbu ugb

qb}rnqbhbcut# Nu |mt tbu rz |nugnc m ? hfcugt qbdfqe unhb+ mt m lqbbconbke zqf`bdu# Ugb hmnc

hmdgncbqnbt ncdkreb _bqundmk Hmdgncncl Dbcuqb+ Qmenmk Eqnkkncl Hmdgncb+ DCD Gfqnpfcumk Kmugb+

Hmlcbund zmqundkb ubtuncl hmdgncb+ Tgfu akmtuncl hmdgncb bud# Ugbqb mqb zkmct uf bwzmce ugb

dmzmdnu~ mce runknpmunfc fo ugnt rcnu~ |nug ugb zqfdrqbhbcu fo _bqundmk Urqcncl dbcuqb mce DCD 4

Mwbt lbmq gfaancl hmdgncb#


25/90

12

4#= FQLMCNPMUNFC DGMQU FO TUBBK / NCERTUQNMK

OFQLNCLT KNHNUBE

Onl#

Cf#04#=

DGMNQ

HMCMCEAFQMEFO

ENQBDUFQT

HMC

MLNCLENQBDUFQ

\FQIT'LH.

Tq#

Hmcmlb

EH

MH

Bclncbbq

ZZD

O/

E

HCU

ENBTGFZ

ZQ

FER(

DUNFC

HHE

UBDG&

MH

Tq#

Hmcmlbq

Hmcmlbq

Hmcmbq

E

H

TUFQBT&

ZRQDGM

Bclncbb

Bcln

cbbq

EH

EH

M

H

MH

MH

Mttu#

Bclncbbq

Mttu#

Bclnc

bbq

Bclncbbq

Bcncbbq

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TD

QH

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bqt

Mttu#

Bclncbb

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Bclncbbq

Mttu#

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cbbq

Mttu#

Foondbq

\fqi

bqt

\fqibqt

\fqibqt

Mttu#

Bcncbbq

\fqibq

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ONCMC

DB

]M

Mttu#

Hmcmlbq

Hmcmlbq

Bclncbbq

\fqibqt

Mttu#

Bclncbbq

Mttu#Foondbq

Foondbq

ELH

\fqibqt

Mttu#

Foondb

MH

Tq#Hmc

mlbq

Tinkkbe

\fqibq


26/90

1?

MAAQB_NMUNFCT

HHE 0 Hmubqnmkt Hmcmlbhbcu Ebzmquhbcu M / GQE 0 Mehncntuqmunfc / Grhmc Qbtfrqdb Ebvbkfzhbcu HCU 0 Hmncubcmcdb ]M 0 ]rmknu~ Mttrqmcdb NU 0 Ncofqhmunfc Ubdgcfkfl~ ZZD 0 Zqferdunfc Zkmccncl mce Dfcuqfk TD 0 Tzmqbt / Dfctrhmakbt QH 0 Qm| Hmubqnmkt O / E 0 Oncntgncl / Entzmudg MH 0 Mttu# Hmcmlbq

4#1 FQLMCNPMUNFC TUQRDURQB FO TNOK

Fqlmcnpmunfc tuqrdurqb nt m amtnd oqmhb|fqi |nugnc |gndg hmcmlbqt ebdntnfc hmincl abgmvnfq umib

zkmdb# Tuqrdurqb amtndmkk~ ebmkt |nug qbkmunfctgnzt# Mkk tdnbcdb uq~ uf entdfvbq ugb tuqrdurqmk qbkmunfctgnz

nc ugb zgbcfhbcfc nc |gndg ugb~ mqb ncubqbtube nc hmcmlbhbcu+ nu nt cbbebe uf rcebqtumce gf|

fqlmcnpmunfc mqb tuqrdurqbe mce gf| ugbtb tuqrdurqbt mqb dqbtube mce hmncumncbe#

Nc m tnhzkb ubqh+ tuqrdurqb nt m zmuubqc nc |gndg vmqnfrt zmqut fq dfhzfcbcut mqb ncubqqbkmube fq

ncubqdfccbdube# Ugb fqlmcnpmunfc tuqrdurqb nt ugb zmuubqc fo qbkmunfctgnzt mhfcl vmqnfrt mdunvnunbt mce

zftnunfc# Tncdb ugbtb zftnunfct mqb gbke a~ vmqnfrt zbqtfct+ ugb tuqrdurqb qbokbdut ugb qbkmunfctgnz mhfcl

zbfzkb nc ugb fqlmcnpmunfc# Ugb fqlmcnpmunfc tuqrdurqb dmc ab vnb|be mt mc btumakntgbe zmuubqc fo

qbkmunfctgnz mhfcl ugb dfhzfcbcut fo ugb fqlmcnpmunfc# Nc m kmqlb mce dfhzkbw fqlmcnpmunfc+ tuqrdurqb

nt tbu ofqug ncnunmkk~ a~ ugb ebtnlc fo ugb hm`fq dfhzfcbcut fq trat~tubht mce ugbc a~ btumakntgncl

qbkmunfctgnz mhfcl ugbtb tra t~tubht# Nu nt ugb zmuubqcncl fo ugbtb qbkmunfctgnzt |nug tfhb eblqbb fo

zbqhmcbcd~+ qbobqqbe dfhzmc~ mt fqlmcnpmunfc tuqrdurqb#

Ebtnlc fo amtnd tuqrdurqb ncvfkvbt trdg nttrbt mt gf| ugb |fqi fo ugb fqlmcnpmunfc |nkk ab

envnebe mce mttnlcbe mhfcl vmqnfrt zftnunfct+ lqfrzt+ ebzmquhbcut mce gf| ugb dffqencmunfc nt

cbdbttmq~ uf mddfhzkntg ufumk fqlmcnpmunfcmk fa`bdunvbt#


27/90

1

Rctinkkbe=2


30/90

4:

zqfonumanknu~# Ugb Zqferdunfc Hmcmlbq zbqofqht bttbcunmk orcdunfct uf bctrqb fvbqmkk

drtufhbq tmuntomdunfc mce }rmknu~ tbqvndb+ mce btumakntgbt mce hmncumnct boobdunvb

dfhhrcndmunfc |nug bhzkf~bbt mce dknbcut# Ugb Zqferdunfc Hmcmlbq nt qbtzfctnakb ofq ugb

boobdunvb mce boondnbcu zkmccncl mce tdgberkncl fo zbqtfccbk mce b}rnzhbcu uf qberdb

afuukbcbdit mce zqfakbht#

4#4#=#= ORCDUNFCT

Zkmccncl emnk~ zqferdunfc mddfqencl uf mccrmk umqlbu# Hfcnufqncl mdurmk zqferdunfc / dgbdincl mc~ ebvnmunfc#

Ugb bcunqb zqferdunfc mdunvnunbt fo ugb dfhzmc~ mqb rcebq ugnt ebzmquhbcu# TNOK gmt m

|bkk(btumakntgbe zqferdunfc zkmccncl mce dfcuqfk t~tubh# Ugnt tbdunfc ebmkt |nug ugb nttrb fo

|fqi fqebq+ hmubqnmkt nttrb oqfh tufqb+ entzmudgncl+ kfmencl mce tdgberkncl zqferdunfc zqflqbtt

mce hmubqnmk zkmccncl# Ugb bwntuncl zqferdunfc t~tubh nc TNOK nt m abuubq fcb mt ufumk nt

dfcdbqcbe#

Zqfdberqb Ofq ZqferdunfcZkmccncl mce Dfcuqfk

Hfcugk~ mce |bbik~ zkmct mqb dfhhrcndmube uf ugb zqferdunfc gbme a~ zkmccncl# Amtbe fc ugb

zkmct+ ugb zqferdunfc gbme |nkk dfhhrcndmub uf ugb tgnou nc(dgmqlb mafru emnk~ zkmc# @fat mqb ugbc

mkkfdmube mce qbdfqebe nc ofqlb tgfz `fa mce drh tgnou |ntb zqferdunfc qbzfqu#

Tbu rz vbqnondmunfc nt efcb abofqb tumquncl ugb |fqi fqebq mce nt qbdfqebe# Moubq ugb mzzqfvmk fo

tbu rz+ arki zqferdunfc nt tumqube# Dfqqbdunvb mdunfct mqb ncnunmube ofq zqfdbtt cfc(dfcofqhmcdbt#

Mcmk~tnt fo tbu rz CDt nt efcb emnk~ ofq nhzkbhbcuncl dfqqbdunvb mdunfct# Tgnou nc(dgmqlb

hfcnufqt ugb zqfdbtt mce ugb nctzbdunfct mqb dmqqnbe fru a~ ugb ]M# Qfrub dmqe drh |fqi fqebq nt

nttrbe mce nu nt rzemube a~ ugb tgnou nc(dgmqlb ofq ugb qb}rnqbe zqfdbtt mce ugb |fqi fqebq nt

rzemube mce hfvbe mkfcl |nug ugb hmubqnmk unkk ugb dfhzkbunfc fo mkk zqfdbtt+ |gndg nt qbobqqbe ofq

uqmdbmanknu~#

No mc~ qb`bdunfc nt ofrce nc ugb zqfdbtt+ ugb tmhb |nkk ab rzemube nc ugb CD qblntubq mce ugb qfrub

dmqe mce ugb hmubqnmk nt nebcunonbe |nug qb`bdunfc uml ofq entzftnunfc mdunfc#

Dfhzfcbcut mqb foobqbe uf ]M ofq oncmk nctzbdunfc# Moubq zqferdunfc+ enb tgfrke ab dkbmcbe mce

gmcebe fvbq uf ugb enb tgfz#


31/90

4=

4#4#=#1ZQFERDUNFC ZQFDBTT

Onl# Cf#0 4#4

Enb Ebtnlc / EbvbkfzhbcuTNOK,t ebtnlc / bclncbbqncl dmzmanknunbt mqb mak~ amdibe a~ m |bkk b}rnzzbe Enb Tgfz+ tbu

rz mkfcl hfebqc kncbt |nug Efrakb Tzncekb Dfz~ Hnkkncl Hmdgncbt+ Bkbduqndmk Enb Tncincl

Hmdgncb+ DCD Enb Tncincl Hmdgncb+ DCD Urqcncl Dbcuqb+ Qmenmk Eqnkkncl hmdgncbt+ Gbmv~

Eru~ Zkmcf hnkkbq+ Kmugbt+ Uffk / druubq lqncebqt+ bud# Ugb ebtnlc mce ebvbkfzhbcu fo ugb enb

gfket ugb ib~ uf akbhntg(oqbb ofqlnclt#

TNOK ebtnlct afug tnclkb(nhzqbttnfc mce hrkun(nhzqbttnfc enbt# Ugb ebtnlc+ fo dfrqtb+ nt

qbkmube uf ugb ofqlncl eqm|nclt# Mce ugb ebdntnfc fc ugb u~zb fo enb uf ab rtbe nt amtbe fc ugb

tzbdnond qb}rnqbhbcu fo bmdg dmtb# Ugb dmqb ugmu lfbt ncuf ugb ebtnlc fo bmdg enb mktf lfbt ncuf ugb

tbkbdunfc fo qm| hmubqnmkt mce ugb tb}rbcdb fo fzbqmunfc ugmu ofkkf|t# Uf omdnknumub rcncubqqrzube

fzbqmunfct+ TNOK nt b}rnzzbe |nug tumcea~ Zf|bq Lbcbqmufqt# Ofqlncl enbt mqb rtrmkk~ hmeb fo

gnlg(mkkf~ fq uffk tubbk# Enbt hrtu ab nhzmdu qbtntumcu+ |bmq qbtntumcu+ hmncumnc tuqbclug mu gnlg

ubhzbqmurqbt+ mce gmvb ugb manknu~ uf |nugtumce d~dkbt fo qmzne gbmuncl mce dffkncl#

Qm| hmubqnmkt

Dgmqlncl tdqmz

Tbuuncl fo Enbt mce

UffktHbkuncl Tumlb Fwnemunfc

tumlb

Qberdunfc

Tumlb

Ofqlncl

Oncntgbe zqferdu EntzmudgnclUbtuncl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steel


32/90

41

Uf ibbz zmdb |nug gn(ubdg ebvbkfzhbcut+ TNOK gmt b}rnzzbe nutbko |nug DME+ DMH

omdnknunbt knib EBKDMH ofq ugqbb enhbctnfcmk hfebkncl fo Zqferdu+ Enb / Uffk ebtnlc bud#

ugbqba~ hncnhnpncl ugb ebvbkfzhbcu d~dkb unhb# Mkk ugbtb }rmknunbt gmvb gbkzbe TNOK lqf|

}rndik~ ncuf m zqbhnbq ofqlncl rcnu+ dmzmakb fo zqferdncl ofqlnclt |nug dkftb enhbctnfcmk

ufkbqmcdbt#

Hmcromdurqncl fo OfqlncltOfqlncl nt m hmcromdurqncl zqfdbtt ncvfkvncl ugb tgmzncl fo hbumk rtncl kfdmknpbe

dfhzqbttnvb ofqdbt# Ofqlncl nt foubc dkmttnonbe mddfqencl uf ugb ubhzbqmurqb mu |gndg nu nt

zbqofqhbe0 !dfke!+ !|mqh!+ fq !gfu! ofqlncl# Ofqlbe zmqut dmc qmclb nc |bnlgu oqfh kbtt ugmc m

inkflqmh uf 27: hbuqnd ufct#

Ofqlbe zmqut rtrmkk~ qb}rnqb orqugbq zqfdbttncl uf mdgnbvb m oncntgbe

zmqu#

Hmnc zqferdunfc hmdgncbq~ fo TNOK dfhzqntb dkftbe enb ofqlncl gmhhbqt fo =: Ufc

'=?::: ou#ka. mce ?Ufc '=:?2: ou#ka. dmzmdnu~# Fzbc enb ofqlnclt qb}rnqbhbcut mqb hbu |nug m

=Ufc dkbmq tzmdb gmhhbq#

Fugbq trzzfquncl omdnknunbt ncdkreb tgfu akmtuncl hmdgncbt+ Zcbrhmund uqnhhncl zqbtt fo

=:::Ufc mce 2::Ufc dmzmdnu~+ G~eqmrknd uqnhhncl zqbtt fo =1::Ufc dmzmdnu~+ Ankkbu tgbmqncl

hmdgncbt mce m crhabq fo fnk(onqbe mce bkbduqnd orqcmdbt ofq tfmincl mt zmqu fo ofqlncl zqfdbtt#

Ugbqb nt m hfebqc gbmu uqbmuhbcu zkmcu b}rnzzbe |nug crhabq fo orqcmdbt afug KEF onqbe mce

bkbduqndmkk~ gbmube mce m dgmqlncl hmdgncb |gndg umibt dmqb fo kfmencl mce rckfmencl fo gbmu

uqbmuhbcu dgmqlbt#

Eqfz ofqlncl

Eqfz ofqlncl nt m ofqlncl zqfdbtt |gbqb m gmhhbq nt qmntbe rz mce ugbc !eqfzzbe! fcuf

ugb |fqiznbdb uf ebofqh nu mddfqencl uf ugb tgmzb fo ugb enb# Ugbqb mqb u|f u~zbt fo eqfz ofqlncl0

fzbc(enb eqfz ofqlncl mce dkftbe(enb eqfz ofqlncl# Mt ugb cmhbt nhzk~+ ugb enoobqbcdb nt nc ugb

tgmzb fo ugb enb+ |nug ugb ofqhbq cfu orkk~ bcdkftncl ugb |fqiznbdb+ |gnkb ugb kmuubq efbt#


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Fzbc(enb ofqlncl nt mktf icf|c mt thnug ofqlncl# Nc fzbc(enb ofqlncl+ m gmhhbq tuqnibt

mce ebofqht ugb |fqiznbdb+ |gndg nt zkmdbe fc m tumunfcmq~ mcvnk# Fzbc(enb ofqlncl lbut nut cmhb

oqfh ugb omdu ugmu ugb enbt 'ugb trqomdbt ugmu mqb nc dfcumdu |nug ugb |fqiznbdb. ef cfu bcdkftb ugb

|fqiznbdb+ mkkf|ncl nu uf okf| bwdbzu |gbqb dfcumdube a~ ugb enbt# Ugbqbofqb ugb fzbqmufq cbbet uf

fqnbcu mce zftnunfc ugb |fqiznbdb uf lbu ugb ebtnqbe tgmzb# Ugb enbt mqb rtrmkk~ okmu nc tgmzb+ aru

tfhb gmvb m tzbdnmkk~ tgmzbe trqomdb ofq tzbdnmknpbe fzbqmunfct# Ofq bwmhzkb+ m enb hm~ gmvb m

qfrce+ dfcdmvb+ fq dfcvbw trqomdb fq ab m uffk uf ofqh gfkbt fq ab m dru(foo uffk#

Fzbc(enb eqfz ofqlnclFzbc(enb ofqlncl kbcet nutbko uf tgfqu qrct mce nt mzzqfzqnmub ofq mqu thnugncl mce drtufh

|fqi# Nc tfhb dmtbt+ fzbc(enb ofqlncl hm~ ab bhzkf~be uf qfrlg(tgmzb nclfut uf zqbzmqb ugbh

ofq tratb}rbcu fzbqmunfct# Fzbc(enb ofqlncl hm~ mktf fqnbcu ugb lqmnc uf ncdqbmtb tuqbclug nc ugb

qb}rnqbe enqbdunfc#

Dfllncl nt trddbttnvb ebofqhmunfc fo m amq mkfcl nut kbclug rtncl mc fzbc(enb eqfz ofqlb#

Nu nt dfhhfck~ rtbe uf |fqi m znbdb fo qm| hmubqnmk uf ugb zqfzbq ugndicbtt# Fcdb ugb zqfzbq

ugndicbtt nt mdgnbvbe ugb zqfzbq |neug nt mdgnbvbe vnm belncl#Belncl nt ugb zqfdbtt fo

dfcdbcuqmuncl hmubqnmk rtncl m dfcdmvb tgmzbe fzbc enb# Ugb zqfdbtt nt dmkkbe belncl+ abdmrtb nu

nt rtrmkk~ dmqqnbe fru fc ugb bcet fo ugb |fqiznbdb# Orkkbqncl nt m tnhnkmq zqfdbtt ugmu ugnct fru

tbdunfct fo ugb ofqlncl rtncl m dfcvbw tgmzbe enb# Ugbtb zqfdbttbt zqbzmqb ugb |fqiznbdbt ofq

orqugbq ofqlncl zqfdbttbt#

Onl# Cf# 4#5

BELNCL ORKKBQNCL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingot


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Nhzqbttnfc(enb eqfz ofqlnclNhzqbttnfc(enb ofqlncl nt mktf dmkkbe dkftbe(enb ofqlncl# Nc nhzqbttnfc(enb ofqlncl+ ugb hbumk

nt zkmdbe nc m enb qbtbhakncl m hfke+ |gndg nt muumdgbe uf ugb mcvnk# Rtrmkk~ ugb gmhhbq enb nt

tgmzbe mt |bkk# Ugb gmhhbq nt ugbc eqfzzbe fc ugb |fqiznbdb+ dmrtncl ugb hbumk uf okf| mce onkk

ugb enb dmvnunbt# Ugb gmhhbq nt lbcbqmkk~ nc dfcumdu |nug ugb |fqiznbdb fc ugb tdmkb fo

hnkkntbdfcet# Ebzbcencl fc ugb tnpb mce dfhzkbwnu~ fo ugb zmqu ugb gmhhbq hm~ ab eqfzzbe

hrkunzkb unhbt nc }rndi trddbttnfc# Bwdbtt hbumk nt t}rbbpbe fru fo ugb enb dmvnunbt+ ofqhncl |gmu

nt qbobqqbe uf mtokmtg# Ugb okmtg dffkt hfqb qmznek~ ugmc ugb qbtu fo ugb hmubqnmk9 ugnt dffk hbumk nt

tuqfclbq ugmc ugb hbumk nc ugb enb tf nu gbkzt zqbvbcu hfqb okmtg oqfh ofqhncl# Ugnt mktf ofqdbt ugb

hbumk uf dfhzkbubk~ onkk ugb enb dmvnu~# Moubq ofqlncl ugb okmtg nt qbhfvbe#

Ugbnq mccrmk dmzmdnu~ nt mqfrce


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Ubtuncl&Nctzbdunfc OmdnknunbtTrqomdb dfcenunfcncl nt efcb a~ tgfu akmtuncl&lqncencl mce oncmk nctzbdunfc nt dmqqnbe fru

fcdb mlmnc uf bctrqb }rmknu~ qb}rnqbhbcut# Cfc(dfcofqhnunbt mqb umibc dmqb fo a~ unhbk~

dfqqbdunvb mce zqbvbcunvb mdunfc# Dmknaqmunfc fo bkbduqndmk orqcmdbt fo TNOK nt efcb a~ CMAK

mddqbenube kmafqmufqnbt knib GMK+ TUND+ DRTMU bud#

TNOK gmt tbu rz m t~tubh fo ufumk }rmknu~ dfcuqfk dfctntuncl fo mc mqqm~ fo tumub(fo(ugb(mqu

tzbdnmknu~ b}rnzhbcut |gbqb ugb zqferdut lf ugqfrlg m tbqnbt fo qnlfqfrt ubtut+ ugb ebtuqrdunvb ubtu

ncdkrencl ubctnkb+ `fhnc~ mce nhzmdu ubtuncl+ |bu mcmk~tnt+ dmqafc(trkzgrq ebubqhncmunfc+ nctnur

hbumkkflqmzg~ '|gbqb hndqftuqrdurqb dmc ab fatbqvbe |nugfru ebtuqf~ncl ugb `fa. mce cfc(

ebtuqrdunvb ubtut rtncl Tzbduqfhbubq+ Hndqftdfzb+ Hmlcmokrw dqmdi ebubdunfc+ Enb Zbcbuqmcu+

Rkuqmtfcnd okm| ebubdunfc bud# TNOK nt cf| b}rnzzbe |nug m cb| enlnumk rkuqmtfcnd okm| ebubdufq

|gndg gmt lfu m qmclb fo 2hh uf 2h nc tubbk#

Tbuuncl mce dfcuqfk fo }rmknu~ tumcemqet mu mkk tumlbt qnlgu oqfh ugb qbdbnzu fo qm| hmubqnmk

uf ugb oncntgbe zqferdu ugqfrlg }rmknu~ zkmc hmibt ugbh ebknvbq trzbqnfq }rmknu~ ofqlnclt |nug

dkftb enhbctnfcmk ufkbqmcdbt mce hbumkkrqlndmk zqfzbqunbt#

4#4#=#4 HMDGNCNCL RCNU

TNOK gmt tbu rz m dfhzkbub hmdgncncl rcnu uf hbbu nut zftu ofqlb fzbqmunfct mce uf hbbu nut

drtufhbq qb}rnqbhbcut# Ugb hmdgncncl rcnu nt b}rnzzbe |nug hfebqc hmdgncbqnbt uf hbbu ugb

qb}rnqbhbcut# Nu |mt tbu rz |nugnc ? hfcugt qbdfqe unhb+ mt m lqbbconbke zqf`bdu#

Ugb hmnc hmdgncbqnbt ncdkrebt _bqundmk Hmdgncncl Dbcubq+ Qmenmk Eqnkkncl Hmdgncb+ DCD

Gfqnpfcumk Kmugb+ Hmlcbund zmqundkb ubtuncl hmdgncb+ Tgfu akmtuncl hmdgncb bud#


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4#4#1 ]RMKNU^ DFCUQFK EBZMQUHBCU

]rmknu~ dfcuqfk ebzmquhbcu gmt m qbtzfctnanknu~ uf dfcuqfk mce hmncumnc ugb }rmknu~ fo

ankkbut mce uf lqmeb nu mddfqencl uf ANT tumcemqet mce qbzfquncl nu uf zqferdunfc ebzmquhbcu# Ugb

ebzmquhbcu gmt orkk(okbelbe kmafqmufq~ uf ef ugnt umti# Erqncl qboncncl ugb tmhzkbt mqb mcmk~pbe#

Ugb zqferdut fo ugb dfhzmc~ mqb bvbq~ unhb tra`bdube uf ugb hftu tuqnclbcu mce rcdfhzqfhntncl

ubtu# Abncl gfkebq fo m lffe kndbctb+ dfhzmc~ nt mrugfqnpbe uf nttrb dbqunondmubt dfcofqhncl ANT

tzbdnondmunfc#

Ugb fa`bdunvbt fo ugb ebzmquhbcu nt+ uf bctrqb ugmu lffe }rmknu~ ofqlncl fck~ qbmdg uf drtufhbqt

mce ugmu ugb zqferdu hbbu drtufhbqt qb}rnqbhbcut mce uf bctrqb ugb drtufhbqt dfhzkmncu uf Cnk

fc }rmknu~#

FQLMCFLQMH FO ]RMKNU^ DFCUQFK EBZMQUHBCU

Onl# Cf#0 4#2

Hmcmlbq

Mttu# Hmcmlbq

Bclncbbq

Mttu# Bclncbbq

Tinkkbe

Rctinkkbe


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4::=01::7 }rmknu~ t~tubh dfvbqt ugb |gfkb lqfrce+

Mddbzumcdb zkmc mce ubtuncl fo =::" qm| hmubqnmk trzzknbt# Tbuuncl mce dfcuqfk fo }rmknu~ tumcemqet ofq ofqlncl mt zbq }rmknu~ zkmc# Dfqqbdunvb mce zqbvbcunvb mdunfct mqb nhzkbhbcube zqfhzuk~ ofq hncnhnpncl

ebobdut uf m pbqf kbvbk#


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Dbqunondmunfc fo omdnknunbt a~ NAQ+ BNK+ NQT mce fugbq nctzbdunfc mlbcdnbt# Nc(ebzug ubtuncl mce qbtbmqdg+ amtbe fc tzbdnond drtufhbq qb}rnqbhbcut# Dfcuncrfrt vbcefq bvmkrmunfc# Tuqndu nhzkbhbcumunfc fo btumakntgbe zqfdbttbt# Dmknaqmunfc mce hmncubcmcdb fo ubtuncl+ hbmtrqncl mce ugbqhmk dfcuqfk

b}rnzhbcu#

Dfctumcu mce dfcuncrfrt dfctrkumunfc |nug drtufhbqt mce trzzknbqt fc mkkubdgcndmk mtzbdut#

Hmncubcmcdb fo gnlg vbcefq qmuncl |nug drtufhbqt#


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4#4#4 HMNCUBCMCDB EBZMQUHBCU

Ugb ubqh hmncubcmcdb hbmct uf ibbz ugb b}rnzhbcu nc fzbqmunfcmk dfcenunfc fq qbzmnq nu

uf nut fzbqmunfcmk hfeb# Hmnc fa`bdunvb fo ugb hmncubcmcdb nt uf gmvb ncdqbmtbe mvmnkmanknu~ fo

zqferdunfc t~tubht+ |nug ncdqbmtbe tmobu~ mce fzunhnpbe dftu# Hmncubcmcdb hmcmlbhbcu ncvfkvbt

hmcmlncl ugb orcdunfct fo hmncubcmcdb# Ugb qbtzfctnanknu~ fo hmncubcmcdb ebzmquhbcu nt uf ibbz

ugb bcunqb tgnou mk|m~t qbme~ ofq mdunfc# Ofq ugb thffug mce boobdunvb orcdunfcncl fo dfhzmc~ nu nt

cbdbttmq~ uf hmncumnc ugb t~tubh zqfzbqk~# Ugb hfuuf nt uf hncnhnpb ugb ef|cunhb+ ibbz ugb

hmdgncbqnbt nc lffe dfcenunfc+ hmwnhnpb ugb runknpmunfc fo b}rnzhbcut mce uf mdgnbvb qb}rnqbe

kbvbk fo }rmknu~#

FQLMCFLQMH FO HMNCUBCMCDB EBZMQUHBCU

Onl# Cf#0 4#?

Hmcmlbq

Bclncbbq

Mttntumcu

Bclncbbq

Omaqndmufq Onuubq Zrhz gfrtb

Fzbqmufq

Eqnvbq Druubq Hbdgmcnd

gbkzbq

Zrhz gfrtb

gbkzbq

Druubq gbkzbq


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Hmncubcmcdb fqlmcnpmunfc tuqrdurqb dmc ab dfctnebqbe mt abncl hmeb rz ugqbb cbdbttmq~ mce

ncubqebzbcebcu dfhzfcbcut#

Qbtfrqdbt0 hbc+ tzmqbt mce uffkt

Mehncntuqmunfc0 m gnbqmqdg~ fo mrugfqnu~ mce qbtzfctnanknu~ ofq ebdnencl |gmu+ |gbc mcegf| |fqi tgfrke ab dmqqnbe fru#

\fqi Zkmccncl mce Dfcuqfk T~tubh0 m hbdgmcnth ofq zkmccncl mce tdgberkncl ugb |fqimce obbencl amdi ugb ncofqhmunfc ugmu nt cbbebe ofq dfqqbduk~ enqbduncl ugb hmncubcmcdb

boofqu uf|mqet eboncbe fa`bdunvb#

Ugb hmcmlbq nt qbtzfctnakb ofq ugb tmob hmncubcmcdb+ qbzmnq fq qbzkmdbhbcu fo zkmcu b}rnzhbcu

mce t~tubht+ uf bctrqb hmwnhrh zqferdunfc }rmcunu~ mce }rmknu~+ |gnkb trzzfquncl ugb zfkndnbt+

lfmkt mce fa`bdunvbt fo ugb dfhzmc~#

4#4#4#= ORCDUNFCT

Aqbmief|c hmncubcmcdb Dmknaqmunfc Zqbvbcunvb hmncubcmcdb Hmdgncb Dmzmanknu~ Ubtu

Aqbmief|c hmncubcmcdbUgbqb nt m tbdunfc |gndg rcebqumibt ugb `fa fo hmncumncncl+ qbzmnqncl ugb zmqut fo

hmdgncbq~ |gbqb aqbmief|c fq entmtubqt gme gmzzbcbe# Ugnt tbdunfc nt gbkzork uf hmncumnc trdg

zqfakbht a~ ugbh ubhzfqmqnk~ mce ugrt ugb zqferdunfc orcdunfc |nkk dfcerdu thffugk~ |nugfru

ebkm~t# Ugb ebzmquhbcu mrugfqnu~ lbut ncunhmunfc |gf ugbc muubcet ugb tumurt fo ugb zmqundrkmq

b}rnzhbcu nc hmncubcmcdb qblntubq# Ugb tnub nt nctzbdube+ mce ugb kfl affit mqb rzemube# Ugb

zqfakbht mqb qbdfqebe nc hmdgncb gntufq~ affi mce hfcugk~ qbvnb| nt zbqofqhbe#

Dmknaqmunfc Ugbqhfdfrzkbt mqb nebcunonbe mce dmknaqmube fcdb nc 4 hfcugt# Cfc(dfcofqhncl

ugbqhfdfrzkbt mqb entzftbe#


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Orqcmdbt mqb dmknaqmube a~ rtncl dmknaqmube ugbqhfdfrzkbt# Ugb~ mqb hmncumncbe mu =::D#Dbqunondmub nt nttrbe moubq dmkdrkmunfc#

Zqbvbcunvb hmncubcmcdb Hmncubcmcdb fo orqcmdbt0

Orqcmdbt mqb zqfvnebe |nug ugbqhfdfrzkbt moubq bctrqncl ugb vmknenu~ fo ugbqhfdfrzkbt#

Orqcmdbt mqb hmncumncbe mu m ubhzbqmurqb fo =::D# Ugb zbqofqhmcdb nt dgbdibe mce ugb~

mqb gmcekbe fvbq ofq zqferdunfc zqfdbtt# Ugb orqcmdbt mqb nctzbdube fcdb nc 4: em~t#

Bl0 kncncl omnkrqb+ dfnk omnkrqb 'hm`fq aqbmief|c.#

B}rnzhbcut fugbq ugmc orqcmdb0Ugb =:U mce ?U gmhhbq mce dfhzqbttfqt ncvfkvbt qbzkmdbhbcu&hfenondmunfc+ ugb

cbdbttmq~ tzmqbt mqb hmeb mvmnkmakb# No rcmvmnkmakb+ ugb zmqut mqb tibudgbe# Abofqb

mttbhak~ fo cb| tzmqbt+ dfhzfcbcut mqb vbqnonbe |nug tibudgbt# Qbdfqet mqb hmncumncbe

ofq 4 ~bmqt#


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4#4#5 HMUBQNMKT EBZMQUHBCU

Hmubqnmkt nczru nt vbq~ nhzfqumcu mt bwdbtt hmubqnmk mt ncvbcufq~ dmrtbt dftut uf ugb

dfhzmc~ mce tgfqumlb fo hmubqnmk qbtrkut ncuf tufzzmlb fo dfcvbqtnfc zqfdbtt mce tratb}rbcuk~

tgfqumlb fo oncntgbe lffet kbmencl uf drtufhbq enttmuntomdunfc# Fru fo 2Ht+ ugmu mqb nczrut uf m

dfcvbqtnfc zqfdbtt+ hmubqnmk nt tratumcunmk nc ubqht fo nut dfcuqnarunfc uf zqferdu dftu+ mce drqqbcu

mttbut# Hmcmlbhbcu fo hmubqnmkt nt dqrdnmk nc m @rtu nc Unhb Dfhzmc~# Zqferdunfc zqfdbtt cbbet

vbq~ tuqfcl hmubqnmkt hmcmlbhbcu trzzfqu uf lbmq rz uf omdb dgmkkbclbt fo drqqbcu hmqibu#

Hmubqnmkt Hmcmlbhbcu zqfvnebt ncofqhmunfc mafru mvmnkmanknu~ fo cb| zqferdut mce tbqvndbt nc

ugb hmqibu |gndg kbmet uf dftu boondnbcu dgmclbt nc ugb zqfdbtt#

FQLMCFLQMH FO HMUBQNMKT EBZMQUHBCU

Onl# Cf#0 4#

Tncdb ugb ebzmquhbcu nt enqbduk~ rcebq hmcmlncl enqbdufq+ ugb ebdntnfc hmincl

qbtzfctnanknu~ omkkt uf gnh# Abtnebt ugb orcemhbcumk eru~ fo qmntncl fo orcet mce

mkkfdmunfc fo orcet+ zqfonu zkmccncl mce rcebqtumcencl dmznumk hmqibu mqb ugb

qbtzfctnanknu~ fo ugb ebzmquhbcu# Ugb hmnc qbtzfctnanknunbt fo ugb ebzmquhbcu mqb ugb

ofkkf|ncl0(

Mkk oncmcdnmk mdunvnu~ knib dfkkbdunfc mce zm~hbcu bud# Qmntncl fo ncdfhb Hmncumnc bdfcfhnd tumanknu~ nc ugb dfhzmc~ Bcuq~ fo mkk bwzbctbt nc mddfrcut affi Hmncumnc mkk ince fo affit fo mddfrcut4#4#


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Dqbenufqt Kbelbq Lbcbqmk Kbelbq Dfcvbqtnfc Qblntubq Onwbe mttbu qblntubq

Amcincl Mddfrcuncl

Nc ugb zqbzmqmunfc fo ugb mccrmk mddfrcut+ ugb mzzkndmakb Hmcemufq~ Mddfrcuncl

Tumcemqet mqb ofkkf|be# Ugb Dfhzmc~ hmncumnct meb}rmub Mddfrcuncl Qbdfqet nc

mddfqemcdb |nug ugb zqfvntnfct fo ugb Dfhzmcnbt Mdu+ =>2?#

Arelbu zqbzmqmunfc# Mrenuncl#

Ugb mrenuncl nt dfcerdube mddfqencl uf ugb mrenuncl tumcemqet lbcbqmkk~ mddbzube nc

Ncenm# Ugftb tumcemqet qb}rnqb zkmccncl mce zbqofqhncl ugb mrenu uf faumnc qbmtfcmakb

mttrqmcdb mafru |gbugbq ugb oncmcdnmk tumubhbcut mqb oqbb fo hmubqnmk hnttumubhbcu#

Zqbzmqmunfc fo oncmcdnmk tumubhbcut / qbzfqut#Oncmcdb ebzmquhbcu zqbzmqbt Amkmcdb tgbbu mce Zqfonu / Kftt mddfrcu# Mktf efbt

oncmcdnmk mcmk~tnt fc ugnt nc fqebq uf gbkz hmcmlbhbcu uf umib zqfzbq ebdntnfc#

Nu hmncumnct bdfcfhnd tumanknu~ |nugfru dmrtncl mc~ ncubqqrzunfct nc ugb em~ uf em~zqfdbttncl fo ugb dfhzmc~ a~ dfcuqfkkncl ugb ncokf| mce fruokf| fo orcet#

Ankkncl mce zm~hbcuMkk oncmcdnmk mdunvnunbt knib ankkncl+ dfkkbdunfc mce zm~hbcu nt efcb a~ oncmcdb

ebzmquhbcu# Dmtg zm~hbcu nt efcb rz uf Qt#1:+ ::: mce mafvb ugmu zm~hbcu nt efcb

ugqfrlg dgb}rb#

4#4#


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Oqfh ugb dftu zfncu fo vnb|+ b}rnu~ dmznumk nt ugb hftu bwzbctnvb tfrqdbt fo orcet+

mt envnebe bwzbdumunfct fo tgmqbgfkebqt mqb cfqhmkk~ gnlgbq ugmc ugmu fo zqbvmnkncl

ncubqbtu qmubt#

Oncmcdnmk hmcmlbhbcu dfctunurubt qnti+ dftu mce dfcuqfk# Ugb dftu fo orcet tgfrke

ab mu hncnhrh ofq m zqfzbq amkmcdncl fo qnti mce dfcuqfk#

Nc ugb lkfamknpbe dfhzbununvb tdbcmqnf+ hfanknpmunfc fo orcet zkm~t m vbq~

tnlcnondmcu qfkb# Orcet dmc ab qmntbe bnugbq ugqfrlg ugb efhbtund hmqibu fq oqfh maqfme#

Ofqbnlc enqbdu ncvbtuhbcu 'OEN. mt |bkk mt ofqbnlc nctunurunfcmk ncvbtufqt 'ONN. nt u|f

hm`fq tfrqdbt fo orcet gmvb uf ab hfenonbe nc ugb knlgu fo qb}rnqbhbcut fo ofqbnlc

ncvbtuhbcu#

Nc ugb dfhzmc~ mddfrcuncl mce oncmcdncl orcdunfct mqb zbqofqhbe a~ ugb mddfrcut

hmcmlbq# Dftut qbdfqet mqb mktf hmncumncbe a~ gnh# Ugb dfhzmc~ ofkkf|t ugb efrakb

bcuq~ t~tubh fo mddfrcuncl uf hmncumnc ugb mddfrcut# Ugb mddfrcuncl mce ugb oncmcdncl

orcdunfct ncdkreb#

Hmncumncncl ugb affit mt zbq tumurufq~ qb}rnqbhbcu# Qbdfqencl ugb uqmctmdunfct# Mtdbqumncncl zqfonu fq kftt fo ugb dfhzmc~ mce icf|ncl ugb zftnunfc#

Ugb mrugfqnpbe zbqtfct oqfh ugb lqfrz vbqno~ mkk ugb qbdfqet mce vfrdgbqt#

Dfhzrktfq~ mrenu mktf umib zkmdb mu ugb bce fo ugb ~bmq#

Ugb mddfrcut mce affit mqb hmncumncbe nc m zqbtdqnabe hmccbq# Ugb dfhzmc~

zqbzmqbt hmcromdurqncl uqmencl zqfonu mce kftt mddfrcu mce ugb amkmcdb tgbbu mu ugb bce

fo bvbq~ ~bmq#

4#4#2?


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?1

Mkk ncdfhb mce bwzbcenurqb mqb mddfrcube fc mddqrmk amtnt# Gf|bvbq ugbofkkf|ncl dmtbt mqb mddfrcube fc dmtg amtnt0 Kbmvb bcdmtghbcu+ nctrqmcdb

dkmnht mce hbendmk qbnharqtbhbcut+ zm~hbcu fo drtufht eru~ mce bwdntb eru~+

zfqu(erbt+ ncvbtuhbcu tratne~+ Obtunvmk mkkf|mcdb#

Fugbq ncdfhb mddfrcube cbu fo tmkbt umw |gbqbvbq mzzkndmakb# Dfctrhzunfc fo mkk qm| hmubqnmkt+ tufqbt+ tzmqbt+ bud# vmkrbe mu dftu# Ncvbcufq~ fo mkk nczru hmubqnmkt+ tufqbt+ tzmqbt+ bud vmkrbe mu dftu# Oncntgbe lffet mu dftu&hmqibu zqndb&qbmknpmakb vmkrb |gndgbvbq nt kf|bq# Lffet nc uqmctnu mu mdurmk dftu# Dmznumk |fqi nc zqflqbtt mu mdurmk dftu# Kfftb uffkt |qnuubc foo nc orkk nc ugb ~bmq nc |gndg nu nt zrqdgmtbe# Ncvbtuhbcut mqb tumube mu dftu# Tmkb |nugnc ugb tumub ncdkrebt bwdntb eru~ aru bwdkrebt tmkbt umw# Frutneb tumub

tmkbt ncdkreb bwdntb eru~ mce kfqq~ oqbnlgu aru bwdkrebe umw+ no mc~ mzzkndmakb#

Qrzbb bwdgmclb vmqnmunfc fc ofqbnlc drqqbcd~ fc nhzfqut fo qm| hmubqnmktdgmqlbe uf qm| hmubqnmk dftu#

4#4# kmigt mt dfhzmqbe uf Qt# ?::1 kmigt nc ugb zqbvnfrt ~bmq# Ugb Urqcfvbq

ncdkrebt enqbdu bwzfqu vmkrb fo Qt# 1 kmigt 'zqbvnfrt ~bmq+ Qt# =7 kmigt.#

Ugb zqferdunfc mdgnbvbe nc ugb ~bmq nt 1745 Ufct mt dfhzmqbe uf 415< Ufct ncugb zqbvnfrt ~bmq# Ugb vmkrb fo zqferdunfc gmt ebdqbmtbe oqfh Qt# ?:5: kmigt nc ugb


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?4

zqbvnfrt ~bmq uf Qt# 244 kmigt+ ugmu fo ugb zqbvnfrt ~bmq abncl Qt# 4? kmigt# Bwbdrumakb fqebqt

affibe erqncl ugb ~bmq |bqb Qt# 27 kmigt# Bwbdrunfc fo ugb zqbtunlnfrt fqebqt ofq

Mnqdqmou Bclncbt zmqut ofq GMK+ ABHK+ AGBK+ Qmnk|m~t mce K / U Ifhmutr Kue# mce

ugb lffe vfkrhb fo artncbtt |nug NTQF mce Ebobcdb fqlmcnpmunfct gmvb abbc fugbq

gnlgknlgut# Ugb dfhzmc~ nt nc ugb zqfdbtt fo amllncl gnlg vmkrb fqebqt ofq trzzk~ fo

Mkrhncnrh&Unumcnrh ofqlnclt uf Aqmghft Mbqftzmdb Uvh# Kue#

Ugb dfhzmc~ nt dfctumcuk~ bmqcncl cbu zqfonut erqncl ugb kmtu == ~bmqt mce ugb

dfhzmc~t cbu |fqug gmt ncdqbmtbe uf Qt# 47>7 kmigt#

Ugb dfhzmc~ gmt mdgnbvbe m zqfonu fo Qt#


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?5

ZBQOFQHMCDB

Tk# Cf# ZMQUNDRKMQT 1:=:(1:== 1::>(1:=: 1::7(1::>

=# Zqferdunfc ']u~# nc HU. 1745 415< 1>75

1# _mkrb fo Zqferdunfc 'Qt# nc

kmigt.

24?? ?:5: ?174

4# Cbu Ncdfhb oqfh tmkbt /

tbqvndbt 'Qt# nc kmigt.

2> ?::1 2>44

5# Dbcuqmk Bwdntb Eru~+ Ber#

Dbtt mce Tmkbt Umw dfkkbdube

oqfh drtufhbqt mce qbhnuube

uf ugb Bwdgb}rbq 'Qt# nc

kmigt.

? =2:4

># Zbqdbcumlb fo Ebaut uf lqftt

ncdfhb oqfh tmkbt / tbqvndbt

55#75 1>#?> 11#42

Umakb Cf#0 4#5


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?2

ONCMCDNMK QBTRKUT

'Qt# nc kmigt.

Tk# Cf# ZMQUNDRKMQT 1:=:(1:== 1::>(1:=: 1::7(1::>

=# Fzbqmuncl Zqfonu 74? =:?: >7>

1# Oncmcdnmk Dgmqlbt 5= = 7>2

2# Cbu \fqug mt fc 4=tu

Hmqdg 47>7 45?< 14>1

Umakb Cf# 4#2

4#4#


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??

artncbtt ofq ebdntnfc hmincl fc zkmccncl+ fqlmcnpncl mce dfcuqfkkncl ugb hm`fq

mdunvnunbt fo ugb fqlmcnpmunfc mce ncnunmuncl trnumakb mdunfc#

Cf NU omdnknunbt ofq ncubq ebzmquhbcumk dfhhrcndmunfc# Dfhzmc~ nt rtncl Zm~

anp ofq zm~qfkkt# Ugbqb nt m zfttnanknu~ fo muumdgncl m onclbq zqncu tbctncl muubcemcdb

hmdgncb |nug ugnt tfou|mqb# Ugnt nt cfu muumdgbe |nug ugnt9 nu |nkk gbkz uf qberdb zmzbq

|fqi mce bqqfqt#


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? 1::>(=: 1:=:(==

DRQQBCU MTTBUT 5=?1=:1:: 544255>>


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7=

dfhzmc~# Ugbqbofqb+ dfhzmc~ tgfrke umib cbdbttmq~ tubzt uf runknpb ugb drqqbcu mttbut

fzunhmkk~ tf mt uf nhzqfvb nut fvbqmkk zbqofqhmcdb#

5#4#1 ]RNDI QMUNF0Nu btumakntgbt ugb qbkmunfctgnz fo m dfhzmc~t drqqbcu mttbut ugmu dmc ab }rndik~

dfcvbqube ncuf dmtg mce nut drqqbcu knmanknunbt# Nu nt qbkmunfctgnz abu|bbc kn}rne mttbut

mce drqqbcu knmanknunbt#

]rndi qmunf 8 'Drqqbcu mttbut( Tufdi. & Kn}rne Knmanknunbt

Tumubhbcu Tgf|ncl ]rndi Qmunf

^BMQ 1::7(:> 1::>(=: 1:=:(==

KN]RNE MTTBUT 4>==4?7?:5 142

KN]RNE KNMANKNUNBT =5=>15:25 =:=4115=4 =751?:>:115. & =:=4115=4 8 1#45

1:=:(== 0 Kn}rne Qmunf8 '5>>


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71

Ncubqzqbumunfc0

]rndi qmunf fo TNOK nt okrdurmuncl fvbq ugb ~bmqt# Ugb dfhzmc~ gmt m }rndi qmunf fo

=#


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74

DGMZUBQ 2

T\FU MCMK^TNT

Zqfobttnfcmk hmclbqt+ |gnkb qbtfquncl uf hmcmlbhbcu a~ fa`bdunvbt+ qbtfqu uf

T\FU Mcmk~tnt mt m uffk ofq mttbtthbcu# Trdg mc mcmk~tnt fc TNOK |nkk hbmc m ture~

fo tuqbclug+ |bmicbtt+ fzzfqurcnu~ mce ugqbmu omdbe a~ TNOK mt fc ufem~#

2#= TUQBCLUGT

=# TNOK nt ugb fck~ zraknd tbdufq ofqlncl dfhzmc~ nc Ncenm# Hftu drtufhbqt mqb mktf oqfhugb zraknd tbdufq#

1# Mvmnkmanknu~ fo gbmv~ gmhhbqt |gndg mqb ob| nc ugb dfrcuq~ mce gbcdb dfhzmqmunvbk~kbttbq dfhzbununfc nc mc fugbq|ntb vbq~ dfhzbununvb hmqibu ofq ofqlnclt#

4# Ugbqb nt troondnbcu f|cbe kmce mvmnkmakb me`mdbcu uf ugb bwntuncl omdufq~ zqbhntbt ofqbwzmctnfc#

5# Tinkkbe mce dfcubcube |fqiofqdb dfhhnuube uf }rmknu~ mce unhbk~ ebknvbq~#2# Abuubq bhzkf~bq bhzkf~bb qbkmunfctgnz#?#

NTF >::= dbqunondmunfc mce omdnknu~ mzzqfvbe ofq ebobctb mce mbqftzmdb zqferdunfc#


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75

2#4 FZZFQURCNUNBT

=# TNOK gmt ugb fzzfqurcnu~ uf bcubq ugb ncubqcmunfcmk hmqibu abdmrtb fo }rmknu~ ofqlnclt#1# Knabqmknpmunfc mce lkfamknpmunfc gmt fzbcbe rz cb| bwzfqu hmqibut#4# Ugb ebhmcet ofq ofqlncl zqferdut mqb ncdqbmtncl# Tf ugbqb mqb dgmcdbt fo lbuuncl hfqb

fqebqt#

2#5 UGQBMUT

=#Rcbwzbdube zf|bq omnkrqb mce qbtuqndunfct nc rtmlb fo Bkbduqnd Zf|bq#1#Kfcl entumcdb oqfh ugb hmnc nczru tfrqdbt mce hm`fq drtufhbqt dmrtbt ncdqbmtb nc ugb

uqmctzfqumunfc bwzbctbt#

4#Oncmcdnmk tuqmnc fc ugb dfhzmc~ erb uf omtu ncdqbmtncl nczru dftut+ mce ugb cbdbttnu~obku uf fqlmcnpb kmqlb tufdit fo qm| hmubqnmkt#

5#Bhbqlbcdb fo zqnvmub dfhzmcnbt ncuf ugnt ncertuq~#


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72

DGMZUBQ ?

B_MKRMUNFCT MCE TRLLBTUNFCT

?#= B_MKRMUNFCT

Nc ugnt ncertuq~+ N zqfzftbe uf dfcdkreb ugb ture~ qbzfqu a~ gnlgknlguncl nhzfqumcu

oncenclt fo ugb ture~# Ugb nhzfqumcu oncenclt gmt kbe uf tfhb trllbtunfct ofq nhzqfvncl

ugb zqfonumanknu~ fo ugb dfcdbqc

Mt m lfvbqchbcu dfhzmc~ TNOK bc`f~t ugb kbmebqtgnz tumurt nc ugb hmqibu# Nu zqferdbt gnlg kbvbk }rmknu~ tubbk mce cblknlnakb crhabq fo ebobdunvb zqferdut# Dfhzmc~ hmibt mqqmclbhbcut uf mvfne fvbqdqf|encl nc ugb zqferdunfc rcnu cbmq ugb

hmdgncb#

TNOK nt zmvncl ugb tbbet fo dgmclbt nc nut |m~# Tumanknu~ nc nut zqferdunfc nt zqferdunfcnt zfttnakb cf| nc TNOK#

Erb uf knabqmknpmunfc ugb dfhzmc~ cbbe cfu troobq uf nhzfqu ugb qm| hmubqnmk cbdbttmq~ofq zqferdunfc#

Ugb hmnc tuqmubl~ fo TNOK nt mnhncl mu lmncncl m trtumncmakb mevmcumlb fvbqdfhzbununfc ugqfrlg }rmknu~ mce qberdbe zqndb#

TNOK uq~ncl uf nhzqfvb nut zftnunfc h ugb hnce fo ugb drtufhbqt a~ ofkkf|ncl rz mcemuubcencl mc~ dfhzkmncut#

Zqfzbq unhb ibbzncl t~tubh nt ugbqb nc TNOK# TNOK nt tuqndu nc }rmknu~ fo zqferdut mce }rmknu~ dgbdincl dmc ab efcb ugqfrlg hfebqc

ubdgcn}rb fo tzbduqftdfz~#

Ugbqb nt zqfzbq dfcuqfk mce dffqencmunfc nc ugb dfhzmc~# Ugb dfhzmc~ gmt omdnknunbt trdg mt dmcubbc+ qbtu qffh bud# Ugb dfhzmc~ mzzfncuncl lbcbqmk gbkzbqt uf gbkz enoobqbcu ebzmquhbcu# \mubq mce zf|bq nt trzzknbe ofq |gfkb em~# Ugbqb nt m tmkbt ebzfu uf tbkk ugb tubbk#


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7?

Ugb lfvbqchbcu dgbdit ugb zqferdu }rmknu~# Ugbqb mqb tbvbqmk |bmi tzfut knib tmkbt zqfhfunfc hbmtrqbt zqbtbcuk~ rcebqumibc a~ ugb

dfhzmc~# Nu ncdkrebt kmdi fo mevbquntbhbcu trzzfqu# Ugmu boobdu hmqibuncl boofqut fo ugb

dfhzmc~ cblmunvbk~#

?#1 TRLLBTUNFCT

TNOK tgfrke dfcuncrb nc boofqut uf dfkkbdu mt hrdg tdqmz mt zfttnakb ofq mkk ncenlbcfrttfrqdbt+ mt |bkk mt frutneb tfrqdbt# Dfctumcu boofqut mqb qb}rnqbe nc ugnt enqbdunfc#

Zqfzbq zkmccncl nc lbuuncl mkk fugbq qm| hmubqnmkt+ qboqmdufqnbt mce tzmqbt uf hmncumncqblrkmq zqferdunfc mu ugb ufz hftu kbvbk zfttnakb#

Lbmq rz ugb tmkbt mdunvnunbt nc ugb abtu zfttnakb hmccbq(ibbzncl ugb |mudg mk|m~t |gbugbqmu mc~ unhb ankkbu tmkb nt lfncl uf zqfvb abuubq ugmc tmkb fo qfkkbe zqferdut# Mkugfrlg

hmc~ unhbt |b once ugmu qfkkbe zqferdut tmkb nt abcbondnmk uf ugb dfhzmc~+ hmqibu

okrdurmunfct mu unhb dgmclb ugb zftnunfc vbq~ hrdg+ hmincl ankkbu tmkb nutbko mt abcbondnmk#

Ugnt zqfakbh dmc ab uf m dbqumnc bwubce cbruqmknpbe a~ gmvncl frq f|c qfkkncl hnkkt#

Nctumkkncl m lbcbqmufq zkmcu uf umib dmqb fo mu kbmtu 4:(5:" fo frq bcbql~ qb}rnqbhbcut+tf ugmu nc ugb orurqb ~bmqt |gbc hfctffc omnkt+ ugb zf|bq drut hm~ ab t}rmqbk~ hbu#

Bhzkf~bbt tgfrke rcebqtumce dfhzmc~,t zqfakbht+ |gndg zbqnfendmkk~ dfhb mcedffzbqmub uf mdgnbvb ugb abtu boondnbcd~ nc mkk fzbqmunfct#

Dftu dfctdnfrtcbtt nc mkk fzbqmunfct tgfrke ab ebbzk~ ncdrkdmube nc mkk ugb bhzkf~bbthncet#

\nug abuubq fzbqmunfct mce zqfonumanknu~ nu tgfrke mktf ab zfttnakb ofq rt uf lf nc ofqtzfclb nqfc zkmcu frq tbko#

Mt ugb zqferdu gmt mdgnbvbe }rmknu~ mt |bkk mt dftu dfhzbununvbcbtt |gbc dfhzmqbe|nug fugbq dfhzbuncl aqmcet+ ugbqb nt m tdfzb ofq nhzqfvbhbcut nc zqfhfunfcmk


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Documents

MBA, Organization study report/SIFL-Karthika T K